What arguments can be cited from the work "War and Peace" as much as possible. Argumentation in the essay on the exam in the Russian language What can be checked

Writers talk about kindness and its absence very often, in almost every work. The texts selected for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language are no exception. Therefore, we have selected the most relevant problems from this area and revealed each of them with the help of arguments.

1. Princess Marya Bolkonskaya, heroine epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", always helped the poor and the sick, raised her nephew Nikolenka, cared for her dying father, fulfilling all his whims. The girl was ready to lay down her life and forget about herself for the sake of the happiness of others. The beautiful soul of Marya is expressed in her radiant eyes, which make her beautiful. The kindness of the princess was rewarded: she found family happiness, her husband Nikolai fell in love with her kind soul.
2. Aigle the tale collector, hero A. Green's story "Scarlet Sails", told little Assol a fairy tale about a ship with scarlet sails, which would take her away from the terrible society of the inhabitants of Kaperna, who constantly offend the girl and her father. This tale and Egl's kind attitude inspired Assol, and she was able to survive all life's collisions. When the heroine grew up, the fairy tale became a reality, and Captain Gray took her from Caperna, sailing on a ship from her dreams.

Clash of good and evil

1. In the book M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" the clash of good and evil is especially evident in the Master's novel about Yeshua. He, as an absolute good, is faced with evil, which wants to destroy him. However, Yeshua does not rebel, does not get angry, he humbly awaits his fate, believing in the kindness of people. The hero is sure: "There are no evil people, there are only unhappy people." Despite the fact that Yeshua was executed, he won this battle. Pilate admitted his mistake and repented of it, in his soul good prevailed over evil. That is why he was forgiven.
2. Philosophy of goodness in the novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" presented in the image of Platon Karataev. This hero loves the whole world, treats every living being kindly. He does not know the word "pacifist", but, in fact, he is. In the worldview of men, echoes of Christian commandments. He believes that it is necessary to endure all suffering meekly. Faced with evil in the form of war and captivity, Plato submits to fate and endures again without complaining about it. In a clash with evil, the hero is on the side of his inner strength, which helps not to give up and appreciate every moment lived.

The need for kindness

1. Andrey Sokolov, hero M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", life did not indulge: war, concentration camp, captivity, loss of loved ones. Sokolov had no reason to live, he waved his hand at himself. However, the man met an orphan boy Vanyushka, who lost his parents. Andrei introduced himself as the father of the child, adopted him and gave them both a chance to save themselves from longing (and Vanyushka even from starvation on the street). The good deed of the hero helped not only the boy, but also himself, to survive together in a cruel and complex world much easier.
2. The kindness of Peter Grinev from stories by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" saved his life. Giving a short fur coat to an unknown tramp who helped him find his way in a snowstorm, the hero rendered a service to Emelyan Pugachev, who rebelled against the authorities. The rebel later instilled fear in the fortresses and fortifications and executed all the officers in them. But Pugachev remembered Grinev's kindness, let him go, and later even helped rescue his beloved woman.

Acts of true kindness

1. Sonya Marmeladova, heroine novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", is a truly kind person. In order to feed her stepmother's children, she began to sell her body, "went on a yellow ticket." The father's wife pushed Sonya into this field, but the girl did not hold a grudge, because she was thinking about hungry children. Marmeladova remained a bright, believing person, despite her studies. When Sonya followed Raskolnikov to hard labor, the prisoners immediately fell in love with her for her kindness. And with her cordiality she led the protagonist to repentance and purification.
2. Elena the heroine novel by I.S. Turgenev "On the Eve", from childhood she wished for “active good”: she always helped the poor and the sick, for example, at the age of ten she bowed to the poor girl Katya. Kindness remained with Elena for life. For the sake of her beloved Bulgarian revolutionary Insarov, she left everything in Russia and went to Bulgaria. When her newly-made husband fell ill, she stayed with him until the very end, and after his death she decided to continue the work of her beloved.

Education of kindness from childhood

1. Ilya Ilyich Oblomov from the novel of the same name by I.A. Goncharova grew up in an atmosphere of love and affection. He was not particularly developed or trained, however, according to modern psychologists, he was given the most important thing - parental love. Thanks to her, the hero saw an ideal in Oblomovka, and he himself did not wish harm to anyone. Yes, Ilya Ilyich is an inert and lack of initiative, but a completely harmless man. Unfortunately, without penetrating qualities, kindness does not really help in life, so education should be harmonious.
2. Katherine, heroine dramas A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" married early. And immediately from her warm home, she fell into the totalitarian atmosphere of her husband's house. It is hard for a woman to live in lies and hypocrisy under the authority of her mother-in-law Kabanikhi, who puts pressure on all household members, imposing the old order on them. At home in Katerina, the soul was doomed, she walked with her parents, prayed, and was engaged in creativity. But all this was without pressure, not under duress, so it was easy. The heroine grew up kind, with a sense of inner freedom. The harder it was for her in her mother-in-law's house. But it was the kindness, learned from childhood, that helped Katerina not to turn the house into a training ground and to the last treat the tormentor with respect and reverence. So, she spared Varvara and Tikhon, who treated her well.

The question of the goal and the means to achieve it has worried mankind since ancient times. Many writers, philosophers, and public figures have reflected on it and provided historical, life, and literary arguments to prove their point. In the Russian classics, too, there were many answers and examples proving, as a rule, the assertion that the paths of achievement must correspond in everything to what needs to be achieved, otherwise it loses all meaning. In this selection, we have listed the most striking and illustrative examples from Russian literature for the final essay in the "Aims and Means" direction.

1. In Pushkin's novel The Captain's Daughter, the protagonist always chose the right path to achieve goals, however, no less noble. Thanks to this, from an unintelligent noble undergrowth, Grinev turns into an officer, sincere, ready to sacrifice his life in the name of duty. Having sworn allegiance to the empress, he honestly performs his service, protecting the fortress, and even death at the hands of rebel robbers does not frighten him. Just as honestly, he sought the favor of Masha, and achieved. The antipode of Pyotr Grinev in the novel - Shvabrin - on the contrary, uses any means to achieve the goal, choosing the meanest of them. Having embarked on the path of betrayal, he pursues personal gain, demands reciprocity from Masha, and does not hesitate to slander her in the eyes of Peter. In choosing goals and means, Aleksey is driven by spiritual cowardice and self-interest, because he is devoid of ideas of honor and conscience. Mary rejects him for this reason, because a good goal cannot be achieved by deceit.
2. What should be the ultimate goal if cruelty, deceit and human lives become the means to achieve it? In the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time", Grigory Pechorin's goals are momentary, they are contained in the desire for second victories, to achieve which he chooses complex, and sometimes cruel, means. Hidden in his victories is a persistent search for the meaning of life, which the hero is unable to find. In this search, he destroys not only himself, but also everyone who surrounds him - Princess Mary, Bela, Grushnitsky. To revive his own soul, he plays with the feelings of others, unwittingly becoming the cause of their misfortunes. But in the game with his own life, Grigory hopelessly loses, losing those few people who were dear to him. “I realized that chasing lost happiness is reckless,” he says, and the goal, which requires so much effort and other people's grief, turns out to be illusory and unattainable.
3. In comedy A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”, the society in which Chatsky is forced to be lives according to market laws, where everything is bought and sold, and a person is valuable not for spiritual qualities, but for the size of his wallet and success in his career. Nobility and duty are nothing here before the importance of rank and rank. That is why Alexander Chatsky is misunderstood and not accepted into a circle dominated by mercantile goals that justify any means.
   He enters into a fight with the Famus society, challenges Molchalin, who goes to deceit and hypocrisy in order to get a high position. Even in love, Alexander turns out to be a loser, because he does not desecrate the goal with vile means, he refuses to squeeze the breadth and nobility of his heart into the narrow framework of generally accepted and vulgar concepts that Famusov's house is full of.
4. A person is valued by his deeds. But not always his deeds, even if subordinated to a high goal, turn out to be good. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov decides for himself an important question from the point of view of morality: does the end justify the means? Can he, according to his theory, dispose of people's lives as he sees fit?
   The answer lies in the title of the novel: Raskolnikov's mental anguish, after the atrocity he committed, proves that his calculation was wrong, and his theory was wrong. The goal, which is based on unrighteous and inhumane means, depreciates by itself, becomes a crime, for which sooner or later one will have to be punished.
5. In the novel by M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don" the fate of the heroes swept away by the revolutionary elements. Grigory Melekhov, who sincerely believes in a happy and wonderful communist future, is ready to give his life for the well-being and prosperity of his native land. But in the context of life, bright revolutionary ideas turn out to be untenable, dead. Gregory understands that the struggle between the Whites and the Reds, seemingly aimed at a "beautiful tomorrow", is in fact violence and reprisals against the helpless and those who disagree. Brilliant slogans turn out to be deceit, and cruelty and arbitrariness of the means are hidden behind the lofty goal. The nobility of the soul does not allow him to come to terms with the evil and injustice that he observes around. Tormented by doubts and contradictions, Gregory is trying to find the only right way that will allow him to live honestly. He is unable to justify the numerous murders committed in the name of a ghostly idea in which he no longer believes.
6. The novel by A. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago" is a study related to the political history of the USSR, according to Solzhenitsyn - "an experience of artistic research", in which the author analyzes the history of the country - a utopia that builds an ideal world on the ruins of human lives, numerous victims and lies disguised for humanitarian purposes. The price for the illusion of happiness and peace, in which there is no place for individuality and dissent, turns out to be too high. The problematic of the novel is diverse, since it includes many questions of a moral nature: is it possible to justify evil in the name of good? What unites victims and their executioners? Who is responsible for the mistakes made? Supported by rich biographical, research material, the book leads the reader to the problem of ends and means, convincing him that one does not justify the other.
7. It is human nature to search for happiness as the main meaning of life, its highest goal. For her sake, he is ready to use any means, but does not understand that this is unnecessary. The main character of the story V.M. Shukshin "Boots" - to Sergei Dukhanin - manifestations of tender feelings are by no means easy, because he is not used to unjustified tenderness and is even ashamed of it. But the desire to please his loved one, the desire for happiness, pushes him to a big waste. The money spent on buying an expensive gift turns out to be an unnecessary sacrifice, because his wife only needed attention. Generosity and the desire to give warmth and care fill the somewhat coarsened, but still sensitive soul of the hero with happiness, which, as it turned out, is not so difficult to find.
8. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" the problem of purpose and means is revealed in the confrontation between two characters - Sleigh and Chamomile. Each of them is driven by their own goals, each decides what is really important to him. In the search for solutions, their paths diverge, fate pushes them together in a duel that determines the moral guidelines of each, proves the noble strength of one, and the vile baseness of the other. Sanya is driven by honest sincere aspirations, he is ready for a difficult but direct path to find out the truth and prove it to others. Chamomile, on the other hand, pursues petty goals, achieving them in no less petty ways: lies, betrayal and hypocrisy. Each of them is going through the painful problem of choice, in which it is so easy to lose yourself and those you truly love.
9. A person is not always clearly aware of his goal. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky is in search of himself and his place in life. His shaky life guidelines are influenced by fashion, society, the opinion of friends and relatives. He raves about glory and military exploits, dreams of making a career in the service, but not just rising to high ranks, but gaining eternal glory as a winner and hero. He goes to war, the cruelty and horrors of which instantly showed him all the absurdity and illusory nature of his dreams. He is not ready, like Napoleon, to go to glory over the bones of soldiers. The desire to live and make the life of other people beautiful set new goals for Bolkonsky. Meeting with Natasha instills love in his soul. However, in a moment that requires stamina and understanding from him, he gives up under the weight of circumstances and renounces his love. He is again tormented by doubts about the correctness of his own goals, and only before his death Andrei realizes that the best moments of life, its great gifts are contained in love, forgiveness and compassion.
10. Character makes a person. It determines his life goals and guidelines. In "Letters about the good and the beautiful" D.S. Likhachev, the problem of the goal and the means to achieve it is considered by the author as one of the most important, forming in the young reader the concept of honor, duty, truth. “The end justifies the means” is a formula unacceptable to the author. On the contrary, every person should have a goal in life, but no less important are the methods that he uses to achieve what he wants. In order to be happy and in harmony with one's own conscience, it is necessary to make a choice in favor of spiritual values, giving preference to good deeds and beautiful thoughts.
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• Situations of moral choice show the true qualities of a person
• A brave, strong-willed person in a difficult life situation would rather choose death than a shameful life.
• Moral choices are often so complex that they can lead to dire consequences.
• Only a coward can go over to the side of someone he considered an enemy for a better life.
• Situations of moral choice are not always associated with a threat to human life
• By the behavior of a person in situations of moral choice, we can judge his inner qualities.
• A real person, devoted to his moral principles, will not be stopped by any life circumstances

Arguments

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" More than once, Petr Grinev found himself in difficult life situations when he had to make a choice on which his future life depended. During the capture of the Belogorsk fortress, the hero had two ways: to recognize the sovereign in Pugachev or to be executed. Despite fear, Pyotr Grinev refused to swear allegiance to the impostor, not daring to betray his native country. This is not the only situation of moral choice in which the hero made the right decision and proved that he is a man of honor. Already under investigation, he did not mention that he was connected with Pugachev because of Masha Mironova, because he did not want trouble for his beloved. If Pyotr Grinev had told about her, the girl would certainly have been brought to the investigation. He did not want this, although such information could justify him. Situations of moral choice showed the true inner qualities of Pyotr Grinev: the reader understands that he is a man of honor, devoted to the Motherland and true to his word.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". The fate of Tatyana Larina is tragic. In love with Eugene Onegin, she did not see anyone as her fiancé. Tatyana has to marry Prince N., a good man, whom she, however, does not love. Eugene rejected her, not taking the girl's confession of love seriously. Later, Onegin sees her at one of the social evenings. Tatyana Larina is changing: she becomes a stately princess. Eugene Onegin writes letters to her, confesses his love, hoping that she will leave her husband. For Tatyana, this is a situation of moral choice. She does the right thing: she keeps her honor and loyalty to her husband. Although Tatyana is still in love with Onegin, she asks to be left alone.

M. Sholokhov "The fate of man." The trials that people went through in wartime showed the willpower and character of everyone. Andrey Sokolov showed himself as a man loyal to the military duty of soldiers. Once captured, he was not afraid to express his thoughts about the backbreaking work that the prisoners were forced to do. When, due to someone's denunciation, he was called to Muller, the hero refused to drink for the victory of German weapons. He was ready to endure hunger, to give up the desire to drink before death, but to preserve his honor and show the true qualities of a Russian soldier. The moral choice of Andrei Sokolov allows us to consider him a real person with great strength, who loves his country.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". The situation of moral choice, in which Natasha Rostova finds herself, is not connected with the threat to her life. When everyone left Moscow besieged by the French, the Rostov family took away their belongings. The heroine was faced with a choice: to take things away or give carts to transport the wounded. Natasha Rostova chose not things, but help people. The situation of moral choice showed that for the heroine material well-being is not as important as helping those who are in trouble. We can say that Natasha Rostova is a person with high moral values.

M. Bulgakov "Master and Margarita". Everyone makes a moral choice based on their life principles, goals, attitudes and desires. The dearest person in life for Margarita was her Master. To see her beloved, she no doubt agreed to a deal with the devil. In a situation of moral choice, she chose what is dearest to her, despite all the horror of the way to achieve her goal. Margarita was ready for anything, even for such a dishonorable act, because the meeting with the Master was vital for her.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". Sometimes only the possibility of choosing one's life path reveals true human qualities. Andriy, the youngest son of Taras Bulba, who went over to the side of the enemy because of his love for the Pole, showed the true traits of his character in a situation of moral choice. He betrayed his father, brother and his homeland, showing vulnerability to the power of love. A real warrior would not reckon with any enemy, but Andriy was not like that. Circumstances broke him, showed the inability of the young man to be faithful to military duty, devoted to his native land.

V. Sanin "Seventy degrees below zero". Sinitsyn did not prepare winter fuel for Gavrilov, which endangered Gavrilov's life in severe frosts. Sinitsyn had a choice: at first he wanted to do everything to ensure the safety of the expedition, but then he was afraid of adverse consequences for his mistake and left everything as it was. The situation of moral choice showed that Sinitsyn is a cowardly person, for whom the desire to remain without punishment is more important than the life of another person, which depends on him.

People are quick to believe either the obvious or the completely unbelievable. These well-known truths are quite often used in a dispute to convince people that they are right. But there are other similar arguments against which there is nothing to object to, so the opponent will still have to agree in any dispute with you. How to use them correctly to win in any ambiguous situation and convince anyone of anything when your opinion does not coincide with the opinion of the interlocutor?

Parts of Arguments

Any argument is two-part. The first is its unconditional basis: it is simply impossible to argue with it on the fact. The second can be logically substantiated, scientifically confirmed or logically tied to the basis of a general thought. How to convince anyone of anything? Use the base and attach to it what suits the best meaning in order to strengthen it.

For example, a mother tells her daughter not to put her fingers in the socket. The reason in this case is the fact that the mother is an authority for the girl. Secondly, the parent personally says not to do this, talking about an example from her childhood, which is an obvious link or provides basic knowledge about the effect of current on a person.

12 Arguments of Aristotle

There can be an infinite number of arguments, and they change depending on situations - as in the above example about mom and a socket, and even more can be given. But the arguments are few. Knowing the basics will help build a speech so that it becomes truly convincing and allows you to win in any dispute. Aristotle also brought out this golden dozen - we talk about all the main bases of any arguments. What is the most compelling?

What can be checked

In order to believe in the truth of any statement or statement, it is enough for a person to at least know that there is a possibility of verifying what was said. This minimum is quite enough for persuasion - banal laziness or lack of time most often interferes with checking. For example, you want to recommend someone to read a good book. You can talk for a very long time about literary merits or famously twisted plot, or very briefly advise the interlocutor to see for himself. Even if your counterpart will not read the book anyway, he will most likely consider this book to be really good.

Unique

Name just one quality that characterizes a particular person, thing and phenomenon - and let it be unique, at least a little, but unlike all other analogues. The thinking of a modern Western person is arranged in such a way that we automatically tend to believe everything that carries any traits or qualities that differ from the usual. For example, a quote from the rarest ancient scroll will be more credible than the same information read in the yellow press.

Any pop or movie star, for example, at least somehow stands out from the rest - there is no talk of vocal abilities or the aesthetic side of music or appearance now. With the East, things are exactly the opposite - another argument is more suitable to convince the inhabitants of that hemisphere.

Habitual

Long-familiar and beloved things or people seem to us familiar and worthy of all trust - and for this reason, everything that looks like them automatically causes conviction in the truth and our sympathy and faith. For example, when meeting each other, as a rule, both partners tend to emphasize their individuality and uniqueness by describing their merits, and at this time each of them subconsciously looks for the features of their beloved parents in each other.

This is what will ultimately resolve the issue of compatibility of a particular pair, and not at all unique skills and abilities. It is for this reason that there are so many unusual and striking architectural structures in the West, and in the countries of the East, traditions and things are so carefully preserved, erecting buildings of recognizable forms.

That indicative of regression

The grass used to be greener, the sky bluer, children more obedient, and the world simpler. These beliefs idealize the past. And now - prices are rising, the environment is deteriorating and in general the hair is turning gray. The idea of ​​regression on any scale - from personal to global - is always very relevant as an argument in any dispute. This base can be further expanded as you like.

That which confirms progress

The opposite belief is even more readily accepted by all. Any of us will readily agree with a thought that will confirm our faith in progress and the inevitable onset of world peace. This basis is often used by politicians of any rank or leaders of any chain to convince voters of anything. It is human nature to believe in a bright future - remember, entire generations of our mothers and fathers worked real miracles in anticipation of the coming communism, where everything will be fine for everyone.

persuasive, arising from persuasive

Causal relationships at the simplest level are clear even to babies: here comes my mother, my main authority. So, now they will take me in their arms and feed me. The logical link "if - then" works almost always, and it is very convenient to use it in a dispute. Example: "If we are all reasonable people, then we will not ignore arguments that are logically proven." Or here's another: "If we are educated and reasonable people, then we will not take seriously everything that is written on the Internet." Or, finally, the last one, to certainly convince: “If we already understood everything, then why give a third example of the obvious in a row?”.

Data

The argument to the data is used very often - and just as often an endless number of over-interpretations, exaggerations and outright fakes are hung on it along the way, so they should be analyzed very carefully before being taken for granted unconditionally. For example: “Moscow is the capital of Russia, so the weekend will certainly be sunny.” The first is not subject to any doubt and is known to any child, but the second will not necessarily be exactly like that, but next to the base it looks very convincing.

Useful

This argument does its best to look fair - and, admittedly, it often succeeds. A simple example designed to convince businessmen to be honest: "Pay your taxes and sleep well." At first glance, it may seem that this is an appeal to the conscience of a businessman who certainly understands the full benefit of not having a headache from contacts with a tax inspector. But in fact, of course, we are only talking about selfishness here - each of us thinks only about ourselves, and this is normal. Although paying taxes is actually very useful.

Normal

Within the framework of the norm, we usually try to put any phenomenon, thing or person with whom we have to deal or who need to be convinced of something. Naturally, the boundaries are very conditional and often changing, and everyone sets them independently. The social norm takes into service and defense of the norm a whole set of laws, customs, prescriptions and traditions - it is very convenient to rely on them when considering any issue. For example: “All women love to receive perfumes and flowers as a gift, so they will definitely like our perfume.” Convincing a man to make a purchase in this way is quite simple.

Confirmed by authority

Even nihilists, anarchists and others who rebel against traditional values ​​and authorities, as a rule, have a certain leader whose opinion and words will not be subject to any doubt. Advertisers are very fond of resorting to this argument. For example, if Leonardo DiCaprio cheerfully announces that such and such a watch is the best in the world, a certain number of people will definitely believe him and buy exactly what he praised when it comes to choosing a brand.

Another example: “statements and quotes of great people” walking on social networks: it seems that some are ready to believe even absolutely utter nonsense, illiterately written, moreover, if they see the name of Faina Ranevskaya, Friedrich Nietzsche or Buddha Gautama in the signature.

Told by eyewitnesses

Represented true

We are what we think we are, and the brain willingly and often indulges in the free drawing of any enticing pictures and perspectives, if it is slightly stimulated and motivated to do so. Imaginative people don't exist, so the "imagine you can live here" argument in new house ads is very common and works quickly.

If everything is clear with the volume of the final essay, then the argument raises questions. The confusion arises due to the fact that different requirements are imposed on the composition of the USE format and the final essay. We are used to the fact that in an essay it is required to give two arguments, one of which must be literary. In the final essay, things are different.

Number of arguments in the final essay

To get a "credit", you need to complete, which is associated with the involvement of literary material. The student, arguing on the topic chosen by him, should give as an argument at least one literary work. You can borrow books by Russian and foreign authors.

Thus, in the final essay, you need to include at least one argument. There is no upper limit: you can use an unlimited number of works.

As a literary material, the student can use:

1. Artistic works,

2. Memoirs,

3. Diaries,

4. Journalism,

5. Works relating to oral folk art.