What are obsolete words used for? The role of archaisms in speech

Introduction

The vocabulary of the Russian language is constantly changing: some words that were previously used very often are now almost unheard of, while others, on the contrary, are used more and more often. Such processes in language are associated with changes in the life of the society it serves: with the advent of a new concept, a new word appears; If society no longer refers to a certain concept, then it does not refer to the word that this concept denotes.

As mentioned above, changes in the lexical composition of a language occur constantly: some words become obsolete and leave the language, others appear - borrowed or formed according to existing models. Those words that have fallen out of active use are called obsolete; new words that have just appeared in the language are called neologisms.

Historiography. There are many books enlightened on this topic, here are just a few of them: “Modern Russian Language: Lexicology” by M.I. Fomina, Golub I.B. "Stylistics of the Russian Language", electronic sources were also used to provide more complete information.

The purpose of the work is to study the use of both obsolete words and neologisms in various styles of speech. The objectives of this work are to study outdated vocabulary and new words that have different areas of use and what place they occupy in different styles of speech.

Based on the goals and objectives set, the structure of the work consists of an introduction (which indicates: goals, objectives, historiography and structure of the work), three chapters (which show the stylistic division, reasons for the appearance and signs of outdated words and neologisms, outdated vocabulary and new words , so-called neologisms, in various styles of speech), as well as a conclusion (which summarizes the work done).

Outdated words

Words that are no longer used or are used very rarely are called obsolete (for example, child, right hand, mouth, Red Army soldier, people's commissar)

From a stylistic point of view, all words in the Russian language are divided into two large groups:

stylistically neutral or commonly used (can be used in all styles of speech without limitation);

stylistically colored (they belong to one of the styles of speech: bookish: scientific, official business, journalistic - or colloquial; their use “out of style” violates the correctness and purity of speech; you need to be extremely careful in their use); for example, the word “interference” belongs to the colloquial style, and the word “expel” belongs to the book style.

Also, depending on the nature of the functioning, there are:

common vocabulary (used without any restrictions),

vocabulary of a limited scope of use.

Commonly used vocabulary includes words used (understood and used) in different linguistic areas by native speakers, regardless of their place of residence, profession, lifestyle: these are most nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs (blue, fire, grumble, good), numerals , pronouns, most function words.

Vocabulary of limited use includes words whose use is limited to a certain locality (Dialectisms (from the Greek diblektos “dialect, dialect”) are elements of Russian dialects (dialects), phonetic, grammatical, word-formation, lexical features found in the stream of normalized Russian literary speech.), profession (Special vocabulary is associated with the professional activities of people. It includes terms and professionalisms.), occupation or interests (Jargonisms are words used by people of certain interests, occupations, habits. For example, there are jargons of schoolchildren , students, soldiers, athletes, criminals, hippies, etc.).

Word obsolescence is a process, and different words may be at different stages of it. Those of them that have not yet gone out of active use, but are already used less frequently than before, are called obsolete (voucher).

Outdated vocabulary, in turn, is divided into historicisms and archaisms.

Historicisms are words denoting objects that have disappeared from modern life, phenomena that have become irrelevant concepts, for example: chain mail, corvee, horse tram; modern subbotnik, sunday; socialist competition, Politburo. These words fell out of use along with the objects and concepts they denoted and became passive vocabulary: we know them, but do not use them in our everyday speech. Historicisms are used in texts that talk about the past (fiction, historical research).

Historicisms are used in articles on historical topics to denote realities, in articles on current topics - to draw historical parallels, as well as in connection with the actualization of concepts and words in modern speech.

In addition to historicisms, other types of obsolete words are distinguished in our language. We use certain words in speech less and less, replacing them with others, and so they are gradually forgotten. For example, an actor was once called a performer, a comedian; they spoke not of a journey, but of a voyage, not of fingers, but of fingers, not of a forehead, but of a forehead. Such outdated words name completely modern objects, concepts that are now usually called differently. New names have replaced the old ones, and they are gradually forgotten. Obsolete words that have modern synonyms that have replaced them in the language are called archaisms.

Archaisms are fundamentally different from historicisms. If historicisms are the names of outdated objects, then archaisms are outdated names of quite ordinary objects and concepts that we constantly encounter in life.

There are several types of archaisms:

1) the word may become completely obsolete and completely fall out of use: cheeks - “cheeks”, neck - “neck”, right hand - “right hand”, shuytsa - “left hand”, in order - “so that”, peril - “destruction”;

2) one of the meanings of the word may become obsolete, while the rest continue to be used in modern language: belly - “life”, vor - “state criminal” (False Dmitry II was called the “Tushinsky thief”); over the past 10 years, the word “give” has lost its meaning “to sell”, and the word “throw away” has lost its meaning “to put on sale”;

3) in a word, 1-2 sounds and / or the place of stress may change: number - number, bibliomteka - library, mirror - mirror, cord - cord;

4) an obsolete word may differ from modern ones by a prefix and/or suffix (friendship - friendship, restoratia - restaurant, fisherman - fisherman);

5) the word may change individual grammatical forms (cf.: the title of A. S. Pushkin’s poem “Gypsies” is the modern form of gypsies) or the belonging of this word to a certain grammatical class (the words piano, hall were used as feminine nouns, and in modern in Russian these are masculine words).

As can be seen from the examples, obsolete words differ from each other in the degree of archaism: some are still found in speech, especially among poets, others are known only from the works of writers of the last century, and there are others that are completely forgotten.

The archaization of one of the meanings of a word is a very interesting phenomenon. The result of this process is the emergence of semantic, or semantic, archaisms, that is, words used in an unusual, outdated meaning for us. Knowledge of semantic archaisms helps to correctly understand the language of classical writers. And sometimes their use of words cannot but make us think seriously...

Archaisms should not be neglected either. There are cases when they return to the language and become part of the active vocabulary again. This was the case, for example, with the words soldier, officer, warrant officer, minister, adviser, which received a new life in modern Russian. In the first years of the revolution, they managed to become archaic, but then returned, acquiring a new meaning.

Archaisms, like historicisms, are necessary for verbal artists to create the flavor of antiquity when depicting antiquity.

Decembrist poets, contemporaries and friends of A.S. Pushkin, used Old Slavonic vocabulary to create civil-patriotic pathos in speech. A great interest in outdated words was a distinctive feature of their poetry. The Decembrists were able to identify a layer in the archaizing vocabulary that could be adapted to express freedom-loving ideas. Highly obsolete vocabulary can be subject to ironic rethinking and act as a means of humor and satire. The comical sound of outdated words is noted in everyday stories and satire of the 17th century, and later in epigrams, jokes, and parodies written by participants in linguistic polemics of the early 19th century. (members of the Arzamas society), who opposed the archaization of the Russian literary language.

In modern humorous and satirical poetry, outdated words are also often used as a means of creating an ironic coloring of speech.

Obsolete words, like dialect ones, can be divided into two different groups: archaisms and historicisms.

Archaisms are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen out of use. But their synonyms exist in modern Russian.

Eg:

The right hand is the right hand, the cheeks are the cheeks, the ribs are the shoulders, the loins are the lower back, and so on.

But it is worth noting that archaisms may still differ from modern synonymous words. These differences can be in the morphemic composition (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning (belly - life, guest - merchant), in grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform) and phonetic features ( mirror - mirror, gishpansky - Spanish). Many words are completely outdated, but they still have modern synonyms. For example: destruction - death or harm, hope - hope and firmly believe, so that - so that. And in order to avoid possible mistakes in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of art, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of outdated words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.

Historicisms are words that denote phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of the further development of society.

Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were in one way or another connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, and the socio-political system that once existed became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are one way or another connected with military topics.

Eg:

Most of the outdated words refer to items of clothing and household items: prosak, svetets, endova, camisole, armyak.

Also, historicisms include words that denote titles, professions, positions, classes that once existed in Rus': tsar, lackey, boyar, steward, stableman, barge hauler, tinker, and so on. Types of production activities such as horse-drawn horses and manufacturing. Phenomena of patriarchal life: procurement, rent, corvee and others. Disappeared technologies such as mead making and tinning.

Words that arose during the Soviet era also became historicisms. These include words such as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovets, educational program, Budenovets and many others.

Sometimes it can be very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is due both to the revival of the cultural traditions of Rus', and to the frequent use of these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. Such words include words denoting measures of length or measurements of weight, naming Christian and religious holidays, and so on and so forth.

Abbey - guardhouse
Perhaps - either - perhaps, maybe
That's right - so
Azovka - a mythical creature
Aksamit - velvet
Altyn - three kopecks
Asps - poisonous snakes

Babayka - a large oar attached to a boat
Beats - talks, tells
Kayak - a river boat with one large sail
Balagta - swamp
Talk - talk
Canopy - decorated canopy on posts
Balodka - one-handed hammer
Basa - beauty, decoration, panache
Batog - stick
Bergamots - a variety of pears
Pregnancy is an armful
Barefoot shoes - house shoes
Boyars - rich and noble people
Scolding - battle
Brothers - brothers
Armor - metal clothing that protects a warrior from blows
Bulat - steel weapon
Burochki - a tall basket with a lid made of birch bark
Bureau - desk with a drawer for storing papers

To go on patrol - to guard, to guard
In the bag - in pursuit
Vacant time - holidays
Vacation - vacation
To know - to know
Venuti - to blow, to blow
Vershok - an old measure of length, equal to 4.4 centimeters
Of course - of course, it goes without saying
Rag - rag
Knight - brave warrior, hero
Meet - meet
Eversion - the rhizome of a large tree turned out of the ground
endure - withstand, endure, endure

Galushka - dumpling cooked in water or borscht
Galleta - a small merchant ship
To guess - to guess
The voice of obedience is the answering voice
Gorazd - knows how
A slide - a pyramid-shaped shelf for expensive dishes
Upper room - room
Rowing - narrow dam on the river

Hay girl - maid
Ten - 24 sheets
To marvel - to surprise, to astonish

Food - dishes, food

Zhaleika - a pipe made of willow bark
Jug - jug with lid
Burmitsky (Burmite) pearls - large and round pearls
Millstones - a small hand grinder

Burner - a place in the pre-furnace where the heat is raked
Firebox - a place in front of the firebox where the heat is raked
Start a fast - start fasting
Ahead of time - in advance
Sing Lazarus - flatteringly beg
Sinisters - small fantastic creatures

Imperial - gold coin
Inda - even, so

Treasury - money, wealth, property
Kamka - silk colored fabric with patterns
Karmazin - dark red cloth
Casing - leather outerwear
Kokurochka - a sweet flatbread
Kolymaga - a carriage in which noble people traveled
Box - basket, basket
Oblique fathom is an ancient Russian measure of length, the distance from the toes to the end of the fingers of an outstretched hand diagonally is equal to 216 cm
Krinitsa - well, spring
Krosna - home weaving loom
Tow - a bunch of flax or wool
Body - wicker basket

Plate - iron or steel armor worn by warriors
Bast - the bark of a young linden, willow, elm, bast shoes, baskets, baskets are woven from it
To shirk - to shirk, to shirk
Lytka - part of the leg below the knee

Damask sword - a sword made of especially strong steel
It’s not the first time for me - it’s not the first time for me
Hoe - hand-held agricultural tool
Ant - overgrown with grass (ant)

The largest is the eldest
Whip - belt whip
Namale - soap
It’s unsalt to slurp - to be deceived in your expectations
Nikoli - never

Flint - a stone or piece of steel for cutting fire from flint
Odnova - once, once
Come to your senses - come to your senses
Yell - plow
Chill - freeze

Boarding school - a school with a dormitory for students
To blame - to reproach, to reproach
Finger - finger
Povoy - reception of a newborn
Polati - wide sleeping bunks in a hut under the ceiling between the stove and the opposite wall
Pomelo - a broom wrapped in a rag at the end, used for sweeping in the stove
Tried it - tried it on
Kidnapper - thief
Start - start
Clearing - a clearing or lawn in a forest not overgrown with trees
Jumpy - fast
Pryazhon - fried (fry in oil)
The span is an ancient measure, the distance between the thumb and index finger of the hand.

Rat - army
Rosstan - the crossroads of two roads
Dress up - persuade

Sazhen is an ancient Russian measure of length, the distance of the arm span from the fingertips of one hand to the fingertips of the other
Salop - ancient women's outer dress
Sam-ten - ten times more
Sam-five - five times more
Sam-Thursday - four times more
Seredovich is a middle-aged man
Swear tablecloth - tablecloth woven with patterns
Conscience won't bother you - conscience won't bother you
The shrike, the shrike, is a bird from the passerine order.
Studenets - a well with icy water
Susek - a chest in which flour or grain is stored

A talisman is an object that, as superstitious people thought, brings happiness and protects from troubles
Tereben tavern - a regular visitor to the tavern, a regular
Terem - tall houses with a turret at the top
Toilet - toilet, mirror

Clean up - dress up
Stomata - external hole in a Russian stove

Postilion - coachman sitting on the front horse when pulling in a train

Cotton - tow, flax tow
Mansions - big house
To keep more than the apple of one's eye - to keep something more than one's eyes
Khustochka - handkerchief

A flail is a primitive tool for threshing grain, consisting of two connected sticks: a long handle and a shorter working part that strikes the grains.

Servant - servant in the house
Cherevichki - women's shoes with heels and a pointed toe
Chugunka is an obsolete name for the railway

Shandal - candlestick
Fly - a short towel or scarf
Train - elongated hem of a woman's dress

Lye - solution of wood ash

Efa - a small poisonous snake

Yushka - ear

Dishes - food, dishes

Obsolete words are a special group of words that, for one reason or another, are not used in modern speech. They are divided into two categories - historicisms and archaisms. Both of these groups are similar to each other, but still have several significant differences.

Historicisms

These include words denoting special things, positions, phenomena that have ceased to exist in the modern world, but took place earlier. An example of such words is boyar, voivode, petitioner, estate. They do not have synonyms in modern language, and you can only find out their meaning from an explanatory dictionary. Basically, such outdated words refer to the description of life, culture, economy, hierarchy, military and political relations of ancient times.

So, for example, petitioning is: 1) bowing with the forehead touching the ground; or 2) written request. Stolnik is a courtier, one degree lower than a boyar, who usually served at the boyar or royal table.

Most outdated historicism words are found among names related to military themes, as well as those related to household items and clothing: chain mail, visor, redoubt, arquebus, valley, prosak, armyak, seeder, camisole.

Here are some example sentences containing obsolete words. “Petitioners came to the tsar and complained about the governors, and said that they were taking away their estates and then giving them away; the nobles, stewards and boyars’ children also complained that the governors were taking away their palace villages. Cossacks and archers also came to the tsar, bringing petitions , asked for grain and cash wages."

Currently, one of the many groups of historicisms are those that arose during the formation of the USSR: food detachment, Budyonnovets, educational program, committee of the poor, NEP, lichenets, NEPman, Makhnovist, food surplus.

Archaisms

Obsolete languages ​​are classified into another broad group - archaisms. They, in fact, are a subgroup of historicisms - they also include words that have fallen out of use. But their main difference is that they can be replaced by synonyms, which are common words used today. Here are the cheeks, right hand, loins, verses, tightness, ramen. Accordingly, their modern analogues are cheeks, right arm, lower back, poetry, sadness, shoulders.

There are several basic differences between archaism and its synonym. They may differ:

a) lexical meaning (belly - life, guest - merchant);

b) grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform);

c) (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship);

In order to correctly use archaism in a sentence and avoid confusion, use an explanatory dictionary or a dictionary of outdated words.

And here are examples of sentences containing archaisms: “In Moscow lived okolnichi, boyars, clerks, whom Bolotnikov threatened to turn into commoners or kill, and put nameless people in their place; industrialists and wealthy merchants also lived there, courtyards, money, whose shops “Everything was given to the poor.”

In this passage, the following words are archaisms: commoner, yard (in the sense of household), shop (trading enterprise), nameless. It is easy to notice that there are also historicisms here: okolnichy, boyar.

Outdated words perfectly convey the characteristic historicity and make the literary text colorful and bright. But for correct and appropriate use, you must always consult an explanatory dictionary so that flowery phrases do not ultimately turn into nonsense.

Nurullaev Rubin and Duysenova Dinara.

Each person has his own small homeland - the place where we were born, where our ancestors lived, where our roots are. For some it is a big city, for others it is a small village, for others it is a small village. Unfortunately, now these roots are completely forgotten, but this is a whole cultural “layer” of past generations. “Without knowledge of the past, there is no present.” Recently, however, interest in the past has begun to awaken. But history is inexorable. Nowadays, small settlements that sometimes existed for 300 - 400 years are disappearing. Documents, home archives, and outdated words that have acquired new meaning over time are perishing. For example: belly is a farm animal, belly is part of the body. Lesson - damage, evil eye, lesson at school. And the new generation knows them under a new meaning. Some words have multiple meanings. For example: Pechera is a cave, Pechera is a river. Ore is blood, ore is a mineral. This could have happened due to the large number of nationalities and their subsequent displacement. And along with all this, the gap between the past and the future is deepening. It is extremely difficult to trace this gap. The current generation of schoolchildren and their grandparents use different colloquial speech.

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Regional scientific and practical conference “Step into the future”

Research work on Russian language

on this topic

"Using Outdated Words in Everyday Life"

The work was completed by 10th grade students

MKOU "Osypnobugorskaya Secondary School"

Privolzhsky district, village. Osypnoy Hill

Nurullaev Rubin and

Duisenova Dinara.

Scientific supervisor: Kirichenko

Svetlana Georgievna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

2013

Routing

The topic of the scientific work is “The use of obsolete words in everyday life”

School: MKOU "Osypnobugorsk Secondary School"

Information about scientific supervisors – Svetlana Georgievna Kirichenko

Information about the submitted work:

Type of work – abstract and research

Presence in the introduction of an object, subject, goals, objectives of the study - +

Availability of a work plan - +

Number of sources in the bibliographic list –

Preliminary testing of work - school conference

Study period: October-January

Scientific supervisor: Kirichenko S.G.

Head of the institution: G. A. Khalmetova

Research plan

1. Research plan. page 3
2. Introduction. page 5
3. Purpose of work p.5
4. Hypothesis.p. 5
5. Relevance and significance of the work.p. 5
6. Tasks p.5
7. Introduction. page 6.
8. Chapter I “Historical information of the Volga region.” page 6.

Chapter II “Why are there so many different languages?” page 7.

1. Chapter II “Outdated words.” page 8.
2. Sociological survey. page 11
3. Knowledge of outdated words. Page 12
4. Usage of words taking into account different age categories. p. 13
5. Dependence of the use of words taking into account age characteristics.p. 15
6. Lists of people by recognition category.p. 16
7. .List of words with other meanings.p. 17
8. Competition “The best expert on obsolete words.” p. 19
9. Conclusion. page 20
10. Bibliography. page 21
11. Appendix.page 22

Introduction

Each person has his own small homeland - the place where we were born, where our ancestors lived, where our roots are. For some it is a big city, for others it is a small village, for others it is a small village. Unfortunately, now these roots are completely forgotten, but this is a whole cultural “layer” of past generations. “Without knowledge of the past, there is no present.” Recently, however, interest in the past has begun to awaken. But history is inexorable. Nowadays, small settlements that sometimes existed for 300 - 400 years are disappearing. Documents, home archives, and outdated words that have acquired new meaning over time are perishing. For example: belly is a farm animal, belly is part of the body. Lesson - damage, evil eye, lesson at school. And the new generation knows them under a new meaning. Some words have multiple meanings. For example: Pechera is a cave, Pechera is a river. Ore is blood, ore is a mineral. This could have happened due to the large number of nationalities and their subsequent displacement. And along with all this, the gap between the past and the future is deepening. It is extremely difficult to trace this gap. The current generation of schoolchildren and their grandparents use different colloquial speech.

Goal of the work: Find out how outdated words are used in everyday life.

Hypothesis: We assumed that the words are used, but less every year.

Relevance and significance of the work:Without knowledge of the past, there is no present.

Novelty of the work: preserving obsolete words as history, memory of one’s small homeland.

Tasks: 1) Study the literature on this topic.

2) Conduct a sociological survey.

3) Find out the degree of use of words in the form of graphs and

Table

Introduction. Historical information of the Volga region

Privolzhsky district - a municipal entity in the southeastern partAstrakhan regionRussia.

Privolzhsky district is located in the southeastern partAstrakhan regionin the delta of the Volga River and borders on the north withNarimanovsky And Krasnoyarsk districts, in the east with Volodarsky districtand the city areaAstrakhan. The area of ​​the district is 840.9 km².

Based on the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR “On the formation of the Volga region in the Astrakhan region” datedThe 20th of October1980- Privolzhsky district was formed in the Astrakhan region, with the center in the villageNachalovo, due to part of the territoryNarimanovsky districtAstrakhan region. 39 rural settlements.

The population is 40.1 thousand people.

Why are there so many different languages?

The development of language as a means of communication is regulated by two opposing trends: divergence (divergence)

convergence (convergence). These trends are closely related to each other and each individual segment of the historical development of language gives way to each other in the conditions of communication. This is manifested in the fact that the collapse of a once unified linguistic community causes linguistic divergence: new linguistic features that appear in the speech of one of the separated tribes do not spread to the language of the remaining separated groups, and this leads to the accumulation of linguistic differences between them. This is how dialects are formed, varieties of a once common language.

A dialect is the smallest unit of dialect division of a language. In all dialects, the linguistic landscape is considered. Dialects are combined into adverbs, larger territorial units.

Unfamiliar words, but each locality has its own, special words. These are regional or dialect words. They are not part of the national language, but are used only in dialects, and not everywhere, but only in a certain territory. That is why all modern languages ​​in different territories of their distribution are represented by local dialects (in our time - only in rural areas), reflecting the ancient fragmentation of the population of different regions.

Over a long period of isolated development, so many differences can accumulate that different dialects can develop into different languages. On the contrary, in the case of a unification of tribes, the integration of dialects inevitably begins, which is expressed in the smoothing out of linguistic differences, the spread of new linguistic features to the speech of all population groups included in such a union. Due to the large number of nationalities, words have acquired different meanings.

For example: trouble - very, trouble - hard, difficult.

Bereznik - birch forest, bereznik - boletus mushroom.

A lyapa is a slow person, a lyapa is to leave quickly, a lyapa is a small fish.

Outdated words

The words in our vocabulary can be very different in terms of the time of their appearance in the language. The overwhelming majority of old words are included in the active vocabulary, are used by us often and, due to their constant functioning in speech, are not recognized by the old (cf. the words of proto-Slavic origin father, white, carry, when, himself, house, sky, etc.) . Moreover, they form the basis of modern modern vocabulary, although it is replenished with new words very intensively. At the same time, among words that are old in terms of their appearance (even relatively recent), there is also a generally very significant group of words that are used rarely, under certain conditions, in other words, are outdated.

Outdated wordscan be divided into two groups: 1) historicisms; 2) archaisms.

Historicisms (from the Greek historia - a story about past events) - these are words denoting the names of such objects and phenomena that ceased to exist as a result of the development of society. For example:

"Now they were petitioners..."

The highlighted word is historicism. It has no synonyms in modern Russian. The meaning can only be explained by resorting to an encyclopedic description. This is exactly how they are presented in explanatory dictionaries:

1. Petition, -I, cf. 1. In ancient Rus': bow to the ground with the forehead touching the ground. 2. In ancient Rus': a written request.
2. Petitioner, -a, m. In ancient Rus': the one who filed a petition. Petition, oh, and. In ancient Rus': petition (in 2nd meaning), Stolnik, -a, m. In ancient Rus': a courtier, a degree lower than a boyar, originally a courtier who served at the princely or royal table).

The reason for the appearance of historicisms in the language is the change in life, customs, and the development of technology, science, and culture. One things and relationships are replaced by others. For example, with the disappearance of such types of clothing as the armyak, camisole, caftan, the names of these types of clothing disappeared from the Russian language; they can now only be found in historical descriptions. Gone forever are the words: serf, quitrent, corvee and others associated with serfdom in Russia, along with the corresponding concepts.

Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) - these are words that have fallen out of use due to their replacement by new ones, for example: cheeks - cheeks, loins - lower back, right hand - right hand, tight - sadness, verses - poems, ramen - shoulders. All of them have synonyms in modern Russian.

Archaisms may differ from the modern synonymous word in various ways: a different lexical meaning(guest - merchant, belly - life), different grammatical design(perform - perform, at the ball - at the ball), with a different morphemic composition(friendship - friendship, fisherman - fisherman), other phonetic features(Gishpanish - Spanish, mirror - mirror). Some words are completely outdated, but have modern synonyms: so that - so that, destruction - destruction, harm, hope - hope and firmly believe. To clarify the meaning of such words when working with the text of a work of art, it is necessary to use an explanatory dictionary or a dictionary of outdated words. This will help avoid mistakes in interpreting the text.

The reason for the appearance of archaisms is in the development of the language, in the updating of its vocabulary: one words are replaced by others.

Words forced out of use do not disappear without a trace: they are necessary in historical novels and essays - to recreate the life and linguistic flavor of the era.

Sometimes outdated words begin to be used in a new meaning. Thus, the word has returned to the modern Russian language dynasty . Previously, it could only be combined with such definitions as royal, monarchical. Now they talk and write about working dynasties, miner dynasties, meaning families with an “inherited” profession.

We became interested in the population living on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council, since during the study of the material it turned out that outdated words are made up of dialects of different peoples, their customs, way of life, and with the development of technology. And this is due to the appearance of historicisms and archaisms in the language.

Having studied the nationalities of the population of our village, we displayed our research in a diagram:

From this diagram it can be seen that people of different nationalities live on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council, which amounts to 3,140 people. The Tatars occupy the largest number. From this it can be assumed that the obsolete words that were and are used in this territory were formed due to the merging and smoothing of linguistic differences, and the spread of new linguistic features that formed new words.

Sociological survey

The next stage of the research work was a sociological survey among residents of the village of Osypnoy Bugor, belonging to different age groups.

3 groups were identified. A total of 100 people were interviewed.

We included people under 11 years of age (4th grade) in the first group. A total of 53 people.It was interesting to find out whether the proposed words are used by this age category, because Basically, everything modern is valuable to them.

The second age category included people from 12 to 15 (grades 6 – 9) years. Total 33 people. A feature of this age is the transition of children's views to a more serious understanding of life.

The third age category included people 16-17 years old (grades 10-11). There are 17 people in total.At this age, people increasingly begin to appreciate the customs and traditions of their ancestors. They are increasingly remembering their past, assessing their actions with a new look.

Questionnaire questions were asked.

Questions:

1) Do they know the words presented?

2) What words are used?

3) How did you find out about them?

We gave each group different words.

See Appendix 1

Knowledge of obsolete words

Table 1

Usage of words taking into account different age categories.

table 2

Using the table, you can distribute the use of words in this way. 65% know words under 11 years of age

They know these words because...

1) We heard them from our parents.

2) Remember them.

55% of words are not used.

12 - 15 years old 75% actually do not use because... the words are old, but now it’s fashionable to use Western words: cool, awesome, super, O.K. etc., and old words are forgotten.

50% of 16-17 year olds know, heard from relatives and began to use these words. But they have a peculiar pronunciation. Rarely used.

Dependence of the use of words on age characteristics

The graph shows that the percentage of words used is decreasing and it can be assumed that the next generation will completely stop using these words, because they are not studied and are spoken quite rarely. Thus, a large layer of the cultural life of the village may disappear.

Lists of people by recognition category

Conclusion: The table shows that most people know the words from relatives. There are people who know words from books. A small percentage of people learned the words from village residents.

List of words with other meanings

During the study, we examined additional information on this list of words. It turned out that these words have different meanings. It depends on the territory and the cultural characteristics of the population and the area.

Bajit 1. Predict.

ObrosikhaIlyinsk.

2. Drive in the game.

MusonkinoKarag.

Say 1.Transfer. Interpret, narrate, tell something. Plishkari El.

2.Convene.

Berezovka Us.

Z. Scold.

N. Zalesnaya Os.

Wheatear 1. Blackberry.

VilvaSol.

2. A weed with regular yellow small flowers and bitter and sour juice, used as a medicinal product; celandine.

OsokinoSol.

Orel Us R. Romanovo Us.

Z.About a retarded young man.

RakinoCherd.

Lesson 1. Work assigned for a certain period. Gubdor Krasnov.

SvalovaSol.

2.Tax

Lensk Kungur..

In our village, many words have the same meaning and pronunciation. This suggests that the traditions and customs of the population of this territory are very closely intertwined. This also applies to language features.

Each village of the Volga region has its own highlight. In this case, these are words that were used only in our village.

Competition “The best expert on obsolete words”

To preserve outdated words, we held a competition for the title of “The best expert on outdated words” that were used on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council.

Conclusion: not all students were interested in the competition. And since the younger generation is not interested in the past, the problem of connecting generations arises.

Conclusion

The following conclusions can be drawn from the research work:

1) The formation of the linguistic characteristics of village residents has gone through a long historical path.

2) The formation of traditions, customs and rituals occurred due to the development of several archaeological cultures in this territory.

H) The formation of modern peoples is the result of the political and economic unification of tribes or population groups.

4) Due to the large number of nationalities, words have acquired different meanings.

5) The pronunciation and meaning of words are passed down from generation to generation from parents to children. Less commonly learned from books.

6) Depending on age, the use of these words decreases.

We believe that it is necessary to know the outdated words of our area, because this is our culture, our history.

The result of the work was the book “Outdated Words in Pictures”

Suggested methods for saving words:

1) Opening of a linguistic club at the school.

2) Holding school holidays using outdated words.

3) Holding events in the museum using antiques.

Bibliography

1.G.N.Chagin “Peoples and cultures of Astrakhan in the 19th - 20th centuries. "Astrakhan, 1986"

2. I.S. Kaptsugovich “Book for reading on the history of Astrakhan” Astrakhan book publishing house, 1992

3. Textbook “Modern Russian Language” Publishing House “Prosveshchenie” 2005

4. Internet resources.

5. Dictionary of dialects p. Scree Hill.

Application

Appendix 1. Sociological survey.

Vocabulary for 4th grade

Chest of drawers - a low cabinet with drawers for linen or small items,

Azure - light blue color, blue,

To convey from mouth to mouth - to communicate something to another person,

Bylitsa - a blade of grass, a stalk of grass,

Buried - hid,

If - if,

At the Lukomorye - at the sea bay,

Bright purple - red,

He's shivering - someone is shivering from the cold,

Printed gingerbread - gingerbread with printed drawings, letters,

Biryuk is a beast, a bear,

Tenetnik - cobweb, spider.

Dictionary for grades 6-9

Bayat - talk, talk,

Golik - broom,

Kamenka - a stove in a bathhouse,

Zenitsa - eye, pupil,

Alcohol - hunger

The shooter is a fidget, a naughty man,

Dol is the same as valley,

Bajit - to predict,

Altyn - a three-kopeck coin,

Arshin – measure of length (0.71 m)

Evening - evening,

Vya - neck,

Right hand - right hand,

Yesen - autumn

Otkul - from where,

Saden is pain,

Tyn - hedge,

Shaber is a neighbor.

Dictionary for grades 10-11

Knickers - trousers,

Bajit - to predict.

Bayat - talk, talk.

Venge - cry.

Veres - juniper.

Gasnik - lace.

Golik is a broom.

Yes - yes.

Kamenka is a stove in a bathhouse.

Swing - swing.

Nozem - manure.

Window - window.

Uglan is a boy

Run away - run away

Lesson - damage, evil eye.

Faishonka - headscarf,

Seine is a large fishing net,

Incense is a pleasant, aromatic smell.

In the dictionary of obsolete words we have included terms that are currently practically not used or are used very rarely. Outdated words and expressions are words that it is important to familiarize your child with before reading a fairy tale or explain their meaning while reading, so that the meaning of the work is perceived exactly as the authors would like. Some obsolete words and their meaning will be especially useful for the general development of the child, for example, measures of length: vershok, fathom and others.

Outdated words in the Russian language are for the most part those words that have gone out of use in the modern world, but which our old grandparents can still very often use in communication. We can convey to children the kindness of Little Red Riding Hood, the tenderness of Thumbelina, the hard work of Cinderella and many other best character traits of the characters in the language of their great-grandparents and at the same time instill in children respect and interest in our history.

If this dictionary of outdated words of the Russian language does not contain the word you were looking for or you were not able to fully understand the meaning of existing words, write to us through the feedback form, they will definitely answer you.

Abvakhta - guardhouse Perhaps - either - perhaps, maybe Azhno - so Azovka - mythical creature Aksamit - velvet Altyn - three kopecks Asps - poisonous snakes

Babayka - a large oar attached to a boat Baet - speaks, tells Baidak - a river boat with one large sail Balagta - swamp Balakat - speak Canopy - a decorated canopy on posts Balodka - a one-handed hammer Basa - beauty, decoration, panache Batog - stick Bergamots - variety pears Pregnancy - an armful of Bosoviki - slippers Boyars - rich and noble people War - battle Brotherhood - brotherhood Armor - metal clothing that protects a warrior from blows Damask steel - weapons made of steel Burochki - a type of warm boots for cold climates, often felt boots Bureau - table with paper storage box

To go on patrol - to guard, to guard In a bag - to chase Vacation time - vacation Vacation - vacation To know - to know Venuti - to wind, to blow Vershok - an old measure of length, equal to 4.4 centimeters Vestimo - of course, it goes without saying Vetoshka - a rag Knight - a brave warrior , bogatyr Vovan is a liquid fat extracted from the fat of marine mammals. Used for lighting in lamps and street lamps Meet - meet Eversion - the rhizome of a large tree turned out of the ground Endure - withstand, endure, endure

Galushka - dumpling cooked in water or borscht Galyota - a small merchant ship Ganat - guessing Voice of obedience - an answering voice Gorazd - knows how Gorka - a pyramid-shaped shelf for expensive dishes Upper room - room Rowing - a narrow dam on the river

Hay girl - maid Ten - 24 sheets Marvel - surprise, amaze

Food - food, food If - if

Zhaleika - a pipe made of willow bark Zhban - a jug with a lid Burmitsky (Burmite) pearls - large and round pearls Zhernovtsy - a small hand-made chalk

Zagnetka - a place in the fore-furnace where the heat is raked Zagnetka - a place in front of the firebox where the heat is raked Get started - start fasting Ahead of time - sing Lazarus in advance - flatteringly beg Sinisters - small fantastic creatures

Imperial - Indus gold coin - even, so

Treasury - money, wealth, property Kamka - silk colored fabric with patterns Karmazin - dark red cloth Kniksen - bow with a squat as a sign of greeting or gratitude from females Casing - outerwear made of leather Kokurochka - butter flatbread Kolymaga - carriage, in which noble people traveled Korob - a basket, a basket Oblique fathom - an ancient Russian measure of length, the distance from the toes to the end of the fingers of an outstretched hand diagonally is 216 cm Krinitsa - a well, a spring Krosna - a home loom Kudel - a bunch of flax or wool Body - wicker basket

Plate - iron or steel armor worn by warriors Lyko - the bark of a young linden, willow, elm, bast shoes, baskets, baskets are woven from it Lytka - shirk, shirk Lytka - part of the leg below the knee

Damask sword - a sword made of especially strong steel It’s not my first time - it’s not my first time Hoe - a hand-held agricultural tool Ant - overgrown with grass (ant)

Biggest - senior Whip - belt whip Namale - soap Unsalted to sip - be deceived in your expectations Nikoli - never

Flint - a stone or piece of steel for cutting fire from flint Once - once, once Come to your senses - come to your senses Scream - plow Chill - freeze

Boarding house - a school with a dormitory for students Blame - reproach, reproach Finger - finger New - welcoming a newborn Polati - wide sleeping bunks in a hut under the ceiling between the stove and the opposite wall Pomelo - a broom wrapped in a rag at the end, used for sweeping ash in the stove Tried - tried on Kidnapper - thief Start - start Clearing - a clearing or lawn in the forest not overgrown with trees Jumpy - fast Pryazhon - fried (fry in oil) Span - an ancient measure, the distance between the thumb and index finger of the hand

Army - army Rosstan - the crossroads of two roads Dress up - persuade

Sazhen - an ancient Russian measure of length, the distance of the arm span from the fingertips of one hand to the fingertips of the other Salop - an ancient outer women's dress Sam-ten - ten times more Sam-pyat - five times more Sam-Thursday - four times more Seredovich - a middle-aged man A scolded tablecloth - a tablecloth woven with patterns Conscience will not hurt - conscience does not bother Shrike, shrike - a bird from the order of passerines Student - a well with icy water Sousek - a chest in which flour or grain is stored Twist - twist, twist several strands into one a thread