How Peter Grinev behaves. The fate and image of Grinev in the story "The Captain's Daughter

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This essay reveals the character of Peter Grinev, his formation as a person.

The story of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" was written in the thirties of the nineteenth century. In this work, the author touched upon the theme of the moral education of the younger generation. Therefore, as an epigraph to the story, Pushkin took an abbreviated version of the Russian proverb: "Take care of honor from a young age." Using the example of Petr Andreevich Grinev, the author revealed the formation of a personality, the manifestation of his best human qualities.

The protagonist of the story, Pyotr Grinev, was the son of the military Andrei Petrovich Grinev, who retired. At the age of five, Peter was given up for education to Savelich, a serf uncle. When the boy was twelve years old, his father hired a Frenchman for him, who was supposed to teach Peter French, German and other sciences. But there was little sense from such a teacher. The Frenchman was "a kind fellow, but windy and dissolute", for which he was expelled from the estate. That was the end of Peter's education.

He lived undersized, ran with the yard boys. This continued until the age of sixteen. When he got to the Belogorsk fortress, his life changed dramatically. The young rake is a thing of the past. In the fortress, Grinev met his love - Masha Mironova, the daughter of the commandant. Of course, there were actions that Peter remembered with shame. These are the money lost to the captain Zurin, rudeness and lordly manners in relation to Savelich, who did not want to pay his debt. By his behavior, Peter wanted to prove that he was an adult. But there was an act that later saved his life. On the way to the fortress, getting lost during a blizzard, Grinev and Savelich met a passer-by who led them to the inn. In gratitude, Peter gave the peasant his rabbit coat, not thinking about the fact that his kindness would be repaid to him a hundredfold.

When the fortress was captured by Pugachev, Peter preferred the most terrible execution, but not betrayal, remained faithful to the oath that he gave to the empress. But the faithful Savelich saved his master by reminding Pugachev of the hare coat. In a private conversation, Pugachev called Peter a man of honor, as he stood up for his ideals to the end, distinguished by valor, dignity and loyalty. And Pyotr Grinev for several meetings saw a person in a rebel and a villain, he was able to appreciate in him ingenuity, love for will, talent and originality.

He began to understand the doom of the rebellious peasants, learned to sympathize with them.
Being in the besieged Orenburg, having learned about Masha who got into trouble, he rushed to her aid. Of course, love and duty fought in his heart. As a nobleman and officer, he turned to the general for help, but he refused him, giving his reasons. A sense of responsibility, love for Masha pushed him into the camp of the enemy. He saw no other way.

Risking his life, career, noble honor, he saved Masha. And even when he was accused of betrayal, he did not begin to justify himself before the court, not wanting to involve Masha in his troubles. This suggests that a real man has formed from the undergrowth. And although Pyotr Grinev did not accomplish great feats, he remained faithful to the instructions of his father, for whom duty and honor were the most important values. Despite the fact that Peter's actions have no historical significance, the human deeds performed by him are more important than any significant state events.

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Along with other important issues, the novel The Captain's Daughter poses the problem of educating the younger generation in the spirit of patriotism. How does the writer propose to educate the true citizens of the country? Pushkin is too smart to give ready-made recipes. In the images of Grinev and Shvabrin, he shows examples of diametrically opposed characters, and the readers themselves should draw conclusions.

The novel is written in the form of memoirs by Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, where he recalls his youth and meetings with the “robber Pugachev”. Grinev's childhood and youth were no different from the lives of other underage barchats, so the novel mentions this in passing, but Grinev tells in detail about the upcoming service in the army, because he dreamed of serving in St. Petersburg, in the guard, hoped for a fun and carefree life. His father determined something else for him: “What will he learn in St. Petersburg? To wind and hang out? No, let him serve in the army, let him pull the strap, let him sniff the gunpowder, let him be a soldier, not a shamaton. It was not customary to argue with the father, he decides what to do for “Petrusha”, in his parting words to his son, a serious order sounds, which the son did not even try to challenge in his thoughts.

The authority of the father is the foundation of the family. For Pyotr Grinev, this is a kind of oath of allegiance to the family, which he will never betray. Father admonishes: “Farewell, Peter. Serve faithfully to whom you swear; obey the bosses; do not chase after their affection; do not ask for service; do not excuse yourself from the service; and remember the proverb: "Take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age."

Grinev learned his father's lesson well. He understands perfectly well that you have to pay for the lost debt. Pyotr Andreevich responds to Savelich's objections with insolence, but returns the money to Zurin. He presents the counselor with a hare coat, that is, according to Savelich, he behaves “like a foolish child,” but, in our opinion, nobly.

Service in the fortress for Grinev is not burdensome, and after he became interested in the captain's daughter, even pleasant. The duel with Shvabrin adds positive traits to Grinev. He is not some kind of clumsy, but a man who has an idea how to handle a sword. And, do not be mean to Shvabrin, it is still unknown how the duel would have ended.

Of no small importance in shaping Grinev's character was his love for Masha Mironova. In love, a person opens up to the end. We see that Grinev is not just in love, he is ready to take responsibility for his beloved. And when Masha remains a defenseless orphan, Pyotr Andreevich risks not only his life, but also his honor, which is more important for him. He proved this during the capture of the Belogorsk fortress, when, without swearing allegiance to the “villain”, he was waiting for reprisal. “Pugachev waved his handkerchief, and the good lieutenant hung beside his old boss. The queue was behind me. I boldly looked at Pugachev, preparing to repeat the answer of my generous comrades.

Grinev never deviated from his father's order, and when the turn came to answer for Shvabrin's slander, Pyotr Andreevich did not even think of justifying himself with the Masha's name. From the beginning to the end of the novel, we see a maturing, gradually maturing hero who sacredly observes this oath and the covenant of his father. This character, sometimes youthfully dissolute, but kind and persistent, evokes the sympathy of readers. Pride embraces the consciousness that such were our ancestors, who won many glorious victories.

Reading the novel, we not only admire its best characters, but we want to imitate them. In this Pushkin saw the main purpose of literature.

Source: www.litra.ru

The main character of the family part of the story is Pyotr Andreevich Grinev. The son of a landowner, Grinev was educated at home according to the custom of that time - first under the guidance of uncle Savelich, then - the Frenchman Beaupre, a hairdresser by profession. Grinev's father, imperious to the point of tyranny, but honest, alien to seeking before the highest ranks, wanted to see in his son a real nobleman, as he understood it.

Looking at military service as a duty of a nobleman, old Grinev sends his son not to the guards, but to the army, so that he “pulls the strap”, becomes a disciplined soldier. Saying goodbye to Peter, the old man gave him instructions, in which he expressed his understanding of the service: “Serve faithfully to whom you swear allegiance; obey the bosses; do not chase after their affection; do not ask for service, do not dissuade from service, and remember the proverb: take care of the dress again, and honor from youth.

Pyotr Grinev seeks to fulfill his father's precepts. During the defense of the Belogorsk fortress, he behaves like a brave officer, honestly doing his duty. On Pugachev's offer to enter his service, Grinev, after a moment's hesitation, resolutely refuses. “My head is in your power,” he said to Pugachev: “let me go - thank you; If you execute, God will judge you." Pugachev liked Grinev's directness and sincerity and endeared him to the generous leader of the insurgent people.

However, duty did not always win in Grinev's soul. His behavior in Orenburg is determined not by the duty of an officer, but by a feeling of love for Masha Mironova. Violating military discipline, he arbitrarily goes to the Belogorsk fortress to save his beloved girl. And only after releasing her, moreover, with the help of Pugachev, he again returns to the army, joining the Zurin detachment.

Pyotr Grinev shares the nobility's point of view on the peasant uprising. He sees in him "a senseless and merciless rebellion", and in Pugachev - a robber. In the scene when he demands money from Savelich to pay the loss to Zurin, he behaves like a serf landowner.

But by nature, Grinev is a gentle and kind person. He is just and admits to himself his frivolity. Feeling guilty before Savelich, he asks his forgiveness, gives his word to continue to obey his uncle. Grinev loves Savelich. At the risk of his life, he tries to help Savelich out when he fell into the hands of the Pugachevites of the Berdskaya Sloboda. Grinev is gullible and poorly versed in people of this type, like Shvabrin. Grinev has sincere and deep love for Masha. He is drawn to the simple and good Mironov family.

Despite the noble prejudice against Pugachev, he sees in him an intelligent, courageous, generous person, a defender of the poor and orphans. “Why not tell the truth?” Grinev writes in his notes. “At that moment, strong sympathy drew me to him. I ardently wished ... to save his head ... "

The image of Grinev is given in development. His character traits develop and gradually reveal themselves to the reader. His behavior, in each case, is psychologically motivated. Of the representatives of the nobility depicted in the story, he is the only positive person, although he remains, in his views and convictions, the son of his time and his class.

Source: www.kritika24.ru

“Take care of honor from a young age” - this testament is the main one in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" It is he who follows Peter Grinev.

The hero's parents were poor nobles who doted on Petrush, because he was their only child. Even before his birth, the hero was enrolled in the Semenovsky regiment as an officer.

Petrusha received an unimportant education - under the guidance of uncle Savelich, "in the twelfth year I learned Russian literacy and could very sensibly judge the properties of a greyhound dog." The hero considered the most interesting activity to be "chasing pigeons and playing leapfrog with the yard boys."

But at the age of sixteen, Grinev's fate changed dramatically. He enters military service - in the Belogorsk fortress. Here the hero falls in love with the daughter of the commandant of the fortress - Masha Mironova. Here Grinev becomes a participant in the uprising of the peasants led by Emelyan Pugachev.

From the very beginning, the hero of the novel is distinguished by kindness, good breeding, respectful attitude towards people: "The husband and wife were the most respectable people." Peter most of all appreciates his good name and the honor of other people.

That is why he does not swear allegiance to Pugachev: “I am a natural nobleman; I swore allegiance to the empress: I can’t serve you.” During communication with him, the hero treats Pugachev as a criminal who wants to seize the sacred - state power.

Grinev behaves very worthily, even when he is under investigation. He keeps calm, thinks not only about himself, but also about Masha's honest name: "I calmly looked at Shvabrin, but did not say a word to him."

Pushkin shows that only by caring for one's honor can one emerge victorious from all trials: in the end, Grinev is completely acquitted, and Shvabrin is justly sentenced to imprisonment.

Thus, in Pushkin's novel The Captain's Daughter, Grinev is a positive hero. He is a “living person”, with his own advantages and disadvantages (remember how he lost at cards or offended Savelich). But according to his “views”, this hero always remains on the side of good. That is why the author and we, the readers, sympathize with him.

Fate and character. One of the main characters of A. S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" is Pyotr Grinev, it is on his behalf that the narration is conducted, all the events of the story are shown through his perception. So fate decreed that the time of his service in the army coincided with the time of the peasant uprising. It was a serious test not only for the state, authorities, nobles, but also for every person. It is in critical situations that the true essence of a person, his character, will and good nature is manifested. A. S. Pushkin, as it were, throws his hero into the thick of military events, leads him through all the vicissitudes of the uprising. At the same time, the spiritually rich personality of Peter Grinev is revealed to us.

Petrusha is a young nobleman who received the usual upbringing for those times. And although his French teacher did not give him deep knowledge, nevertheless, Peter loved to read and even composed poetry. Wanting to raise his son courageous and steadfast, his father decided to send him to serve in the army, but not in the capital, but in some distant fortress. From the moment when Petrusha leaves his parental home, his independent, adult life begins. At first, it seems to him that he can cope without the help of Savelich. In Simbirsk, Peter easily falls under the influence of the more experienced captain Zurin, who made him drink punch and beat him at cards for a large sum. Peter understands that he acted dissolutely, but duty is a matter of honor, as it is associated with the noble word. Of course, now it is difficult for Petrusha to look into Savelich's eyes, but he has learned the first lesson in his life. You can not trust unfamiliar people, not everyone is as gullible and ingenuous as he is. Being in the Belogorsk fortress, Grinev believed Shvabrin that Masha Mironova was a stupid and boring girl. But he believed only because he did not allow the thought that a nobleman could slander and have some other benefit from this. Thus, we can say that Petr Grinev is an open, honest and decent person.

His most important qualities are loyalty to duty and honor, which he considered important for any nobleman. Thanks to these qualities, Peter was able to go through all the trials and dangers of life. Petrusha believed that it was not permissible for a nobleman who swore allegiance to the empress to swear allegiance to a fugitive convict. He preferred to die than to become a traitor to the motherland and trample his honor and dignity into the dirt. But Pugachev did not forget the kindness of Petrusha shown at the first meeting, he took a bunny sheepskin coat and spared the young man. Grinev, under no pretext, can accept Pugachev's offer to serve on his side. He is honest with the leader of the insurrection to the very end and openly declares to him that he cannot but fight against, for it is his duty. And Pugachev accepted this argument. We see that such qualities of Grinev as honesty, openness, fidelity to duty and honor are admired by Pugachev. He respects Grinev and is ready to help him, even when he openly fights against him. Peter does not tolerate injustice and deceit. His feelings for Masha are pure and tender. He is ready to stand up for her honor, openly challenges Shvabrin to a duel. We see that for Grinev the question of honor is a matter of life and death. During the interrogation in the Pugachev case, Peter does not justify himself, does not name Masha, but behaves courageously and steadfastly.

In the image of Pyotr Grinev, A. S. Pushkin showed the most important personal qualities of a young man. It is on them that the fate of the hero depends, they help him adequately get out of any situation. Grinev's honesty, decency, justice and masculinity can be an example for every person who begins an independent adult life. After all, it is no coincidence that the epigraph of the story is a Russian proverb: "Take care of honor from a young age."

The image of Pyotr Grinev in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

"The Captain's Daughter" is a story that not only recreates historical reality, but is also a work with a deep moral meaning. The main character is Pyotr Grinev, a young officer who was sent to serve in the Belogorsk fortress. Once in the fortress, he becomes a witness to events that changed not only his life, but also his ideas about many ideals.

During Grinev's stay in the fortress, a peasant uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev begins in the province. The Belogorsk fortress was taken by the rebels, and at this moment the heroes of the story face an intractable problem: change the oath and join the rebels or voluntarily go to death. Grinev preferred to die, but chance nevertheless saved him from certain death. Pugachev turned out to be the same man to whom the hero once gave his hare sheepskin coat.

Grinev did not swear allegiance to Pugachev: “I am a natural nobleman, I swore allegiance to the empress: I can’t serve you.” Pugachev released Peter, but on the condition that he would not serve against him. Grinev was well aware that he was in the complete power of this man, however, natural honesty, responsibility for his own actions forced the young man to tell the truth: “You know, it’s not my will: they tell me to go against you - I’ll go, there’s nothing to do. You are now the boss yourself; you yourself demand obedience from your own. What will it be like if I refuse service when my service is needed? My head is in your power: let me go - thank you; you execute - God will judge you; but I told you the truth."

The sincerity and directness of Grinev struck the rebel. And he had no choice but to let the young man go.

It is amazing how, in such a difficult situation, Grinev manages to retain a human element in himself, unlike Shvabrin and his ilk. I think the uprising in this case has become that phenomenon of reality, which to a greater extent helped to see the true face of each of the heroes. Moral values, inner convictions of Grinev himself helped him to become a real person. Whereas Shvabrin tarnished the honor of an officer and became a servant of the rebels.

It is no coincidence that Pushkin chose the proverb as the epigraph to The Captain's Daughter: "Take care of honor from a young age." The thoughts and actions of the protagonist fully corresponded to her.

The image of Pyotr Grinev in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" (version 2)

The story of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is unique and interesting in that the fates of heroes with different characters are intertwined in it. In fact, this is a historical story describing the rebellion of that time. But on the other hand, there are notes of pure, sincere, light and bright love in the story. This feeling flares up with a bright fire and continues to burn throughout the story, warming the soul of the reader.
Do we know Peter Grinev? familiar. This is the main character of the story. Perhaps Pushkin invested in the creation of the image all the most honest, noble, kind and correct. Grinev's character and personality were "built" by his father, Andrey Petrovich Grinev. Andrei Petrovich is a former military man. His personality is reminiscent of his son. The same honest, kind, open and sincere. Father Peter's military service ended quickly, because he did not want to be dependent on anyone and "beg for" ranks, as many did. In his son, he brought up the most noble qualities inherent in man.
Soon Petya was seventeen years old. The father was worried about the future life of his son and began to choose a worthy place for him to serve. Peter himself raved about St. Petersburg, he imagined the service there bright and interesting. But contrary to Petya's dreams, Andrei Petrovich chose his service near Orenburg, where Peter met his future love. Having collected things, Peter left, remembering the words of his father: "Take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age." And so he bore the meaning of this instruction throughout his life.
In Orenburg, new heroes are added to the reader's attention. This is a commandant, a brave and correct man, loyal to Empress Catherine II. His wife, Vasilisa Yegorovna, is a fatal and wise woman. The commandant's daughter, Masha Mironova, is a modest and shy girl. Evil Shvabrin, the same age as Peter, is a dark, vile and cynical personality.
The nobility of the nobleman and the character of the father are manifested in Grinev more and more. I was especially impressed by the duel played between Shvabrin and Peter. Shvabrin publicly insulted and slandered Masha, but Grinev, like a true nobleman, defended the honor of the girl. The result of the duel - Peter is wounded, and Shvabrin is the winner, but what a! The unfortunate coward who struck from behind. This fact indicates the cowardice, meanness and insensitivity of this person.
I really liked this story. The personality of Pyotr Grinev is especially pronounced here. He does not possess heroic strength and dodgy mind. But he is sincere, open, naive. That is why it evokes sympathy in the reader. He does not know how to pretend, be hypocritical, even wanting to save his life. This is the manifestation of true nobility, strength of character.

Pyotr Grinev - noble nobleman

The story "The Captain's Daughter" is based on real events: the peasant war of 1773-1775. under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev. But this work cannot be called historical in the full sense. The facts here are artistically processed by the author.
Despite this, Pushkin objectively describes the causes and scope of the Pugachev uprising. He sees the accompanying explosion of cruelty both on the part of the rebels (the execution of officers, the murder of Vasilisa Yegorovna), and on the part of the tsarist troops (torture of a Bashkir, gallows on rafts).
The most valuable thing in the story is the moral issues. Heroes find themselves in difficult situations where it is necessary to make a choice in their favor or for the sake of other people, to show cruelty or mercy.
The protagonist of the story - Pyotr Grinev - a nobleman, an officer. The story is told from his perspective. At the beginning of the work, Pyotr Grinev briefly talks about his origin and upbringing. Petrusha's lifestyle was not much different from the life of other children of noble origin in the 18th century. In those days, it was traditional to assign a boy to military service even before birth. Grinev was enrolled in the Semyonovsky regiment as a sergeant.
At first he was brought up by the aspiring Savelitch. Then the Frenchman Monsieur Beaupré was assigned to the boy, who was supposed to teach Petrush languages ​​and various sciences. Grinev himself speaks with irony about his adolescence: "He lived underage, chasing pigeons and playing leapfrog with yard boys."
In the seventeenth year, Peter was supposed to go to military service: "The thought of service merged with the thought of freedom, the pleasures of life in St. Petersburg." Perhaps the young man would have known all the charm of metropolitan life, become a joker, reveler and ladies' man, like officer Zurin. But service in the Belogorsk fortress brought Grinev together with different people: honest and vile, strong-willed and cowardly, open and cowardly. Here he matured, found true love, friends, but also enemies.
In different situations, Peter acts with the same dignity, always defending his honor. He is kind, generous, somewhat quick-tempered, hot-tempered, since he is still very young. For example, on the way to the fortress, Grinev's wagon fell into a snowstorm. The coachman lost his way. Fortunately, the peasant he met by chance agreed to lead the lost travelers to the inn. Peter, out of gratitude to the conductor, gave him from his shoulder a hare sheepskin coat and half a ruble for vodka. Grinev does not care at all what rank the person in front of him is. Kindness must be repaid with kindness.
In the Belogorsk fortress, it would seem that a boring, quiet service awaited Grinev: the bare steppe around, there were no young officers at all, except for Shvabrin, only old people and invalids. But the first impression was deceiving. Peter was immediately warmly received in the family of commandant Mironov. Here he met Marya Ivanovna, the daughter of Ivan Ignatich and Vasilisa Yegorovna, for whom at first sight he began to have warm feelings.
For some time, Grinev was on friendly terms with Shvabrin. But he turned out to be envious, proud, vile and cunning. Grinev immediately discerned his base nature.
But Peter immediately managed to appreciate the purity of the soul and the moral integrity of Masha Mironova. With Masha Grinev behaved nobly. He sincerely fell in love with the girl, immediately offered her a hand and a heart, despite the fact that she was a dowry.
In the course of the novel, Grinev and Pugachev find themselves in hostile camps, but the kindness of Grinev, who gave his counselor a hare sheepskin coat, does not pass without a trace, evoking a reciprocal feeling in Pugachev. We see not two enemies, but two people who sincerely want to help each other. It is no coincidence that a moment before the execution, Pugachev sees Grinev in the hostile crowd around the scaffold, whose gaze humanly warms the last minutes of the life of the leader of the peasant war.
Kindness and mercy are higher than hatred, and for Pushkin this is the only way to solve the problems that have arisen in society. Grinev managed to maintain humanity, honor and loyalty to himself in the conditions of rebellion. The hero equally does not accept the element of "Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless", and the naked formalism of the official-democratic world, which is especially clearly manifested in the scene of the military court.
Finding himself in a critical situation, Grinev is rapidly changing, growing spiritually and morally. Yesterday's undergrowth of the nobility, he prefers death to the slightest deviation from the dictates of duty and honor, refuses to take the oath to Pugachev. On the other hand, during the trial, risking his life, he does not name Masha, so that she would not be subjected to humiliating interrogation.
Defending his right to happiness, Grinev commits a reckless, courageous, desperate act. A trip to the “rebellious settlement” was doubly dangerous: he not only risked being captured by the Pugachevites, but also put his career, well-being, and honor at stake.
The "Captain's Daughter" perfectly depicts various aspects of life in the 18th century (landowner life, life in a distant fortress, the images of the old man Grinev, Savelich, captain Mironov, Pugachev and his "generals"), and the historical flavor of the era is also recreated. The characters of the heroes are depicted in many ways, especially Pyotr Grinev. This noble undergrowth enters the road of life as an inexperienced youngster, but life's trials make him a personality, reinforcing what he learned from his parental home: loyalty to duty, honor, kindness and nobility.

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Petr Grinev occupies a special place in the work. He is “a writer of notes, a narrator. This comes from an old, noble, but impoverished noble family, opposed to the government.

Grinev's distant ancestor died at the frontal place, and his grandfather suffered along with Volynsky and Khrushchev. Grinev's father is also condemning the secular Petersburg mores. The court calendar reminds him of the careerism and immorality that prevail at court. Therefore, he sends his son Petrusha not to the Semenovsky regiment, but to the army of the distant Orenburg region: “No, let him serve in the army, pull the strap, sniff the gunpowder ...” Grinev the father is a typical landowner. Stagnation and monotony of life are drawn by Pushkin, depicting the Grinev family. Its wretchedness for the writer is redeemed by the fact that the old landowner, although strict and despotic, is just. Let us remember how he admonishes his son: “Farewell, Peter. Serve faithfully to whom you swear; obey the bosses; do not chase after their affection; do not ask for service; and remember the proverb: take care of the dress again, and honor from youth.

The environment in which Pyotr Grinev grew up could not develop his intellectual abilities (“I lived underage, chasing pigeons and playing leapfrog with yard boys”). In terms of education, he, of course, is inferior to his antipode - Shvabrin. But the strong moral principles that his father instilled in him helped him get out of the most difficult situations.

Pushkin showed the image of Grinev in development: a crazy boy, a young man asserting independence, a courageous and persistent adult. The events he enters into are what make him so fast. For Pyotr Grinev, honor is loyalty to the official and class business. In the famous conversation with Pugachev, we see a brave nobleman. Finding himself among the enemies in a rebellious settlement, he behaves with great dignity. In relation to himself on the part of Pugachev, he does not even allow a mocking tone. He does not need a life bought at the price of the humiliation of a noble rank. Grinev also loves for real. He saves the life of Masha Mironova, endangering his own. At the trial, Peter does not name the girl, preferring to be convicted. The quarrel with Shvabrin speaks of the nobility of Grinev, who stands up for the honor of Masha, whose love for himself he does not know. Shvabrin's vulgarity revolts him. Peter tries to hide his triumph over the defeated Shvabrin. Colliding Grinev and Shvabrin in various life situations, the writer shows that the most important thing in a person is not education and outward brilliance of the mind, but devotion to convictions and nobility.

Drawing Grinev and Shvabrin, Pushkin denies the possibility of an alliance between the nobility and the insurgent peasantry. People like Shvabrin join the uprising because they have no principles, no honor, no conscience, and they are driven by personal goals.

The writer does not think to hide the class psychology of the Grinevs. He shows that even the morality of the most honest and just landowners is influenced by the power of the feudal lord. Those actions of Pyotr Grinev, which are worthy of condemnation, are associated with the attitude towards the serfs, and above all towards the faithful servant Savelich. I remember that once Petrusha almost left his uncle among the enemies.

Grinev is still young, therefore, out of frivolity, he does not think about how his behavior is assessed from the outside when they accept Pugachev's help in releasing Marya Petrovna. He is grateful: “I don’t know what to call you ... But God sees that with my life I would be glad to pay you for what you did for me. Just do not demand what is contrary to my honor and Christian conscience.

Grinev sends Marya Ivanovna with Savelich to his parents - there is nowhere else to hide the orphaned captain's daughter. He himself recalls his officer duties and remains in the Zurik detachment. Then - the arrest, the trial ... Grinev perfectly understands what charge he will be charged with: "my unauthorized absence from Orenburg", "my friendly relations with Pugachev." Grinev does not feel much guilt here, and if he does not justify himself, then because he does not want to "confuse the name of Marya Ivanovna between the vile slander of the villains and bring her to a confrontation."

Such is Pushkin's Grinev. Despite the mistakes of the hero of the work, we are presented with the image of an honest, courageous person, capable of great feeling, faithful duty, but still frivolous in understanding the significance of those events in which he was a participant.

This is how the aging landowner Pyotr Grinev sees himself, because the narration in the novel is still on behalf of the hero himself, he told about the events of his youth, about the 70s of the 18th century.

Masha Mironova- the daughter of the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress. During the first meeting with her, we see an ordinary Russian girl: "chubby, ruddy, with light blond hair, smoothly combed behind her ears." Timid and sensitive, she was afraid even of a rifle shot. In many ways, her timidity and shyness are caused by her lifestyle: she lived rather closed, even lonely.

From the words of Vasilisa Egorovna, we learn about the unenviable fate of the girl: “A girl of marriageable age, and what kind of dowry does she have? a frequent comb, and a broom, and an altyn of money ... with what to go to the bathhouse. Well, if there is a kind person; otherwise sit yourself in the girls as an eternal bride. But Masha refuses Shvabrin's offer to become his wife. Her pure, open soul cannot accept marriage with an unloved person: “Aleksei Ivanovich, of course, is an intelligent person, and of a good surname, and has a fortune; but when I think that it will be necessary to kiss him under the crown in front of everyone ... No way! for no welfare!” Marriage of convenience is unthinkable for her, even if she finds herself in the most difficult situation. Masha sincerely fell in love with Pyotr Grinev. And she does not hide her feelings, openly giving him an answer to his explanation: “She confessed to Grinev her heartfelt inclination without any affectation and said that her parents would be glad of her happiness.” However, she never agrees to marry without the blessing of the groom's parents. It was not easy for Masha to move away from Pyotr Andreevich. Her feelings were still strong, but pride, honor and dignity did not allow her to do otherwise after she learned about his parents' disagreement with this marriage.

A bitter fate awaits the girl ahead: her parents were executed, and the priest hid her in her house. But Shvabrin took Masha by force and put her under lock and key, forcing her to marry him. When the long-awaited salvation finally comes in the person of Pugachev, the girl is seized by conflicting feelings: she sees before her the killer of her parents and at the same time her deliverer. Instead of words of gratitude, "she covered her face with both hands and fell unconscious."

Pugachev released Peter and Masha, and Grinev sent her to her parents, who received the girl well: “They saw the grace of God in the fact that they had the opportunity to shelter and caress the poor orphan. Soon they became sincerely attached to her, because it was impossible to know her and not fall in love.

The character of Masha Mironova is clearly revealed after Grinev's arrest. She was very worried, because she knew the real reason for the arrest and considered herself guilty of Grinev’s misfortunes: “She hid her tears and suffering from everyone and meanwhile constantly thought about the means to save him.” Having told Grinev's parents that "her whole future fate depends on this journey, that she is going to seek protection and help from strong people as the daughter of a man who suffered for her loyalty," Masha goes to St. Petersburg. She is determined to achieve the release of her beloved, no matter what it costs her. Having met by chance with the Empress, but not yet knowing who this woman is, Masha openly tells her her story and the reasons for Grinev's act: “I know everything, I will tell you everything. For me alone he was subjected to everything that befell him. It is in this meeting that the character of a modest and timid Russian girl without any education is truly revealed, who, however, found in herself enough strength, firmness of spirit and adamant determination to defend the truth and achieve an acquittal of her innocent fiancé. Soon she was summoned to the court, where they announced the release of Pyotr Andreevich.

After reading the work, we understand that the image of Masha Mironova was dear and close to the author. She embodies, along with Tatyana Larina, Pushkin's ideal of a woman - with a pure, albeit a little naive soul, a kind, sympathetic heart, faithful and capable of sincere love, for which she is ready to make any sacrifices, to do the most daring deeds.

populace shown in Pushkin's story is not one-sided. Among the peasants there were also active participants in the Pugachev movement (for example, guard peasants who captured Grinev near Berdskaya Sloboda), but there were also people like Savelich. The image of Savelich, a courtyard devoted to his masters, was necessary for Pushkin for a truthful depiction of the life of that time. In the image of Savelich, Pushkin painted a good Russian man, the tragedy of whose position is that he lives in the era of serfdom, which depersonalizes the peasant, and above all and most of all - the courtyard. “Savelyich is a miracle. This face is the most tragic, i.e., which is most regrettable in the story, ”one of the writers - Pushkin's contemporaries said well.

IN in the image of Savelich many attractive features characteristic of a simple Russian person are embodied: fidelity to duty, directness, the ability for deep affection and self-sacrifice. All the best in Grinev was brought up mainly by Savelich. Savelich is deeply attached to Grinev. He sees his duty in arranging the happiness of his pet. Savelich is a slave by position, but not a slave by spirit. It has a sense of human dignity. Grinev's rude letter to him caused bitterness and pain in Savelnche. In Savelich's response, Pushkin emphasized not only the obedience of the old uncle to his master, but also the awakening in the serf slave of the consciousness that he is the same person as his barii. In the image of Savelich, Pushkin protests against serfdom.

"Captain's daughter", in general, all thoroughly saturated folklore; it is saturated with folk speech and folk-poetic images. Proverbs, sayings, songs, fairy tales are generously woven into the fabric of the narrative. It is well known how important

Pushkin epigraphs. Epigraphs should illuminate the narrative, emphasize its main idea, and explain individual episodes. Of the eleven epigraphs to The Captain's Daughter, ten are borrowed from folk poetry, which, as it were, prompts and inspires the reader with the idea of ​​the folk elements of the story. Pugachev's speech is especially rich in folklore moments. Yes, and the main disclosure of the appearance of Pugachev was given by Pushkin in the images and symbols of folk poetry, in Pugachev's "favorite song" and in the Kalmyk fairy tale about the eagle and the raven, which he tells Grinev.

These folklore moments in The Captain's Daughter are not just an aesthetic device, but a poetic expression of a certain political concept. The assessments and views of M. N. Pokrovsky have not yet been outlived in Pushkin's literature. "History of Pugachev" Pokrovsky considered the work "clearly failed" and, moreover, imbued with pronounced noble tendencies. “We must not forget for a single minute,” wrote M. N. Pokrovsky, “that the “History of the Pugachev Rebellion” was written by the master “landowner”. This led to a number of "contradictions": the gentleman-Pushkin was the first idealizer of the leader of the peasant revolution, and, in addition, it turns out that this gentleman and "an admirer of the ultra-monarchist historiographer" (Karamzin) "in history loved rebels more than anything." “But this contradiction,” M. N. Pokrovsky wrote further, “is apparent. For Pushkin, Pugachev was by no means the leader of a peasant revolution deliberately directed against the masters. Pugachev for him is the leader of the Cossack uprising, to which the mob has stuck, which sticks to any disorder that promises alleviation of its position and robbery. But the Cossacks are not at all the same as the peasants. The first idealizer of Pugachev was at the same time the first idealizer of the Cossacks.

Here Pushkin's point of view is expressed with the utmost clarity. For him, it is the folk character of Pugachev's movement that is absolutely indisputable, and in the light of this note, the meaning of the folklore images and the folklore style of The Captain's Daughter becomes clear. The folk element in the story reveals and symbolizes the folk character of the Pugachev movement. And all imbued with folk wisdom, constantly pouring out sayings and proverbs, carried away by folk songs and revealing his dreams in the images of a folk tale, Pugachev for Pushkin is, as it were, the embodiment of this folk element, its leader and its symbol. Of course, it does not follow from this that Pushkin was the ideologist of the peasant revolution. But Pushkin was acutely aware of the inevitability of peasant uprisings under the existing feudal system and, with exceptional force and urgency, put this topic before his contemporaries and posterity.

The folklore element of The Captain's Daughter clarifies the true essence of the story; in the images of folklore, the undoubted for Pushkin - using his own formula - the nationality of the movement is revealed. At the same time, Pushkin's understanding of folklore as the main artistic means of revealing the nationality is clearly defined here. "The Captain's Daughter" is the completion of the path begun in "Fairy Tales" - the path of a holistic disclosure through folklore of the image of the Russian people and their creative power. From "Ruslan and Lyudmila" - through "Songs about Razin" and "Songs of the Western Slavs" - to "Tales" and "The Captain's Daughter" went the path of Pushkin's folklorism. In the era of "Ruslan and Lyudmila" Pushkin perceived mainly the literary side of folk tradition; in the southern period, the historical significance of folk literature was revealed to him; in Mikhailovsky, he understood and realized folklore as an expression of nationality and as a powerful creative source. The last period is marked by the unification and creative synthesis of all these elements. Pushkin's historical understanding of the people now led him to focus on folklore in his work, which meant thereby an orientation towards the broad masses of the people and a break with the narrow-mindedness of the nobility and feudalism.

The old literary criticism failed to realize the significance of Pushkin's integral and organic path to folklore. The appeal to the Russian folk element seemed to remove Pushkin's former passion for the culture of the West. Such a mistake was completely natural. It is no coincidence that Turgenev could not understand the artistic power and charm of Pushkin's Tales. “Fairy tales and Ruslan and Lyudmila are the weakest of all his works,” he said in his speech at the opening of the monument to Pushkin in 1880. At the same time, he added: “as you know,” i.e. apparently considered this general and self-evident opinion. For Turgenev, such a judgment was inevitable - it stemmed from his understanding of the essence of the people and the people's poet. It is rooted in his opposition between people and nation. In the same speech, Turgenev argued that the common people would never read Pushkin. “What a great poet is read by those whom we call the common people. The German common people do not read Goethe, the French Molière, even the English do not read Shakespeare. "Their nation reads them."

And only in the light of our understanding of the people, in the light of the era of socialist construction and the creation of a classless society, is the organic combination of Pushkin's two paths clearly revealed and fully comprehended. Orientation towards folk poetry and "vernacular", on the one hand, and towards the great Western European writers, on the other, were inseparable in his mind, and along this path he saw the future of Russian literature. The development of Russian literature was conceived by him along the path of broad Western European enlightenment and, at the same time, a deep mastery of all the heritage of national Russian culture. The progressive ideas of world literature should become the property of the whole people. Hence the desire for simplicity, which Pushkin invariably preached. The system of these ideas is the meaning and socio-historical significance of Pushkin's folklorism.

One of the main characters of A. S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" is Pyotr Grinev, it is on his behalf that the narration is conducted, all the events of the story are shown through his perception. So fate decreed that the time of his service in the army coincided with the time of the peasant uprising. It was a serious test not only for the state, authorities, nobles, but also for every person.

It is in critical situations that the true essence of a person, his character, will and good nature is manifested. A. S. Pushkin, as it were, throws his hero into the thick of military events, leads him through all the vicissitudes of the uprising. At the same time, the spiritually rich personality of Peter Grinev is revealed to us.

Petrusha is a young nobleman who received the usual upbringing for those times. And "Although his French teacher did not give him deep knowledge, nevertheless Peter loved to read and even composed poetry. Wanting to raise his son courageous and persistent, his father decided to send him to serve in the army, but not in the capital, but in some From the moment when Petrusha leaves his parents' house, his independent, adult life begins.

In Simbirsk, Peter easily falls under the influence of the more experienced captain Zurin, who made him drink punch and beat him at cards for a large sum. Peter understands that he acted dissolutely, but duty is a matter of honor, as it is associated with the noble word. Of course, now it is difficult for Petrusha to look into Savelich's eyes, but he has learned the first lesson in his life. You can not trust unfamiliar people, not everyone is as gullible and ingenuous as he is. Being in the Belogorsk fortress, Grinev believed Shvabrin that Masha Mironova was a stupid and boring girl. But he believed only because he did not allow the thought that a nobleman could slander and have some other benefit from this. Thus, we can say that Petr Grinev is an open, honest and decent person.

His most important qualities are loyalty to duty and Honor, which he considered important for any nobleman. Thanks to these qualities, Peter was able to go through all the trials and dangers of life. Petrusha believed that it was not permissible for a nobleman who swore allegiance to the empress to swear allegiance to a fugitive convict. He preferred to die than to become a traitor to the motherland and trample his honor and dignity into the dirt. But Pugachev did not forget the kindness of Petrusha shown at the first meeting, he remembered the hare sheepskin coat and spared the young man.

Grinev, under no pretext, can accept Pugachev's offer to serve on his side. He is true to the leader of the uprising to the end and openly declares to him,
that cannot but fight against, for it is his duty. And Pugachev accepted this argument. We see that such qualities of Grinev as honesty, openness, fidelity to duty and honor are admired by Pugachev. He respects Grinev and is ready to help him, even when he openly fights against him. Peter does not tolerate injustice and deceit. His feelings for Masha are pure and tender. He is ready to stand up for her honor, openly challenges Shvabrin to a duel.

We see that for Grinev the question of honor is a matter of life and death. During the interrogation in the Pugachev case, Peter does not justify himself, does not name Masha, but behaves courageously and steadfastly.

In the image of Pyotr Grinev, A. S. Pushkin showed the most important personal qualities of a young man. It is on them that the fate of the hero depends, they help him adequately get out of any situation. Grinev's honesty, decency, justice and masculinity can be an example for every person who begins an independent adult life. After all, it is no coincidence that the epigraph of the story is a Russian proverb: "Take care of honor from a young age."