How the enthusiasm of volunteers made the life of an orphan with a disability human. Pogodin radiy petrovich - brick islands There was a boy tall and thin unreasonably long

The artist F. P. Reshetnikov was very fond of painting on children's themes, which he had developed since the time of the Great Patriotic War. Often watching the game of teenagers in the "war". It was from that day that he began to increasingly depict children in his paintings in different life situations.

Reshetnikov's painting "Boys" was created in 1971 and is also dedicated to children. Ten years have passed since the legendary first manned flight into space. All the boys dreamed of space and as one wanted to be like Yuri Gagarin. The picture shows three boys who, on an August night, climbed onto the roof of a multi-storey building to watch the starry sky. As you know, in August in central Russia it is very often possible to observe starfall and the boys, seeing another falling "star", try to make their most secret wish as soon as possible.

Reshetnikov places all the "dreamers" in the center of the picture. However, the boys are different in character, as evidenced by their postures. One teenager leaned completely on the parapet. His friend clings to the railing, yet the unusual height frightens him a little. The one in the middle, in a friendly manner, put his hand on the shoulder to the left of the standing one and tells what he read in some book just a few days ago. He points with his hand to some particularly bright star and possibly talks about it, with particular emphasis on its name. It gives him pleasure to feel some superiority over his comrades, which is so important at this age. The schoolboy tells with such enthusiasm that his friends, without stopping, look at the asterisk, which the narrator points to. They are a little jealous of him, because he knows so much about galaxies and planets. And he also dreams very much - to fly on a real spaceship, on which he will definitely accomplish a feat.

His friends are already imagining that they, of course, will fly to distant stars all together and will definitely visit this star, which is so different from others in this dark blue, like soft velvet, sky. Their eyes burn just like these stars, because the boys are sure that as adults they will contemplate the sky not from the height of a high-rise building, but through the porthole of an interplanetary space rocket. Below will be the earth illuminated by the sun's rays, and not the city sparkling with lights, merging with the sky, as if one whole.

In the painting Boys, the artist vividly depicts the state of enthusiasm, immersion in a dream, when everything around ceases to exist. It is these dreamers who, having matured, perform real feats, make great discoveries that allow humanity to move forward. Boys with undisguised delight and childish inquisitiveness of mind are directed to the future, which is already slowly revealing its secrets to them.

Around them is the city, plunged into the night and falling asleep in a misty haze. Reshetnikov conveys to us the state of these guys, awakening childhood memories in us. With a certain amount of nostalgia, we recall our dreams and secrets of the distant past. And these suddenly surging memories seem to give us wings and give us the strength to go to the end - towards the dream. After all, the more unrealistic the dream seems, the more interesting the path to it.

Fedor Pavlovich himself experienced all this during an expedition on the legendary Chelyuskin. It was a heroic epic in which the real character of the Russian people was manifested. And in this campaign, the same grown-up dreamers participated, about whom the whole world started talking back in 1934, admiring their courage.

Informative. The section is updated daily. Always up-to-date versions of the best free programs for everyday use in the Essential programs section. There is almost everything that is required for daily work. Start to gradually abandon pirated versions in favor of more convenient and functional free counterparts. If you still do not use our chat, we strongly advise you to get acquainted with it. You will find many new friends there. It is also the fastest and most efficient way to contact project administrators. The Antivirus Updates section continues to work - always up-to-date free updates for Dr Web and NOD. Didn't have time to read something? The full content of the ticker can be found at this link.

The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries seem to be the time of the onset of civilization. Women everywhere began to be educated. Children from peasant and poor urban families were recognized as trainees. Scientific and technological progress increasingly connected people with each other. But, alas, in terms of humanity, this period actually left much to be desired. First of all, because of the attitude to child labor.

Miner kids

A huge number of child miners of both sexes worked in England and the United States in the nineteenth century. The working day lasted half a day. Despite attempts to impose age restrictions (in England they set the lower bar at ten years old), parents brought their children to work in the same mines where they worked themselves from the age of six or eight: miners, especially women and children, were paid so little that every penny in the families was on the account. Managers asked the age formally, no one checked anything. The mines needed workers.

It is not to be thought that in the mine the children were engaged in something like sweeping or other light work. They picked up into the trolleys, which they pulled, like donkeys or oxen, coal that had fallen from the trolleys of adults, or simply carried coal, with which the trolleys were filled by adults; lifted baskets, sorted coal. The weakest were attached to open the gates for the trolleys. Usually they were very young girls. They sat for hours in pitch darkness, in dampness, motionless, and this had a bad effect on their health, and even more so on their psychological state.

Chimney sweep kids

The little chimney sweep assistants were very popular in Europe: by running a child down the chimney, the chimney sweep achieved a much better effect than if he himself tried to clean everything with the help of special equipment. In addition, children were much cheaper than equipment.

Little chimney sweeps began their careers at the age of four: it was believed that there was nothing difficult in scraping soot for a child, and a small age meant small size and guaranteed that a child would not have to be changed for quite a few more years. In order for the little helper to remain fit for climbing into the chimneys longer, he was fed very poorly - if only he would not stretch his legs. A skinny boy is a good boy when it comes to cleaning pipes.

They launched the child into the chimney from below, from the fireplace, and in the end he had to get out from above, onto the roof. But the children were afraid to crawl between the sheer walls so high up - there was a serious risk of breaking loose and crippling themselves, falling back into the fireplace, so the adult owner, the chimney sweep, urged the baby on, spreading a little light under him.

Professional risks were very high for children in this business. They, in addition to breaking down, also suffocated and got stuck. The soot and soot that accumulated on their skin for years (children could wash only before the holidays, so as not to waste the owner's coal on heating water and soap), led to severe oncology, most often lung and scrotal cancer. Even after changing jobs, the little chimney sweeps did not heal in the world. Their health was hopelessly undermined. The exploitation of children by chimney sweeps began to decline only in the last third of the nineteenth century.

Peddler children

Girls in big cities were often adapted to street trading. It could be a small family business, but more often the girls worked for someone else's uncle, receiving goods in the morning and handing over the proceeds in the evening. The most active time of the sale was the hours before the start of work of various kinds of clerks and employees and the hours after the end, so that in order to make a profit, the girl got up at five o'clock, got ready and, often without breakfast, wandered the streets for several hours with a heavy basket or tray ( it was worn around the neck and was something like a flat open box on a belt, on which goods were laid out).

Girls were often robbed, because they could not run after any bully who grabbed goods from the stall; the value of what was stolen was deducted from their earnings. Colds due to constant walking on the street in any weather (often without the opportunity to properly dress) were common, up to pneumonia and the development of rheumatism. If a girl tried to stay outside during the evening hours to increase her earnings, she was at risk of harassment: in the evening, many men were looking for what they considered love affairs, although the word “love” is rather difficult to describe their actions.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the job of a newspaper salesman was popular among boys. Everything is the same: you get up very early in the morning, pick up the newspapers, bring in the proceeds in the evening. You will be fined for damaged or stolen goods. The hottest shopping hours are in the morning, when the gentlemen buy a newspaper on their way to work, or the lackeys return home with purchases for the owners.

In order for trade to go briskly, one has to run through the streets for hours, including crossing the pavement with lively horse traffic, and shout loudly, breaking one's voice. In addition, from the constant contact of the skin with lead, which was used to print letters on newspaper sheets, problems began with the skin. But this work was still considered much safer than that of miners or chimney sweeps - and even more so than in a factory.

Courier kids

To get a job as a messenger for the boy was a huge stroke of luck. The whole day, in any weather, I had to run, sometimes with a heavy load, but in the intervals between “flights” I could sit quietly in the warmth. In addition, at some point, large companies began to issue beautiful uniforms to messengers. True, in winter it is not very warm. The biggest misfortune of the courier boy was the hooligan attacks of his less fortunate peers, who, out of envy, could try to take away and tear envelopes and papers or take away goods from the store that the messenger carried to the client for their own benefit.

Children in factories

With the industrialization of society, there was a huge need for workers in factories. Above all, factory owners valued the work of women - they learned faster, were more accurate and obedient than men, and besides, according to established customs, women were paid less for the same amount of work. But the children had to pay even less, so that in many factories there were benches near the machines, and on the benches there were boys and girls from six years of age and older.

Children were the perfect expendable. They learned quickly, they did not dare to be bold, they cost a penny, and, no matter how often the little workers were crippled, there was always someone to fill the empty place. And accidents in the factories were on the rise. The girls could have their hair pulled into the machine - after all, there was no time to straighten up and fix the sprawling hairstyle, and besides, they beat them painfully for every extra movement. From malnutrition and lack of sleep, many kids lost their vigilance, and with it their arm, leg or life. Treatment, of course, was not paid. The little worker was thrown out into the street.

Such an attitude towards children in factories was widespread - in Russia, Europe and America. Humanists and progressives have fought for years to improve child labor conditions, to no avail. The benefit outweighed any arguments and efforts. There were also psychological tricks. When humanists tried to ban the use of child labor in factories producing silk - to unwind the cocoon of a silkworm, it was necessary to put it in very hot water, almost boiling water, and children's hands were disfigured - manufacturers spread a rumor that silk (and taxes from factories) then did not will be at all, because only tender children's fingers can make a delicate thin thread.

Children on the plantations

There is a very popular legend that the best tea in China was the tea that was collected by young virgins. After all, their purity makes the taste of the tea leaf especially clean! Indeed, young virgins (from five or six years old) in many countries worked on harvesting something lighter than potatoes or rutabaga. Only their cleanliness has nothing to do with it - the work of little girls cost literally a penny. Along with young virgins, tea and tobacco were also collected by young virgins of the same age range, pregnant women and old people who were still able to move.

The use of child labor in fields and plantations around the world was considered the norm. The working day, regardless of the weather, lasted about twelve hours, with one meal break (during which workers often simply fell asleep, unable to even chew). Children weeded, picked berries and other relatively light fruits and leaves, destroyed pests, ran with watering cans and buckets to water the endless beds. They were crippled in smaller fields than in factories - basically, they tore off their backs or “teared their stomachs” (a common problem for girls). No one was surprised either by heat and sunstroke and burns, aching bones and bronchitis due to long work in bad weather.

Dishwasher kids

To attach a child to the kitchen to wash dishes, even if it is free or only for payments on holidays, many parents considered happiness. To begin with, the child will stop asking for food - after all, both in the house and in the tavern, he has the opportunity to eat leftovers. Some children spent the night at their new place of work, especially since they often had to clean boilers, pots and pans until late.

The only disadvantage of working as a dishwasher was the need to constantly carry weights - tubs of water or the same boilers. In addition, not all children tolerated the constant heat and fumes in the kitchen well. If you lost consciousness once, they will forgive you, but after the second time, goodbye, a satisfying place.

Orphans with disabilities in Russia are often doomed to isolation and a life-long boarding school behind a high fence. Alexander and Yakov grew up in an orphanage, and now they live in an assisted living house in St. Petersburg: they buy fashionable clothes, dine in a cafe, celebrate the New Year on the Field of Mars, go to tent camps in summer, and visit Moscow in winter. How did they do it, tells the special correspondent "Kommersant" Olga Allenova.

From boarding school to dudes

A three-story multi-colored house in the St. Petersburg microdistrict Novaya Okhta. Spacious elevator, convenient laundry room, large common living rooms on each floor. A year ago, the house was opened by the St. Petersburg non-profit organization GAOORDI (City Association of Public Organizations of Parents-Children with Disabilities). This building has 19 apartments and 19 residents. Each has its own separate housing: a room, an entrance hall, a bathroom. To a person who has spent his whole life in a boarding school, this seems like a fairy tale. 19-year-old Sasha Kurochkin at first thought that he was dreaming everything.

He rides ahead of me in a wheelchair, opens the door to his apartment, invites: “Come in!” First of all, he takes out a figure of a rooster from a low shelf and hands it to me: “Look, the volunteers gave me this. I was still small then.”

Is this rooster your only thing from the orphanage?

It's not a rooster, it's a chicken. My surname is Kurochkin! Have you forgotten? It was the volunteers who were joking.

Sasha laughs, me too.

Sasha has slurred speech due to cerebral palsy, but I have known him for more than a day, so everything is clear to me.

He shows me his wardrobe - thanks to a special mechanism, a person sitting in a wheelchair can open the doors and lower the bar with clothes down. He sorts through shirts of different colors, shows new trousers: “I bought it yesterday.”

Sasha turned out to be such a dude, - says Tatyana Gavrilova, a social worker at home in Novaya Okhta. - Every day she puts on new clothes for dinner.

The guy takes out an electric razor and a new phone: “I bought it myself!” From the window of his room, a sports ground with wheelchair swings is visible. This place is especially loved by ordinary children from neighboring houses. Sasha likes it when children crowd onto the swing.

He rides down the corridor and opens the bathroom door: a shower without barriers, a support near the toilet so that a person can move out of the chair on his own. Low washbasin and mirror.

Wow! I say admiringly.

What did you think! This is not Moscow for you!

Kurochkin has a good sense of humor, everyone laughs.

A barrier-free environment has been created in the new house, allowing people with disabilities to feel independent

Tatyana Gavrilova says that the help of a social worker usually ends before the door to the bathroom. It is very important for a person with special needs to be independent in this room. It helps to maintain dignity.

But Sasha is one of the few who hardly needs help in this house.

He is independent, today he cooked semolina for himself, - says the social worker. - We have a menu for the week, but he did not want oatmeal. He loves to cook in the kitchen, he only needs a little help with the stove.

Everyone here says that if Sasha had not ended up in a boarding school in early childhood, he would have already lived a normal independent life.

There is a large photograph hanging on the wall in Sasha's room. There are two boys on it - Sasha Kurochkin and Yasha Volkov. This photo was taken by their friend Katya Taranchenko ten years ago at an orphanage in Pavlovsk. Since then they have been together.

Sasha is impulsive, charismatic, loud, cheerful. Yasha is a modest handsome man with an incredibly charming smile. Guys from childhood in wheelchairs. They would have gone through the stage if one day Katya had not appeared in their life - a tall, thin girl in hipster pants, with an earring in one ear and an asymmetrical bang. Now she is the director of the St. Petersburg charitable organization "Perspectives", and then she was just a volunteer.

Sasha is interviewing

Valdai, August 2018. In the camp of the Center for Curative Pedagogics in a dense pine forest, the third shift is underway. Young people with special needs came from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Orenburg. They are mainly accompanied by volunteers and employees of NGOs or relatives.

Sasha and Yasha live in tents, like everyone else. During the day, they participate in cooking, master classes, communicate with a psychologist in a group, eat, walk. In the evening they sing songs by the fire.

They are accompanied by Katya Taranchenko and Denis Nikitenko, employees of Perspektiv. There are no roads in the forest, so it is difficult to get somewhere on your own in a wheelchair. The help of volunteers is needed both in the kitchen and in the tent - the guys will not be able to undress and wash themselves in such conditions.

Sanya has absolutely happy eyes. He laughs a lot here. "When are you going to interview me?" - shouts to me, seeing from afar. “First at Yasha’s,” I answer. Yasha, as usual, smiles modestly, looking at the floor. He has recently moved to a house of assisted living in Novaya Okhta. They say he is very impressed, but Yasha is used to keeping his emotions to himself. I ask him if he likes the new house.

I like it, - Yasha answers, without ceasing to smile.

Did you like boarding school?

No. Bored in boarding school. In GAOORDI we go to classes, it's not boring. And I have my room.

The last two phrases contain almost everything that distinguishes life at home from life in a boarding school. In PNI, Yasha did nothing. One day was no different from the next: breakfast, lunch, dinner, sleep, TV. He had eight neighbors in his room there. In the new house, he is always busy: in the morning he goes to classes at the GAOORDI workshops, and has lunch in a cafe there. A business lunch costs 180 rubles, the guys now get their entire pension in their hands and can afford it.

At 4 pm he returns to Novaya Okhta. Participates in the preparation of dinner, chats with friends in the living room, sits at the computer.

I love to travel, - says Yasha. - In winter, I will go to Razdolie. I have friends there.

Razdolie is a town in the Leningrad region, where Perspektiv has its own home. Seven adults with mental disabilities live in this house. Among them are girls and boys from the boarding school where Yasha and Sanya grew up. So they have something to talk about.

Due to cerebral palsy, Yasha has severe spasticity, he has difficulty holding cutlery. But in the camp, Yasha loves to cook most of all, so he feels his importance.

He is assisted by a therapeutic teacher from the Life Path Charitable Foundation Yuliya Lipes. “It's not just the process of cooking,” she says. “All the guys take part in a common lunch. They know that they are doing a useful thing, because everyone will eat what they have prepared. It boosts their self-esteem."

Yulia had no previous experience of working with people with movement disorders. In her foundation, she works with adults with mental disabilities. “I am shocked at how much these guys can do,” she points to Yasha. “Despite the fact that they have difficulties, spasticity, we managed to involve absolutely everyone in cooking dinner.”

Sasha Kurochkin cranes his neck with all his might to see when I'm free. I go to him, turn on the recorder.

Well, ask, - Sasha allows.

How are you in the new house?

I would say great!

How was it in boarding school?

Fine. I have a friend there. We quarreled with him. But I don't want to go there.

Even if you make up with a friend?

Yes. I didn't go out there. I feel good here.

Do you remember the court where they wanted to deprive you of legal capacity?

Yes Yes. I don't think I should have been deprived. First there was a bad judge. And then good. She let me live.

Sanya takes my recorder: “May I?”

Certainly. Do you want to ask me a question?

I grew up at home, we had three children in the family. I lived in a small town in North Ossetia. I have a brother and a sister.

Mom is also there, she is already old.

Dad is dead. He was ill for a long time.

And you? - Sanya turns to Katya Taranchenko.

And I have both dad and mom, they are alive.

And you? - Sanya turns to Zurab, a volunteer, a theater director, who, together with the camp participants, puts on a play.

And there were four of us, now only me and my sister are left.

Mom is gone, and dad is gone too.

And I have no one, everyone died, - Sasha says casually.

But you have a brother, - Katya clarifies and explains for me: - He grew up in the Kronstadt orphanage, we want to find him.

Yes, - the guy nods. - That would be very good.

Now he asks Katya about her family, about her father.

How did your dad raise you?

He allowed me everything. We went skiing with him, went in for sports.

You have a great dad. Did you go to kindergarten?

Yes, I hated making the bed.

Sanya laughs, he knows this. In the boarding school they were always forced to make the bed.

Where were you born?

in Taganrog.

And I don't remember where I was born.

Vera Shengelia, a journalist, volunteer, co-founder of the Life Path Foundation, walks past us. Everyone here knows Vera, this summer she spent several shifts in the camp. Sanya asks Vera questions under a recorder: where she was born and how she lived.

I was born in Moscow, says Vera. We lived in a small town near Moscow.

But dad wasn't there. Dad was somewhere else. Mom took care of herself. But I had an aunt. Strict. She worked as a veterinarian at a poultry farm. When I was born, no one was allowed to see me. She put on a white coat, entered the maternity ward, found me, looked and then everyone and always said that she was the first person who saw me. He says that I had a small bang, like Hitler.

Sanya laughs.

And my mother was so happy and kept trying to unfold the tight diaper to see how small my hands were. And I, Sanya, had such fat hands.

Vera has a funny tone. The recorder jumps, Sanya laughs.

Well, what else are you interested in from my foggy past? Vera clarifies in a serious tone.

And then?

And then we returned home. We were poor, we didn't have a crib, and I slept in a wheelchair.

Sasha silently looks at Vera for a couple of seconds. Other camp participants are pulling up to us, everyone is interested in listening to an exclusive interview.

And then? When did you grow up? Before first grade?

I was six years old, and I was sent for the whole summer to my grandparents in Ukraine. And there I made friends with a boy who was the son of a village postwoman. He only wore shorts, he had nothing else. And he also had a horse with a cart, on which his mother gave us to deliver mail. All summer we ran around the village, rode a cart, rolled in the hay. When I arrived home, my curls were lousy, and my intelligent mother groaned for a long time before she cut my hair. At school, the teacher asked how we spent the summer. I got up and cheerfully said: “I had a great summer, Ruslan and I were lying under the cart in shorts, and now I have lice.” The teacher said: "Sit down, Verochka, well done."

By the end of this interview, the listeners are laughing out loud, but most of all Sasha. It seems that a story from someone else's childhood fills him with happiness.

He considers the next question. He wants to ask about many things, but childhood trauma brings him back to the same point.

Where were you born? - he asks Zurab. - Where are you? - turns to me.

Our answers do not satisfy him, and he looks at Katya again:

How did you get to Peter? In a boarding school? To me? Do not you remember?

I remember,” Katya says calmly. “I didn’t know anything about Sanya Kurochkin when I was at school. And when I found out, I was very happy. Because you, Sanya, are cool.

Sasha joyfully shouts:

Tell!

And Katya again, for the hundredth time, tells him the story of their acquaintance. Sasha listens, closing her eyes and smiling. For many years it was deprived of its own history. Now he has it.

Katya, Sasha, Yasha. Love story

After graduating from the Faculty of Law, Katya Taranchenko got a good job in a commercial holding. A few years later, as she herself now says, she had an existential crisis: “I realized that I don’t want anything, I don’t want money, it’s all decay, life is spent on something else. I wanted to go to live in the mountains. But somehow I was sitting on the roof with a friend, and he volunteered at Prospects, and he invited me to come to them. I met the director Masha Ostrovskaya, we talked, and I was sent to an orphanage in Pavlovsk.”

In the Pavlovsk boarding school for children with mental retardation, Katya was assigned to a “difficult” group, in which children with cerebral palsy lived who were unable to move independently. They were called "sliders" there. Sasha and Yasha were then eight years old.

We became friends with Sanka, because he is such a hooligan, he always does something, pours water on the floor, drags the trash can into the corridor ... Such a small one, it’s difficult for him to speak, he mumbles, no one understands him and does not listen to the end. No matter how I come to them, in order to take the guys on an excursion, to the oceanarium, - but Kurochkin does not go, he always stands in the corner, because he did something yesterday. I quarreled with the teachers because of him, our relationship with them deteriorated. Sanya has always been very active. Now he is physically harder, but then he waited for me every day and asked from the door: “Katya, are we going to walk today?”

In Prospects, a volunteer can work for one year. Then you need to either leave or stay in the organization, but grow professionally. When the year ended, Katya agreed to become a lawyer at Prospects. And in order to be able to work with her little friends, she learned to be a special psychologist, enrolling immediately in the fourth year. She understood that she could not leave Sasha.

Katya took the guys to the equestrian camp, where they lived for a week in tents: “It was such a time when we were together, without all this horror of the orphanage, with horses, in the forest. And my guys have been waiting for this trip all year, because at that time it was their only experience of life outside the orphanage.

Once the boys asked Katya if it was possible to come to visit her. She then rented an apartment on the outskirts, and it would be too difficult to take the guys there. Besides, without custody, she wouldn't be allowed to take them home. Margaret von der Borch, the founder of the St. Petersburg Perspektivs, has her own apartment in St. Petersburg on the Fontanka, which she gives away for the needs of NGOs. She signed a gratuitous use agreement with Taranchenko, the guardianship authorities examined the apartment and gave the go-ahead for guest mode. As a result, this apartment on the Fontanka for many years became a place where teenagers came to visit Katya for weekends and holidays. There is no elevator in the old building. She called one of her friends, and together they dragged the strollers with the guys to the fourth floor.

Was it difficult?

Not at all. I worked all week and waited for this weekend to come and I could bring the guys. They were so happy. It is impossible to compare with anything. And they are a lot of fun to be with. All my friends know them, everyone likes to spend time with them. Sanya has a great sense of humor, Yasha is generally very positive. Once we went on New Year's Eve to the Field of Mars, it shocked them. They were already 17 then, they first went out at night on the street. Before that, they had never met the New Year, in the orphanage they were forced to go to bed at nine in the evening.

For Sasha and Yasha, Katya became the closest person. She taught them to celebrate the New Year, travel and not be afraid to express their desires.

Photo: Alexander Koryakov, Kommersant

Six years ago, Sasha Kurochkin underwent an operation at the Turner Institute. Before the operation, he could only jump on his knees, his legs could not be extended. They straightened his legs and spent two months in a cast. “He was screaming in pain, the whole hospital was on their ears from our Kurochkin,” Katya recalls. “He didn’t let anyone sleep, they even put him in an isolation cell. We organized round-the-clock duty, he bit the volunteers. Then rehabilitation, it is necessary to wear orthoses, he again does not sleep in the orphanage, yelling at night. They told me: “Come, see for yourself how he sleeps, and then think about what to do with him.” And they gave me a bunk right in their room, I spent the night there. 13 people in one room, every half an hour someone wakes up and starts to wander, someone hums, someone sways, someone screams in pain. For the first time I realized how they spend their whole lives. These are their nights. And at six in the morning the evil nanny comes to change diapers, turns on the light, yells, it's just such a hell. Then, when the 481st resolution had already been adopted (the resolution of the government of the Russian Federation, changing the living conditions in orphanages.- "b"), they were settled into two bedrooms, six or seven people, but it's still terrible.

By the age of 16, Sasha and Yasha already knew about PNI. In the boarding school, nurses told them that at 18 everyone would be transferred from a children's boarding school to an adult one and that it was scary there. “Sanya was not afraid of anything, but Yasha was very worried,” recalls Katya. “I was sure then that we would come up with something, so I asked the boarding school not to deprive the guys of their legal capacity. She said that we would not give them to the PNI. Once a construction company contacted us, they were building a house and gave an apartment in it for our guys. We planned to put the guys there and organize an escort. But then there was a crisis, the house was not completed, everything died out, it still stands. I got sick. And when I left the hospital, it turned out that my guys would be deprived of their legal capacity. Because everyone who goes to the PNI should be deprived of legal capacity before the age of 18. This is our practice in St. Petersburg.”

Usually the boarding school is the initiator of the deprivation of legal capacity. The boarding school handed over the documents to the guardianship authorities. A psychiatrist from the Pavlovsk DDI wrote a conclusion that Alexander Kurochkin cannot read and write, cannot take care of himself and will not be able to live on his own. The same conclusion was drawn up against Yasha. The guardianship authorities, which have never seen the guys, filed suits in court for deprivation of legal capacity.

Sanya can read, write, and count, - says Katya. - The guys can go to the store, and they know how to cook. Sanya is washing himself, Yasha needs a little help, he just has a stronger spasticity. This conclusion is direct proof that the psychiatrist in the boarding school does not know the children at all. When I asked her in court when she talked to Kurochkin, it turned out that six months ago. At the same time, Sanya has slurred speech, and only a person who constantly communicates with him can understand him. She didn't even understand him. Although in fact, I think that Yasha and Sanya do not have the diagnoses that they are given. I think all their violations are connected with orphanhood and life in an orphanage.

In Russian practice, the deprivation of orphans of legal capacity usually takes place in two stages and takes a total of half an hour. “Judges accept an application from a boarding school or guardianship authorities, appoint an examination, and a person ends up in a psychiatric hospital for a month, and then, at the second meeting, the judge deprives him of his legal capacity, and that’s all,” explains Katya Taranchenko. “And here I bring dozens of petitions: to interrogate such and such witnesses whether the guys can live on their own; conduct research at the Bekhterev Institute; interrogate the guys, interrogate the staff in the boarding school. The first session lasted an hour and a half, the judge who listened to Yasha's case just turned green with hatred.

In court, Katya asked Yasha how he chooses what he needs to buy. Yasha replied that he buys food first of all, so that there is food. And if there is money left, he can buy himself a player. Yasha, unlike Sasha, does not know how to count, but he can determine whether he has enough money for some thing. “He always asks how much this thing costs, whether there will be change, that is, when communicating with an assistant, he carefully finds out how to do it so as not to be left without money,” Katya explains. “He clearly knows which pills he needs to take, He is generally very attentive to his health. Therefore, when the psychiatrist in court said that he did not seek help when he had a fever, Yasha was indignant: "She's lying!"

With his own money, Sasha Kurochkin bought a phone, headphones, a laptop, and fashionable clothes. But the main value in his apartment is a photo of 10 years ago. This is the only thing left from his childhood.

Photo: Alexander Koryakov, Kommersant

The courthouse, where the trial was going on for several months, is not adapted for the disabled. There is a cage, two tables and railings in the hall, which do not allow the disabled person to go closer to the judge to testify. Yasha speaks very quietly, Sasha indistinctly, their chairs were placed in the hall behind the audience, so that they could not feel themselves full participants in the process. At the same time, the judge several times refused to ask them questions, despite the lawyer's petition: "You need it, you ask."

The court appointed a forensic psychiatric examination on the basis of psychiatric hospital No. 6. “This hospital has a rather unambiguous position on the orphans from the children’s home,” says Taranchenko, “that’s why my colleague Dmitry Bartenev and I decided that we need to provide the court with maximum evidence, interviews of witnesses and specialists, confirming that the guys understand the significance of their actions and can live with little support. There is no forensic psychiatric examination at the Bekhterev Institute, but there are good clinical psychologists there. I took the guys there four times each, they were tested for a long time, talked, they gave us detailed conclusions, five sheets on both. In conclusion, it was said that Yasha is good at building communication with people and, despite some intellectual disabilities, is able to develop a code of conduct based on communication with another person, adapt to the environment, and serve himself. Sasha, according to the conclusion of a specialist from the Bekhterev Institute, can count within small amounts, understands the mechanism of purchases, strives for independence and independence, and in his position this personality trait will help develop other abilities. At the same time, the psychologist also noted the negative qualities of the guys - for example, Sanya is touchy. Katya says that each person has their own characteristics. Kurochkin is a bully, vindictive and independent, but at the same time he is cheerful, open, and you can learn from him strength of mind and love for life.

In addition to the conclusion from the Bekhterev Institute, Taranchenko asked the staff of the boarding school to fill out a questionnaire drawn up by lawyer Bartenev: this document allows you to assess the level of a person’s daily functioning in various areas of life - from self-service at home to making transactions, managing finances and organizing security in the room. To this bundle of documents, the defense attached the conclusions of a psychoanalyst and interviews of volunteers who knew Yasha and Sasha.

“We hoped that we would be able to avoid hospitalization,” recalls Katya. “The court, indeed, ordered an outpatient examination, and the guys went to hospital No. 6. But in both cases, the psychiatrists wrote that they could not make a decision and that a hospital was required. This is a very serious test - a month in a psychiatric hospital for guys who are already scared. Yasha was so afraid that he immediately refused to go to the hospital. Sanya, thought and refused too.

Taranchenko formalized the refusal of her wards to undergo a hospital examination, informing the court that there was enough evidence even without a hospital, the claim was unfounded, and deprivation of legal capacity was a disproportionate way of deprivation of rights to the real situation.

However, the court still upheld the decision on stationary expertise.

victory and freedom

In the summer of 2017, Sasha Kurochkin turned 18 years old, Katya was on a business trip. By this time, "Perspectives" agreed with the St. Petersburg charitable organization GAOORDI that the guys would be accepted into a new house of accompanied residence in Novaya Okhta - for now, as a visit, for a month. But Sasha and Yasha have already been given vouchers to PNI and transferred.

On the day when Sasha wrote an application for an extract from the PNI, the boarding school sent him to a psychiatric hospital for examination. “They didn’t tell him where they were taking him, he just ended up in the hospital,” Taranchenko says. “I started calling our lawyers, and Sanya wrote a statement asking him to be released from the hospital. They let him go." After the hospital, he was immediately invited to the GAOORDI house - to visit for a month. It was framed as a vacation. In this house, Sasha and Yasha celebrated the New Year with a herring under a fur coat and Putin on TV, visited the GAOORDI workshops, where every adult with mental disabilities has a job. When the vacation was over, they returned to the boarding school. It was necessary to decide: either write an application for discharge from the boarding school, or stay there forever. The court at any time could deprive them of legal capacity, because the cases were not closed. And then nothing would depend on Sasha and Yasha. Sanya yearned with all his heart for a new home and was the first to leave the boarding school. Yasha doubted. The quarantine at PNI pushed him: the boarding school was closed for two months, no one was allowed to see Yasha. “Yasha just had a birthday, and I made my way to his room under the guise of a volunteer,” recalls Katya Taranchenko. !" Well, I hugged him, left gifts and left. As soon as the quarantine was lifted, he told me that he was afraid of getting from the boarding school to a psychiatric hospital. After that, he wrote a statement about leaving the PNI. Thanks to Margarita Urmancheeva (President of GAOORDI.- "b"), she gave Yashka the last free room in the house. In total, Sasha and Yasha spent six months at PNI. But this experience will last them a lifetime.

GAOORDI President Margarita Urmancheeva gave Sasha and Yasha a chance that most other orphans in the country have never had and never will have - there are very few assisted living projects in Russia, and they are being funded by NGOs

Photo: Alexander Koryakov, Kommersant

From the PNI, the guys were not given their personal documents in their hands - they needed permanent registration. The house in Novaya Okhta belongs to the LSR construction company, which leased it to GAOORDI for 49 years free of charge. You can't sign up there. All residents of the house are adults with developmental disabilities who grew up in the family. They are still supported by their parents. This organization has not yet worked with orphans from DDI, Sanya and Yasha were the first.

By this time, Katya Taranchenko had completed her own one-room apartment, and she went to register her friends there. “We handed over the documents to the window, and the next day they called me: come with the guys. We arrive, the inspector asks the guys: where, they say, do you fit in, why do you need it? Yasha says: "We are leaving the boarding school, we will be registered with Katya, Katya is our friend, she helps us, and we will live in GAOORDI." He explained everything normally, she put them out and tells me that she will write to both the prosecutor and the FMS, and I don’t understand that these guys have lived in a boarding school all their lives and they need help. I explain to her: they will have escort, they are provided with round-the-clock support in GAOORDI. In general, we argued for a long time, in the end she began to tell me that she also had a grandson with cerebral palsy and she knew such guys. At this moment, Yasha drives into the office and says to her: “Why don’t you want to write us out of the boarding school? We will not return there already, ”and squelches his nose. And Sanya asks: “Do you think we are insane idiots?” This inspector is dead. I say I don't think so, but you need help! And he told her: “Yes, I can do everything, I can cook borscht! Tell? You cut carrots, beets, cabbage, tomatoes. Well, in general, we left, left the documents, I was preparing for the worst. I thought I would have to fight in court again. But a week later I called, and the inspector said that everything was in order, you can pick up your passports.”

The incapacitation case was dismissed. After the transfer of the guys from the Pavlovsk DDI to the Peterhof PNI, the plaintiff changed, but the guardianship authorities of Peterhof did not appear in court any more. “Apparently, they simply did not know how to argue the claim, but the case was already well-known,” says Katya. When she registered Yasha and Sasha at her home, the guardianship authorities at the new place of residence also did not come to court - they did not file a lawsuit, they did not know Kurochkin and Volkov. The court closed the case, and the guys retained their legal capacity.

special house

It's a cozy evening in the house in Novaya Okhta, it smells of baking, guys and girls are sitting in the living rooms: someone plays on the phone, someone draws, someone helps the social worker unload the dishwasher.

The doorbell rang, the head of the GAOORDI, Margarita Urmancheeva, came up to us on the second floor. She just left the hospital, but Urmancheeva does not know how to rest. Many years ago, she created a non-profit organization so that her special child and hundreds of other such children in Russia have a future. The pressure and method with which this woman has been fighting for the rights of special people for many years has recently brought results - GAOORDI has completed its project within the framework of a presidential grant, creating a model of assisted living for people with mental disabilities and describing the tariffs for social services in social-purpose apartments . The authorities of St. Petersburg accepted the model, and now GAOORDI will receive compensation from the region for the provision of social services to the residents of this house. “It was difficult, but we broke into the law on social services,” says Urmancheeva. “At the regional level, a resolution was adopted that determined our tariffs. This, of course, is small money. Financing PNI is understandable and profitable. The boarding school wins in scale: the more people live there, the more profitable it is. And we are not competitive. But we know the quality of services in the boarding school. We know that many services are not provided to people at all, although the institution is accountable for them.” In September, the head of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation Maxim Topilin came to St. Petersburg, visited the house of GAOORDI and said that "the train has started." At the same time, the minister noted that such assisted living projects can be done in any region.

Sasha Kurochkin and Yasha Volkov have been living in an assisted living house in Novaya Okhta for almost a year and feel at home for the first time in their lives.

Photo: Alexander Koryakov, Kommersant

In the future, if there are many such projects, any person will be able to get a referral to an assisted living home from the social security authorities, Urmancheeva says. NCOs only need to enter the register of social service providers, and the region needs to charge for these services. But the most difficult task is to find housing for accompanied accommodation. In St. Petersburg, business is helping to cope with it, but targeted projects will not solve systemic problems and, in general, one cannot do without state help.

I ask Margarita Urmancheeva why there is a special house. Under an agreement with GAOORDI, each resident of the house pays for utilities (depending on the time of year, 1.9–3.5 thousand rubles from each), for food (7.8 thousand rubles per month), for household chemicals and detergents, as well as cultural and leisure activities. In total, about 18 thousand rubles come out. per month per person. Pension for people with the first group of disabilities in St. Petersburg - 28 thousand rubles. along with the city allowance.

All residents of the special house are registered in it "at the place of stay", so that social services will be provided to them in this area. Everyone already has an individual program for the recipient of social services (IPPSS), which is issued by the social security authorities. Service Provider - GAOORDI. That is, by providing services to people with disabilities, NGOs will be able to receive compensation from the state.

In addition, residents of the house in Novaya Okhta are attached to the district clinic. Urmancheeva says that in the polyclinic the attitude towards them is friendly, if necessary, the doctor can come to the house.

There is a social worker on every floor, day and night. With him, the residents of the apartments make up the menu for the week, go grocery shopping together. In their free time they walk, watch movies, go to museums. Any resident can leave the house at will - with a social worker, volunteer or relative. Recently, Katya went with Sasha and Yasha to Moscow for a few days to visit Vera Shengelia. Sasha Kurochkin's neighbor on the floor, Misha, always goes to his mother for the weekend. There is no need to write any statements, there is no access system here. It's just a house.

In the microdistrict, many people already know a special house. There are no fences here and this helps social integration.

LSR plans to open special workshops in the neighboring high-rise building, where residents of the special house will be able to do manual labor. So daytime employment will be very close to them. They also want to open a cafe by the New Year, in which residents of a special house will work. “Until 6 p.m. it will work as a children's cafe, after 6 p.m. - as an anti-cafe,” Margarita Urmancheeva shares her plans. “Here in the area you need a cafe, mothers with children have nowhere to sit and talk. And they already know us in the microdistrict, they see that our guys get along with children. The locals are getting used to us, it’s good for everyone.”

We drink coffee in the large living room on the second floor. Yasha suddenly remembers how one of the employees took away his phone - he played too long late at night. Urmancheeva says that there were questions for this worker and he no longer works here. She is convinced that it is necessary to talk and negotiate with the residents of the house.

Our biggest problem is the qualification of the staff, - says the president of GAOORDI. - Different people come, we train them. But sometimes a person is authoritarian and does not understand who is in charge in this house.

And who's in charge here? I clarify.

The main guys. And we just help them. There are no mentors and wards here. We even developed a manual for brainwashing, so to speak. We want employees to be imbued with the spirit of honest, fair treatment of special people. After all, changing a diaper is something you can learn anywhere. But respecting a person for being a person is, it turns out, very difficult.

Current page: 4 (total book has 5 pages)

This time the wheels mixed the sleeveless jacket with the snow and rose higher. One hundred and twenty forces roared in the engine. Dazzling blue headlights cut the night.

- Well! .. Well! .. Well! .. - Vitalka muttered, leaning his whole body on the cold metal.

“If only I could stand the snow!”

The cistern rose slowly. The cold weight pressed less and less on Vitalkin's shoulders and, finally, moved out of them. The engine stopped for a second, then violently jerked and brought the car to a flat roadbed.

And Vitalka felt that, although they escaped, he could not rejoice - he had no strength.

Nikitin fell back and felt the back seat cushion on the back of his head. She was cool and soft. He sat for a while with his eyes closed, then took his hands off the black circle of the steering wheel. He removed it carefully, as from the keys of a piano.

- Vitaly! Nikitin called out, getting out of the cab. And once again: - Vitaly!

Darkness pressed in from all sides. My knees were shaking badly. Slowly shifting his legs, he took a few steps back.

Two ruts worn by the wheels darkened on the slope of a snowdrift. They climbed the blockage and ended there, cut off by a new landslide. The edge of the blockage still could not withstand the last jerk. And on the very edge, above the disastrous depth, howling with an icy wind, stood Vitalka - a small figure in the vast northern night.

- Vital! What are you standing for? After all, they got out! - The driver choked on the burning air, ran up to Vitalka and grabbed him by the shoulders. - You are my dear! They got out, you know?

- They broke out, Uncle Nikitin, - Vitalka answered like an echo.

“Let’s go to the cab,” said the driver. - You are my dear assistant ... I will definitely be your guest today.

In Chukotka, two thousand kilometers away, somewhere between the islands of Big and Small Diomede, the new year was already beginning.

Radiy Petrovich Pogodin
Sim from number four

The boy was tall and thin, with unreasonably long arms deep in his pockets. The head on a thin neck always leaned forward a little.

The guys called him Semaphore.

The boy has recently moved into this house. He went out into the courtyard in new shiny galoshes and, lifting his legs high, strode out into the street. When he passed by the guys, he lowered his head even lower.

- Look, imagine! Mishka got angry. - He doesn’t want to know ... - But much more often Mishka shouted: - Semaphore, come here, let's talk!

The guys also shouted after the boy various mocking, and sometimes offensive words. The boy only quickened his pace. Sometimes, if the guys came close to him, he looked at them with blue, very large, clear eyes and silently blushed.

The guys decided that Semaphore was too good a nickname for such a squishy fellow, and they began to call the boy simply Sima, and sometimes - to be sure - Sima from the fourth issue. And Mishka kept getting angry and grumbling at the sight of the boy:

- We need to teach this goose a lesson. Walking here!

Once Sima disappeared and did not appear in the yard for a long time. A month or two passed ... Winter began to weaken and ruled the street only at night. During the day, a warm wind blew from the Gulf of Finland. The snow in the yard began to wrinkle, turned gray, turned into a wet, dirty mess. And in these spring-like warm days, Sima appeared again. His galoshes were as new as if he had never worn them at all. The neck is even more tightly wrapped with a scarf. Under his arm, he held a black sketchbook.

Sima looked at the sky, narrowed his eyes, as if weaned from the light, blinked. Then he went to the far corner of the yard, to someone else's front door.

- Hey, Sima got out! .. - Mishka whistled in surprise. - Acquaintance, in any way, started.

Lyudmilka lived on the stairs where Sima went.

Sima went up to the front door and began to slowly pace back and forth, looking hesitantly into the dark opening of the stairs.

- Waiting, - Krugly Tolik grinned, - his Lyudmilka.

“Or maybe not Lyudmilka at all,” put in Keshka. - Why should he mess with Lyudmilka?

Tolik looked at Keshka slyly, - they say, we know, they are not small, and said:

- What is he doing there then? .. Maybe he breathes air? ..

“Maybe,” Kesha agreed.

Mishka listened to them arguing, and thought about something.

"Time to act," he said suddenly. Let's go talk to this Sima.

“Let’s go,” Tolik supported.

Mishka and Kruglyi Tolik moved forward shoulder to shoulder. Keshka also joined them. At the decisive moment it is impossible to leave comrades - this is called honor. A few more guys joined the three friends. They walked on the sides and behind.

Noticing the army advancing on him, Sima raised his head, as always, blushed and smiled timidly.

- What are you? .. - began Mishka. - What is it? .. Well, what?

Sima blushed even more. muttered:

- Nothing ... I'm going ...

“It turns out he walks,” Krugly Tolik laughed.

Mishka leaned forward, put his hands behind his back, turned sideways to Sima and spoke slowly, menacingly:

“Maybe you don’t consider us human beings?.. Yes?.. Maybe you’re brave?

Sima looked around at all the guys with his big eyes, slightly opened his mouth.

“And what did I do to you?”

- But we are not going to beat you, we will always have time ... I say, let's exchange, let's go one on one ... Let's see what kind of ostrich you are so unusual that you don't want to approach us.

- With you? Sima asked.

Mishka stuck out his lip and nodded.

Sima looked at his feet and quite unexpectedly objected:

- It's very dirty.

The guys laughed together. And Mishka looked Sima contemptuously from head to toe.

“Maybe you should lay a Persian carpet?”

Sima pressed the black album to himself, stamped his feet and asked:

- Wait, but ... when will the sun be up?

When the guys laughed enough, Mishka stepped forward, pulled the album out of Simin's hands.

- He needs the sun ... Well, let me see!

Sima turned pale, grabbed Mishka's hand, but the guys immediately pushed him back.

And Mishka has already opened the black calico cover.

On the first page of the album, in beautiful colored letters, it was written: "To the teacher Maria Alekseevna from Grigoriev Kolya."

- He is engaged in sycophancy ... Clearly! - Misha said it in such a tone, as if he had not expected anything else.

“Give me the album,” Sima asked the guys behind their backs. He tried to push the crowd, but the boys stood tight. Some laughed, and Mishka shouted:

- You, sycophant, are not very good, otherwise I won’t even wait for the sun, I’ll let you have a portion of pasta on your neck!

- Wow, great!

The guys settled on Mishka.

Caravels, frigates, cruisers, submarines moved forward. Watercolor storms raged, typhoons… And one drawing even depicted a giant tornado. Sailors from a small boat hit the tornado from a cannon.

Keshka jumped up and down with delight. He pushed Mishka under the elbow, asked:

- Mishka, give me a picture? .. Well, Mishka ...

Everyone forgot that the album belongs to Sima, they even forgot that Sima is standing next to it.

Mishka closed the album and looked over the guys' heads at the artist.

- You, toady Sim, listen ... Let's act according to honor and conscience. So that you don't suck up to the teachers next time, we will distribute your pictures to anyone who wants to. It's clear? - And, without waiting for an answer, he shouted: - Well, come on! .. Beautiful pictures of marine life! ..

The pages in the album were bound with a white silk ribbon. Mishka unraveled the bow on the cover, crumpled up the first page with the inscription, and began handing out pictures.

Keshka received a four-pipe cruiser Varyag, a frigate with a black pirate flag. On the deck of the frigate, colorful little men with huge sabers and pistols ran ... He begged for another monkey on a palm tree and a high mountain with a white sugar top.

Having distributed all the pictures, Mishka approached Sima and pushed him in the chest.

- Get out now! .. Do you hear?

Sima's lips trembled, he covered his eyes with his hands in gray knitted gloves and, shuddering, went to his stairs.

- Follow the sun! Mishka called after him.

The guys boasted to each other trophies. But their fun was suddenly interrupted. Lyudmilka appeared at the front door.

- Hey you, give me pictures, otherwise I'll tell you everything about you ... Why was Sim offended?

- Well, what did I say? They are at one with each other, - Round Tolik jumped up to Keshka. - Now they would go to the teacher under the arm ... - Tolik bent, made his hand a pretzel and walked, swaying, a few steps.

Lyudmila flared up.

- I'm not familiar with this Simka at all ...

- Well, then there’s nothing to stick your nose in! Mishka said. - Let's go, I say! - He stamped his foot, as if he was about to throw himself at Lyudmilka.

Lyudmilka jumped aside, slipped and plopped into the snowy mess at the threshold of the stairs. There was a huge wet stain on a pink coat trimmed with white fur. Lyudmila roared:

– And I’ll t-tell about this too… You’ll see! ..

- Oh, squeak! Mishka waved his hand. - Get out of here guys...

At the woodpile, in their favorite place, the boys again began to examine the drawings. One Mishka sat drooping, rubbing his palm under his nose (he had such a habit).

- What kind of teacher is Maria Alekseevna? he muttered. - Maybe the one who lives on Lyudmilka's stairs? ..

“I thought of it… She hasn’t been working at school for the third year now, she retired,” Krugly Tolik nonchalantly objected.

Mishka looked at him indifferently.

“Where are you so smart when you don’t have to…” He got up, in his heart kicked the log he had just been sitting on, and, turning to the guys, began to select pictures. Let's go, let's say...

Keshka did not want to part with the ships and the palm tree, but he gave them to Mishka without a word. After Sima left, he felt uneasy.

Mishka collected all the sheets, put them back into the album.

The first dedication page was damaged. Mishka smoothed it on his knee and put it under the cover too.

The next day the sun dominated the sky. It dissolved the snow slurry and drove it in cheerful streams to the hatches in the middle of the yard. Chips, pieces of birch bark, sagging paper, matchboxes dived in whirlpools above the bars. Everywhere, in every drop of water, small multi-colored suns flashed, like scattered beads. Sunbeams chased each other on the walls of the houses. They jumped on the children's noses, cheeks, flashed in the children's eyes. Spring!

Janitor Aunt Nastya was sweeping garbage from the bars. The guys dug holes with sticks, and water fell noisily into dark wells. By noon, the asphalt had dried up. Only rivers of dirty water continued to run from under the woodpile.

The boys were building a dam out of bricks.

Bear, running from school, hung his bag on a nail driven into a huge log, and began to build a reservoir.

“Let’s go faster,” he strained, “otherwise all the water will run away from under the woodpile!”

The guys carried bricks, sand, wood chips ... and then they noticed Sima.

Sima stood not far from the gate with a briefcase in his hands, as if he was thinking where he should go - home or to the guys.

- Ah, Sima! .. - Mishka shouted. - The sun is in the sky ... Dry, look, - Mishka pointed to a large dried-up bald patch. - So what do you say?

“Maybe bring a pillow?” Tolik quipped.

The guys laughed, vying with each other offering their services: carpet, rugs and even straw, so that Sima would not be hard. Sima stood a little in the same place and moved towards the guys. The conversations immediately ceased.

“Come on,” Sima said simply.

Mishka got up, wiped his wet hands on his pants, and threw off his coat.

- To the first blood or to the full force?

“To the fullest,” Sima answered not too loudly, but very decisively. This meant that he agreed to fight to the end, while the hands were raised, while the fingers were clenched into a fist. It doesn't matter if your nose bleeds or not. The winner is the one who says: "Enough, I give up ..."

The boys stood in a circle. Sima hung his briefcase on the same nail with Mishka's bag, took off his coat, tied the scarf around his neck tighter. Tolik clapped his hands and said: “Bem-m-m! .. Gong!”

The bear raised his fists to his chest, jumped around Sima. Sima also put out his fists, but everything showed that he did not know how to fight. As soon as Mishka approached, he put his hand forward, trying to send Mishka's chest, and immediately received a blow to the ear.

The guys thought that he would roar, run to complain, but Sima pursed his lips and waved his arms like a windmill. He was advancing. He kneaded the air with his fists. Sometimes his blows got Mishka, but he substituted: elbows under them.

Sima got another slap. Yes, such that he could not resist and sat on the asphalt.

- Well, maybe that's enough? Mishka asked peacefully.

Sima shook his head, got up and clapped his hands again.

Spectators during a fight are very worried. They jump up and down, wave their arms, and imagine that by doing so they are helping their friend.

- Bear, what are you doing today! .. Misha, give it!

- Bear-ah-ah ... Well!

- Sima, it's not for you to engage in sycophancy ... Misha-ah!

And only one of the guys suddenly shouted:

– Sima, hold on… Sima, give it to me! - It was Kolika shouting. - Why are you waving your hands? You beat...

The bear fought without much passion. Among the spectators there would be those ready to swear that Mishka felt sorry for Sima. But after Keshka's cry, Mishka puffed up and began to thresh. Sima bent over and only occasionally put out his hand to push the enemy away.

- Athas! Tolik suddenly shouted and was the first to rush into the doorway. Lyudmilka's mother hurried to the woodpile; Lyudmilka spoke a little further away. Noticing that the boys were running away, Lyudmilka's mother quickened her pace.

Mishka grabbed his coat and darted into the gateway, where all the spectators had already disappeared. Only Keshka did not have time. He hid behind the woodpile.

But Sima did not see or hear anything. He was still hunched over, deafened by the blows. And since Mishka's fists suddenly ceased to fall on him, he apparently decided that the enemy was tired, and went on the offensive. His first lunge landed in the side of Lyudmilka's mother, the second in the stomach.

- What are you doing? she screeched. - Lyudochka, did he push you into a puddle?

“No, no,” Lyudmilka whined. - This is Sima, they beat him. And Mishka pushed. He ran into the alley.

Sima raised his head, looked around in confusion.

Why did they beat you, boy? Lyudmilka's mother asked.

“But they didn’t beat me at all,” Sima replied sullenly.

But I saw it myself...

- It was a duel. - Sima put on his coat, took off his briefcase from the nail, and was about to go away.

But then Lyudmilka's mother asked:

- Whose bag is this?

- Mishkin! Lyudmila shouted. - You have to take it. The bear will come by itself.

Then Keshka jumped out from behind the woodpile, grabbed his bag and ran to the front door.

- Run after me! he called to Sima.

“This Keshka is Mishka’s friend,” Lyudmilka roared.

In the front door, the boys took a breath, sat down on the step of the stairs.

My name is Kesha. Are you in a lot of pain?

- Not, no so much…

They sat for a while longer, listening to Lyudina's mother threatening to go to Mishka's school, to Mishka's parents, and even to the police, to the anti-neglect department.

- You wanted to give this album to your teacher? Keshka suddenly asked.

Sim turned away.

- No, Maria Alekseevna. She has been retired for a long time. When I got sick, she found out and came. She studied with me for two months ... for free. I specially drew this album for her.

Keshka whistled. And in the evening he came to Mishka.

- Mishka, give Sima the album. This is when he was ill, so Maria Alekseevna worked with him ... for free ...

“I know it myself,” Mishka replied. All evening he was taciturn, turned away, tried not to make eye contact. Keshka knew Mishka and knew that this was not without reason. And the next day, this is what happened.

Toward evening, Sima went out into the yard. He still walked with his head down, and blushed when Mishka and Tolik jumped up to him. He probably thought that he would be called to fight again: yesterday no one gave up, and yet this matter must be brought to an end. But Mishka thrust his red wet hand into his.

- All right, Sima, peace.

“Let’s go with us to make a reservoir,” Tolik suggested. Don't be shy, we won't tease...

Sima's big eyes lit up, because it's nice for a person when Mishka himself looks at him as an equal, and the first one gives a hand.

Give him the album! Keshka hissed into Mishka's ear.

The bear frowned and didn't answer.

The brick dam was leaking. The water in the reservoir did not hold. Rivers strove to run around him.

The guys froze, got smeared, even wanted to punch a channel in the asphalt. But they were prevented by a little old woman in a downy shawl.

She went up to Sima, meticulously examined his coat and scarf.

- Buckle up, Kolya! You'll catch a cold again... - Then she looked at him affectionately and added: - Thank you for the gift.

Sima blushed deeply and muttered, ashamed:

- Which present?..

- Album. - The old woman looked at the guys, as if convicting them of complicity, and solemnly said: - "Dear teacher Maria Aleksevna, a good person."

Sima blushed even more. He did not know where to go, he suffered.

I didn't write this...

- Wrote, wrote! - Keshka suddenly clapped his hands ... - He showed us this album, with ships ...

Mishka stood next to Sima, looked at the old woman and said in a hollow voice:

- Of course, he wrote ... Only he is embarrassed by us, - he thinks we will tease him with a toady. Freak!

Boris Markovich Raevsky
State Timka

After school, I ran to the volleyball court. If you are late, they will take a seat, then wait.

Nearby, the house was extensively renovated. More precisely, it was not repaired, but rebuilt. Back in the summer, they tore off the roof, broke down all the internal partitions, windows, doors, floors and ceilings - in general, as the builders say, they took out all the "stuffing", all the "offal". Only the ancient mighty walls remained, probably a meter and a half thick. As if not a house, but a fortress. This three-story brick box, empty inside, was now built on two more floors.

And here we are playing, suddenly we hear - at this construction site there is some kind of noise, screams. What's happened? Did anyone get crushed?

“Fly away,” I say to Mishka from the seventh “b”. Find out what the scandal is. Anyway, you are still on the bench ...

Well, Mishka left the briefcase and ran there. Soon he returned, laughing:

It's Timka! Again the booze spread ...

They also started laughing on the set. Because the whole school knows Timka. Yes, there is a school! He is even known to the police. Quite a celebrity. Specialist in all sorts of stories and scandals.

The guys wink at each other, shouting to me:

- Run, save my friend!

I don't feel like leaving the site. I just moved to number four. My favorite place: at the net, all the balls suit you. Extinguish!

But nothing can be done. Tim needs to be released.

“Get up,” I nodded to Mishka, and I quickly pulled on my jacket and rushed to the construction site.

Timka is my friend. We have been friends for a long time, since the fifth grade. Although, to be honest, it's hard to be friends with Timka! Everything about him is not like people.

Take volleyball for example. Timka folds not so hot as he cuts most often into the net. But noisy!.. For the whole team!

The guys are angry. Just think, "a fighter for justice"! Judge of the All-Union category! It would be better to throw more accurately.

And Timka argues, gets excited. He talks and talks, but he suddenly closes his eyes and so, closing his eyes, he continues to scribble. Then he opens his eyes, then closes them again. Like a chicken. The guys were both amused and annoyed. Because of this chicken habit, he was sometimes teased like that: "Timka the chicken."

And the stories of the Timkins are countless. Just some kind of "historical child", as our physicist once said.

Once Timka was even dragged to the police station. A policeman came to the school to the director and said:

- Do you have such a student - Timofey Gorelykh?

- Did you do something? the director was concerned.

- With a Finn, he threw himself at one citizen.

The director was already thrown into the paint. Well, they called, of course, Timka. Removed from class. The policeman asks:

- It was so? Did you throw yourself with a Finn at citizen Maltsev in the village of Dudinka?

“No,” says Timka. - Didn't throw it.

- That is, how did you not throw it? Here is a statement from citizen Maltsev ...

“I didn’t rush,” Timka says. - And so ... slightly threatened ...

Well, in general, it turned out such a story. Timka lived in this Dudinka in the summer with his grandmother. One evening he is walking along the road, he sees a woman sitting on the side of the road, groaning, holding her chest with her left hand.

- You feel bad? Timka says.

“I’m sick,” the woman whispers. - I would like to go to the hospital ... However, I can’t reach ...

And the road is deserted, cars rarely go on it. One appeared, the woman raised her hand, but the car sped past, not even slowing down. Then the truck flashed by and didn't stop either.

- OK! Timka frowned.

Standing next to a woman. Finally, because of the turn, the Volga jumped out. Timka immediately stood in the middle of the road, raised his hand like a traffic controller.

The car screeched to a halt.

- What are you bullying? the driver gets angry. - Get out of the way!

“The woman is sick. Take me to the hospital.

“Out of the way,” the driver says. - And in general ... Maybe she has an infection. We need special transport here.

“You are obliged,” he says, “to take. Shame on you!

- Don't shame me! the driver got angry. - Do I know you. You live with your grandmother Anfisa. So I complain to her. Well, off the road!

Then Timka took a penknife out of his pocket.

– What are you? Will you kill me? the driver smiles. But, by the way, he turned pale.

“I won’t kill you,” Timka says. - I'll puncture a tire. From the principle I will pierce. Honest pioneer...

- I will complain! the driver fumed.

But, in general, he still took the patient.

... The policeman and the director listened to this story, exchanged glances.

“Y-yes,” the director says. - However ... Still ... If everyone grabs knives ...

Threatening is forbidden, even with words. And even more so with cold weapons, - says the policeman. "You'll have to follow...

He took Timka to the department. They talked with him for a long time. In the end, they took the word that they would no longer wave a knife. Released...

But you never know such "exploits" were listed for Timka ?! He really has a special talent: be sure, at least once a week, but get involved in some kind of story. "Historical Child"! And not all of Timka's affairs ended happily.

Once, on the May holidays, Timka was going down his stairs. He went up to the fourteenth apartment, already raised his hand to call - his friend Volodka lived there, - and remembered that Volodka, together with his parents, drove off to Riga in his own "Muscovite".

Here's the number! Who would it? After all, Volodya didn’t have anyone left in the apartment? Fact! Empty apartment...

Yes, Tim thought. - The thieves…"

– Faster! - speaks. - In the fourteenth thieves! I'll watch on the stairs so that they don't run away. And you call for help.

Again on the stairs. Just in case, he climbed one flight higher so that the thieves, if they come out, would not notice him. Waiting.

Soon came the janitor with an ax, the fireman from the boiler room. Behind them are two more residents.

- Do you hear? Timka whispers and closes his eyes like a chicken. - Voices ... And Volodka left with his own.

- Exactly. We left, - the janitor confirms in a whisper. - And they said goodbye to me.

“Break the lock,” Timka whispers. - Let's get them!

But the janitor waved his hand. Leaned against the door. Listens. Then, suddenly, how he wants to! A boom, all the way down the stairs.

- It's a radio! - screams. - You forgot to turn it off!

And then, as if on purpose, music blared through the door.

After that, Timka had no passage in the yard. The "Great Detective" teased him.

Is it only in this story that Timka got into a mess ?! And how did he catch the keys in the hatch? And how was it once removed from the tower ?!

That's why I hurried from the volleyball court to the construction site. What else did Timka throw out?

* * *

People crowded around the huge legs of the tower crane. Among them, I immediately saw Timka, although he was, perhaps, the shortest of all. He fussed, waved his arms and squealed so piercingly, well, just like a rooster.

The foreman, a burly man in tarpaulin boots and a blue canvas jacket, chopping the air with his hand, said angrily:

- No, you tell me: I have a construction site or a kindergarten? There is a shortage of mortar here, masons are idle, precast concrete has not been delivered. Worries - mouth full, and yet - hello - the boys are climbing ...

Why cut trees? - not listening to him, Timka sat down. - The year before last, pits were dug, planted, cared for, watered. And here you are! Timka pointed at the trunk of the poplar.

I looked: the skin from the poplar side was torn off with "meat". Delicate white rags hang.

Why is this so?

I looked - on the neighboring poplars there are the same torn marks and at the same height. And between the trees there is a deep rut. Ah, got it! These were trucks with their sides with metal locks shuffling through the trees.

- Is it difficult to drive up from the alley? Timka screams. - Is it necessary to disfigure the square?

- Also a pointer for me! the foreman fumed. - "From the alley"! From the lane you need to make a detour. Well, I will drive cars in vain?

“Not in vain, but so as not to destroy the greenery,” an old man with a stick in dark glasses intervened. - You, comrade, do not get excited. Delve into. The little girl is talking.

“Of course,” a fussy young woman interceded with a shopping bag. - Such a wonderful square! .. And why boards directly on the grass? What can't be put on the sidelines?

– Not only boards! - Feeling the support, Timka calmed down a little, his voice became less shrill. - There is a pile of bricks - the bushes are crushed. And the garbage is thrown right into the square ...

- You know, citizens, you are not my order here. - The foreman, apparently, was quite nervous. - I am the owner of this construction site. Clear?! If you don't like it, you can complain. Tsvetkov, third construction trust. Until then - get out! Don't interfere! Don't interfere! Styopa! Let's! More to the left…

And a car with a metal bath instead of a body, filled to the brim with a trembling, jelly-like solution, drove heavily between the trees, scratching one of them.

The foreman left. The crowd gradually dispersed as well.

- I won't leave it like this! said a tall, blind-looking old man.

- Me too! Timka frowned. - Out of principle...

We walked home together. Timka silently rubbed the bridge of his nose. I knew that this was a sure sign that Timka was thinking.

“Let’s write a complaint, send it to the construction trust,” I suggested.

Timka shook his head gloomily.

- Until they get it there and until they figure it out, this figure will bomb the whole square.

We almost reached the house, when suddenly Timka stopped.

- Is Valya at school? What do you think? - he asked.

Valya is our senior counselor.

“Probably,” I said.

- Turned back! - Timka slapped me on the shoulder, and we almost ran to school.

We found Valya in the dining room and told her about the square.

- Disgrace! Valya was indignant.

- Fact! Timka stared at her. I suggest: immediately gather the guys. Let's set up a barrier where cars turn onto the lawn. And draw a poster. Pokhlesche: "Citizens! Foreman Tsvetkov works here. He breaks trees! Shame on him and disgrace!" And under the poster is a caricature.

- Clever! I rejoiced. - Just great!

I was even offended: why didn’t I come up with this very barrier?

Valya pursed her lips, looked at the ceiling:

- Actually, of course, it’s great ... But ... we need to think it over comprehensively ... Weigh it soberly ...

“Yes,” Timka narrowed his eyes. "So you're scared?" What is there to weigh? Just don't let the foreman break the trees. In general, Valya, if you want, let's organize it. No, I'll like the guys myself. Out of principle.

“Wait, don’t boil,” said Valya. - Sit down for a minute. Cool down. And while I'm thinking.

"Let's go," said Timka.

We left the school, turned to the volleyball court. There was still a fight going on. I told the players about the Timkin project.

- And what?! The guys were on fire right away. - You give!

We rushed to the Pioneer room. Vovka Schwartz, our best artist, wrote on a huge piece of cardboard with a brush:

“Passerby stop! The famous magician, foreman Tsvetkov, works here. Builds with one hand, breaks with the other!

And on the side, Vovka painted Tsvetkov himself. Vovka, however, never saw the foreman, he painted according to our prompts. It turned out to be a long uncle in high boots and a blue jacket. With his right hand, he laid a brick on the wall, and with his left hand he bent the tree into an arc, it was about to crack.

When we were already nailing the poster to the stick, Valya came.

- Well? Timka asked venomously and closed his eyes. - Have you thought about it?

“To protect green spaces is the direct duty of a pioneer,” Valya answered. – And to be literate, by the way, is also the duty of a pioneer. She pointed at the poster. - After the "passerby" you need a comma. Appeal. Fix it.

... When the six of us came to the construction site, the foreman pretended not to notice us.

As soon as we stuck a stick with a poster in the ground near the mutilated poplars, the audience immediately began to gather. People were laughing, talking, making noise.

The foreman kept looking at us from the wall. He probably wanted to know what was written on the cardboard. But the poster was turned to the street, and the foreman saw only the reverse side.

Then he climbed down from the wall and, smoking a cigarette, as if by chance, leisurely walked past our cardboard.

I saw his face turn white, then suddenly turn purple.

"He'll hit Timka," I thought.

But the foreman restrained himself. He turned and just as leisurely walked to his object. It must have been very difficult for him to walk so slowly, so solidly, but he nevertheless withstood the pace taken to the end, until he disappeared into his brick box.

- Well done boys! passersby said.

- War boys!

People joked, loudly let out all sorts of remarks about the unfortunate builders. But the foreman never showed up again.

“Looks like he just decided to ignore us,” I whispered to Timka.

- Nothing. He will, - said Timka. - We'll bake him. Today will not help - tomorrow we will come.

And yet the foreman could not stand it.

He got out of his brick fortress and approached Timka.

I got worried.

The foreman, putting his hands in his pockets, stood in front of our poster, as if he had just noticed it, and began to carefully examine the drawing.

“Looks like it,” he said politely, though, to be honest, the portrait didn't look like it at all. - Only here is a mustache ... And I'm without a mustache.

“Exactly,” Timka agreed just as calmly and delicately. “But don't be upset. Vovka Schwartz, our main artist, will shave you in no time!

The crowd laughed.

“And here’s the cap,” says the foreman. - I have a blue one. And then there's a redhead...

- Disorder! - confirmed Timka and commanded: - Hey, Vovka! Don't forget to change the citizen foreman's cap later!

So they were poisonously politely talking, and the audience giggled and winked at each other.

Finally, the foreman apparently got tired of it.

"Well, that's it," he said sternly. - We joked - and that's fine. You interfere with work. It's clear? Blow from the construction site. Here I am the owner.

“But we are not at a construction site,” Timka says. - Is the square yours? Please indicate where the construction site ends? We will gladly move there the caricature of Comrade Tsvetkov.

The crowd laughed again. And the foreman was so filled with blood, even his neck was swollen.

Essays for the collection “The main state exam of the OGE - 2018. Tsybulko. 36 options"

An essay on the topic “The boy was tall and thin, he held exorbitantly long hands deep in his pockets” (Option 1)

15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Valentina Danilovna Chernyak: “Emotional-evaluative words include words that are associated with the expression of any feeling, attitude towards a person, assessment of the subject of speech, situations and communication”

The well-known linguist V. D. Chernyak writes about emotional-evaluative words, that they are associated with feelings, attitudes or evaluation. I think that such words help us understand the characters and the author's intention. For example, in the text of R.P. Pogodin, many such words are used. Let's say in sentence 13 Mishka says about Sim that he "got out". This word shows us Mishka's contemptuous attitude towards another hero. In sentence 16, he addresses Sima not by name, but very rudely: with the personal pronoun "you." Further, he calls Sima a sycophant, says that he is sucking up - this also shows us his rudeness and contempt.

Emotional and expressive words make a literary work more expressive.

15.2 Write an essay-reasoning. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentences 55-56 of the text: “The bear got up and began to take pictures from the guys. He collected all the sheets, put them back into the album"

In an excerpt from the work of R. P. Pogodin, we read about the relationship of children from the same yard. They did not like one of the boys, so they suspected him of various nasty things: for example, that he was a sycophant. Without understanding, they take away the album from Sima and sort out the pictures. Only after some time their "leader" Mishka suddenly realizes that the album was intended for an old teacher who no longer works at the school (this is stated in sentence 52). And from sentences 53 and 54 it becomes clear why Sima wanted to thank her: she helped him study during a serious illness. When Misha realized this, he felt ashamed, and he began to take pictures from the guys, put them back into the album. From sentences 67-75, we understand that the guys gave Maria Alekseevna the drawings that Sima made for her.

These words mean that Misha knew how to admit his mistakes and correct them.

15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word CONSCIENCE? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: “What is conscience?”, Taking the definition you gave as a thesis.

Conscience is the ability of a person to realize his wrong; it keeps from a bad deed or reproaches if a person has already done wrong.

In an excerpt from the work of R.P. Pogodin, Mishka took Sima's album with the drawings that he made for the teacher, but then Mishka realized that he was wrong. His conscience reproached him, and he decided to correct his mistake. I took the drawings from my friends and nevertheless handed them over to the teacher.

Both in life and in literature, we often encounter situations in which a person experiences pangs of conscience. For example, in the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" the protagonist severely judges himself for cowardice. Fearing public condemnation, Eugene went to a duel with a friend and accidentally killed him. Onegin punishes himself - sends him into exile.

Each person must act in accordance with the dictates of his conscience.

An essay on the topic “Quiet bird chirping sounded joyfully in spring ...” (Option 2)

15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Ditmar Elyashevich Rosenthal: "Our grammatical system provides many options for expressing the same thought."

The grammatical system of the Russian language offers the speaker various syntactic structures for expressing the same thing. They are synonymous.

For example, sentences with adverbial phrases and subordinate clauses are synonymous. True, it is not always possible to replace the subordinate clause with a participial turnover, but if possible, the text becomes livelier and more energetic. This is probably why such constructions are preferred by V. O. Bogomolov, with an excerpt from whose book I met. In this text there were a lot of participles and single participles. For example, in sentences 3, 5, 7, 12, 13 we meet such constructions.

However, sometimes the writer prefers subordinate clauses: in sentences 21, 23 and some others. This makes the text more expressive and beautiful.

15.2 Write an essay-reasoning. Explain how you understand the meaning of the last sentences of the text: “There is no plan,” Vitka said sullenly with his characteristic directness. - And combat support too. This is irresponsibility and my oversight. I'm responsible for it."

The hero-narrator, after heavy fighting, forgot that he was ordered to set up guards and sketch out a plan of action in case of an enemy attack (sentence 21). This was indeed necessary, but the narrator neglected this, although unintentionally, and because of his forgetfulness, his friend, battalion commander Vitka, suffered. But the commander took all the blame on himself, realizing that the brigade commander could punish him and, in any case, would scold him. The words “This is irresponsibility and my oversight. I am responsible for this ”they say that the battalion commander is an honest person who is not able to let a friend down, in addition, he is ready to be responsible for everything that happens in his unit. The narrator was confident in his friend, this is stated in sentence 24, he was very ashamed that his friend would suffer through his fault.

Sometimes friends have to correct each other's mistakes.

15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word CONSCIENCE? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic: “What is conscience?”, Taking the definition you gave as a thesis.

Conscience is a feature of a person's personality. Anyone who has a conscience will try in no case to commit a bad deed. If he accidentally does something bad, then his conscience torments him and forces him to correct the harm done.

In an excerpt from the work of V. O. Bogomolov, the hero-narrator forgot to fulfill the order of his friend, the battalion commander, and because of this, the brigade commander scolded Vitka. But the friend did not betray his friend, but took the blame upon himself. The narrator was very ashamed of this.

We often find examples of pangs of conscience in literature and life. For example, in the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov" one boy, Ilyusha, succumbed to the persuasion of the evil student Rakitin, treated a stray dog ​​with a piece of bread with a pin. The dog yelped and ran away. The boy thought that the Beetle had died, and this tormented him terribly, he even became seriously ill. But, fortunately, it turned out later that the dog survived.

Conscience is essential for every person.

An essay on the topic “At the same time as the newcomer Panteleev, a decrepit old woman appeared at the school called the Republic of ShKID, the director’s mother ...” (OPTION 3)

15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Dmitry Nikolaevich Shmelev: "The figurative meaning of the word enriches our language, develops and transforms it."

In the Russian language, along with single-valued words, there are a huge number of such words that have not one, but two or more meanings. If you look into the Explanatory Dictionary, you can see that there are even more such words than unambiguous ones. Of course, this is no coincidence. Polysemantic words give expressiveness to speech. Such a joke as a pun is based on the use of different meanings of one ambiguous word; the figurative meaning of the word allows you to make your statement brighter.

For example, in the text of L. Panteleev in sentence 11 we read about how a pile of cakes “melted”. This word is used in the figurative sense of “decreased in size”, and we can easily imagine this picture: a bunch of cakes are getting smaller, and then they completely disappear.

In sentence 20, the author writes about the boy that his lips “jumped”. This is also a word in a figurative sense. Reading, we immediately understand that the newcomer is almost crying from anger and resentment, to such an extent he is shocked by the act of the guys.

Words in a figurative sense are often used in fiction as a means of expression.

15.2 Write an essay-reasoning. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentences 47-49 of the text: “-You know, Lyonka, you are doing well,” said the Japanese, blushing and sniffing. – Forgive us, please. This is not only for myself, I speak for the whole class.

The action of the book "Republic of SHKID" takes place in a colony. The guys who got there are, of course, not angels. Most of them stole on the street so as not to starve to death, and some of their habits remained at that moment, which is described in the episode with the stolen cakes.

But the newcomer Panteleev was more honest than the others: it seemed dishonorable to him to steal from a blind old woman, so the other colonists beat him, and the director, without understanding, punished Panteleev, because he did not deny his guilt.

The other colonists felt ashamed. That is why the Japanese blushed when he asked for forgiveness from Lyonka. The guys suddenly realized that it is possible to live more honestly than they do: not to offend the weak, not to shift the blame onto others. This is stated in the words of the Japanese (in sentences 40 - 42). But going to the director and confessing is still too heroic an act for guys who are not used to living honestly. As a result, no one supports the proposal of the Japanese, but still the guys felt guilty and agreed with the apology. Therefore, Lenka reconciled with the guys (sentence 51-52).

15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word CONSCIENCE?

Conscience is what allows a person to be a person, such a feeling of the rightness or wrongness of an act, a kind of compass. He who has a conscience understands how to act and how not, and he tries to avoid bad deeds even if no one knows about them for sure.

Conscience helps us evaluate ourselves. Unfortunately, not everyone has a conscience. Some believe that there are only problems from her: she reproaches, does not give rest, but a person strives for happiness and peace. And it also happens that someone's conscience has not yet been properly formed. For example, in this text, we just see the guys who did not listen to their conscience, because it rather interfered with them when they lived on the street and were forced to steal and deceive so as not to die of hunger. But Lenka's honest act first shocked them and provoked aggression, and then made them awaken their best feelings. They felt ashamed, which means that they became a little better than they were before.

Conscience makes a person ashamed of others if they do something bad. I met such an example in literature - in the story of E. Nosov "Doll". The hero of this story, Akimych, is ashamed of those people who pass by a mutilated doll and do not pay attention to this disgrace. He buries the doll and says: "You can't bury everything." I think he means that unscrupulous people with the silent connivance of the rest have already committed a lot of evil, it is already difficult to correct it. The author encourages those in whom the conscience is still alive, not to get used to the bad, but to try to correct it.

Conscience is the core of the human soul.

Composition on the topic “I stood in a dark, cold circus stable ...” (Option 5)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Lyudmila Alekseevna Vvedenskaya: “Any deviations from the norm must be situationally and stylistically justified”

The famous linguist L. A. Vvedenskaya has a saying: “Any deviations from the norm must be situationally and stylistically justified.”

The Russian language is a rich and ideally built system, this language is able to deeply and vividly describe the whole gamut of human emotions. A person who uses the Russian language has a whole arsenal of phraseological units, sayings, an unfair number of synonyms, comparisons, metaphors, etc.

But still, every person has situations, joyful or bitter, when he sometimes lacks generally accepted norms to express his feelings. But in order to evade the general rules of language, the speaker or writer must have motives. These motives are explained by a specific situation, according to Vvedenskaya. For example, in the sentence "I stood in a dark, cold stable near my sick friend and wanted to help her with all my heart." The author here is talking about a friend, and then that he wanted to help "her". The text is about the circus elephant Lyalka. Why does the author call her friend and not girlfriend? After all, if "she" means "friend." The fact is that the author is deeply worried about the elephant and is very afraid that she will not recover, because she is very dear to him. The word "friend" takes on a lot more meaning than "girlfriend." A friend is a close person, he will support and reassure, he will always be there. In this case, given how the author is rooting for Lyalka, one can justify the use of the word “friend”.

He turns to Lyalka, who has already recovered. The author speaks to the animal as if it could understand his words. From this exclamation it is clear how sincerely the author is glad that the elephant recovered and ate the food. Here, the treatment of these words to the animal is justified by the genuine joy of the author.

15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of the text fragment: “We always go ahead with our firecrackers and whistles, we are clowns, clowns and entertainers, and next to us, of course, beautiful, funny elephants”

The story "Elephant Lyalka" tells how the author is very worried about his friend, an elephant named Lyalka. She became seriously ill and refused to eat. The author imagined all night how Lyalka would feel cold, trembling, but the next morning it turned out that she had already recovered. The good mood of the elephant was indicated by the way she fervently trumpeted. To celebrate, the author came up with the idea “We always go ahead with our firecrackers and whistles, we are clowns, clowns and entertainers, and next to us, of course, are beautiful, funny elephants.” This means that in any case, life, love for this life and work wins. Despite the impending illness, Lyalka won and is ready to continue to please the kids with her performances.

From the sentence “Seeing me and immediately recognizing, Lyalka triumphantly trumpeted,” we see that the elephant is very happy with her friend and wants to show him that the disease has receded and she is ready to get back into line.

The author is so happy with the mood of Lyalka, he is proud that it is they who arrange a holiday for people, that clowns and clowns allow them to plunge into a carefree childhood again. Lyalka fully supports the author in this and seems to say: “Let the amazing cavalcade of joy and happiness of life always dance!”

Kindness is the ability to empathize and put yourself in the place of another person.

There are many definitions of the word "kindness", but I will focus on the fact that it is, first of all, empathy, sympathy. To do good, you need to be able to try on the grief and troubles of others, and then do what you would like to be done to you.

If a person or an animal is in trouble, you need to show your nobility and readiness to help, because it is these traits that characterize a real Human.

Kindness is visible in the behavior of the author of the story "Elephant Lyalka". He wholeheartedly worries about the animal. The author prepared medicine for Lyalka, then did not sleep all night, thinking about her, how bad she was. In the morning, seeing nothing, he ran to her and fed her. The author does good for the elephant, as for a true friend.

What motivates us when we give money for the treatment of a child we do not know, help the infirm old people, give up a seat on the bus, pick up a hungry stray cat? Of course, kindness. It is she who helps us to preserve this world and all the best that is in it.

Composition on the topic “The last days of June were ...” (Option 6)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian writer Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov: “Dots are traces on tiptoe of bygone words”

Despite all the richness of the Russian language, every person at some point in his life is faced with a situation where he cannot find the right words; when it seems: here they are, spinning on the tongue, but he is not able to pronounce them, although they are clearly implied in speech.

This phenomenon is confirmed by the statement of the Russian writer V. V. Nabokov: “Ellipsis are traces on tiptoe of bygone words.” If in a conversation we can understand from a person’s behavior that he is not saying something, then in written speech this function is performed by an ellipsis.

In the sentence “Well, Grishuk, get better without me ...” Emelya said goodbye to his grandson, who was seriously ill. “And I’ll go for the deer,” we clearly see how hard it is for the grandfather to leave one sick boy, but he has no other choice. In the dots in this sentence, anxiety, sadness, Emelya's experience for her grandson clearly slips.

It can be said that the ellipsis is used to save language resources.

Further, after returning from the hunt empty-handed and after the questions of his grandson whether the grandfather shot the deer, Emelya says: “No, Grishuk ... saw him ... Yellow himself, and the muzzle is black. It stands under a bush and pinches leaves ... I took aim ... "

Here, under the dots, one can clearly see the desire of the deed to console Grisha, to explain to him that his hand did not rise to shoot a defenseless deer.

The ellipsis is an understatement that can be easily deciphered from the context and behavior of the character.

15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of the final text: “Grisha fell asleep and all night he saw a little yellow deer, who walked merrily through the forest with his mother, and the old man slept on the stove and also smiled in his sleep”

The text ends with the sentence “Grisha fell asleep and all night saw a little yellow deer, who was walking merrily through the forest with his mother, and the old man slept on the stove and also smiled in his sleep.”

Emel's grandfather went to the forest, hoping to get a deer, and exactly the one that his Grishutka wanted so much. But seeing how the deer boldly protects her cub, risking her life, he could not shoot, although the animals were a few steps away from him.

To the question of his grandson, he answered: “How he whistled, and he, the calf, like goading into the thicket - they only saw him. He ran away, a sort of shot ... "

Grishutka was glad that the little yellow deer remained alive and listened with pleasure to the stories of the case. Sincere childish joy can be seen in the following sentences: “The old man told the boy for a long time how he searched for the calf in the forest for three days and how he ran away from him. The boy listened and laughed merrily along with the old grandfather.

15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word GOOD?

Our world rests on kindness, responsiveness, willingness to help others. Kindness is what keeps everything beautiful in our life. If we did not show kindness and compassion to any living being, we would simply disappear from the face of the earth. By showing goodness and accepting it from others, we know that everything is still good in our lives, all is not lost yet.

This text perfectly shows an act of mercy and kindness. The old hunter lost three days, his sick grandson was waiting for him at home. Luck was right in front of the old man. But, seeing how selflessly the deer protects her cub, he took pity on both of them. Instead of returning home with rich booty, he chose to give life to defenseless animals. What is this if not an act of kindness? The old man remembered who his granddaughter miraculously remained alive during the attack of wolves, however, at the cost of his mother's life.

All this is shown in the sentences “Exactly what broke in the chest of old Emelya, and he lowered the gun. The hunter quickly got up and whistled - the small animal disappeared into the bushes with the speed of lightning.

In real life, there are a lot of cases when people, risking their lives and health, saved children in trouble, pulled them out of burning houses, saved them from water, from animal attacks.

All these cases give us hope that we will not be left without a helping hand when we get into trouble.

An essay on the topic “Now Kolka, Vovka and Olya rarely met: holidays ...” (Option 7)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Irina Borisovna Golub: “In artistic speech, the use of homogeneous members of a sentence is a favorite means of enhancing its expressiveness”

The Russian linguist I. B. Golub has a saying: “In artistic speech, the use of homogeneous members of a sentence is a favorite means of enhancing its expressiveness.”

It is often not enough for the speaker to express his thoughts using only one word, one synonym or description. In order to give credibility and expressiveness to his speech, a person can use homogeneous members of the sentence, as, for example, in the sentence "But he told me as if he had been and seen, and Olya's eyes opened even wider."

Here, the homogeneous members of the sentence are the words “was” and “saw”. In order to understand the meaning of the sentence, it would be enough to use only one of them, but the use of both of them gave dynamism and brightness to the sentence.

The feelings and anguish of the protagonist can be seen in the sentence "I watched the arrow spin, how it trembled, where it points." It would be enough to say that the boy was looking at the compass, but the words “spinning”, “trembling”, “pointing” convey how dear the boy is to his compass.

Kolka's compassion shows that he does not even expect to get a puppy for a compass. It is enough for him that the dog will live. He is ready to lose what is so dear to him, just to know that the puppy will not be drowned: “I am not for good,” Kolka sighed. Let him live with you if you want. I am for you not to drown.

15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word GOOD?

The eternal question - what is kindness? Each person will answer it in his own way, based on his own life experience. For some, kindness is a willingness to help those who are weaker and more helpless than yourself, for another, it is the ability to sympathize, to share the pain and grief of your neighbor.

I believe that kindness implies the willingness to make any sacrifices so that an innocent living being does not suffer, no matter if it is a person or an animal. You show kindness if you stop cruelty and injustice, not thinking about what it will turn out for you. On the contrary, you condone evil if you silently observe it, without even participating in it.

Kindness is when a person does not pass by someone else's misfortune or trouble, believing that this does not concern him. In the text, the boy Kolka is ready to donate something dear to him for free in order to save the puppy, which he will not receive: “They decided on that. Vovka dragged the puppy home, Olka ran away, and Kolka went to say goodbye with the compass. I watched the arrow spinning, how it trembled, where it pointed.

I once had to observe one case. On a busy road lay a sick dog in a collar, breathing heavily. People passed by, looking at the animal with disgust. Only one girl dared to approach her, not being afraid of people's condemnation and opinion. She gave the dog water and pushed him away from the road onto the grass.

In this case, it was more important for a person to help, to show kindness than what others might think.

Composition on the topic “That night there were long cold rains ...” (OPTION 8)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Irina Borisovna Golub: “Definitely personal sentences, in comparison with two-part sentences, give speech dynamism, conciseness.”

The famous linguist I. B. Golub has a saying: “Definitely personal sentences, in comparison with two-part sentences, give speech dynamism, conciseness.”

Native speakers, and not only, can express their thoughts without using personal pronouns to save language resources and time. They certainly make the sentence more specific, but they can still be omitted for the sake of conciseness without losing the meaning of the sentence. For example, in the sentence "Let's cook porridge!" the soldiers could say: "We'll cook porridge!", but they used a definitely personal proposal. The exclusion of the pronoun "we" gave the sentence a brevity and a sense of unity of the soldiers, their general joy.

15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of the final text: “The orderly also smiled and, stroking the nearest dog, answered: “They ate oatmeal. But they got you on time."

The text ends with the sentence “The orderly also smiled and, stroking the nearest dog, answered: “They ate oatmeal. But they got you on time."

The story tells about a difficult time, military. Cold, hunger, no food, the soldiers eat only water with breadcrumbs. And what happiness it was when the soldier Lukashuk suddenly found a bag of oatmeal, which seemed to the poor soldiers a real treasure. They were already looking forward to eating plenty of hearty porridge. But suddenly the owner of this bag appeared and took it away.

After a while, when things with food went better, soldier Lukashuk was saved by the same person who then took away their last hope - a bag of oatmeal. He turned out to be a military nurse.

It seems that this orderly is, as it were, justifying himself to Lukashuk for what happened then. He makes it clear to the wounded man: thanks to the fact that he gave the oatmeal to the dogs, they managed to take him out on a sled and thereby save him. After all, if the orderly had not done this, the animals would have weakened from hunger and, perhaps, thanks to this very incident, Lukashuk remained alive, because the dogs took him on time. This is what happens in life: what at first glance seems like death, in fact, suddenly becomes salvation.

15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word GOOD?

Kindness is such a vital phenomenon when a person helps others, despite the fact that for him this is fraught with some kind of inconvenience, loss of time, etc. This means giving another piece of your warmth, without fear of freezing yourself.

To know that today you have made life better for someone, to realize that you have done good to someone - is this not happiness? Joy and satisfaction from bestowal are much stronger than they are in a situation where you receive something yourself. Kindness makes the life of each of us better and brighter. If you did good to someone, this someone along the chain will do good to another.

There is an example of kindness and compassion in the text. The orderly, who took a bag of oatmeal from the soldiers, gave it all to the hungry dogs, although he himself could get enough of it, because the time was very hungry, military. Due to the fact that the orderly, to his own detriment, fed the animals, they were able to gain strength and bring the wounded and injured on sleds. This is what the sentence says: “They ate the oatmeal. But they got you on time."

There are many people who, despite being busy and limited in finances, visit orphans in orphanages and helpless old people left alone. These people share with them not only material values, but also spiritual warmth, which means that life becomes brighter for whom.

An essay on the topic “At dusk, Bidenko and Gorbunov went on reconnaissance, taking Vanya Solntsev with them ...” (OPTION 9)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement taken from the Literary Encyclopedia: ““Forcing the characters to talk to each other, instead of conveying their conversation on their own, the author can bring the appropriate shades into such a dialogue. He characterizes his characters with themes and manner of speech.

Every book lover knows how well the monologues or dialogues of characters characterize them, brightly highlight their literacy, good manners and other individual characteristics.

For convenience, the author could simply briefly convey the essence of the conversation between two or more book characters, but it is the schedule of their detailed dialogue that allows the reader to form an opinion about each of them. From the sentence “Well, why the hell are you hanging around here at night, you bastard! - Shouted a rough German voice with a cold, "it is clear to us that these words belong to a cruel and merciless man. There is even no need for a more detailed description of this character - it is already clear to the reader that nothing good can be expected from him.

The next example: “Oh, uncle, don’t hit me! he whimpered plaintively. I was looking for my horse. I found it by force. Ran all day and all night. Lost…” he shouted, brandishing his whip at Serko. Here the author could simply write that the boy pretended to be a shepherd and asked for mercy. But this phrase by Vanya helps the reader to vividly imagine the image of a miserable shepherd boy who is exhausted and begs to be let go in peace.

The phrases of the characters, their unique manner of speaking help the reader to immerse themselves in the work and create the effect that he himself seems to be present at the scene of the events described.

15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentences 31-32 of the text: “He knew that his friends, faithful comrades-in-arms, were nearby. At the first cry, they will rush to the rescue and lay down the Nazis to one and all.

The boy Vanya is entrusted with a very important mission - to be a guide for scouts, to lead them into the enemy camp and warn of danger. For the sake of this purpose, the image of a fool-shepherd is thought out for him. Vanya is well aware of how important this goal is and how much depends on him.

There is a sentence in the text: “He knew that his friends, faithful comrades-in-arms, were nearby. At the first cry, they will rush to the rescue and lay down the Nazis to one and all.

When Vanya showed the way to Bidenko and Gorbunov, he stumbled upon two Germans and was seized with real horror. He was afraid not even for himself, but for the fact that their whole plan would collapse. He knew that in any case, his comrades would not let him be offended, they would protect him from the Nazis. When one of the Germans hit him humiliatingly, Vanya was furious: “How! He, a soldier of the Red Army, a scout of the famous battery of Captain Enakiev, was dared to hit with a boot by some kind of fascist flaw! But he pulled himself together just in time. If he gives vent to anger, the end of their plan. Despite the fact that there were people behind him who would protect him, Vanya pushed a personal offense into the background and put his important task in the first place: “But the boy also firmly remembered that he was in deep reconnaissance, where the slightest noise could detect group and disrupt the execution of a combat mission.

The boy Vanya, in the form of a shepherdess, coped with his task with honor and did not let down the scouts, who completely relied on him.

The text describes a terrible time for a great country - the Great Patriotic War. These were the years when every citizen of our country was required to be fearless, willing to sacrifice everything in the name of victory and freedom. It was a time when ordinary Soviet people performed feats for the sake of their Motherland.

A feat in my understanding is when a person puts the well-being of his people and country in the first place, and then he takes care of his personal welfare. A feat is something for which a person is ready to sacrifice his life.

During the war, millions of people lost their families, shelter, they united for the sake of victory over the enemy, putting aside their personal concerns.

A simple Russian boy Vanya stoically endured the bullying of the Nazis, cast aside his pride. It was incredibly difficult for him, but he knew that he simply had no right to let his comrades down: “Then he suppressed his rage and pride with a mighty effort of will.” He coped with the horror that seized him from meeting with enemies, and led the scouts further.

From school we hear incredible stories about the heroism and exploits of the Soviet people during the war. Despite the nation and religion, they all as one stood up to defend their country, they were not afraid of severe trials. People boldly made their way into the enemy camp, freed the prisoners, rescued the wounded. All this is the feat thanks to which we have the opportunity to live and love today, to enjoy the peaceful sky above our heads.

Composition on the topic “Once, when my grandmother was on her knees, having a heartfelt conversation with God ...” (OPTION 10)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Yevgeny Nikolaevich Shiryaev “The whole organization of language means in fiction is subordinated not only to the transfer of content, but to the transfer by artistic means.”

The artistic style differs from the scientific, official and journalistic style by the richness of means of expression. If in scientific works and newspaper articles there are only dry facts, then fiction gives unlimited scope for imagination. Fiction novels, short stories, stories abound with such artistic means as metaphor, comparison, description, hyperbole, personification and many others.

A vivid example of the use of artistic means is shown in the following sentences: “On a quiet night, its red flowers bloomed without smoke; only a darkish cloud hovered very high above them, not preventing them from seeing the silver stream of the Milky Way. The snow glowed crimson, and the walls of the buildings trembled, swayed, as if striving for a hot corner of the yard, where the fire played merrily, filling the wide cracks in the workshop wall with red, protruding from them with red-hot crooked nails.

The text describes the heroism of the grandmother, who fearlessly and with enviable self-control gives out instructions: “- Barn, neighbors, defend! The fire will spread to the barn, to the hayloft - our everything will burn to the ground and yours will be taken care of! Chop the roof, hay - into the garden! Brothers-neighbors, take it as friends, - God help you. The author shows a simple dialect characteristic of this woman, these phrases characterize her as a man of courage and not losing self-control.

15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of the text sentence: "It was impossible not to listen to her at this hour."

The text describes a fire that broke out at two in the middle of the night and alarmed all the inhabitants of the house and neighbors. The servants and even the grandfather, the master of the house, rushed about in confusion as the fire devoured everything in its path. And only the grandmother managed to keep her cool, act reasonably and give instructions in order to save the household and the whole family. She advises even runaway neighbors how to save barns and hay.

The little grandson, on whose behalf the narration is being conducted, describes in detail the events of this terrible night: “She was as interesting as the fire; illuminated by fire, which seemed to catch her, black, she rushed around the yard, keeping up with everything, disposing of everything, seeing everything.

The boy notices how the grandmother fearlessly ran into the burning workshop and carried out explosive vitriol. She even managed to calm the frightened, soaring horse. Calls him affectionately "mouse". Grandmother took on all the burden and responsibility: “- Evgenia, take off the icons! Natalia, dress up guys! - Grandmother commanded in a strict, strong voice, and grandfather howled softly: - And-and-s. Therefore, the grandson immediately understood: “It was impossible not to listen to her at that hour.”

15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word DEVELOPMENT?

Both in works of art and in real life, there were and are numerous examples of feats that both men and women performed. A feat is a selfless act that is performed in the name of saving the Motherland, family, strangers, even at the cost of one's own life. Only a man with a capital letter, noble and ready to help, is capable of such an act. The man-hero runs to the aid of those who are in a difficult situation, and he thinks of himself last.

In the text, such a Person is a grandmother, she is the only one, risking her life, burst into a building on fire in order to save the others, save barns and hay, not only her own, but also those of her neighbors. She does not panic, but calms the others. Even a horse running in fear, she managed to calm down: “- Don't be afraid! Grandmother said in a bass voice, patting him on the neck and taking the reins. - Ali, I will leave you with this fear? Oh you mouse…”

They say about such women: “He will stop a galloping horse, enter a burning hut.”

The world rests on such people-heroes, they give a chance for survival when it seems that everything is already over. The feat does not depend on age. I remember a case when a fifteen-year-old boy rescued seven neighbors' children from a burning house, while the rest succumbed to panic and lost hope.