Composition: Ridiculous or tragic finale of the comedy "Undergrowth"? Here are wickedness worthy fruits (D. And
In Fonvizin's comedy, there is an "open" finale, although Starodum's instructive instruction outwardly closes the situation (and the action as a whole) with the necessary didactic result. The heroes led by Prostakova, in addition to the visible, also have potential, "folded" personal meanings, that intended, guessed energy, which seems to be directed beyond the limits of imaginary situations, into real historical time.
Here Skotinin, before leaving for his estate, is instructed by Pravdin to tell the surrounding landowners about what happened in Prostakova's house, so that they know "what they are subject to." Skotinin (he has just uttered the “sister” phrase: “Isn’t a nobleman free to beat a servant whenever he wants?”) answers Pravdin with ambiguous and sly readiness: “How can you not warn your friends!”
"Beware of Friends" is a lesson learned, melted down into an experience of collective struggle. This is a statement of the legitimacy of tyrannical treatment of subjects, which should only be more hidden from the eyes of government officials. And with what ironic significance he makes a promise to Pravdin: "I will tell them that they are people ...". Pravdin almost obligingly picks up, rhyming the supposed "beat": "Loved more, or at least ...".
A careful reading of this scene does not leave the feeling that Skotinin condescendingly "plays along" with Pravdina. Only in realistic dramaturgy, which deals with a developing, "fluid" character, with a hidden meaning of an intention or deed, is such a dialogue possible.
Skotinin, unlike his all-powerful interlocutor, does not pick up his phrase, does not add an unctuous ending to it. He waits with gloomy exactingness to continue: "Well? ..." And Pravdin, the omnipotent Pravdin, who represents the government here and has just plunged the Prostakov family into horror and confusion with his "important voice" and stern decree, unexpectedly capitulates. He utters words that clearly "remove" all his previous high-flown arguments with Starodum: "At least they didn't touch it." That instructive performance that could be played "on behalf of the government" in front of one family means absolutely nothing in front of "Skotinin with friends", that is, before the Russian local nobility as a class united by the unity of property interests. The disturbing thought of the writer is directed primarily there, in the direction of the historical "departure" of Skotinin. There, where comrades in the class, "their own people", are united by hatred for enlightenment, cruelty, animal egoism and greed in order to defend their positions in life.
Valagin A.P. Question and answer: Russian literature. XVIII century. - Voronezh: "Native speech", 1995
Read the last lines of the comedy. I feel some confusion in my heart. Why would it? After all, the ending is logical: Pravdin warned that this could happen. Evil must be punished - we know about this from childhood from fairy tales. Why, then, is another feeling mixed in with the satisfaction of restoring justice - pity? Yes, even to Prostakova ?! Everything is clear and simple: I am a person, and I feel sorry for another person who feels bad. I understand that Prostakova least of all deserves pity, but I still feel sorry for her. If only because the biggest insult, the biggest wound is inflicted on her by her son, for whom she lived, for whom she wanted to arrange life and for whom she is failing. She could be condemned by the servants, the peasants, whom She oppressed and humiliated, had the right to judge her Starodum and Pravdin, but not Mitrofan. This is betrayal and cruelty towards the mother. Maybe that's why I still feel sorry for Prostakov.
The last phrase of the Starodum sounds: “Here are worthy fruits of evil-mindedness!” She forces her to return to the very beginning of the comedy in order to find the reason for the fall of Prostakova. It is not necessary to look for examples of cruelty, inhumanity, stupidity of the landowner, who has power and strength over people. She robs the peasants to the skin, the advice of Skotinin, her brother, helps in this. The servants get even more, because they are always in front of her eyes, she doesn’t even consider them to be people. “Kharya”, “beast”, “cattle”, “dog's daughter”, “blockhead” - all this is addressed to those who feed the family of the landowner, clean, care. Yes, there are servants! Prosta-kova is ready to destroy her own brother when he gets in her way. And all this for the sake of Mitrofanushka, her hope, her blood! Any mother wants the best for her child, gives him her love and care. But for Prostakova, this is blind love, terrible, crazy. She herself is insignificant, dishonorable, she brings up her son the same way. If it were her will, she would never bother him with his studies. Prostakova lives illiterate, her brother is also illiterate, but they have power and wealth. But the decrees of the king force the nobles to teach children - so she has been teaching her Mitrofan for four years now, but it’s no use, because she spared money for good teachers. And the bad ones teach badly, and Mitrofan is not amenable to learning. The ignorance of Prostakova herself, her immorality have no limits, her conscience has long fallen asleep. Prostakova is terrible with her actions, lifestyle, and principles. She is to blame for the fact that by her upbringing she killed everything human in Mitrofanushka, made him a moral monster. Prostakova even lost her sense of danger. She is no longer able to stop even when Pravdin warns of punishment.
They say: “the conscience spoke”, “the conscience prompted”. But Prostakova's conscience is no longer an assistant. “Conscience always, like a friend, warns before punishing like a judge,” Starodum taught Sophia. Her conscience could not warn Prostakova, because she had long been deaf to any moral feeling. Everything goes to a natural finale, because the arbitrariness of the landowner knows no measure, and her ignorance - shame.
Mrs. Prostakova was punished severely, but fairly. Her greed, rudeness, hypocrisy gave birth to the fruits of malevolence, for which she is destined to pay. This is the lesson of the comedy "Undergrowth", which teaches and warns everyone who wants to take the path of Prostakova. And I don't feel sorry for her.
FOR INQUIRY
1. Name the first play by D. I. Fonvizin. ("Foreman", 1769)
2. What did D. I. Fonvizin say when he was abroad? (“Glorious are the tambourines beyond the mountains.”)
3. What is the name of the "grammar" of D. I. Fonvizin? (“The General Court Grammar.”)
4. The heroes of which plays by Fonvizin have the same names? (Sofya In The Brigadier and Sophia in The Undergrowth.)
5. Where and in what year did the premiere of the play "Undergrowth" take place? (Petersburg, 1782)
6. Premiere of the play “Undergrowth”: “When the curtain fell, there was a thunder of applause, they flew onto the stage ...” What flew onto the stage? (Wallets.)
7. Who was the prototype of Mitrofanushka in "Undergrowth"? (A. N. Olenin, aged 18, later president of the Academy of Arts, director of the Public Library in St. Petersburg.)
8. Who in the play "Undergrowth" owns the words:
"In the big world there are small souls."
"Golden blockhead - all blockhead."
"Cash is not cash worth."
"Without noble deeds, a noble state is nothing."
(Starodum.)
9. What phrase sounds at the end of the comedy "Undergrowth"? Who does she belong to? (“Here are wickedness worthy fruits,” to Starodum.)
10. Who said that in "Undergrowth" "the excellent satirist executed ignorance in a folk comedy"? (A. S. Pushkin.)
11. What character of the play "Undergrowth" is mentioned in the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" among the guests of the Larins?
(Skotinins, a gray-haired couple
With kids of all ages...)
Topics of education and upbringing are always relevant for society. That is why Denis Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth" is interesting for readers today. The heroes of the work are representatives of different classes. The comedy is written in the style of classicism. Each character embodies a certain quality. For this, the author uses speaking surnames. In comedy, the rule of three unities is observed: the unity of action, time and place. The play was staged for the first time in 1782. Since then, there have been thousands, if not millions, of the same name performances around the world. In 1926, based on the comedy, the film "Lord Skotinina" was shot.
Starodum
Starodum personifies the image of a wise man. He was brought up in the spirit of Peter's time, respectively, honors the traditions of the previous era. He considers service to the Fatherland a sacred duty. He despises wickedness and inhumanity. Starodum proclaims morality and enlightenment.
Starodum. Fragment from the play "Undergrowth"Here are the worthy fruits of wickedness.
The ranks begin - sincerity ceases.
An ignoramus without a soul is a beast.
Have a heart, have a soul, and you will be a man at all times.
The direct dignity in a person is the soul ... Without it, the most enlightened clever woman is a miserable creature.
It is much more honest to be bypassed without guilt than to be granted without merit.
It is in vain to call a physician to the sick. Here the doctor will not help, unless he becomes infected.
For the whims of one person, all of Siberia is not enough.
Follow nature, you will never be poor. Follow people's opinions, you will never be rich.
Cash is not cash worth
Evil is never wished on those who are despised; but usually wish evil on those who have the right to despise.
An honest person must be a perfectly honest person.
Insolence in a woman is a sign of vicious behavior.
In human ignorance, it is very comforting to consider everything as nonsense that you do not know.
God has given you all the pleasures of your sex.
With today's marriages, advice is rarely given to the heart. The matter is whether the groom is noble or rich? Is the bride good or rich? There is no question of goodwill.
The bad disposition of people who are not worthy of respect should not be distressing. Know that you never wish evil on those who are despised, but usually wish evil on those who have the right to despise.
People envy more than one wealth, more than one nobility: and virtue also has its envious people.
Science in a depraved person is a fierce weapon to do evil. Children? Leave wealth to children! Not in the head. They will be smart, they will manage without it; but riches do not help a foolish son.
A flatterer is a night thief who first extinguishes a candle, and then begins to steal.
Do not have love for your husband that resembles friendship b. Have a friendship for him that would resemble love. It will be much stronger.
Is he happy who has nothing to desire, but only something to fear?
Not the rich one who counts out money to hide it in a chest, but the one who counts out extra money in order to help someone who does not have what he needs.
Conscience always, like a friend, warns before punishing like a judge.
It is better to live life at home than in someone else's antechamber.
Everyone should seek his happiness and benefits in the one thing that is lawful.
Pravdin
Pravdin is an honest official. He is a well-mannered and polite person. He conscientiously fulfills his duties, stands for justice and considers it his duty to help poor peasants. He sees through the essence of Prostakova and her son and believes that each of them should receive what they deserve.
The direct dignity in man is the soul.
How tricky it is to exterminate inveterate prejudices in which base souls find their advantage!
Moreover, from my own feat of my heart, I do not leave to notice those malevolent ignoramuses who, having full power over their people, use it for evil inhumanely.
Excuse me, ma'am. I never read letters without the permission of those to whom they are written...
What is called in him sullenness, rudeness, that is, one action of his straightforwardness.
His tongue never said yes when his soul felt no.
Malice in a well-established state cannot be tolerated ... Guilt you will fly to distant lands, to the kingdom of thirty.
Her crazy love for you is what has brought her most to misfortune.
I beg your pardon for leaving you...
I caress, however, to soon put limits on the wickedness of the wife and the stupidity of the husband. I have already informed our chief of all the local barbarisms and I have no doubt that measures will be taken to appease them ...
I am instructed to take custody of the house and villages at the first rabies, from which people subject to it could suffer ..
The pleasure that sovereigns enjoy in possessing free souls must be so great that I do not understand what motives could distract ...
Scoundrel! Should you be rude to your mother? It is her mad love for you that has brought her most of all to misfortune.
Milon
Milon is an officer. He appreciates courage and honesty in people, welcomes enlightenment and considers it his duty to serve the Fatherland. Treats others with respect. Milon is a great match for Sophia. There are obstacles on their way, but at the end of the work, the fates of the heroes are reunited.
At my age and in my position, it would be unforgivable arrogance to consider everything deserved by which a young man is encouraged by worthy people ...
Perhaps she is now in the hands of some greedy people who, taking advantage of her orphanhood, keep her in tyranny. That thought alone makes me beside myself.
A! now I see my doom. My opponent is happy! I do not deny all the merits in it. He may be reasonable, enlightened, kind; but so that he could compare with me in my love for you, so that ...
How! that's my rival! A! dear Sophia! why are you tormenting me with a joke? You know how easily a passionate person is upset by the slightest suspicion.
Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin Unworthy people!
The judge, who, fearing neither vengeance nor the threats of the strong, gave justice to the helpless, is in my eyes a hero...
If you allow me to say my thought, I place true fearlessness in the soul, and not in the heart. Whoever has it in his soul, without any doubt, has a brave heart.
I see and honor virtue adorned with enlightened reason...
I am in love and have the happiness of being loved ...
You know how easily a passionate person is upset by the slightest suspicion...
Sofia
In translation, Sophia means "wisdom." In "Undergrowth" Sophia acts as a wise, well-mannered and educated person. Sophia is an orphan, her guardian and uncle is Starodum. Sophia's heart belongs to Milon. But, having learned about the rich inheritance of the girl, other heroes of the work also claim her hand and heart. Sophia is convinced that wealth should be obtained only through honest work.
How appearance blinds us!
I was now reading a book ... French. Fenelon, about the education of girls ...
How many sorrows have I endured since the day of our separation! My unscrupulous cousins...
Uncle! My true happiness is that I have you. I know the price...
How not to be satisfied with the heart when the conscience is calm ... I will use all my efforts to earn the good opinion of worthy people. But how can I avoid that those who see how I move away from them do not become angry with me? Is it possible, uncle, to find such a means that no one in the world would wish me harm?
Is it possible, uncle, that there are such pitiful people in the world in whom a bad feeling is born just because there is good in others.
A virtuous person should take pity on such unfortunate ones. It seemed to me, uncle, that all people agreed on what to believe their happiness in. Nobility, wealth ...
Negative
Prostakov
Mrs. Prostakova is one of the main characters of the work. She is a representative of the nobility, holds serfs. In the house, everything and everyone should be under her control: the Mistress of the estate pushes not only her servants, but also manages her husband. In her statements, Mrs. Prostakova is despotic and rude. But she loves her son unconditionally. As a result, her blind love does not bring anything good either to her son or to herself.
That's the kind of hubby the Lord has given me: he doesn't know how to make out what is wide and what is narrow.
So believe the same and the fact that I do not intend to indulge the lackeys. Go, sir, and now punish ...
One of my concerns, one of my joys is Mitrofanushka. My age is passing. I cook it for people.
Live and learn, my dear friend! Such a thing.
And I love that other people listen to me ..
Without science people live and lived.
Miss Prostakova. Frame from the movie "Undergrowth" Everything that the peasants had, we took away, we can’t tear anything off. Such a disaster!
I do not intend to indulge the lackeys. Go, sir, and now punish ...
From morning to evening, as if hanged by the tongue, I don’t lay my hands on it: either I scold, or I fight; That's how the house holds up, my father! ..
Yes, now the age is different, father!
My Mitrofanushka does not get up for days because of the book. Motherly my heart. It’s a pity, a pity, but you’ll think: but there will be a kid anywhere.
It is bad to praise your child, but where not unhappy will be the one whom God will bring to be his wife.
Mitrofan
Mitrofan is the son of the landowner Prostakova. Actually, he is in comedy and is undersized. So in the 18th century they called those who did not want to study or serve. Mitrofanushka is spoiled by his mother and nanny, he is used to lounging around, loves to eat well and is completely indifferent to science. At the same time, gratitude is alien to him. He is rude not only to his teachers and nanny, but also to his parents. So, he "thanks" his mother for boundless blind love.
Yes, get rid of, mother, as imposed ...
Garrison rat.
You are so tired, beating the father.
For me, where they say.
I don't want to study - I want to get married Beleny ate too much.
Yes, all sorts of rubbish climbed into my head, then you are a father, then you are a mother.
I will learn; only that this be the last time, and that today there should be collusion!
I'll run to the dovecote now, so maybe - either ...
Well, say another word, you old bastard! I'll get you off.
Vite here and the river is close. I’ll dive in, so remember your name ... Well, you lured me, blame yourself ...
Skotinin is the brother of Mrs. Prostakova. He does not recognize science and any enlightenment. He works in a barnyard, pigs are the only creatures that make him feel warm. The author gave such an occupation and a surname to his hero not by chance. Upon learning of Sophia's condition, he dreams of marrying her profitably. For this, he is even ready to destroy his own nephew Mitrofanushka.
Every fault is to blame.
Blame it on your happiness.
Teaching is nonsense.
I never read anything in my life, sister! God delivered me from this boredom.
Everyone left me alone. Go for a walk in the barnyard. Do not be that Skotinin, who wants to learn something.
What a parable! I am not a hindrance to others. Everyone marry his bride. I will not touch a stranger, and do not touch my stranger.
I didn’t go anywhere, but I wander, thinking. I have such a custom, as if you put a fence in the head, then you can’t knock it out with a nail. With me, you hear, what entered the mind, it settled here. All I think about is that I only see in a dream, as in reality, and in reality, as in a dream.
Eremeevna
Nanny Mitrofanushka. He has been serving in the Prostakovs' house for more than 40 years. She is devoted to her masters and is attached to their home. Eremeevna has a highly developed sense of duty, but her self-esteem is completely absent.
I have my own hooks too!
I was pushed towards him, but by force I carried my legs away. Smoke pillar, my mother!
Oh, creator, save and have mercy! Yes, if my brother didn’t deign to leave at that very moment, then I would have broken with him. That's what God would not put. If these were blunted (pointing to the nails), I wouldn’t even take care of the fangs.
God forbid the slander! Yes, even if you read for five years, you will never read better than ten thousand.
Not easy will not take me! I have been serving for forty years, but the mercy is still the same ...
Five rubles a year, and five slaps a day.
Oh you damn bastard!
Tsyfirkin
Tsyfirkin is one of Mitrofanushka's teachers. The speaking surname directly indicates that he taught his son Prostakova mathematics. The diminutive use of the surname suggests that Tsyfirkin was not a real teacher. He is a retired soldier who understands arithmetic.
The playwright Denis Fonvizin was insightful and saw that serfdom not only destroys the lives of peasants, but also disfigures the souls of the landowners. The serfs become involuntary slaves, silent and powerless, and the serfs become despots. Having received unlimited power, few could control their passions. So it happened with the heroes of the comedy: Mrs. Prostakova and her brother Skotinin. They owned the villages, robbed the peasants to the skin. Funny and at the same time terrible looks like a dialogue between brother and sister about how to collect taxes from serfs. Skotinin succeeded more in this and boasts that he will rip off "from his own peasants, and ends in the water." Prostakova complains to him that since everything was taken from the peasants, nothing more can be taken from them.
The author was an adherent of the ideas of the Enlightenment and believed that people would be punished for vices. And often this punishment lurks in the fruits of their own actions. This is exactly what happened in the latest comedy "Undergrowth".
Starodum, Pravdin, Sofya, Milon, Eremeevna participate here. Starodum turns to Pravdin with a request to wish Sophia and Milon happiness before their departure. Mrs. Prostakova at the same time rushes to Mitrofan, but he pushes her away and says: “Yes, get rid of it, mother, how you imposed it ...” After Pravdin removed Mrs. Prostakova from managing the estate because of her cruel treatment of serfs and Sophia, she lost her power. And Mitrofan no longer needed her.
So the son, whom the heroine considered the only consolation, betrayed her. Brother Skotinin quickly retires, justifying his surname. Prostakova loses consciousness, and Eremeevna comes to her aid - those whom she had offended before. This is what true kindness means. Both Sofya and Starodum are even ready to forgive Prostakov, but Mr. Pravdin is not bowed in his strict justice. But he also reproaches Mitrofan, saying that he is not acting honestly towards his mother. The same reacts contemptuously, not understanding his act. Pravdin decides to take Mitrofan to the service. Perhaps the author hints to the reader that they will be able to “fix” the upbringing of the underage. Mitrofan reacts indifferently to this as well. The last phrase comes from the mouth of Starodum, as from the lips of the author himself: “Here are worthy fruits of malevolence!”
The finale of the comedy looks grotesque: both funny and terrible. The heroine personifies a strange mixture of arrogance and confusion, rudeness and servility - all this looks so pathetic that Sophia is no longer angry with her.
Prostakova became a hostage to her passions, always thinking that she has the right to everything. And when she rightly punishes the heroine, she does not know how to look people in the eyes now, because she treated them badly.
The world-famous comedy "Undergrowth" has a deep social and satirical orientation. The comedy is written in the best traditions of classicism, but later and more mature. The play is unique, because it skillfully combines the tragedy and at the same time the comedy of events. Fonvizin's play destroys the usual idea of the construction of genre forms. The comedy is filled with the inconsistency of the characters, their characters and behavior, they combine benefactors and sins.
The beginning, the middle and the strong point of the play cannot be unambiguously attributed to either comedy or tragedy, in each passage there is both. Many critics dubbed the play as laughter through tears. Fonvizin's work is a classic comedy, with touching and tragic elements. The end of the play is also overflowing with a mixture of comedy and tragedy.
For example, a sharp turn of events in the fate of Mrs. Prostakova. She devoted her whole life to one man, put him on a pedestal, and in the end he repaid her with burning ingratitude. Mitrofan cruelly repels the woman who has dedicated her heart to him. The rest of the characters in the play are not uniquely related to Prostakova. Some gloat over her grief, others pity and support. And still others ruthlessly pronounce the verdict that she received a well-deserved punishment for violating the moral norms of society.
The author makes a clear emphasis on the wrong upbringing of children. Mitrofanushka personifies bad taste and tyranny in the play. The author shows what disastrous fruits the lessons of such a teacher can be. He is spoiled by the society around and the bad example of his own mother. Fonvizin shows many funny moments related to Mitrofanushka's ignorance. But at the same time hints at the tragedy of his actions. The author shows that in the future he invites troubles associated with his unworthy behavior.
Fonvizin managed to create a unique and amazing picture, in which the funny and the tragic are mixed in equal proportions. A special niche in comedy is occupied by the degradation of the noble society and everything connected with it. The end of the comedy is very unpredictable, but corresponds to the traditions in which the whole play is performed: a harmonious mixture of the righteous and the sinful.
How do you understand the metaphor of the "club of the people's war" in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
It cannot be argued that the most famous and great work of Leo Tolstoy is the novel War and Peace. A variety of themes are connected in it with red threads, but the theme of war occupies a special place. The author calls the war a terrible thing, and he is really right. In his novel, some heroes enter the war as if it were a crime, while other characters are forced to defend themselves and loved ones from ruthless attacks. The novel is riddled with deep metaphors. Particularly striking was: "the cudgel of the people's war."
I understand this phrase as a symbol of the weapons of the common people. It is not elegant and noble, like a sword. In order to master a club, one does not need to practice the art of swordsmanship, just mindlessly wielding brute physical strength is enough. The catchphrase "club of the people's war" in my opinion means that the exhausted people are fighting the furious invaders as best they can, without observing the rules and foundations of martial art. The people fight back without observing military canons and traditions, they are ready to use any means to win, even the most terrible and cruel ones. Moreover, the people will fight to the end, to the last breath, until the enemy is completely defeated.
The war that Tolstoy paints in his work leaves no one indifferent. The author does not ambiguously show that this war was for the most part a people's war. Not only the army defended their native lands from the invader, the entire population actively participated in the defense. Peasants and some nobles fearlessly defended their native land, merchants gave away most of their income to support the mighty Russian army. Many peasants joined the partisans to contribute to the battle. Detachments of partisans included in their composition, both ordinary people and representatives of the nobility, but all of them were united by one common and desirable goal - to save the Motherland.
Leo Tolstoy is a master of the pen, he deftly draws the reader a powerful image of a people who are ready to do anything to save their native lands. The people, as a rule, are not educated and do not possess military wisdom, but this does not diminish the desire to do everything to save the Motherland. The people adopt a simple club and confidently march towards the enemies.
