Fantastic motives and images in the works of Russian literature. The peculiarity of the genre of science fiction What is fiction in literature

Fantastic motives are one of the main methods for creating a certain key situation in the works of not only Russian, but also world culture.

In Russian literature, writers of various trends addressed these motives. So, for example, in Lermontov's romantic poems there are images of the other world. In The Demon, the artist depicts the protesting Spirit of Evil. The work carries the idea of ​​protest against the deity as the creator of the existing world order.

The only way out of sadness and loneliness for the Demon is love for Tamara. However, the Spirit of Evil cannot achieve happiness, because it is selfish, cut off from the world and from people. In the name of love, the Demon is ready to renounce the old revenge on God, he is even ready to follow the Good. It seems to the hero that tears of repentance will regenerate him. But he cannot overcome the most painful vice - contempt for humanity. The death of Tamara and the loneliness of the Demon is an inevitable consequence of his arrogance and selfishness.

Thus, Lermontov turns to fantasy in order to more accurately convey the mood of the idea of ​​​​the work, to express his thoughts and feelings.

A slightly different purpose of fantasy in the work of M. Bulgakov. The style of many works of this writer can be defined as fantastic realism. It is easy to see that the principles of depicting Moscow in The Master and Margarita clearly resemble the principles of depicting Gogol's Petersburg: a combination of the real with the fantastic, the strange with the ordinary, social satire and phantasmagoria.

The story is told in two directions at the same time. The first plan is the events taking place in Moscow. The second plan is a story about Pilate and Yeshua, composed by the master. These two plans are united, brought together by the retinue of Woland - Satan and his servants.

The appearance of Woland and his retinue in Moscow becomes the event that changed the lives of the heroes of the novel. Here we can talk about the tradition of romantics, in which the Demon is a hero, sympathetic to the author with his mind and irony. Woland's retinue is as mysterious as he himself. Azazello, Koroviev, Behemoth, Gella are characters that attract the reader with their singularity. They become the arbiters of justice in the city.

Bulgakov introduces a fantastic motif in order to show that in the world of his day only with the help of otherworldly power is it possible to achieve justice.

In the work of V. Mayakovsky, fantastic motifs are of a different nature. So, in the poem "An extraordinary adventure that happened with Vladimir Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha", the hero conducts a friendly conversation with the sun itself. The poet believes that his activity is similar to the glow of this luminary:

Let's go poet

The world is in gray trash.

I will pour my sun

And you are your

Thus, Mayakovsky, with the help of a fantastic plot, solves realistic problems: he explains his understanding of the role of the poet and poetry in Soviet society.

Without a doubt, turning to fantastic motifs helps Russian writers more clearly, accurately and clearly convey the main thoughts, feelings and ideas of their works.

How is science fiction different from other genres? After all, both in a detective story and in a love story, both the characters and the worlds are fictional.

The main role in the classification of genres is played by what is emphasized. For example, in a women's romance, romantic relationships play a key role, creating love experiences. In a detective story, there is mystery, curiosity and excitement created for the reader.

In science fiction, the main emphasis is on a fundamentally different reality, in many respects different from ours. Fiction and fantasy originate in folk tales and legends.

Fantasy as an independent genre was formed in the middle of the 19th century, when the works of Jules Verne appeared to the world.

All science fiction literature is conditionally divided into popular science fiction (SF) and fantasy. NF is what theoretically could actually be; fantasy is a fairy tale, something that definitely cannot be (at least not in our world).

fantasy world

If in science fiction the laws of nature work as they should, then in the world of fantasy, chemistry, physics and any other science do not matter. This world is ruled by magic and inhabited by supernatural beings.

Usually the main theme of fantasy is the struggle between Good and Evil. The plot is built on the archetypes of Journey, Rescue, Mystery or Confrontation.

In each country, fantasy is usually based on local folklore, but Western European folklore is still beyond competition.

Representatives of the fantasy world:

• elves
• witches and wizards
• ghosts
• werewolves
• vampires
• trolls
• gnomes
• orcs and goblins
• centaurs, minotaurs, etc.
• mermaids
• magical animals: dragons, unicorns, basilisks, griffins, etc.

Fantasy sub-genres:

• Heroic fantasy (the main character is fearless, ready for exploits and travel)
• Epic fantasy (mandatory condition - battles, conflicts and opposition of peoples)
• Historical fantasy (fictional history of a people or world + magic, etc.)
  Dark fantasy (Evil reigns, the atmosphere is gothic and gloomy)
• Modern fantasy (our days, the heroes are vampires, werewolves and other paranormal creatures)
• Children's fantasy (focused on children and teenagers)
• Fantasy detective (magic, conspiracies, crimes, sword duels, etc.)
• Love or erotic fantasy
• Humorous or sarcastic fantasy (may well make fun of all the clichés of the genre and pianos in the bushes)

fantasy world

In addition to artistic merit, a high-quality fantasy novel should be distinguished by a bright idea that causes surprise, admiration or fear, and which is easy for the reader to navigate.

What is an idea in fantasy?

This is an unusual concept on which the plot of the work is built. The idea starts with the question “What if…?”

For example: the idea of ​​the book “Amphibian Man” by A. Belyaev began with the question: “What if a person can freely swim underwater without special devices?”

The idea for the Star Wars films began with the question, “What if there was a war in the galaxy before?”

The idea of ​​the book "The Master and Margarita" by M. Bulgakov began with the question: "What if the devil himself appears in Moscow?"

The fantasy world is an alternative reality with its own laws. Even if it's fantasy where magic rules, there must be a clear structure and logic.

It is more difficult to write a reliable world than to create a reliable hero. It is necessary to think through to the details how this reality will work, how will it differ from others and how will it attract attention?

Write an extended encyclopedic summary following this outline.:

• Time and place of action
• Territory dimensions
• Territory divisions: planets, continents, countries, etc.
• Capital(s)
• State structure, political parties and unions, laws of society
• Domestic and foreign policy
• Economy, currency, terms of trade
• Information about the population: nationalities, languages, beliefs, races, etc.
• Laws of physics and nature
• Geography: relief, climate, minerals, coastline, soil, vegetation, wildlife, ecology
• Key events in history
• Crime level
• Transport
• Agriculture and industry
• Armed forces
• Medicine
• Social Security
• Parenting
• Education
• The science
• Means of communication
• Sources of knowledge: books, libraries, internet, media, etc.
• Arts: architecture, theatre, cinema, painting, music, etc.

Subgenres in science fiction:

• Hard science fiction (the plot revolves around a scientific discovery or technology)
• Light science fiction (the basis of the plot is the relationship of the characters or their adventures)
• Military SF (battles of the main race with aliens)
• Space Opera (the scene is space and distant planets, the plot is space adventures)
• Cyberpunk (describes the conflict between people and technology)
• Time travel
• Apocalypse
• Parallel worlds and universes
• Lost worlds and pioneers (discovery of new worlds)
• First contact (meeting of people with extraterrestrial civilizations)
• Utopia and dystopia (description of the world with ideal or totalitarian laws)
• Historical fiction (set in the past)
• Alternative history (what would happen if events unfolded from a different angle)
• Children's fantasy (designed for children and teenagers)

How to avoid blunders and boredom in science fiction?

• Do not explain in detail how blasters, communications, etc. work unless it is directly related to the plot.
• Make sure that all areas of technology are developed at about the same level. If your ships fly at the speed of light, then the communication should be on the level.
• Aliens should be different from earthlings - facial expressions, slang, etc.
• Alien measures of weights, time and length must be different.
• Don't call ordinary things alien words.
• Every Evil must have a motive.
• If you're writing medieval fantasy, study this era carefully.
• Calculate the strength of heroes and animals - everyone needs sleep, rest and food.

Stamps in science fiction and fantasy:

• The hero does not remember his parents. It is then revealed that they were kings, presidents, or wizards. The hero is informed that he is the chosen one, spoken of in an ancient prophecy. And at the end it turns out that the Main Villain is the father of the main character.
• The hero woke up and realized that the exciting adventure was just a dream or a video game.
• No one can save the world from a terrible catastrophe, except for the main character.
• The hero goes into the past to fix the future, and in the end made everything even worse.
• Before the appearance of the hero, the inhabitants of planet X were complete ignoramuses. And then HE appears...
• The sole purpose of the aliens is to destroy the Earth. Just like that, without a motive.
• Aliens self-destruct from contact with terrestrial air, shampoo, etc.
• Computers or robots caught the virus and went berserk.
• The hero and heroine fight all the time. Then they save each other, and then love begins ...
• The hero finds himself in a strange world and discovers that this is our Earth - this is the future.
• The whole planet is inhabited by people of one nationality, there is one large city, one culture and religion.
• The villain subjugates the whole world, but at the same time kills his assistants right and left. Well, soon he will become the king of himself...
• The villain kills the hero's parents. He grows up - and his revenge is terrible.
• The hero single-handedly easily deals with a whole battalion of the enemy's armed forces.
• A magical artifact that will solve all problems.
• Evil broke free, covered the whole world with darkness and will soon come to us. What for?
• The villain unfairly offends his comrade-in-arms - and he goes over to the side of Good.
• The Hero's best friends are an elf and a dwarf.
• The place of the battle is labyrinths, cliffs, sheer cliffs, etc.
• Heroes hide in mines and sewers or in an abandoned subway and underground catacombs.
• The villain laughs ominously and wears a black cloak with a hood.
• The villain dreams of marrying a princess who hates him.
• The hero easily penetrates the enemy computer (headquarters, etc.) and finds out all the plans in advance.

How to choose a title for fantasy and science fiction?

• Take a well-known name and remake it by replacing one or two words.
• Add pathos and big words: Eternity, Infinity, Evil, Darkness.
• Try to use everyday symbols. There are not so many of them: Sword, Dragon, Blade, Old Tavern, Galaxy, Star, Lord, Lord, Blood, Love, Castle, Guardians, Fighters.
• Beware of modest and boring names.
• Let the reader know that he is about to meet the Incredible. Use paradoxes.
• If there are not enough words, come up with new ones or use beautiful incomprehensible ones.
• It is not bad to name the book with any one, but a very clever word. It should not be related to the plot, it should not be mentioned either. For example: "Premorbid", "Absorbent", "Promiscuity", "Meteorism".
• Take the word "Chronicles" or "World" - and the first half of the title is ready.

You can also use combinations:

• accomplishment + something ("Conquest of the Mirus", "Overthrow of Lebon", "Retribution of the Dwarf")
• do + something ("Love the Vampire", "Kill the Symbosium", "Defeat Ramossura")
• someone + such and such (“Demons of the Underworld”, “Stones of the Red River”, “Elves of the Mountains of Eratus”)
• what + wow effect ("Destined to live", "Ripped by the Oath", "Insulted by the Undead")
• "who" ("Bogur the Sorcerer's Apprentice", "Rosemary the Elf Witch")
• sign + someone ("Under the flag of Rogus", "In the name of Ipalanthus")
• such + such (“Arpodig and the Minotaur”, “Libom and the Sword of Glory”)
• date + someone's ("Hour of Asgard", "Year of Raukus", "One Day of Bizim")
• a doer of something out there ("Edarmheish's Conqueror", "Sword Charmer", "Magi Conqueror")
• "someone's thing" ("Dark Master's Talisman", "Emory's Walk", "Nordarm Void")
• adjective + noun ("Crimson Gate", "Cursed Gift", "Solid Beam")
• noun + adjective ("Gift of Victory", "Sophisticated Road")

In literature and other arts, the depiction of implausible phenomena, the introduction of fictitious images that do not coincide with reality, a clearly felt violation by the artist of natural forms, causal relationships, and the laws of nature. The term F. ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

FANTASTIC, a form of displaying life, in which, on the basis of real ideas, a supernatural, surreal, wonderful picture of the world is created. Common in folklore, art, social utopia. In fiction, theatre, cinema... Modern Encyclopedia

Fantastic- FANTASTIC, a form of displaying life, in which, on the basis of real ideas, a supernatural, unreal, “wonderful” picture of the world is created. Common in folklore, art, social utopia. In fiction, theater, ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from the Greek phantastike the art of imagining) a form of displaying the world, in which, on the basis of real ideas, a logically incompatible (supernatural, wonderful) picture of the Universe is created. Common in folklore, art, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Greek phantastike - the art of imagining) - a form of reflection of the world, in which, based on real ideas, a logically incompatible picture of the Universe is created. Common in mythology, folklore, art, social utopia. In the nineteenth - twentieth ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies

fantastic- FANTASTIC in literature, art and some other discourses depicting facts and events that, from the point of view of opinions prevailing in a given culture, did not occur and could not occur ("fantastic"). The concept of "F." is… … Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science

Fantastic- FANTASTIC means the special nature of works of art, directly opposite to realism (see this word and the next fantasy). Fantasy does not recreate reality in its laws and foundations, but freely violates them; she makes her own... Dictionary of literary terms

FANTASTIC, and, wives. 1. That which is based on creative imagination, on fantasy, fiction. F. folk tales. 2. collected Literary works describing fictional, supernatural events. scientific f. (in literature,… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Exist., number of synonyms: 19 anrial (2) fiction (1) great (143) ... Synonym dictionary

This term has other meanings, see Fantasy (meanings). Fiction is a kind of mimesis, in the narrow sense, a genre of fiction, cinema and fine arts; its aesthetic dominant is ... ... Wikipedia

Books

• Fiction 88/89, . 1990 edition. The security is excellent. A traditional collection of science fiction works by Soviet and foreign writers. The book features stories by young science fiction writers, and…
• Fiction 75/76, . 1976 edition. The safety is good. The collection includes new works by both well-known and young authors. The heroes of novels and stories travel in time along superhighways ...

Introduction

The purpose of this work is to analyze the features of the use of scientific terminology in the novel "The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin" by A.N. Tolstoy.

The topic of the course project is extremely relevant, since in science fiction we often find the use of terminology of a different nature, which is the norm for this type of literature. This approach is especially characteristic of the genre of "hard" science fiction, to which A.N. Tolstoy "Hyperboloid engineer Garin".

Object of work - terms in science fiction works

In the first chapter, we consider the features of science fiction and its types, as well as the specifics of the style of A.N. Tolstoy.

In the second chapter, we consider the specifics of terminology and the peculiarities of the use of terminology in SF and the novel by A.N. Tolstoy "Hyperboloid engineer Garin".

Chapter 1. Science fiction and its style

The peculiarity of the genre of science fiction

Science fiction (SF) is a genre in literature, cinema and other arts, one of the varieties of science fiction. Science fiction is based on fantastic assumptions in science and technology, including both the sciences and the humanities. Works based on non-scientific assumptions belong to other genres. The topics of science fiction works are new discoveries, inventions, facts unknown to science, space exploration and time travel.

The author of the term "science fiction" is Yakov Perelman, who introduced this concept in 1914. Prior to this, a similar term - "fantastically scientific journeys" - was used by Alexander Kuprin in relation to Wells and other authors in his article "Redard Kipling" (1908).

There is much debate among critics and literary scholars about what counts as science fiction. However, most of them agree that science fiction is literature based on some assumption in the field of science: the emergence of a new invention, the discovery of new laws of nature, sometimes even the construction of new models of society (social fiction).

In a narrow sense, science fiction is about technologies and scientific discoveries (only supposed or already made), their exciting possibilities, their positive or negative impact, about the paradoxes that can arise. SF in such a narrow sense awakens the scientific imagination, makes you think about the future and the possibilities of science.

In a more general sense, science fiction is fantasy without the fabulous and mystical, where hypotheses are built about worlds without otherworldly forces, and the real world is imitated. Otherwise, it is fantasy or mysticism with a technical touch.

Often the action of SF takes place in the distant future, which makes SF related to futurology, the science of predicting the world of the future. Many science fiction writers dedicate their work to literary futurology, attempts to guess and describe the real future of the Earth, as did Arthur Clark, Stanislav Lem, and others. Other writers use the future only as a setting that allows them to fully reveal the idea of ​​their work.

However, futuristic fiction and science fiction are not exactly the same thing. The action of many science fiction works takes place in the conditional present (K. Bulychev's The Great Guslar, most of the books by J. Verne, the stories of G. Wells, R. Bradbury) or even the past (books about time travel). At the same time, the action of non-science fiction works is sometimes placed in the future. For example, the action of many fantasy works takes place on an Earth that has changed after a nuclear war (Shannara by T. Brooks, Awakening of the Stone God by F. H. Farmer, Sos Rope by P. Anthony). Therefore, a more reliable criterion is not the time of action, but the area of ​​fantastic assumption.

G. L. Oldie conditionally divides science fiction assumptions into natural sciences and humanities sciences. The first includes the introduction of new inventions and laws of nature into the work, which is typical for hard science fiction. The second includes the introduction of assumptions in the fields of sociology, history, psychology, ethics, religion, and even philology. Thus, works of social fiction, utopia and dystopia are created. At the same time, several types of assumptions can be combined in one work at the same time.

As Maria Galina writes in her article, “It is traditionally believed that science fiction (SF) is literature, the plot of which revolves around some fantastic, but still scientific idea. It would be more accurate to say that in science fiction, the initially given picture of the world is logical and internally consistent. The plot in science fiction is usually built on one or more supposedly scientific assumptions (a time machine is possible, faster-than-light travel in space, “supra-space tunnels”, telepathy, etc.).”

The advent of fantasy was caused by the industrial revolution in the 19th century. Initially, science fiction was a genre of literature describing the achievements of science and technology, the prospects for their development, etc. The world of the future was often described - usually in the form of a utopia. A classic example of this type of fantasy is the works of Jules Verne.

Later, the development of technology began to be viewed in a negative light and led to the emergence of dystopia. And in the 1980s, its cyberpunk subgenre began to gain popularity. In it, high technologies coexist with total social control and the power of omnipotent corporations. In the works of this genre, the plot is based on the life of marginal fighters against the oligarchic regime, as a rule, in conditions of total cybernetization of society and social decline. Notable examples: Neuromancer by William Gibson.

In Russia, science fiction has become a popular and widely developed genre since the 20th century. Among the most famous authors are Ivan Efremov, the Strugatsky brothers, Alexander Belyaev, Kir Bulychev and others.

Even in pre-revolutionary Russia, individual science fiction works were written by such authors as Faddey Bulgarin, V. F. Odoevsky, Valery Bryusov, K. E. Tsiolkovsky several times expounded his views on science and technology in the form of fictional stories. But before the revolution, SF was not an established genre with its own constant writers and fans.

Science fiction was one of the most popular genres in the USSR. There were seminars for young science fiction writers and clubs for science fiction lovers. Almanacs were published with stories by novice authors, such as "The World of Adventures", fantastic stories were published in the magazine "Technology - Youth". At the same time, Soviet science fiction was subjected to severe censorship. She was required to maintain a positive outlook on the future, faith in communist development. Technical reliability was welcomed, mysticism and satire were condemned. In 1934, at the congress of the Union of Writers, Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak assigned the science fiction genre a place on a par with children's literature.

One of the first science fiction writers in the USSR was Aleksey Nikolaevich Tolstoy ("Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin", "Aelita"). The film adaptation of Tolstoy's novel "Aelita" was the first Soviet science fiction film. In the 1920s - 30s, dozens of books by Alexander Belyaev were published (“Fight on the Air”, “Ariel”, “Amphibian Man”, “Professor Dowell's Head”, etc.), “alternative geographical” novels by V. A Obruchev (“Plutonia”, “Sannikov Land”), satirical-fiction stories by M. A. Bulgakov (“Heart of a Dog”, “Fatal Eggs”). They were distinguished by technical reliability and interest in science and technology. The role model of early Soviet science fiction writers was HG Wells, who himself was a socialist and visited the USSR several times.

In the 1950s, the rapid development of astronautics led to the flourishing of "short-range fiction" - solid science fiction about the exploration of the solar system, the exploits of astronauts, and the colonization of planets. The authors of this genre include G. Gurevich, A. Kazantsev, G. Martynov and others.

In the 1960s and later, Soviet science fiction began to move away from the rigid framework of science, despite the pressure of censorship. Many works of outstanding science fiction writers of the late Soviet period belong to social fiction. During this period, books by the Strugatsky brothers, Kir Bulychev, Ivan Efremov appeared, which raise social and ethical issues, contain the views of the authors on humanity and the state. Often, fantastic works contained hidden satire. The same trend was reflected in science fiction, in particular, in the works of Andrei Tarkovsky (Solaris, Stalker). In parallel with this, a lot of adventure fiction for children was filmed in the late USSR (“Adventures of Electronics”, “Moscow-Cassiopeia”, “The Secret of the Third Planet”).

Science fiction has evolved and grown over its history, spawning new directions and absorbing elements from older genres such as utopia and alternate history.

The genre of the novel we are considering A.N. Tolstoy is "hard" science fiction, so we would like to dwell on it in more detail.

Hard science fiction is the oldest and original genre of science fiction. Its feature is the strict adherence to the scientific laws known at the time of writing the work. The works of hard science fiction are based on a natural scientific assumption: for example, a scientific discovery, an invention, a novelty in science or technology. Prior to other types of science fiction, it was simply called "science fiction". The term hard science fiction was first used in a literary review by P. Miller, published in February 1957 in Astounding Science Fiction magazine.

Some books by Jules Verne (20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, Robur the Conqueror, From the Earth to the Moon) and Arthur Conan Doyle (The Lost World, The Poisoned Belt, Maracot's Abyss), the works of HG Wells, Alexander Belyaev are called hard science fiction classics. A distinctive feature of these books was a detailed scientific and technical base, and the plot was based, as a rule, on a new discovery or invention. The authors of hard science fiction made a lot of "predictions", correctly guessing the further development of science and technology. So, Verne describes a helicopter in the novel "Robur the Conqueror", an airplane in "Lord of the World", space flight in "From the Earth to the Moon" and "Around the Moon". Wells predicted video communications, central heating, laser, atomic weapons. Belyaev in the 1920s described a space station, radio-controlled equipment.

Hard science fiction was especially developed in the USSR, where other genres of science fiction were not welcomed by censors. Particularly widespread was the "fantasy of the near sight", telling about the events of the alleged near future - first of all, the colonization of the planets of the solar system. The most famous examples of science fiction "close sight" include the books of G. Gurevich, G. Martynov, A. Kazantsev, the early books of the Strugatsky brothers ("Land of Crimson Clouds", "Interns"). Their books told about the heroic expeditions of astronauts to the Moon, Venus, Mars, to the asteroid belt. In these books, technical accuracy in describing space flights was combined with romantic fiction about the structure of neighboring planets - then there was still hope of finding life on them.

Although the main works of hard science fiction were written in the 19th and first half of the 20th century, many authors turned to this genre in the second half of the 20th century. For example, Arthur C. Clarke, in his Space Odyssey series of books, relied on a strictly scientific approach and described the development of astronautics, which is very close to the real one. In recent years, according to Eduard Gevorkyan, the genre is experiencing a "second wind". An example of this is astrophysicist Alastair Reynolds, who successfully combines hard science fiction with space opera and cyberpunk (for example, all his spaceships are sublight).

Other genres of science fiction are:

1) Social fiction - works in which a fantastic element is a different structure of society, completely different from the real one, or which is bringing it to extremes.

2) Chrono-fiction, temporal fantasy, or chrono-opera is a genre that tells about time travel. The key work of this subgenre is Wells' Time Machine. Although time travel has been written about before (for example, Mark Twain's Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court), it was in The Time Machine that time travel was first intentional and scientifically based, and thus this plot device was introduced specifically into science fiction.

3) Alternative-historical - a genre in which the idea is developed that an event happened or did not happen in the past, and what could come out of it.

The first examples of this kind of assumption are found long before the advent of science fiction. Not all of them were works of art - sometimes they were serious works of historians. For example, the historian Titus Livius argued what would happen if Alexander the Great went to war against his native Rome. The famous historian Sir Arnold Toynbee also dedicated several of his essays to Macedonian: what would have happened if Alexander had lived longer, and vice versa, if he had not existed at all. Sir John Squire published a whole book of historical essays, under the general title "If it had gone wrong."

4) The popularity of post-apocalyptic fiction is one of the reasons for the popularity of "stalker tourism".

Closely related genres, the action of works in which takes place during or shortly after a catastrophe of a planetary scale (collision with a meteorite, nuclear war, ecological catastrophe, epidemic).

The real scope of the post-apocalyptic received in the era of the Cold War, when a real threat of a nuclear holocaust loomed over humanity. During this period, such works as “The Song of Leibovitz” by V. Miller, “Dr. Bloodmoney by F. Dick, Dinner at the Palace of Perversions by Tim Powers, Roadside Picnic by the Strugatskys. Works in this genre continue to be created after the end of the Cold War (for example, "Metro 2033" by D. Glukhovsky).

5) Utopias and anti-utopias - genres dedicated to modeling the social structure of the future. In utopias, an ideal society is drawn, expressing the views of the author. In anti-utopias - the exact opposite of the ideal, a terrible, usually totalitarian, social structure.

6) "Space Opera" was dubbed an entertaining adventure SF published in popular pulp magazines in the 1920-50s in the USA. The name was given in 1940 by Wilson Tucker and, at first, was a contemptuous epithet (similar to "soap opera"). However, over time, the term took root and ceased to have a negative connotation.

The action of "space opera" takes place in space and on other planets, usually in a conventional "future". The plot is based on the adventures of the heroes, and the scale of the events taking place is limited only by the imagination of the authors. Initially, the works of this genre were purely entertaining, but later the techniques of the "space opera" were included in the arsenal of the authors of artistically significant science fiction.

7) Cyberpunk is a genre that considers the evolution of society under the influence of new technologies, a special place among which is given to telecommunications, computer, biological, and, last but not least, social. The background in the works of the genre is often cyborgs, androids, a supercomputer serving technocratic, corrupt and immoral organizations/regimes. The name "cyberpunk" was coined by writer Bruce Bethke, and literary critic Gardner Dozois picked it up and began to use it as the name of a new genre. He briefly and succinctly defined cyberpunk as "High tech, low life".

8) Steampunk is a genre created, on the one hand, in imitation of such classics of science fiction as Jules Verne and Albert Robida, and on the other, being a kind of post-cyberpunk. Sometimes dieselpunk is distinguished from it separately, corresponding to the science fiction of the first half of the 20th century. It can also be attributed to an alternative history, since the emphasis is on the more successful and perfect development of steam technology instead of the invention of the internal combustion engine.

Fantasy is one of the genres of literature, cinema and fine arts. It originates in the deep past. Even at the dawn of his appearance, man admitted the presence of mysterious and powerful forces in the world around him. The first fantasy is folklore, fairy tales, myths and legends. At the heart of this genre lies some incredible, supernatural assumption, an element of something unusual or impossible, a violation of the boundaries of reality familiar to a person.

The beginning of the development of fantasy in cinema

From literature, the genre moved to cinema almost immediately after its inception. The first science fiction films appeared in France in the 19th century. In those years, the best director in this genre was Georges Méliès. His fantastic film A Journey to the Moon was included in the golden fund of the world's masterpieces of cinema and became the first picture that tells about space travel. At this time, fantasy is an opportunity to show the achievements of human progress on the screen: amazing mechanisms and machines, vehicles.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, science fiction films have been gaining more and more popularity, and the audience's interest in them has been growing.

Types of fantasy

In cinema, fantasy is a genre whose boundaries are difficult to define. Usually it is a mixture of different styles and forms of cinema. There is a division into types of science fiction, but it is largely conditional.

Science fiction is a story about incredible technical and other discoveries, travel through time, cross space, use artificial intelligence to create.

The film "Prometheus" is an interesting picture with a philosophical meaning about a person's search for an answer to the main question: who are we and where did we come from? As a result, scientists have received evidence that humanity was created by a highly developed humanoid race. A scientific expedition is sent to the edge of the solar system in search of its creators. Each team member has his own interest: someone wants to get an answer why humanity was created, someone is driven by curiosity, and some pursue selfish goals. But the creators are not at all what people imagined them to be.

space fantasy

This view is very closely intertwined with science fiction. A striking example is the recently released and critically acclaimed film Interstellar about the possibility of traveling through black holes and the spatio-temporal paradoxes that arise from this. Like Prometheus, this picture is filled with deep philosophical meaning.

Fantasy is science fiction, which is closely related to mysticism and fairy tales. The most striking example of a fantasy film is Peter Jackson's famous epic saga The Lord of the Rings. Of the most recent interesting works in this genre, the Hobbit trilogy and the latest work by Sergei Bodrov, The Seventh Son, can be noted.

Horror - oddly enough, this genre is also closely related to science fiction. A classic example is the Alien film series.

Fantasy: films that have become classics of cinema

In addition to the films already mentioned, there are still a large number of magnificent paintings included in the list of the best works in the fantasy genre:

• The space saga Star Wars.
• Terminator movie series.
• Fantasy cycle "Chronicles of Narnia".
• The Iron Man Trilogy.
• Series "Highlander".
• Inception with Leonardo DiCaprio.
• Fantastic comedy "Back to the Future".
• "Dune".
• The Matrix trilogy with Keanu Reeves.
• Post-apocalyptic painting "I am a legend."
• Fantastic comedy "Men in Black".
• "War of the Worlds" with Tom Cruise.
• Combat space science fiction Starship Troopers.
• The Fifth Element with Bruce Willis and Mila Jovovich.
• Series of films "Transformers".
• Spider-Man cycle.
• A series of films about Batman.

The development of the genre today

Modern science fiction - films and animated films - continues to be of interest to the viewer today.

For 2015 alone, several large-scale and spectacular science fiction films have been announced. Among the most anticipated films are the final film from the Hunger Games series, the second part of The Maze Runner, Star Wars Episode 7 - The Force Awakens, Terminator 5, Tomorrowland, the sequel to Divergent, the new a motion picture from the Avengers series and the long-awaited Jurassic World.

Conclusion

Fantasy is what gives a person the opportunity to dream. Here you can, as a superhero saving the world, admit the possibility of the existence of other worlds and fly into the depths of space. For this, viewers love science fiction films - dreams come true in them.