Romanov dynasty. The whole history of the reign

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1613 The Zemsky Sobor, which brought together representatives from all over Russia, must decide the fate of the country and elect a new tsar. There were many contenders for the throne from the most noble Russian families. However, in a situation where Russia had just emerged from the civil war - the Time of Troubles - a figure was needed, not the most noble, but the most convenient, who would unite the noble and Cossack forces that were still warring. The candidate also had to be related to the previous dynasty, originating from Ivan Kalita. After all, there were already Boris Godunov and Vasily Shuisky, but they were not recognized as “natural” kings, because they had no connection with the extinct dynasty. But there was still a figure that met all the requirements.

This candidate turned out to be 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Firstly, he was the cousin-nephew of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich (his mother Anastasia Zakharyina was Mikhail’s great-aunt), and therefore an indirect relative of the Rurikovichs. Secondly, his father, Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov), was one of the prominent boyars of the time and was respected among the elite. But he was also the patriarch of False Dmitry II and enjoyed the respect of the Cossacks, supporters of the “Tushino Tsar.” And Mikhail was young, so the elite bet on him (they hoped that they would rule the country instead of the teenage Tsar). As a result, on February 21, 1613, Mikhail was elected king.

The calling of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom

But election was not enough. It was necessary to obtain the consent not so much of Michael himself, but of his mother, nun Martha. A large embassy went to Kostroma, where they were located, and finally persuaded Mikhail to accept the Russian throne.

You need to understand that the 16-year-old king took responsibility for a plundered, destroyed, devastated country, which was actually at war with two states, and its economy was in critical condition (most of the arable land was not cultivated).

However, he still took this responsibility and was able to lead the country out of the crisis. What did he do during his 32 years of rule?

• He became the founder new dynasty Romanovs. This was a basic necessity for the country and people, who had to be confident in the future. This confidence was given by the birth of the heir to the throne and the continuation of the dynasty. Mikhail's successor Alexei, born in 1629.
• The first thing he did was try get the country out of war. Co Sweden the peace treaty was signed in 1617 year in the village Stolbovo. According to it, Russia received back almost all of the Novgorod lands, except for the cities of Yam, Koporye, Ivangorod, Korelu, Oreshek(thus Russia lost access to the Baltic Sea) . For this, the Russian government was also forced to pay Sweden 20 thousand rubles.

Lands ceded to Sweden in 1617

• WITH Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth everything was much more complicated. The Poles and Lithuanians still claimed to seize Russian lands, and Prince Vladislav- to the Russian throne. IN 1616 In 1920, the troops of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth again invaded Russia and reached the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. The Russian side was forced to negotiate, which ended Deulin truce of 1618. According to it, Russia lost many lands in the west (including Smolensk) , and Vladislav did not leave his claims to the Russian throne, but in return we received 14.5 years truce (after its expiration, the Smolensk War occurred, as a result of which in 1634 Vladislav renounced his claims to the throne) and the return of Russian prisoners who had been in Poland for almost 10 years. Among them, Mikhail’s father returned Filaret.

Lands ceded to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1618

• IN 1619 returned Metropolitan Filaret became patriarch. He was also given the title "great sovereign" , and he became co-ruler with his son until his death in 1633 year.

Patriarch and “great sovereign” Filaret

• In the Russian kingdom, a system of centralized government of the country was finally established. Positions were introduced governor And prefects , based locally orderly huts . The state was ruled tsar with help Zemsky Sobors , which at first met regularly under Mikhail, but then their activity faded away.

Boyar Duma under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich

• The country's economy was destroyed restored, Russia achieved economic stability, which made it possible to create in 1632 Russia's first iron and weapons plant near Tula .
• Not his grandson Peter, and Mikhail himself took the first steps towards creating Western-style regular army . IN 30s regiments were organized "new system"» — dragoons, Reitarskie And soldier's.
• Under Tsar Michael the search period for fugitive serfs increased to 15 years.
• Modern Yakutia And Baikal region became part of Russia precisely under the first tsar of the Romanov family.
• IN 1621 year, the first in Russia began to be produced for the Tsar and his entourage. handwritten newspaper — "Chimes" , which talked about events abroad.

Newspaper "Chimes"

• People began to be invited to the Russian kingdom in large numbers foreign specialists , for whose settlement a special place was allocated in Moscow. It got the name Kukuyskaya, or German (that is, populated"Germans" - foreigners who cannot speak Russian), settlements. It was its inhabitants who would later become associates of Peter the Great.

German settlement

• One of the invitees was a painter, German John Deters , who became the founder secular genre in Russian art. Now not only icons, but also portraits of ordinary people began to be painted.

Romanovs- an old Russian noble family. Its ancestor is considered to be Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, whose father (according to the most accepted opinion), Glanda-Kambila Divonovich, baptized Ivan, came to Russia in the last quarter of the 13th century. from Lithuania or "from Pruss". There is also an opinion among historians that the Romanovs came from Novgorod. Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla had five sons: Semyon Stallion, Alexander Elka, Vasily Ivantai, Gabriel Gavsha and Fyodor Koshka, who became the founders of 17 Russian noble houses. The branch that laid the foundation for the House of Romanov came from Fyodor Koshka. In the first generation, Andrei Ivanovich and his sons were nicknamed the Kobylins, Fyodor Andreevich and his son Ivan - the Koshkins. The children of Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin became the Koshkins-Zakharyins, and the grandchildren simply became the Zakharyins.

From Yuri Zakharyevich came the Zakharyins-Yuryevs, and from his brother Yakov - the Zakharyins-Yakovlevs. The Romanov surname came into the dynasty from the boyar Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuryev. Thanks to the marriage of his sister Anastasia to Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, the Zakharyin-Yuryev family crossed paths with the Rurik dynasty in the 16th century and came closer to the royal court. Anastasia’s great-nephew, son of boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (later Moscow Patriarch Filaret), Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected to the kingdom by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, and his descendants (which are traditionally called the “House of Romanov”) ruled Russia until 1917.

Below are the names of all the kings, emperors and rulers of the Romanov dynasty.

• Mikhail Fedorovich (1596-1645) - the first Russian Tsar from the Romanov dynasty. Reigned since 1613;
• Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676) - Russian Tsar since 1645;
• Feodor III Alekseevich (1661-1682) - Russian Tsar since 1676;
• Sofya Alekseevna (1657-1704) - ruler of Russia under the young brothers Tsars Ivan V and Peter I in 1682-1689;
• Ivan V Alekseevich (1666-1696) - Russian Tsar in 1682-1696;
• Peter I Alekseevich the Great (1672-1725) - Russian Tsar since 1682 and Russian Emperor since 1721;
• Catherine I Alekseevna (Marta Skavronskaya) (1684-1727) - Russian empress from 1725, wife of Peter I;
• Peter II Alekseevich (1715-1730) - Russian emperor since 1727, grandson of Peter I from his son Alexei;
• Anna Ioannovna (Ivanovna) (1693-1740) - Russian empress from 1730, daughter of Tsar Ivan V;
• Anna Leopoldovna (Elizabeth Ekaterina Christina) (1718-1746) - ruler of the Russian Empire under her young son Emperor Ivan VI in 1740-1741. Granddaughter of Tsar Ivan V by his daughter Catherine;
• Ivan VI Antonovich (1740-1764) - infant emperor from November 9, 1740 to November 25, 1741;
• Elizaveta Petrovna (1709-1762) - Russian Empress since 1741, daughter of Peter I;
• Peter III Fedorovich (1728-1762) - Russian emperor since 1761, grandson of Peter I from his daughter Anna;
• Catherine II Alekseevna the Great (Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst) (1729-1796) - Russian Empress from 1762, wife of Peter III;
• Pavel I Petrovich (1754-1801) - Russian Emperor since 1796;
• Alexander I Pavlovich (1777-1825) - Russian Emperor since 1801;
• Nicholas I Pavlovich (1796-1855) - Russian emperor since 1825, third son of Paul I;
• Alexander II Nikolaevich (1818-1881) - Russian Emperor since 1855;
• Alexander III Alexandrovich (1845-1894) - Russian Emperor since 1881;
• Nicholas II Alexandrovich (1868-1918) - the last Russian emperor from 1894 to 1917;
• Mikhail II Alexandrovich (1878-1918) - the fourth son of Alexander III, called by some historians the last Russian emperor, since formally it was for 1 day (March 2-3, 1917).

Although each of us studied the history of Russia in school, not everyone knows who was the first tsar in Rus'. In 1547, Ivan IV Vasilyevich, nicknamed the Terrible for his difficult character, cruelty and harsh disposition, began to be called this loud title. Before him, all the rulers of the Russian lands were grand dukes. After Ivan the Terrible became Tsar, our state began to be called the Russian Kingdom instead of the Moscow Principality.

Grand Duke and Tsar: what is the difference?

Having dealt with who was first named Tsar of All Rus', we should find out why the new title became necessary. By the middle of the 16th century, the lands of the Moscow Principality occupied 2.8 thousand square kilometers. It was a huge state, stretching from the Smolensk region in the west to the Ryazan and Nizhny Novgorod districts in the east, from the Kaluga lands in the south to the Arctic Ocean and the Gulf of Finland in the north. About 9 million people lived on such a vast territory. Muscovite Rus' (as the principality was otherwise called) was a centralized state in which all regions were subordinate to the Grand Duke, that is, Ivan IV.

By the 16th century, the Byzantine Empire ceased to exist. Grozny nurtured the idea of ​​becoming the patron of the entire Orthodox world, and for this he needed to strengthen the authority of his state at the international level. The change of title played an important role in this matter. In Western European countries, the word “tsar” was translated as “emperor” or left untouched, while “prince” was associated with a duke or prince, which was a level lower.

The Tsar's childhood

Knowing who became the first king in Rus', it will be interesting to get acquainted with the biography of this person. Ivan the Terrible was born in 1530. His parents were the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily III and Princess Elena Glinskaya. The future ruler of the Russian lands was orphaned early. When he was 3 years old, his father died. Since Ivan was the only heir to the throne (his younger brother Yuri was born mentally retarded and could not lead the Moscow principality), rule of the Russian lands passed to him. This happened in 1533. For some time, his mother was the de facto ruler of the young son, but in 1538 she too passed away (according to rumors, she was poisoned). Completely orphaned by the age of eight, the future first Tsar of Rus' grew up among his guardians, the boyars Belsky and Shuisky, who were not interested in anything other than power. Growing up in an atmosphere of hypocrisy and meanness, from childhood he did not trust those around him and expected a dirty trick from everyone.

Acceptance of new title and marriage

At the beginning of 1547, Grozny announced his intention to marry into the kingdom. On January 16 of the same year he was given the title of Tsar of All Rus'. The crown was placed on the head of the ruler by Metropolitan Macarius of Moscow, a man who enjoys authority in society and has a special influence on young Ivan. The ceremonial wedding took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin.

As a 17-year-old boy, the newly-crowned king decided to get married. In search of a bride, the dignitaries traveled all over the Russian lands. Ivan the Terrible selected his wife from one and a half thousand applicants. Most of all, he liked young Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva. She captivated Ivan not only with her beauty, but also with her intelligence, chastity, piety, and calm character. Metropolitan Macarius, who crowned Ivan the Terrible, approved the choice and married the newlyweds. Subsequently, the king had other spouses, but Anastasia was his favorite of them all.

Moscow uprising

In the summer of 1547, a strong fire broke out in the capital, which could not be extinguished for 2 days. About 4 thousand people became its victims. Rumors spread throughout the city that the capital was set on fire by the Tsar’s relatives, the Glinskys. An angry crowd of people went to the Kremlin. The houses of the Glinsky princes were plundered. The result of popular unrest was the murder of one of the members of this noble family - Yuri. After this, the rebels came to the village of Vorobyovo, where the young king was hiding from them, and demanded that all the Glinskys be handed over to them. The rioters were hardly pacified and sent back to Moscow. After the uprising waned, Grozny ordered the execution of its organizers.

Beginning of state reform

The Moscow uprising spread to other Russian cities. Ivan IV faced the need to carry out reforms aimed at establishing order in the country and strengthening his autocracy. For these purposes, in 1549, the tsar created the Elected Rada - a new government group, which included people loyal to him (Metropolitan Macarius, priest Sylvester, A. Adashev, A. Kurbsky and others).

This period dates back to the beginning of the active reform activities of Ivan the Terrible, aimed at centralizing his power. To manage various branches of state life, the first tsar in Rus' created numerous orders and huts. Thus, the foreign policy of the Russian state was led by the Ambassadorial Prikaz, headed by I. Viskovity for two decades. The Petition Hut, under the control of A. Adashev, was required to accept applications, petitions and complaints from ordinary people, as well as conduct investigations into them. The fight against crime was entrusted to the Robust Order. It served as a modern police force. The life of the capital was regulated by the Zemsky Prikaz.

In 1550, Ivan IV published a new Code of Laws, in which all existing legislative acts in the Russian kingdom were systematized and edited. When compiling it, the changes that have occurred in the life of the state over the past half century were taken into account. The document introduced punishment for bribery for the first time. Before this, Muscovite Rus' lived according to the Code of Laws of 1497, the laws of which were noticeably outdated by the middle of the 16th century.

Church and military politics

Under Ivan the Terrible, the influence of the Orthodox Church increased significantly, and the life of the clergy improved. This was facilitated by the Council of the Hundred Heads, convened in 1551. The provisions adopted there contributed to the centralization of church power.

In 1555-1556, the first Tsar of Rus', Ivan the Terrible, together with the Elected Rada, developed the “Code of Service,” which helped increase the size of the Russian army. In accordance with this document, each feudal lord was obliged to field a certain number of soldiers with horses and weapons from his lands. If the landowner supplied the Tsar with soldiers in excess of the norm, he was encouraged with a monetary reward. In the event that the feudal lord could not provide the required number of soldiers, he paid a fine. The “Clause of Service” contributed to improving the combat effectiveness of the army, which was important in the context of Ivan the Terrible’s active foreign policy.

Expansion of territory

During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the conquest of neighboring lands was actively carried out. In 1552, the Kazan Khanate was annexed to the Russian state, and in 1556, the Astrakhan Khanate. In addition, the king's possessions expanded due to the conquest of the Volga region and the western part of the Urals. Kabardian and Nogai rulers recognized their dependence on Russian lands. Under the first Russian Tsar, the active annexation of Western Siberia began.

Throughout 1558-1583, Ivan IV fought the Livonian War for Russia's access to the shores of the Baltic Sea. The start of hostilities was successful for the king. In 1560, Russian troops managed to completely defeat the Livonian Order. However, the successfully launched war dragged on for many years, led to a worsening of the situation within the country and ended in complete defeat for Russia. The king began to look for those responsible for his failures, which led to mass disgrace and executions.

Break with the Chosen Rada, oprichnina

Adashev, Sylvester and other figures of the Elected Rada did not support the aggressive policy of Ivan the Terrible. In 1560, they opposed Russia’s conduct of the Livonian War, for which they aroused the wrath of the ruler. The first tsar in Rus' dispersed the Rada. Its members were persecuted. Ivan the Terrible, who does not tolerate dissent, thought about establishing a dictatorship in the lands under his control. To this end, in 1565 he began to pursue a policy of oprichnina. Its essence was the confiscation and redistribution of boyar and princely lands in favor of the state. This policy was accompanied by mass arrests and executions. Its result was the weakening of the local nobility and the strengthening of the power of the king against this background. The oprichnina lasted until 1572 and was ended after the devastating invasion of Moscow by Crimean troops led by Khan Devlet-Girey.

The policy pursued by the first tsar in Rus' led to a severe weakening of the country's economy, devastation of lands, and destruction of estates. Towards the end of his reign, Ivan the Terrible abandoned execution as a method of punishing the guilty. In his will of 1579, he repented of his cruelty towards his subjects.

Wives and children of the king

Ivan the Terrible married 7 times. In total, he had 8 children, 6 of whom died in childhood. The first wife Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva gave the Tsar 6 heirs, of which only two survived to adulthood - Ivan and Fedor. His second wife, Maria Temryukovna, gave birth to a son, Vasily, to the sovereign. He died at 2 months. The last child (Dmitry) of Ivan the Terrible was born to his seventh wife, Maria Nagaya. The boy was destined to live only 8 years.

The first Russian Tsar in Rus' killed the adult son of Ivan Ivanovich in 1582 in a fit of anger, so Fedor turned out to be the only heir to the throne. It was he who took over the throne after the death of his father.

Death

Ivan the Terrible ruled the Russian state until 1584. In the last years of his life, osteophytes made it difficult for him to walk independently. Lack of movement, nervousness, and unhealthy lifestyle led to the fact that at the age of 50 the ruler looked like an old man. At the beginning of 1584, his body began to swell and emit an unpleasant odor. Doctors called the sovereign’s illness “blood decomposition” and predicted his quick death. Ivan the Terrible died on March 18, 1584, while playing chess with Boris Godunov. Thus ended the life of the one who was the first tsar in Rus'. Rumors persisted in Moscow that Ivan IV was poisoned by Godunov and his accomplices. After the death of the king, the throne went to his son Fedor. In fact, Boris Godunov became the ruler of the country.

The king's handwritten signature Mikhail Fedorovich reads: "Great King..."

G. Ugryumov. “The calling of Mikhail Fedorovich to the kingdom”

On February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor decided to elect Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom. The 16-year-old son of boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov and his wife Ksenia Shestakova turned out to be the compromise figure who, if not satisfied with absolutely all the warring parties, then caused the least criticism. Largely due to the fact that everyone understood that he would rule the country nominally, and the main policy in the state would be determined by his father, Metropolitan Philaret.

Difficult childhood

Mikhail was born on December 12, 1596, when his father was already over 40 years old. He was a rather powerful man who never stood aside from the turbulent political life. But he could hardly have acted otherwise, since he was the cousin of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich and, naturally, defended the interests of the family. However, his wife, Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova, was also no stranger, she always knew what she was striving for and on this path she did not tolerate any teaching, much less opposition. By and large, neither father nor mother took care of Mikhail in early childhood; they had enough of their own troubles. By the way, the future king was not the first and not the last child in the family, but most of the children died in infancy. In any case, besides Mikhail, only one sister survived her youth - Tatyana.

And in 1600, when the boy was not even four years old, Boris Godunov, sensing his “gravediggers” in the Romanovs, forcibly tonsured both Mikhail’s father and mother as monks, exiling them to different monasteries. Fyodor, under the name of Philaret, went to the Anthony of Siysky Monastery, located on the peninsula of Great Mikhailov Lake, in the Kholmogory district of the Arkhangelsk region. And Ksenia, under the name of Marfa, ended up in the Zaonezhsky churchyards of the Novgorod region.

After the forced monastic tonsure of both parents, Mikhail found himself raised by his aunt, Martha of Cherkassy. And only after the death of Boris Godunov, in April 1605, the boy returned to the family. By that time, my father had become the Rostov Metropolitan, and his wife was reunited with him almost immediately.

And from 1608, Mikhail lived with his mother in Moscow, was captured by the Poles, and after his release went to Kostroma. Mikhail Fedorovich met the beginning of 1613 in the Ipatiev Monastery, and after some time his mother began to be “diligently processed” by the ambassadors of the Zemsky Sobor with a view to electing the teenager as Russian Tsar. They didn’t even look at the fact that the future king was maimed - when he was young, he was run over by a horse.

The mother understood too well what awaited her son in the first years of his reign: the state treasury was empty, Cossack gangs were robbing the state, Smolensk was in the hands of the Poles, whose leader, Prince Vladislav, was sleeping and seeing himself on the Moscow throne, the Swedes were in Novgorod. And does her child need it?

In general, despite the great temptations, the mother had to refuse. But she also had to think about her husband, who was languishing in Polish captivity. If Michael became king, it would be easier to achieve Filaret’s release from captivity. And after thinking about it, she finally agreed. So, consent was obtained.

Hard youth

Of course, before the death of his father (1633), Michael’s power was rather nominal. Moreover, for the first six years the Boyar Duma ruled in everything. But, besides everything, it was also a good school. First of all, they decided to “pull” as many nobles as possible to their side; for this purpose, they returned the lands confiscated by Vasily Shuisky to the large feudal lords. Then they set about pacifying the robber gangs, using a policy of carrots and sticks. The worst robbers were executed, and those who were more accommodating were also given land. If you want wealth, take as much as they give, but after that the demand will be tough.
"Mikhail Fedorovich at a meeting of the boyar duma" (Andreya Ryabushkin, 1893)

We had to resort to the help of foreign diplomats in resolving relations with Sweden, which dreamed of placing its Prince Philip on the throne. But in 1615 peace was concluded with the Swedes. Novgorod returned to Russia, but for this the Scandinavians received the Finnish coast and 20 thousand rubles in compensation. And then the Polish prince moved his troops to Moscow. The assault on Moscow fortifications (October 1, 1618) was repulsed, and on December 1 a truce was concluded for 14 years in the village of Deuline. It did not return the territory lost in the turmoil, nor did it get rid of Vladislav’s claims, but there was an exchange of prisoners, which included Filaret Nikitich. On June 14, 1619, he arrived in Moscow, and was soon elected patriarch.

Personal life

At one time, the zemstvo intended to strengthen the prestige of the Russian state to marry the young tsar to some representative of the royal blood of Europe. But, firstly, none of the monarchs sought to give their little blood to this Moscow mess, and, secondly, everyone knew about Mikhail’s injury. And they didn’t want to ruin the princesses’ lives. And thirdly, the Russians had great demands. So, the Swedes completely decided to give the king their princess as a wife, but the Russians demanded that the girl convert to Orthodoxy. The applicant refused, the parties remained with their interests.

In 1616, Mikhail was almost married to Maria Khlopova, but just before the wedding she fell ill. Opponents of Khlopova’s appearance next to the Tsar sang to Mikhail Fedorovich that the bride was terminally ill, and he refused this marriage. By the way, after this the “sick” woman lived for seventeen years. Unlike Princess Maria Dolgorukaya, who suddenly died three months after her wedding to Mikhail Romanov - in 1625.

But his marriage with Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva, concluded in 1626, turned out to be much happier. Even though after 1627 the tsar had difficulty moving due to leg disease (there is evidence that during trips he was simply carried from cart to cart), this did not interfere with the marriage. They had 10 children, however, only a son (the future Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who, ironically, also sat on the throne at the age of 16) and three unmarried daughters who survived their father, overcame the twenty-year mark.

Alexey was even less fortunate than his parent. If Mikhail Romanov was “under the wing” of his father and mother for quite a long time (Ksenia died in 1631, Filaret in 1633), then Alexey lost his closest people in one year with a month difference. In April 1645, 48-year-old Mikhail Romanovich fell ill and, despite all the efforts of doctors, died on July 13. By the way, his son lived almost the same amount of time, dying at the age of 48.

But that's a completely different story...

The first Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, was born on July 22 (July 12, old style) 1596 in Moscow.

His father is Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, Metropolitan (later Patriarch Filaret), his mother is Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova (later nun Martha). Mikhail was a cousin of the last Russian Tsar from the Moscow branch of the Rurik dynasty, Fyodor Ivanovich.

In 1601, together with his parents, Boris Godunov fell into disgrace. Lived in exile. In 1605 he returned to Moscow, where he was captured by the Poles who captured the Kremlin. In 1612, liberated by the militia of Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin, he left for Kostroma.

On March 3 (February 21, old style), 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanovich to reign.

On March 23 (March 13, old style), 1613, the ambassadors of the Council arrived in Kostroma. At the Ipatiev Monastery, where Mikhail was with his mother, he was informed of his election to the throne.

Poles arrive in Moscow. A small detachment set out to kill Mikhail, but got lost along the way, because the peasant Ivan Susanin, having agreed to show the way, led him into a dense forest.

June 21 (June 11, old style) 1613 Mikhail Fedorovich in Moscow in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin.

In the first years of Mikhail's reign (1613-1619), real power was with his mother, as well as with her relatives from the Saltykov boyars. From 1619 to 1633, the country was ruled by the tsar’s father, Patriarch Filaret, who had returned from Polish captivity. Under the dual power that existed at that time, state charters were written on behalf of the Sovereign Tsar and His Holiness the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'.

During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the wars with Sweden (Peace of Stolbovo, 1617) and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Truce of Deulin, 1618, later - Peace of Polyanovsky, 1634) were ended.

Overcoming the consequences of the Time of Troubles required the centralization of power. The system of voivodeship administration grew locally, the order system was restored and developed. Since the 1620s, the activities of Zemsky Sobors have been limited to advisory functions. They gathered at the initiative of the government to resolve issues that required the approval of the estates: about war and peace, about the introduction of extraordinary taxes.

In the 1630s, the creation of regular military units began (Reitar, Dragoon, Soldier regiments), the rank and file of which were “willing free people” and homeless boyar children, the officers were foreign military specialists. At the end of Michael's reign, cavalry dragoon regiments arose to guard the borders.

The government also began to restore and build defensive lines - serif lines.

Under Mikhail Fedorovich, diplomatic relations were established with Holland, Austria, Denmark, Turkey, and Persia.

In 1637, the period for capturing fugitive peasants was increased from five to nine years. In 1641 another year was added to it. Peasants exported by other owners were allowed to be searched for up to 15 years. This indicated the growth of serfdom tendencies in the legislation on land and peasants.

Moscow under Mikhail Fedorovich was restored from the consequences of the intervention.

The Filaretovskaya belfry was erected in the Kremlin in 1624. In 1624-1525, a stone tent was built over the Frolovskaya (now Spasskaya) tower and a new striking clock was installed (1621).

In 1626 (after a devastating fire in Moscow), Mikhail Fedorovich issued a series of decrees appointing persons responsible for restoring buildings in the city. All the royal palaces were restored in the Kremlin, and new trading shops were built in Kitay-Gorod.

In 1632, an enterprise for teaching velvet and damask work appeared in Moscow - Velvet Dvor (in the middle of the 17th century its premises served as a weapons warehouse). The center of textile production became Kadashevskaya Sloboda with the sovereign's Khamovny yard.

In 1633, machines were installed in the Sviblova Tower of the Kremlin to supply water from the Moscow River to the Kremlin (hence its modern name - Vodovzvodnaya).

In 1635-1937, on the site of the ceremonial chambers of the 16th century, the Terem Palace was built for Mikhail Fedorovich, and all the Kremlin cathedrals were re-painted, including the Assumption (1642), the Church of the Deposition of the Robe (1644).

In 1642, construction began on the Cathedral of the Twelve Apostles in the Kremlin.

On July 23 (July 13, old style), 1645, Mikhail Fedorovich died of water sickness. He was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

The first wife is Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukova. The marriage turned out to be childless.

The second wife is Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. The marriage brought Mikhail Fedorovich seven daughters (Irina, Pelageya, Anna, Martha, Sophia, Tatyana, Evdokia) and three sons (Alexey, Ivan, Vasily). Not all children even survived to adolescence. The parents experienced the death of their sons Ivan and Vasily in one year especially hard.

The heir to the throne was Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (1629-1676, reigned 1645-1676).

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources