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Doctor live action time. "Doctor Zhivago" main characters

Main characters

Yuri Andreevich Zhivago - doctor, protagonist of the novel
Antonina Alexandrovna Zhivago (Gromeko) - Yuri's wife
Larisa Fyodorovna Antipova (Guichard) - Antipov's wife
Pavel Pavlovich Antipov (Strelnikov) - Lara's husband, revolutionary commissar
Alexander Alexandrovich and Anna Ivanovna Gromeko - Antonina's parents
Evgraf Andreevich Zhivago - major general, stepbrother of Yuri
Nikolai Nikolaevich Vedenyapin - uncle of Yuri Andreevich
Victor Ippolitovich Komarovsky - Moscow lawyer
Katenka Antipova - daughter of Larisa
Misha Gordon and Innokenty Dudorov - Yuri's classmates at the gymnasium
Osip Gimazetdinovich Galliulin - white general
Anfim Efimovich Samdevyatov - advocate
Livery Averkievich Mikulitsyn (Comrade Lesnykh) - Leader of the Forest Brothers
Marina - third common-law wife of Yuri
Tiverzin and Pavel Ferapontovich Antipov - workers of the Brest railway, political prisoners
Maria Nikolaevna Zhivago (Vedenyapina) - Yuri's mother

Plot

The protagonist of the novel, Yuri Zhivago, appears to the reader as a little boy on the first pages of the work describing the funeral of his mother: “We walked and walked and sang“ Eternal Memory ”...” Yura is a descendant of a wealthy family that made a fortune in industrial, commercial and banking operations . The marriage of the parents was not happy: the father left the family before the death of the mother.

Orphaned Yura will be given shelter for a while by his uncle who lives in the south of Russia. Then numerous relatives and friends will send him to Moscow, where he will be adopted as a native into the family of Alexander and Anna Gromeko.

The exclusivity of Yuri becomes apparent quite early - even as a young man, he manifests himself as a talented poet. But at the same time, he decides to follow in the footsteps of his adoptive father Alexander Gromek and enters the medical department of the university, where he also proves himself as a talented doctor. The first love, and later the wife of Yuri Zhivago, is the daughter of his benefactors - Tonya Gromeko.

Yuri and Tony had two children, however, then fate separated them forever, and the doctor never saw his youngest daughter, who was born after the separation.

At the beginning of the novel, new faces constantly appear before the reader. All of them will be connected into a single ball by the further course of the story. One of them is Larisa, the slave of the elderly lawyer Komarovsky, who is trying with all her might and cannot escape from the captivity of his "protection". Lara has a childhood friend - Pavel Antipov, who will later become her husband, and Lara will see her salvation in him. Having married, he and Antipov cannot find their happiness, Pavel will leave his family and go to the front of the First World War. Subsequently, he would become a formidable revolutionary commissar, changing his last name to Strelnikov. At the end of the civil war, he plans to reunite with his family, however, this wish will never come true.

Fate will bring Yuri Zhivago and Lara together in different ways in the provincial Yuryatin-on-Rynva (a fictional city in the Urals, the prototype of which was Perm), where they vainly seek refuge from the revolution that destroys everything and everything. Yuri and Larisa will meet and fall in love with each other. But soon poverty, hunger and repression will separate both the family of Doctor Zhivago and Larina's family. For more than two years, Zhivago would disappear in Siberia, serving as a military doctor as a prisoner of the Red partisans. Having escaped, he will walk back to the Urals - to Yuriatin, where he will meet Lara again. His wife Tonya, together with the children and Yuri's father-in-law, while in Moscow, writes about the imminent forced expulsion abroad. Hoping to wait out the winter and the horrors of the Yuryatinsky Revolutionary Military Council, Yuri and Lara take refuge in the abandoned estate of Varykino. Soon an unexpected guest arrives - Komarovsky, who received an invitation to head the Ministry of Justice in the Far Eastern Republic, proclaimed on the territory of Transbaikalia and the Russian Far East. He persuades Yuri Andreevich to let Lara and her daughter go east with him, promising to send them abroad. Yuri Andreevich agrees, realizing that he will never see them again.

Gradually, he becomes an inveterate drunkard and begins to go crazy with loneliness. Soon Lara's husband, Pavel Antipov (Strelnikov), comes to Varykino. Degraded and wandering across the expanses of Siberia, he tells Yuri Andreyevich about his participation in the revolution, about Lenin, about the ideals of Soviet power, but, having learned from Yuri Andreyevich that Lara has loved and loves him all this time, he understands how bitterly he was mistaken. Strelnikov commits suicide with a shot from a hunting rifle. After Strelnikov's suicide, the doctor returns to Moscow in the hope of fighting for his future life. There he meets his last woman - Marina, the daughter of the former (during Tsarist Russia) Zhivagovsky janitor Markel. In a civil marriage with Marina, they have two girls. Yuri gradually descends, abandons his scientific and literary activities, and, even realizing his fall, cannot do anything about it. One morning, on his way to work, he becomes ill on the tram and dies of a heart attack in the center of Moscow. His half-brother Evgraf and Lara come to say goodbye to his coffin, who will go missing soon after.

Publication history

The first edition of the novel in Russian was published on November 23, 1957 in Milan by the Giangiacomo Feltrinelli publishing house, which was one of the reasons for the persecution of Pasternak by the Soviet authorities. According to Ivan Tolstoy, the publication was published with the assistance of the US CIA.

Nobel Prize

On September 23, 1958, Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize with the wording "for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel." Due to the persecution that unfolded in the USSR, Pasternak was forced to refuse to receive the award. Only on December 9, the Nobel diploma and medal were awarded in Stockholm to the son of the writer Yevgeny Pasternak.

Because this man overcame what all the other writers in the Soviet Union could not overcome. For example, Andrei Sinyavsky sent his manuscripts to the West under the pseudonym Abram Tertz. In the USSR in 1958 there was only one person who, raising his visor, said: “I am Boris Pasternak, I am the author of the novel Doctor Zhivago. And I want it to come out in the form in which it was created. And this man was awarded the Nobel Prize. I believe that this highest award was given to the most correct person at that time on Earth.

Bullying

The persecution of Pasternak because of the novel "Doctor Zhivago" became one of the reasons for his serious illness and premature death in. The persecution began immediately after the publication of the novel in the West. The tone was set by Nikita Khrushchev, who from the podium said very rudely about Pasternak: "Even a pig does not shit where it eats." In a TASS statement dated November 2, 1958, it was stated that in "his anti-Soviet essay, Pasternak slandered the social system and the people." The head of the department of culture of the Central Committee of the party, D.A. Polikarpov. The fact that the book was published abroad was presented by the authorities as a betrayal and anti-Soviet, while the condemnation of the book by the working people was presented as a manifestation of patriotism. In a resolution of the Union of Writers of October 28, 1958, Pasternak was called a narcissistic aesthete and decadent, a slanderer and a traitor. Lev Oshanin accused Pasternak of cosmopolitanism, Boris Polevoy called him "literary Vlasov", Vera Inber convinced the joint venture to apply to the government with a request to deprive Pasternak of Soviet citizenship. Then Pasternak was “exposed” for several months in a row in major newspapers such as Pravda and Izvestia, magazines, on radio and television, forcing him to refuse the Nobel Prize awarded to him. His novel, which no one read in the USSR, was condemned at rallies organized by the authorities during the working day in institutes, ministries, factories, factories, and collective farms. Speakers called Pasternak - a slanderer, a traitor, a renegade of society; offered to judge and expel from the country. Collective letters were published in newspapers, read on the radio. Both people who had nothing to do with literature (they were weavers, collective farmers, workers) and professional writers were involved as accusers. So, Sergei Mikhalkov wrote a fable about "a certain cereal, which was called parsnips." Later, the campaign to defame Pasternak received the capacious sarcastic title “I didn’t read it, but I condemn it! ". These words often figured in the speeches of public prosecutors, many of whom did not take books at all. The persecution, which had declined at one time, intensified again after the publication on February 11, 1959 in the British Daily Mail of Pasternak's poem "The Nobel Prize" with a commentary by correspondent Anthony Brown about the ostracism of the Nobel laureate in his homeland.

The publication of the novel and the awarding of the Nobel Prize to the author led, in addition to persecution, to the exclusion of Pasternak from the Writers' Union of the USSR (posthumously reinstated in). The Moscow organization of the Union of Writers of the USSR, following the Board of the Union of Writers, demanded the expulsion of Pasternak from the Soviet Union and the deprivation of his Soviet citizenship. In 1960, Alexander Galich wrote a poem on the death of Pasternak, which contains the following lines:

We will not forget this laughter, And this boredom! We will remember by name everyone who raised their hand!

Among the writers who demanded the expulsion of Pasternak from the USSR were L. I. Oshanin, A. I. Bezymensky, B. A. Slutsky, S. A. Baruzdin, B. N. Polevoy, Konstantin Simonov and many others.

It is widely believed that the prototype of the city of Yuriatin from Doctor Zhivago is Perm.

“Fifty years ago, at the end of 1957, the first edition of Doctor Zhivago came out in Milan. In Perm, on this occasion, the Yuryatin Foundation even issued a wall calendar “Zhivago Time”, and in it there is an annual list of anniversary events.” (see Conversation about life and death. To the 50th anniversary of "Doctor Zhivago").

Pasternak spent the winter of 1916 in the Urals, in the village of Vsevolodo-Vilva, Perm province, accepting an invitation to work in the office of the manager of the Vsevolodo-Vilvensky chemical plants B. I. Zbarsky as an assistant for business correspondence and trade and financial reporting. In the same year, the poet visited the Berezniki soda plant on the Kama. In a letter to S.P. Bobrov dated June 24, 1916, Boris calls the soda plant "Lubimov, Solvay and K" and the European-style settlement attached to it "a small industrial Belgium."

E. G. Kazakevich, after reading the manuscript, stated: “It turns out, judging by the novel, the October Revolution is a misunderstanding and it was better not to do it”, K. M. Simonov, editor-in-chief of Novy Mir, also reacted by refusing to publish the novel: "You can't give a tribune to Pasternak!"

The French edition of the novel (Gallimard,) was illustrated by the Russian artist and animator Alexander Alekseev (-) using the “needle screen” technique he developed.

Screen adaptations

A country	Name	Director	Cast	Note
Brazil	Doctor Zhivago ( Doutor Jivago )			TV
USA	Doctor Zhivago ( Doctor Zhivago)	David Lean	Omar Sharif ( Yuri Zhivago), Julie Christie ( Lara Antipova), Rod Steiger ( Victor Komarovsky)	Winner of 5 Oscars

In the last months of the war, Boris Pasternak was often invited to Moscow University, the Polytechnic Museum and the House of Scientists, where he publicly read his poems. Therefore, he hoped that the victory would significantly affect the political climate. But a bitter disappointment awaited him: the attacks of the leaders of the Writers' Union continued. He could not be forgiven for his ever-increasing popularity among foreign readers.

Starting a novel

The idea of the novel "Doctor Zhivago", the history of which began at the very beginning of Pasternak's creative path, was formed in the mind of the poet for a long time. But in the fall of 1945, having brought together all the images, thoughts, intonations, he realized that he was ready to begin work on the work. Moreover, the plot was so clearly formed into a single line that the poet expected that it would take him only a few months to write the novel.

We can say that February 1946 is the beginning of Pasternak's work on the novel. After all, it was then that the poem "Hamlet" was written, which opens the last chapter of Doctor Zhivago.

And in August the first chapter was already ready. He read it to close friends. But on August 14, “the very same” Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad was issued. Despite the fact that it had no direct relation to Pasternak (it affected the fate of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko), this event gave rise to a new round of struggle against "ideologically alien" authors. Even more, his situation worsened when rumors spread about the possible nomination of Pasternak for the Nobel Prize.

Working on the first chapters

However, the author did not stop working. The novel "Doctor Zhivago" captivated Pasternak so much that by the end of December two more chapters were completed. And the first two were copied to a clean copy, the sheets of which were sewn into a notebook.

It is known that the original name was different: "Boys and Girls". So the author called his work at the first stages of creation. It was not only a description of the historical image of Russia in the first half of the 20th century, but also an expression of Pasternak's subjective views on the place of man in the formation of the world, on art and politics, etc.

In the same 1946, the poet meets a woman who became his last love. It was At the beginning of the acquaintance, she served as a secretary. There were plenty of barriers between them. These are past tragedies and current life circumstances. Ivinskaya's first husband committed suicide, the second was also dead. And Pasternak at that time was married for the second time, he had children.

Their love was against all odds. Many times they parted forever, but they could not live apart. Pasternak himself admitted that it was precisely the features of Olga that he put into the image of the main character of the novel, Lara Guichard.

Break

The difficult financial situation forced Pasternak to interrupt work on the novel Doctor Zhivago. The history of creation continued in the next year, 1948. And the whole of 1947, the poet was engaged in translations, because he had to provide not only himself, but also all those whom he voluntarily took care of. This is his own family, and Nina Tabidze (wife of the repressed Georgian poet), Ariadna and Anastasia Tsvetaeva (daughter and sister of the poetess), and the widow of Andrei Bely, and, finally, the children of Olga Ivinskaya.

In the summer of 1948, the fourth chapter of the novel was completed. At the same time, the author gave the final title to the work: Doctor Zhivago. The content has already been structured, the parts are also titled.

He would finish the seventh chapter only by the spring of 1952. In the autumn it was printed in white. Thus ended the work on the first book of the novel "Doctor Zhivago". The author suffered a myocardial infarction a few days later, was hospitalized and stayed in the hospital for more than two months. There, being in an extremely difficult condition, he suddenly felt close to the Creator. This feeling influenced the mood of his works.

After the death of Stalin and the execution of Beria, there was a noticeable revival of literary life. Yes, and Boris Pasternak perked up, especially since Olga Ivinskaya returned from the camps. In 1954 ten poems from the unfinished novel were published.

Completion of Doctor Zhivago

In the autumn of 1954, Pasternak and Ivinskaya resumed their close relationship. Olga spent the summer of 1955 near Peredelkino. There the poet rented a house for her. He could not completely leave his family. Tormented by an unbearable sense of guilt before his wife, he led a double life. Since that time, Olga has been almost completely engaged in Pasternak's money, editorial and publishing affairs. Now Boris Leonidovich has more time for creativity. In July, he was already working on the epilogue. The finishing touches were made at the end of 1955.

The further fate of the novel

Hoping for a liberalization of views, Pasternak offers the manuscript of the novel to two publishers at the same time. Also, for the purpose of acquaintance, Boris Leonidovich gave the manuscript to the radio correspondent, the Italian Sergio d'Angelo, who was also a literary agent of the publisher Giangiacomo Feltrinelli. Most likely, the poet knew this fact. Soon he received the expected news from an Italian publisher who offered to publish the novel. Pasternak accepted the offer, but was sure that his work (“Doctor Zhivago”) would be published faster in his native country. The history of the creation of the novel is interesting because it is full of unexpected twists and turns. None of the magazines gave an answer, and only in September Pasternak received an official refusal from the Novy Mir publishing house.

The poet did not give up and still believed in the success of the novel in his homeland. Indeed, Goslitizdat accepted the novel Doctor Zhivago for publication. But the event itself was delayed due to numerous amendments and withdrawals of editors. Unexpectedly, several poems and two chapters from Doctor Zhivago were published by the Polish magazine Opinie. This was the start of a scandal. Pasternak was under pressure to withdraw the manuscript from Feltrinelli. Boris Leonidovich sent a telegram to the Italian publisher demanding that the text of the novel be returned. However, behind the back of the Union of Writers, Pasternak simultaneously gives permission to Feltrinelli to publish the novel Doctor Zhivago. The author gave the go-ahead to preserve the original text.

Even the conversation of Pasternak's main persecutor with the Italian did not change the decision to publish the novel. Also in other countries, the first copies of the work were already being prepared for release.

The reaction of the West to the novel "Doctor Zhivago". The history of creation ended in tragedy

The reaction of Western critics was so resonant that they again wanted to nominate Pasternak for the Nobel Prize. The author was very encouraged by the attention of foreign readers and gladly answered letters coming from all over the world. On October 23, 1958, he received a telegram with the news that he had been awarded the Nobel Prize and an invitation to receive it.

It is clear that the Writers' Union was against the trip, and Pasternak was directly instructed to refuse the prize. Pasternak did not accept this ultimatum, and, as a result, was expelled from the membership of the Writers' Union of the USSR.

Last lines

Boris Leonidovich was so morally exhausted and driven to the point that he nevertheless changed his mind and refused the prize. But this did not reduce the flurry of angry statements addressed to him. The poet understood that this scandal could turn into even more serious consequences for him. He suffered very much. He expressed his feelings in one of his last poems. This poem was the answer to all attacks and angry discussions. But at the same time, the last lines spoke again about the personal: about the break with Olga, for whom he missed so much.

Soon Pasternak had a heart attack. And three weeks later, on May 30, 1960, Boris Leonidovich died.

The life and fate of Pasternak is one of the most amazing in the history of our literature, with its tragedy and heroism.

B. Pasternak, "Doctor Zhivago": a summary

The novel describes the events of 1903-1929. The main character is a doctor. This is a person with very creative views and an interesting character. Life's difficulties touched him as early as childhood, when his father first left the family, who later committed suicide, and at the age of 11 he lost his mother. He, in fact, is Dr. Zhivago. Yuri Zhivago lived a not very long, but very eventful life. There were several women in his life, but only one love. Her name was Lara Guichard. Fate gave them quite a bit of time to be together. Difficult times, obligations to other people, life circumstances - everything was against their love. Yuri dies in 1929 from a heart attack. But later, his half-brother finds his notes and poems, which make up the final part of the novel.

The plot lines of the novel were largely influenced by the difficulty with which Boris Pasternak wrote his work. "Doctor Zhivago", the brief content of which does not give the fullness of sensations from this great work, was very warmly received in the West and so cruelly rejected in the Soviet Union. Therefore, every Russian needs to read this magnificent novel and feel the spirit of a real Russian person.

"Doctor Zhivago" is a novel by Boris Pasternak. "Doctor Zhivago" was created over ten years, from 1955 to 1955, and is the pinnacle of his work as a prose writer. The novel is accompanied by poems by the protagonist - Yuri Andreevich Zhivago.

Drawing a wide canvas of the life of the Russian intelligentsia against the backdrop of a dramatic period from the beginning of the century to the Great Patriotic War, through the prism of the biography of the doctor-poet, the book touches on the mystery of life and death, the problems of Russian history, the intelligentsia and the revolution, Christianity, and Jewry.

The book was sharply negatively received by the Soviet official literary environment and rejected from publication due to the author's ambiguous position in relation to the October Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent life of the country.

Main characters

Yuri Andreevich Zhivago - doctor, protagonist of the novel
Antonina Alexandrovna Zhivago (Gromeko) - Yuri's wife
Larisa Fyodorovna Antipova (Guichard) - Antipov's wife
Pavel Pavlovich Antipov (Strelnikov) - Lara's husband, revolutionary commissar
Alexander Alexandrovich and Anna Ivanovna Gromeko - Antonina's parents
Evgraf Andreevich Zhivago - major general, half-brother of Yuri
Nikolai Nikolaevich Vedenyapin - uncle of Yuri Andreevich
Victor Ippolitovich Komarovsky - Moscow lawyer
Katenka Antipova - daughter of Larisa
Mikhail Gordon and Innokenty Dudorov - Yuri's classmates at the gymnasium
Osip Gimazetdinovich Galliulin - white general
Anfim Efimovich Samdevyatov - lawyer, Bolshevik
Livery Averkievich Mikulitsyn (Comrade Lesnykh) - Leader of the Forest Brothers
Marina - third common-law wife of Yuri
Kipriyan Savelyevich Tiverzin and Pavel Ferapontovich Antipov - workers of the Brest railway, political prisoners
Maria Nikolaevna Zhivago (Vedenyapina) - Yuri's mother
Prov Afanasyevich Sokolov - acolyte
Shura Schlesinger - friend of Antonina Alexandrovna
Marfa Gavrilovna Tiverzina - savely's wife

Plot

The protagonist of the novel, Yuri Zhivago, appears to the reader as a little boy on the first pages of the work describing the funeral of his mother: “We walked and walked and sang“ Eternal Memory ”...”. Yura is the descendant of a wealthy family who made a fortune in industrial, commercial and banking operations. The marriage of the parents was not happy: the father left the family before the death of the mother.

The exclusivity of Yuri becomes apparent quite early - even as a young man, he manifests himself as a talented poet. But at the same time, he decides to follow in the footsteps of his foster father Alexander Gromeko and enters the medical department of the university, where he also proves himself as a talented doctor. The first love, and later the wife of Yuri Zhivago, is the daughter of his benefactors - Tonya Gromeko.

Yuri and Tony had two children, but then fate separated them forever, and the doctor never saw his youngest daughter, who was born after the separation.

At the beginning of the novel, new faces constantly appear before the reader. All of them will be connected into a single ball by the further course of the story. One of them is Larisa, the slave of the elderly lawyer Komarovsky, who is trying with all her might and cannot escape from the captivity of his "protection". Lara has a childhood friend - Pavel Antipov, who will later become her husband, and Lara will see her salvation in him. Having married, he and Antipov cannot find their happiness, Pavel will leave his family and go to the front of the First World War. Subsequently, he would become a formidable revolutionary commissar, changing his last name to Strelnikov. At the end of the Civil War, he plans to reunite with his family, but this wish will never come true.

Gradually, he begins to go crazy with loneliness. Soon Lara's husband, Pavel Antipov (Strelnikov), comes to Varykino. Degraded and wandering across the expanses of Siberia, he tells Yuri Andreyevich about his participation in the revolution, about Lenin, about the ideals of Soviet power, but, having learned from Yuri Andreyevich that Lara has loved and loves him all this time, he understands how bitterly he was mistaken. Strelnikov commits suicide with a shot from a rifle. After Strelnikov's suicide, the doctor returns to Moscow in the hope of fighting for his future life. There he meets his last woman - Marina, the daughter of the former (still under Tsarist Russia) Zhivagovsky janitor Markel. In a civil marriage with Marina, they have two girls. Yuri gradually descends, abandons his scientific and literary activities, and, even realizing his fall, cannot do anything about it. One morning, on his way to work, he becomes ill on the tram and dies of a heart attack in the center of Moscow. His half-brother Evgraf and Lara come to say goodbye to his coffin, who will go missing soon after.

The beginning of work on the novel coincided with Pasternak's completion of the translation of Shakespeare's Hamlet. (February 1946 dates from the first version of the poem "Hamlet", which opens the "Notebook of Yuri Zhivago").

Prototype of Doctor Zhivago

Olga Ivinskaya testifies that the very name "Zhivago" arose from Pasternak, when he accidentally "stumbled upon a round cast-iron tile with the" autograph "of the manufacturer -" Zhivago "... and decided that let him be like this, unknown, not that from a merchant, not that from a semi-intellectual milieu; this man will be his literary hero."

About the prototype of Doctor Zhivago, Pasternak himself reports the following:

“I am currently writing a long novel in prose about a man who constitutes a kind of resultant between Blok and me (and Mayakovsky and Yesenin, perhaps). He will die in 1929. What remains of him is a book of poems, which forms one of the chapters of the second part. The time embraced by the novel is 1903-1945. In spirit, this is something between the Karamazovs and Wilhelm Meister.

Publication history

In the spring of 1956, B. L. Pasternak offered the manuscript of the newly completed novel Doctor Zhivago to two leading literary and artistic magazines Novy Mir and Znamya and the almanac Literaturnaya Moskva.

In the summer of 1956, Pasternak, not hoping for an early publication of the novel in the USSR, gave a copy of the manuscript to the Italian publisher Giangiacomo Feltrinelli through the journalist Sergio D'Angelo.

In September 1956, Pasternak received a reply from Novy Mir magazine:

In August 1957, Pasternak told the Italian Slavist Vittorio Strada how he had recently been forced to sign a telegram under pressure from government officials to stop the Italian publication. He asked to convey to D. Feltrinelli a request not to take into account new "bans" on his part on the publication of the novel, "so that the book comes out at all costs".

On November 23, 1957, the novel was published in Milan by Giangiacomo Feltrinelli. According to Ivan Tolstoy, the publication was published with the assistance of the US CIA.

On October 25, 1958, the editors of the journal Novy Mir asked Literaturnaya Gazeta to publish a letter sent in September 1956 by members of the then editorial board of the journal personally to B. L. Pasternak regarding the manuscript of his novel Doctor Zhivago:

... This letter, which rejected the manuscript, of course, was not intended for publication ...

... Now, as it became known, Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize ... ... we now consider it necessary to make public this letter from members of the former editorial board of Novy Mir to B. Pasternak. It convincingly explains why Pasternak's novel could not find a place on the pages of a Soviet magazine...

... The letter is simultaneously printed in the eleventh book of the New World.

Editor-in-Chief of the Novy Mir magazine A. T. Tvardovsky. Editorial board: E. N. Gerasimov, S. N. Golubov, A. G. Dementiev (deputy editor-in-chief), B. G. Zaks, B. A. Lavrenyov, V. V. Ovechkin, K. A. Fedin .

In February 1977, Konstantin Simonov, in an open letter to the German writer A. Andersch, wrote that in connection with the political controversy that had arisen:

... More than two years later, when the editor of Novy Mir was no longer me, but Alexander Tvardovsky, this letter, exactly in the form in which we then, in September 1956, sent it to Pasternak, was printed on the pages of Novy Mir ”by his new editorial board in response to reports of an anti-Soviet campaign raised by foreign reaction over the award of the Nobel Prize to Boris Pasternak ...

In the USSR, the novel was distributed in samizdat for three decades and was published only during the “perestroika” period.

Nobel Prize

On October 23, 1958, Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize with the wording "for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel." The authorities of the USSR, headed by N. S. Khrushchev, perceived this event with indignation, since they considered the novel to be anti-Soviet. Due to the persecution that unfolded in the USSR, Pasternak was forced to refuse to receive the award. Only on December 9, 1989, the Nobel diploma and medal were awarded in Stockholm to the son of the writer Yevgeny Pasternak.

Because this man overcame what all the other writers in the Soviet Union could not overcome. For example, Andrei Sinyavsky sent his manuscripts to the West under the pseudonym Abram Tertz. In the USSR in 1958 there was only one person who, raising his visor, said: “I am Boris Pasternak, I am the author of the novel Doctor Zhivago. And I want it to come out in the form in which it was created. And this man was awarded the Nobel Prize. I believe that this highest award was given to the most correct person at that time on Earth.

Bullying

The persecution of Pasternak because of the novel "Doctor Zhivago" became one of the reasons for his serious illness and premature death in. The persecution began immediately after the Nobel Prize was awarded to the novel at the end of October 1958. The tone was set by Nikita Khrushchev, who, in the circle of party and state officials, said very rudely about Pasternak: “Even a pig does not shit where it eats.” Soon, "pig" analogies, at the direction of Khrushchev, were used in a report dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the Komsomol, the first secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee Vladimir Semichastny. In a TASS statement dated November 2, 1958, it was stated that in "his anti-Soviet essay, Pasternak slandered the social system and the people." The head of the department of culture of the Central Committee of the party D. A. Polikarpov became the direct coordinator of public and newspaper persecution. The fact that the book was published abroad was presented by the authorities as a betrayal and anti-Soviet, while the condemnation of the book by the “working people” was presented as a manifestation of universal solidarity with the authorities. In a resolution of the Union of Writers of October 28, 1958, Pasternak was called a narcissistic aesthete and decadent, a slanderer and a traitor. Lev Oshanin accused Pasternak of cosmopolitanism, Boris Polevoy called him "literary Vlasov", Vera Inber persuaded the joint venture to apply to the government with a request to deprive Pasternak of Soviet citizenship. Then Pasternak was “exposed” for several months in a row in major newspapers such as Pravda and Izvestia, magazines, on radio and television, forcing him to refuse the Nobel Prize awarded to him. His novel, which no one read in the USSR, was condemned at rallies organized by the authorities during the working day in institutes, ministries, factories, factories, and collective farms. Speakers called Pasternak - a slanderer, a traitor, a renegade of society; offered to judge and expel from the country. Collective letters were published in newspapers, read on the radio. Both people who had nothing to do with literature (they were weavers, collective farmers, workers) and professional writers were involved as accusers. So, Sergei Mikhalkov wrote a fable about "a certain cereal, which was called parsnips." Later, the campaign to defame Pasternak received the capacious sarcastic title “I didn’t read it, but I condemn it! ". These words often figured in the speeches of public prosecutors, many of whom did not take books at all. The persecution, which had declined at one time, intensified again after the publication on February 11, 1959 in the British Daily Mail of Pasternak's poem "The Nobel Prize" with a commentary by correspondent Anthony Brown about the ostracism of the Nobel laureate in his homeland.

We will not forget this laughter, And this boredom! We will remember by name everyone who raised their hand!

Among the writers who demanded the expulsion of Pasternak from the USSR were L. I. Oshanin, A. I. Bezymensky, B. A. Slutsky, S. A. Baruzdin, B. N. Polevoy, K. M. Simonov and many others. Publicly no one raised his voice in defense of Pasternak at that moment. However, they refused to participate in the persecution and sympathized with the disgraced poet from the writers of the older generation - Veniamin Kaverin and Vsevolod Ivanov, from the young writers - Andrei Voznesensky, Evgeny Yevtushenko, Bella Akhmadulina, Bulat Okudzhava.

It is widely believed that the prototype of the city of Yuriatin from " Doctor Zhivago» is Perm.

“Fifty years ago, at the end of 1957, the first edition of Doctor Zhivago came out in Milan. In Perm, on this occasion, the Yuryatin Foundation even issued a wall calendar “Zhivago Time”, and in it there is an annual list of anniversary events.” (see Conversation about life and death. To the 50th anniversary of "Doctor Zhivago").

E. G. Kazakevich, after reading the manuscript, stated: “It turns out, judging by the novel, the October Revolution is a misunderstanding and it was better not to do it”, K. M. Simonov, editor-in-chief of Novy Mir, also reacted by refusing to publish the novel: "You can't give a tribune to Pasternak!"

The French edition of the novel (Gallimard,) was illustrated by the Russian artist and animator Alexander Alekseev (-) using the “needle screen” technique he developed.

Screen adaptations

A country	Name	Director	Cast	Note
Brazil	Doctor Zhivago ( Doutor Jivago )			TV
USA	Doctor Zhivago ( Doctor Zhivago)	David Lean	Omar Sharif ( Yuri Zhivago), Julie Christie ( Lara Antipova), Rod Steiger ( Victor Komarovsky)	Winner of 5 Oscars
Great Britain, USA , Germany	Doctor Zhivago ( Doctor Zhivago)	Giacomo Campiotti	Hans Matheson ( Yuri Zhivago), Keira Knightley ( Lara Antipova), Sam Neill ( Victor Komarovsky)	TV/DVD
Russia	Doctor Zhivago	Alexander Proshkin	Oleg Menshikov ( Yuri Zhivago), Chulpan Khamatova ( Lara Antipova), Oleg Yankovsky ( Victor Komarovsky)	Television 11-episode film (NTV, Russia)

dramatizations

Year	Theater	Name	Director	Cast	Note
	Theater on Taganka	Zhivago (doctor)	Yuri Lyubimov	Anna Agapova ( Lara), Lyubov Selyutina ( Tonya), Valery Zolotukhin ( Yuri), Alexander Trofimov ( Paul), Felix Antipov ( Komarovsky)	A musical parable based on the novel and poetry of different years by A. Blok , O. Mandelstam , B. Pasternak , A. Pushkin . Composer Alfred Schnittke
	Perm Drama Theater	Doctor Zhivago

When Yurin's uncle Nikolai Nikolayevich moved to St. Petersburg, other relatives, Gromeko, took care of him, who was left an orphan at the age of ten, in whose house on Sivtsev Vrazhka there were interesting people, and where the atmosphere of a professorial family was quite conducive to the development of Yuri's talents.

The daughter of Alexander Alexandrovich and Anna Ivanovna (nee Kruger) Tonya was a good friend to him, and a classmate at the gymnasium Misha Gordon was a close friend, so he did not suffer from loneliness.

Once, during a home concert, Alexander Alexandrovich had to accompany one of the invited musicians on an urgent call to the rooms where his good friend Amalia Karlovna Guichard had just tried to commit suicide. The professor yielded to the request of Yura and Misha and took them with him.

While the boys stood in the hallway and listened to the complaints of the victim that she was driven to such a step by terrible suspicions, which fortunately turned out to be only the fruit of her frustrated imagination, a middle-aged man came out from behind the partition into the next room, waking up the girl sleeping in the armchair.

At the looks of the man, she answered with a wink of an accomplice, pleased that everything worked out and their secret was not revealed. There was something frighteningly magical about this silent communication, as if he were a puppeteer and she a puppet. Yura's heart sank from the contemplation of this enslavement. On the street, Misha told a friend that he had met this man. A few years ago, he and dad rode with him on the train, and he soldered Yuri's father on the road, who then rushed off the platform onto the rails.

The girl Yura saw turned out to be the daughter of Madame Guichard. Larisa was a high school student. At sixteen, she looked eighteen years old and was somewhat burdened by the position of a child - the same as her friends. This feeling intensified when she succumbed to the courtship of Viktor Ippolitovich Komarovsky, whose role under her mother was not limited to the role of an adviser in business and a friend at home. He became her nightmare, he enslaved her.

A few years later, already a medical student, Yuri Zhivago met Lara again under unusual circumstances.

Together with Tonya Gromeko, on the eve of Christmas, they went to the Christmas tree to Sventitsky along Kamergersky Lane. Recently, Anna Ivanovna, who was seriously ill for a long time, joined their hands, saying that they were made for each other. Tonya really was a close and understanding person. And at that moment, she caught his mood and did not interfere with admiring the frosty, glowing windows from the inside, in one of which Yuri noticed a black thaw patch, through which the candle fire was visible, turned to the street with an almost conscious look. At that moment, the lines of poems that had not yet taken shape were born: “The candle was burning on the table, the candle was burning ...”

He did not even suspect that outside the window Lara Guichard was saying at that moment to Pasha Antipov, who had not hidden his adoration since childhood, that if he loves her and wants to keep her from death, they should immediately get married. After that, Lara went to the Sventitskys, where Yura and Tonya were having fun in the hall, and where Komarovsky was sitting at the cards. At about two o'clock in the morning, a shot suddenly rang out in the house. Lara, shooting at Komarovsky, missed, but the bullet hit a fellow prosecutor of the Moscow Court of Justice. When Lara was led through the hall, Yura was stunned - she was the one! And again the same grey-haired one that was related to the death of his father! To crown it all, having returned home, Tonya and Yura no longer found Anna Ivanovna alive.

Through the efforts of Komarovsky, Lara was saved from trial, but she fell ill, and Pasha was not allowed to see her yet. However, Kologrivov came, brought "premium". More than three years ago, Lara, in order to get rid of Komarovsky, became the tutor of his youngest daughter. Everything was going well, but then her empty brother Rodya lost the public money. He was going to shoot himself if his sister didn't help him. The Kologrivovs helped out with money, and Lara handed them over to Roda, taking away the revolver from which he wanted to shoot himself. Kologrivov could not repay the debt. Lara, secretly from Pasha, sent money to his exiled father and paid extra money to the owners of the room in Kamergersky. The girl considered her position with the Kologrivovs to be false, she did not see a way out of it, except to ask Komarovsky for money. Life disgusted her. At the ball at the Sventitskys, Viktor Ippolitovich pretended to be busy with cards and did not notice Lara. He turned to the girl who entered the hall with a smile, the meaning of which Lara understood so well ...

When Lara got better, she and Pasha got married and left for Yuryatin, in the Urals. After the wedding, the young people talked until the morning. His guesses alternated with Larina's confessions, after which his heart sank ... In the new place, Larisa taught at the gymnasium and was happy, although she had a house and a three-year-old Katenka. Pasha taught Latin and ancient history. The wedding was celebrated by Yura and Tonya. Meanwhile, the war broke out. Yuri Andreevich ended up at the front, not having time to really see his son who was born. In another way, Pavel Pavlovich Antipov fell into the heat of battle.

Relations with his wife were not easy. He doubted her love for him. In order to free everyone from this fake family life, he completed officer courses and ended up at the front, where he was captured in one of the battles. Larisa Fedorovna entered the hospital train as a sister and went to look for her husband. Lieutenant Galiullin, who knew Pasha from childhood, claimed to have seen him die.

Zhivago witnessed the collapse of the army, the excesses of the anarchist deserters, and when he returned to Moscow, he found even more terrible devastation. What he saw and experienced made the doctor reconsider a lot in his attitude to the revolution.

To survive, the family moved to the Urals, to the former estate of the Krugers Varykino, not far from the city of Yuriatin. The path ran through snow-covered spaces, where armed gangs ruled, through areas of recently pacified uprisings, repeating with horror the name of Strelnikov, who was pushing the whites under the command of Colonel Galiullin.

In Varykino, they stopped first at the former manager of the Krugers, Mikulitsyn, and then in an annex for servants. They planted potatoes and cabbage, put the house in order, the doctor sometimes received patients. The half-brother Evgraf, who suddenly appeared, energetic, mysterious, very influential, helped to strengthen their position. Antonina Alexandrovna, it seems, was expecting a child.

Over time, Yuri Andreevich got the opportunity to visit Yuriatin in the library, where he saw Larisa Fedorovna Antipova. She told him about herself, that Strelnikov was her husband Pavel Antipov, who returned from captivity, but disappeared under a different surname and did not maintain relations with his family. When he took Yuryatin, he bombarded the city with shells and never once inquired whether his wife and daughter were alive.

Two months later, Yuri Andreevich once again returned from the city to Varykino, He deceived Tonya, continuing to love her, and was tormented by this. On that day, he was driving home with the intention of confessing everything to his wife and not seeing Lara again.

Suddenly, three armed men blocked his path and announced that the doctor had been mobilized into the detachment of Livery Mikulitsyn from that moment on. The doctor's work was up to his neck: in winter - typhus, in summer - dysentery, and in all seasons - the wounded. Before Liveriy, Yuri Andreevich did not hide the fact that the ideas of October did not inflame him, that they were still so far from being implemented, and seas of blood were paid for just talk about this, so that the end does not justify the means. And the very idea of remaking life was born by people who did not feel its spirit. Two years of captivity, separation from the family, deprivation and danger ended with an escape.

In Yuriatin, the doctor appeared at the moment when the whites left the city, handing it over to the reds. He looked wild, unwashed, hungry and weak. Larisa Fyodorovna and Katenka were not at home. In the key cache, he found a note. Larisa and her daughter went to Varykino, hoping to find him there. His thoughts were confused, fatigue drove him to sleep. He kindled the stove, ate a little and, without undressing, fell sound asleep. When he woke up, he realized that he was undressed, washed and lying in a clean bed, that he had been ill for a long time, but was quickly recovering thanks to the cares of Lara, although there was nothing to think about returning to Moscow until he was fully recovered. Zhivago went to serve in the Guberniya, and Larisa Fedorovna - in Gubono. However, clouds were gathering over them. The doctor was seen as a social alien, under Strelnikov the ground began to tremble. An emergency was raging in the city.

At this time, a letter arrived from Tony: the family was in Moscow, but Professor Gromeko, and with him her children (now they have a daughter, Masha, in addition to their son), are being sent abroad. Woe is that she loves him, but he does not love her. Let him build life according to his own understanding.

Komarovsky unexpectedly showed up. He is invited by the government of the Far Eastern Republic and is ready to take them with him: they are both in mortal danger. Yuri Andreevich immediately rejected this proposal. Lara told him a long time ago about the fatal role that this man played in her life, and he told her that Viktor Ippolitovich was the culprit of his father's suicide. It was decided to take refuge in Varykino. The village was long abandoned by the inhabitants, wolves howled around at night, but the appearance of people would have been worse, but they did not take weapons with them. In addition, recently Lara said that she seems to be pregnant. I had to think about myself. Just then Komarovsky arrived again. He brought the news that Strelnikov had been sentenced to death and Katenka had to be saved if Lara did not think about herself. The doctor told Lara to go with Komarovsky.

In the snowy, forest solitude, Yuri Andreevich was slowly losing his mind. He drank and wrote poems dedicated to Lara. Lamentation for the lost beloved grew into generalized thoughts about history and man, about the revolution as a lost and lamented ideal.

One evening the doctor heard the crunch of footsteps, and a man appeared at the door. Yuri Andreevich did not immediately recognize Strelnikov. It turned out that Komarovsky had deceived them! They talked almost all night.

About the revolution, about Lara, about childhood on Tverskaya-Yamskaya. They lay down in the morning, but, waking up and going out for water, the doctor found his interlocutor shot dead.

Zhivago appeared in Moscow already at the beginning of the New Economic Policy, emaciated, overgrown and run wild. He traveled most of the way on foot. Over the next eight or nine years of his life, he lost his medical skills and lost writing, but still took up the pen and wrote thin little books. The fans appreciated them.

The daughter of the former janitor Marina helped him with the housework, she served in the telegraph on the foreign communication line. In time, she became the doctor's wife and they had two daughters. But one summer day, Yuri Andreevich suddenly disappeared. Marina received a letter from him that he wants to live alone for a while and not be looked for. He did not say that brother Evgraf, who had appeared again from nowhere, had rented a room for him in Kamergersky, provided him with money, and began to fuss about a good job.

However, on a stuffy August day, Yuri Andreevich died of a heart attack. Unexpectedly, a lot of people came to Kamergersky to say goodbye to him. Among those saying goodbye was Larisa Fedorovna. She went into this apartment out of old memory. Her first husband, Pavel Antipov, once lived here. A few days after the funeral, she suddenly disappeared: she left home and did not return. Apparently she was arrested.

Already in the forty-third year, at the front, Major General Evgraf Andreevich Zhivago, asking the underwear maker Tanka Bezcheredova about her heroic friend, scout Christina Orletsova, also took an interest in her, Tanina, fate. He quickly realized that this was the daughter of Larisa and brother Yuri. Fleeing with Komarovsky to Mongolia, when the Reds were approaching Primorye, Lara left the girl at the railway siding with the watchman Marfa, who ended her days in a madhouse. Then homelessness, wandering ...

By the way, Evgraf Andreevich not only took care of Tatyana, but also collected everything written by his brother. Among his poems was the poem “Winter Night”: “It is snowy, snowy all over the earth / To all limits. / The candle was burning on the table, / The candle was burning ... "

retold

Doctor Zhivago

The image of Yuri Andreevich Zhivago from the novel "Doctor Zhivago" was created by the famous Russian poet and prose writer Boris Pasternak during 1945-1955. The prototype for Doctor Zhivago was undoubtedly Boris Pasternak himself, who came from an intelligent Moscow family. His mother was a famous pianist, and his father was an academician of painting at the School of Painting. From an early age, Pasternak showed an interest in music and poetic art. But he did not have absolute pitch to feel free on the path of a musician. And he first entered the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, and a year later, on the advice of Scriabin, he moved to the Faculty of History, from which he graduated from the Philosophical Department.

In the novel Doctor Zhivago, Boris Pasternak expressed his own view of the era and the events taking place in the country through the image of the protagonist. Drawing a wide canvas of the life of the Russian intelligentsia against the backdrop of one of the most dramatic periods from the beginning of the century to the Civil War, New Economic Policy and the period of the Great Patriotic War, the writer touched upon the innermost questions of life - the mystery of life and death, the problems of Russian history, Christianity, and Jewry.

The place of life and residence of Yuri Zhivago is Moscow and the fictional Siberian city of Yuriatin, the name of which the writer formed on behalf of the main character. That is, in a figurative sense, this is the place of Yuri Zhivago's life in himself, his inner world called Yuriatin. The inner world of the hero is so rich that it allows him to survive in the terrible conditions of the upheavals of Russian life (many researchers of Pasternak's life and work believe, however, that the Ural Perm is considered Yuryatin's prototype).

According to the plot of the novel, Yurochka Zhivago comes from a wealthy but bankrupt noble Moscow family in the past. His family in Moscow previously owned both a manufactory and a bank, his name was known throughout Moscow. But the good times are over. Yura's father left his mother and spent time in revelry in Siberia and abroad. His mother raised him alone, often going to Italy or the south of France for treatment. Then Yura either accompanied her abroad, or stayed with strangers, which he was used to from early childhood. The novel begins with Yura Zhivago burying his mother. Then he goes with his uncle, his mother's brother, to the south of Russia, where he is employed in the publishing house of a progressive newspaper.

The uncle subsequently went abroad, and the slightly matured Yuri Zhivago, returning to Moscow, is brought up in the family of a chemistry professor Alexander Gromeko and his wife Anna Kruger, heiress of factories and an estate near Yuriatin. Their family also grew up a daughter, the same age as Yura, Tonya, who later became his wife. In his youth, the impressionable Yuri began to write poetry. They were printed. But, considering writing poetry an occupation that does not bring income, he chose the profession of a doctor and entered the medical faculty of the university.

Gromek's house had a hothouse intelligent atmosphere and there were always many friends. One of them is a connoisseur of Yuri's poems - Misha Gordon, a student of the Faculty of Philosophy and Philology. In childhood and youth, Zhivago twice accidentally met, under strange circumstances, the future love of his life - Lara Guichard, who was the daughter of a bankrupt Frenchwoman and a Belgian. Seduced by her mother's lover, lawyer Komarovsky, Lara shot at her seducer during one of their chance encounters with Zhivago.

Yuri Zhivago also met Lara on one of the fronts of the First Imperialist War, where he was mobilized as a doctor. By that time, he and Tonya had already had a son. And Larisa Guichard, having married her friend Pasha Antipov, leaves for the Urals in Yuryatin, where their daughter was born. Antipov went to the front. Following him, the temperamental Lara, who does not tolerate delays in her life, went to the front as a sister of mercy. Having got to know her better, the already adult Zhivago fell in love with Larisa, and these feelings were mutual, although both of them, under the pressure of duty to the families they had already created, tried to suppress them.

The strip of alienation lay between Yuri and Tonya upon his return to Moscow. He told her about Antipova. But Larisa also loved her husband, and she returned to Yuriatin before she left the Zhivago front, running away from her feelings. Zhivago and Antipova met again during the Civil War. Having decided to hide for a while from the revolutionary events that shook Moscow, the Gromeko family, together with Yuri Zhivago, left for their estate Varykino near Yuriatin. There, in Yuriatin, Zhivago meets Lara again, who works as a teacher at the local school. Her husband, taking the surname Strelnikov for himself, became a formidable revolutionary commissar, disappearing all the time on the fronts of the war, so the woman lived alone, taking care of her daughter.

Unable to resist his feelings, Zhivago became friends with Lara Antipova. Spending time with Larisa in Yuriatin, he was torn between two women dear to him, unable to fight the force of life that attracted him to Lara. By then, his wife was pregnant with their second child. Zhivago himself was captured by the Red partisan detachments and served as their doctor for two years. Returning from captivity, he again found Lara. They were happy together, although the historical situation threatened the complete collapse of their former life. The Bolsheviks established their power in the country. Komarovsky reappeared, taking Lara and her daughter away from the snowy Varykino, where they hid from the war along with Zhivago. Yuri allowed them to do this, being left alone. Varykino visited the Strelnikovs, not finding Lara there, but learning from Zhivago that she loved them both.

Due to internal devastation, Antipov-Strelnikov committed suicide. And Zhivago was forced to return to Moscow, which by that time had already left his family deported on a philosophical ship. Along the way, he took with him the peasant boy Vasya, whom he tried to bring to the people in Moscow, where they ended up at the beginning of the NEP. By acquaintance, he got him a job at the former Stroganov School, where he soon moved to the printing department. For some time Zhivago wrote small books on philosophy and medicine, and Vasya printed them as examination papers that were credited to him. In addition, Yuri Andreevich was for some time as a full-time doctor of various associations. He constantly petitioned for the political rehabilitation of his family, for the issuance of a passport to him in order to take her away from Paris, but to no avail.

Vaska gradually moved away from him. And Zhivago moved to the former house of the Sventitskys, where Markel, the former janitor of the Gromeko family, lived as a manager, and began to sink. With Markel's daughter Marina, he had two daughters. One day, Yuri met his half-brother Evgraf, who helped him rent a room, gave him money and began to fuss about his return to work in the hospital. Having informed Marina, who loved him madly, about his temporary departure through a letter, Zhivago took up writing by pure chance in the very room where the young Pasha Antipov had once lived. One sultry summer day, he died of a heart attack while getting off a crowded tram. On the day of his funeral, Larisa accidentally entered Antipov's former room, recognizing her beloved Yuri Zhivago in the deceased.

She told Evgraf Zhivago a story about their common daughter with Yura, who was lost to her in the north during a move with Komarovsky. Having asked to find her daughter, Larisa disappeared somewhere. Her fate is hidden by a veil of the author's assumptions about a possible arrest and death in the camps. And some time later, Zhivago's comrades Gordon and Dudorov learned from the story of a simple underwear maker Tanya Bezotcha that she was the lost daughter of Zhivago and Larisa. For them, this discovery has become a sad allegory of the high in the low.

Yuri Zhivago, in whose name the author recorded the vitality of the hero, went through a violent era of the destruction of the old world. This era, like tarpaulin boots, passed through his life. Zhivago is not a fighter, but a repeater of that era. An intellectual in whom sadness and confusion before the wheel of revolution and a new rough life in Russia are replaced, if not by faith, then by love for life itself, which nourished his soul from early childhood.

The novel "Doctor Zhivago" was banned by the Soviet censorship and officially reviled. It was first printed in Italy, in Milan in 1957. In 1958, Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize, which members of his family received after the death of the writer. Images of Yuri Zhivago were created in films based on the novel in Brazil in 1959, in the USA in 1965, in Great Britain in 2002, and finally in Russia in 2005. Russian Zhivago was embodied on the screen by actor Oleg Menshikov.

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