home › electrical equipment › Writers who are still poets. Russian books: from classics to the present

Writers who are still poets. Russian books: from classics to the present

According to the ranking of the Internet database Index Translationum UNESCO, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy and Anton Chekhov are the most frequently translated Russian writers in the world! These authors are ranked second, third and fourth respectively. But Russian literature is also rich in other names who have made a huge contribution to the development of both Russian and world culture.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Not only a writer, but also a historian and playwright, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was a Russian writer who made his name in the post-Stalin era and the debunking of the cult of personality.

In some way, Solzhenitsyn is considered the successor of Leo Tolstoy, since he was also a great truth-seeker and wrote large-scale works about people's lives and social processes that took place in society. Solzhenitsyn's works were based on a combination of autobiographical and documentary.

His most famous works are The Gulag Archipelago and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. With the help of these works, Solzhenitsyn tried to draw the attention of readers to the horrors of totalitarianism, which modern writers have not yet written about so openly. Russian writers that period; wanted to tell about the fate of thousands of people who were subjected to political repression, were sent to camps innocent and were forced to live there in conditions that can hardly be called human.

Ivan Turgenev

Turgenev's early work reveals the writer as a romantic who felt nature very subtly. And the literary image of the “Turgenev girl”, which has long been presented as a romantic, bright and vulnerable image, is now something of a household word. At the first stage of his work, he wrote poems, poems, dramatic works and, of course, prose.

The second stage of Turgenev's work brought the author the most fame - thanks to the creation of the "Notes of a Hunter". For the first time, he honestly portrayed the landowners, revealed the theme of the peasantry, after which he was arrested by the authorities, who did not like such work, and sent into exile to the family estate.

Later, the writer's work is filled with complex and multifaceted characters - the most mature period of the author's work. Turgenev tried to reveal such philosophical themes as love, duty, death. At the same time, Turgenev wrote his most famous work, both here and abroad, called "Fathers and Sons" about the difficulties and problems of relations between different generations.

Vladimir Nabokov

Creativity Nabokov completely runs counter to the traditions of classical Russian literature. The most important thing for Nabokov was the play of the imagination, his work became part of the transition from realism to modernism. In the author's works, one can distinguish the type of a characteristic Nabokov's hero - a lonely, persecuted, suffering, misunderstood person with a touch of genius.

In Russian, Nabokov managed to write numerous stories, seven novels (Mashenka, The King, the Queen, the Jack, Despair, and others) and two plays before leaving for the United States. From that moment on, the birth of an English-language author takes place, Nabokov completely abandons the pseudonym Vladimir Sirin, with which he signed his Russian books. Nabokov will work with the Russian language only once more - when he will translate his novel Lolita, which was originally written in English, for Russian-speaking readers.

It was this novel that became the most popular and even notorious work of Nabokov - not too surprising, because it tells about the love of a mature forty-year-old man for a teenage girl of twelve years. The book is considered quite shocking even in our free-thinking age, but if there are still disputes about the ethical side of the novel, then it is perhaps simply impossible to deny Nabokov's verbal skill.

Michael Bulgakov

Bulgakov's creative path was not at all easy. Deciding to become a writer, he abandons his career as a doctor. He writes his first works, "Fatal Eggs" and "Diaboliad", having settled down to work as a journalist. The first story evokes rather resonant responses, since it resembled a mockery of the revolution. Bulgakov's story "The Heart of a Dog", which denounces the authorities, was generally refused to be published and, moreover, the manuscript was taken away from the writer.

But Bulgakov continues to write - and creates the novel "The White Guard", which is based on a play called "Days of the Turbins". The success did not last long - in connection with another scandal over the works, all performances based on Bulgakov were removed from shows. The same fate would later befall Bulgakov's latest play, Batum.

The name of Mikhail Bulgakov is invariably associated with The Master and Margarita. Perhaps it was this novel that became the work of a lifetime, although it did not bring him recognition. But now, after the death of the writer, this work is also a success with foreign audiences.

This piece is like nothing else. We agreed to designate that this is a novel, but which one: satirical, fantastic, love-lyrical? The images presented in this work amaze and impress with their uniqueness. A novel about good and evil, about hatred and love, about hypocrisy, money-grubbing, sin and holiness. At the same time, during the life of Bulgakov, the work was not published.

It is not easy to remember another author who could so deftly and aptly expose all the falsehood and dirt of the bourgeoisie, the current government and the bureaucratic system. That is why Bulgakov was subjected to constant attacks, criticism and bans from the ruling circles.

Alexander Pushkin

Despite the fact that not all foreigners associate Pushkin with Russian literature, unlike most Russian readers, it is simply impossible to deny his legacy.

The talent of this poet and writer truly knew no bounds: Pushkin is famous for his amazing poems, but at the same time he wrote excellent prose and plays. Pushkin's work has received recognition not only now; his talent was recognized by others Russian writers and the poets of his contemporaries.

The theme of Pushkin's work is directly related to his biography - the events and experiences that he went through in his life. Tsarskoye Selo, Petersburg, time in exile, Mikhailovskoye, Caucasus; ideals, disappointments, love and affection - everything is present in the works of Pushkin. And the most famous was the novel "Eugene Onegin".

Ivan Bunin

Ivan Bunin is the first writer from Russia to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. The work of this author can be divided into two periods: before emigration and after.

Bunin was very close to the peasantry, the life of the common people, which had a great influence on the author's work. Therefore, among it, the so-called village prose is singled out, for example, "Dry Valley", "Village", which became one of the most popular works.

Nature also plays a significant role in Bunin's work, which inspired many great Russian writers. Bunin believed: she is the main source of strength and inspiration, spiritual harmony, that every person is inextricably linked with her, and in her lies the key to unraveling the mystery of being. Nature and love have become the main themes of the philosophical part of Bunin's work, which is mainly represented by poetry, as well as novels and short stories, for example, "Ida", "Mitina's Love", "Late Hour" and others.

Nikolay Gogol

After graduating from the Nizhyn Gymnasium, Nikolai Gogol's first literary experience was the poem "Hans Küchelgarten", which was not very successful. However, this did not bother the writer, and he soon began working on the play "Marriage", which was published only ten years later. This witty, colorful and lively work smashes modern society to smithereens, which has made prestige, money, power its main values, and left love somewhere in the background.

Gogol was deeply impressed by the death of Alexander Pushkin, which affected others as well. Russian writers and artists. Shortly before this, Gogol showed Pushkin the plot of a new work called "Dead Souls", so now he believed that this work was a "sacred testament" to the great Russian poet.

Dead Souls has become an excellent satire on Russian bureaucracy, serfdom and social ranks, and this book is especially popular among readers abroad.

Anton Chekhov

Chekhov began his creative activity by writing short essays, but very bright and expressive. Chekhov is best known for his humorous stories, although he wrote both tragicomic and dramatic works. And most often foreigners read Chekhov's play called "Uncle Vanya", the stories "The Lady with the Dog" and "Kashtanka".

Perhaps the most basic and famous hero of Chekhov's works is the "little man", whose figure is familiar to many readers even after the "Station Master" by Alexander Pushkin. This is not a single character, but rather a collective image.

Nevertheless, Chekhov’s little people are not the same: one wants to sympathize, to laugh at others (“The Man in the Case”, “Death of an Official”, “Chameleon”, “Scumbag” and others). The main problem of this writer's work is the problem of justice ("Name Day", "Steppe", "Leshy").

Fedor Dostoevsky

Dostoevsky is best known for his works Crime and Punishment, The Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov. Each of these works is famous for its deep psychology - indeed, Dostoevsky is considered one of the best psychologists in the history of literature.

He analyzed the nature of human emotions, such as humiliation, self-destruction, murderous rage, as well as states that lead to insanity, suicide, and murder. Psychology and philosophy are closely linked in Dostoyevsky's portrayal of his characters, intellectuals who "feel ideas" in the depths of their souls.

Thus, Crime and Punishment reflects on freedom and inner strength, suffering and madness, illness and fate, the pressure of the modern urban world on the human soul, and raises the question of whether people can ignore their own moral code. Dostoevsky, together with Leo Tolstoy, are the most famous Russian writers in the whole world, and Crime and Punishment is the most popular of the author's works.

Lev Tolstoy

With whom do foreigners associate famous Russian writers So it is with Leo Tolstoy. He is one of the undeniable titans of world fiction, a great artist and person. Tolstoy's name is known all over the world.

There is something Homeric in the epic scope with which he wrote War and Peace, but unlike Homer, he depicted war as a senseless massacre, the result of the vanity and stupidity of the leaders of the nation. The work "War and Peace" became, as it were, a kind of result of everything that Russian society experienced during the period of the 19th century.

But the most famous all over the world is Tolstoy's novel called "Anna Karenina". It is readily read both here and abroad, and readers are invariably captured by the story of the forbidden love of Anna and Count Vronsky, which leads to tragic consequences. Tolstoy dilutes the narrative with a second storyline - the story of Levin, who devotes his life to his marriage to Kitty, housekeeping and God. Thus the writer shows us the contrast between Anna's sin and Levin's virtue.

And you can watch a video about famous Russian writers of the 19th century here:

Take it, tell your friends!

Find the most popular book authors

It is here that everyone can leave a review about the book they read, rate it, thereby compiling a special list " Most Popular Writers". Of course, the final verdict is always up to you, but if a lot of people think it's good, chances are you'll like it too.

This section contains popular contemporary writers, which received the highest rating from the users of the resource. A convenient interface will help you understand the literature and will be the first step to structure this whole vast world in your head.

Best Book Authors: Pick Your Own

On our site you can not only be guided by the opinions of others about best book authors, but also to contribute to the formation and filling of this list. It's very simple. Vote for the authors you think are brilliant, and subsequently they will also be included in the top popular writers. Introduce people to beauty with us! Popular book authors are waiting for you!

Modern Russian literature has been developing dynamically since 1991, the year of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Four generations of writers of different genres fill its inner essence, creating the best Russian books.

Russian literature received a new round of development during the years of perestroika. Writers and books that graced that period:

Ludmila Ulitskaya "Medea and her children";
Tatyana Tolstaya "Circle";
Olga Slavnikova Waltz with a monster.

These books cover social and political issues.

Modern Russian prose of the 21st century also does not stand still. A whole creative galaxy of writers was formed, among which are such famous names as Daria Dontsova, Boris Akunin, Alexandra Marinina, Sergey Lukyanenko, Tatyana Ustinova, Polina Dashkova, Evgeny Grishkovets. These authors can be proud of the maximum circulation.

Modern literature is created by writers in various genres. As a rule, these are works within the framework of such trends as postmodernism and realism. Of the most popular genres, one can note dystopia, blogging literature, as well as mass literature (this includes horror, fantasy, drama, action films, detective stories).

The development of modern Russian literature in the style of postmodernism goes hand in hand with the development of society. This style is characterized by the opposition of reality and attitude towards it. Writers subtly draw the line between the existing reality and in an ironic way convey their vision of the change in the social order, changes in society and the prevalence of disorder over peace and order.

It is difficult to decide which book is a masterpiece, because each of us has our own ideas about the truth. And therefore, thanks to the fruitful work of poets, playwrights, science fiction writers, prose writers, publicists, the great and mighty Russian literature continues to develop and improve. Only time can put an end to the history of a work, because true and authentic art is not subject to time.

The best Russian detectives and adventure books

Fascinating and captivating stories in the detective genre require logic and ingenuity from the authors. It is necessary to think through all the subtleties and aspects so that the intrigue keeps readers in suspense until the last page.

Modern Russian prose: the best books for grateful readers

The top 10 most interesting books of Russian prose include the following works.

culture

This list contains the names of the greatest writers of all time from different nations, writing in different languages. Those who are at least somehow interested in literature are undoubtedly familiar with them from their wonderful creations.

Today I would like to remember those who have remained on the pages of history as outstanding authors of great works that have been in demand for many years, decades, centuries and even millennia.

1) Latin: Publius Virgil Maro

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: Marcus Tullius Cicero, Gaius Julius Caesar, Publius Ovid Nason, Quintus Horace Flaccus

You must know Virgil from his famous epic "Aeneid", which is dedicated to the fall of Troy. Virgil is probably the most strict perfectionist in the history of literature. He wrote his poem at an astonishingly slow rate - only 3 lines a day. He did not want to do it faster, to be sure that it was impossible to write these three lines better.

In Latin, a subordinate clause, dependent or independent, can be written in any order, with a few exceptions. Thus, the poet has great freedom in determining how his poetry sounds, without changing the meaning in any way. Virgil considered every option at every stage.

Virgil also wrote two more works in Latin - "Bucoliki"(38 BC) and "Georgics"(29 BC). "Georgics"- 4 partly didactic poems about agriculture, including various kinds of advice, for example, not to plant grapes next to olive trees: olive leaves are very flammable, and at the end of a dry summer they can catch fire, like everything around, due to a lightning bolt.

He also praised Aristaeus, the god of beekeeping, because honey was the only source of sugar for the European world until sugar cane was brought to Europe from the Caribbean. Bees were deified, and Virgil explained how to acquire a hive if the farmer does not have one: kill a deer, a wild boar or a bear, rip open their belly and leave them in the forest, praying to the god Aristaeus. In a week he will send a beehive to the carcass of the animal.

Virgil wrote that he would like his poem "Aeneid" burned after his death, as it remained unfinished. However, the emperor of Rome, Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus, refused to do so, thanks to which the poem has survived to this day.

2) Ancient Greek: Homer

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: Plato, Aristotle, Thucydides, Apostle Paul, Euripides, Aristophanes

Homer, perhaps, can be called the greatest writer of all times and peoples, but not much is known about him. He was probably a blind man who told stories written down 400 years later. Or in fact, a whole group of writers worked on the poems, who added something about the Trojan War and the Odyssey.

Anyway, "Iliad" And "Odyssey" were written in ancient Greek, a dialect that came to be called Homeric in contrast to the Attic that followed later and which replaced it. "Iliad" describes the last 10 years of the struggle of the Greeks with the Trojans outside the walls of Troy. Achilles is the main character. He is furious that King Agamemnon treats him and his trophies as his own property. Achilles refused to participate in the war, which had already lasted 10 years and in which the Greeks lost thousands of their soldiers in the struggle for Troy.

But after persuasion, Achilles allowed his friend (and possibly lover) Patroclus, who did not want to wait any longer, to join the war. However, Patroclus was defeated and killed by Hector, the leader of the Trojan army. Achilles rushed into battle and forced the Trojan battalions to flee. Without outside help, he killed many enemies, fought with the god of the river Scamander. Achilles ultimately killed Hector, and the poem ends with funeral ceremonies.

"Odyssey"- an unsurpassed adventure masterpiece about the 10-year wanderings of Odysseus, who tried to return home after the end of the Trojan War along with his people. The details of the fall of Troy are mentioned very briefly. When Odysseus ventured to the Land of the Dead, where he found Achilles among others.

These are just two works of Homer that have survived and have come down to us, however, whether there were others is not exactly known. However, these works underlie all European literature. The poems are written in dactylic hexameter. Many poems have been written in memory of Homer in the Western tradition.

3) French: Victor Hugo

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: René Descartes, Voltaire, Alexandre Dumas, Molière, François Rabelais, Marcel Proust, Charles Baudelaire

The French have always been fans of long novels, the longest of which is the cycle "In Search of Lost Time" Marcel Proust. However, Victor Hugo is perhaps the most famous French prose writer and one of the greatest poets of the 19th century.

His most famous works are "Notre Dame Cathedral"(1831) and "Les Misérables"(1862). The first work even formed the basis of the famous cartoon "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" studios Walt Disney Pictures However, in Hugo's real novel, everything ended far from being so fabulous.

The hunchback Quasimodo was hopelessly in love with the gypsy Esmeralda, who treated him well. However, Frollo, an evil priest, had his eye on the beauty. Frollo followed her and saw how she almost turned out to be the mistress of Captain Phoebus. As revenge, Frollo handed over the gypsy to justice, accusing the captain of the murder, whom he actually killed himself.

After being tortured, Esmeralda confessed that she allegedly committed a crime and was supposed to be hanged, but at the last moment she was saved by Quasimodo. In the end, Esmeralda was executed anyway, Frollo was thrown from the cathedral, and Quasimodo starved to death, hugging the corpse of his beloved.

"Les Misérables" also not a particularly cheerful novel, at least one of the main characters - Cosette - survives, despite the fact that she had to suffer almost all her life, like all the heroes of the novel. It's a classic story of fanatical law enforcement, but almost no one can help those who really need help the most.

4) Spanish: Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: Jorge Luis Borges

The main work of Cervantes, of course, is the famous novel "The Cunning Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha". He also wrote collections of short stories, a romantic novel "Galatea", novel "Persiles and Sihismunda" and some other works.

Don Quixote is a rather hilarious character, even today, whose real name is Alonso Quejana. He read so much about warrior knights and their honest ladies that he began to consider himself a knight, traveling through the countryside and getting into all sorts of adventures, forcing everyone who meets him on the way to remember him for recklessness. He befriends an ordinary farmer, Sancho Panza, who is trying to bring Don Quixote back to reality.

It is known that Don Quixote tried to fight with windmills, saved people who usually did not need his help, and was beaten many times. The second part of the book was published 10 years after the first and is the first work of modern literature. The characters all know about the story of Don Quixote, which is told in the first part.

Now everyone he meets is trying to ridicule him and Panso, testing their faith in the spirit of chivalry. He eventually returns to reality when he loses a fight with the Knight of the White Moon, poisons himself at home, falls ill and dies, leaving all the money to his niece on the condition that she does not marry a man who reads reckless tales of chivalry.

5) Dutch: Joost van den Vondel

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: Peter Hooft, Jakob Kats

Vondel is the most prominent Dutch writer who lived in the 17th century. He was a poet and playwright and was representative of the "Golden Age" of Dutch literature. His most famous play is "Geisbrecht of Amsterdam", a historical drama that was performed on New Year's Day at the Amsterdam City Theater between 1438 and 1968.

The play is about Geisbrecht IV, who, according to the play, invaded Amsterdam in 1303 to restore the honor of the family and return the titled nobility. He founded something like the title of baron in these places. Vondel's historical sources were incorrect. In fact, the invasion was carried out by the son of Geisbrecht, Jan, who turned out to be a real hero, overthrowing the tyranny that reigned in Amsterdam. Today, Geisbrecht is a national hero because of this writer's mistake.

Vondel also wrote another masterpiece, an epic poem called "John the Baptist"(1662) about the life of John. This work is the national epic of the Netherlands. Vondel is also the author of the play "Lucifer"(1654), which examines the soul of a biblical character, as well as his character and motives in order to answer the question of why he did what he did. This play inspired the Englishman John Milton to write 13 years later "Paradise Lost".

6) Portuguese: Luis de Camões

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: José Maria Esa de Queiroz, Fernando António Nugueira Pessoa

Camões is considered the greatest poet of Portugal. His most famous work is "Lusiades"(1572). The Lusiades were the people who inhabited the Roman region of Lusitania, on the site of which modern Portugal is located. The name comes from the name Lusa (Lusus), he was a friend of the god of wine Bacchus, he is considered the progenitor of the Portuguese people. "Lusiades"- an epic poem consisting of 10 songs.

The poem tells of all the famous Portuguese sea voyages to discover, conquer and colonize new countries and cultures. She is somewhat similar to "Odyssey" Homer, Camões praises Homer and Virgil many times. The work begins with a description of the journey of Vasco da Gama.

This is a historical poem that recreates many battles, the Revolution of 1383-85, the discovery of da Gama, trade with the city of Calcutta, India. The Louisiads were always watched by the Greek gods, although da Gama, being a Catholic, prayed to his own god. At the end, the poem mentions Magellan and speaks of the glorious future of Portuguese navigation.

7) German: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: Friedrich von Schiller, Arthur Schopenhauer, Heinrich Heine, Franz Kafka

Speaking of German music, one cannot but mention Bach, just as German literature would not have been so complete without Goethe. Many great writers wrote about him or used his ideas in shaping their style. Goethe wrote four novels, a great many poems and documentaries, scientific essays.

Undoubtedly, his most famous work is the book "The Sorrows of Young Werther"(1774). Goethe founded the German Romantic movement. Beethoven's 5th symphony completely coincides in mood with Goethe's "Werther".

Novel "The Sorrows of Young Werther" talks about the unsatisfied romanticism of the protagonist, which leads to his suicide. The story is told in the form of letters and made the epistolary novel popular for at least the next century and a half.

However, the masterpiece of Goethe's pen is still a poem "Faust" which consists of 2 parts. The first part was published in 1808, the second in 1832, the year of the writer's death. The legend of Faust existed long before Goethe, but Goethe's dramatic story remains the most famous story about this hero.

Faust is a scientist whose incredible knowledge and wisdom pleased God. God sends Mephistopheles or the Devil to check on Faust. The story of a deal with the devil has often been brought up in literature, but the most famous is perhaps the story of Goethe's Faust. Faust signs an agreement with the Devil, promising his soul in exchange for the Devil to do whatever Faust wishes on Earth.

He becomes young again and falls in love with the girl Gretchen. Gretchen takes a potion from Faust to help her mother's insomnia, but the potion poisons her. This drives Gretchen crazy, she drowns her newborn baby, signing her death warrant. Faust and Mephistopheles break into the prison to rescue her, but Gretchen refuses to go with them. Faust and Mephistopheles go into hiding, and God grants forgiveness to Gretchen while she awaits her execution.

The second part is incredibly difficult to read, as the reader needs to be well versed in Greek mythology. This is a kind of continuation of the story that began in the first part. Faust, with the help of Mephistopheles, becomes incredibly strong and corrupt until the very end of the story. He remembers the pleasure of being a good person and immediately dies. Mephistopheles comes for his soul, but the angels take it for themselves, they stand up for the soul of Faust, who is reborn and ascends to Heaven.

8) Russian: Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Today, Pushkin is remembered as the father of native Russian literature, in contrast to that Russian literature, which had a clear tinge of Western influence. First of all, Pushkin was a poet, but he wrote in all genres. Drama is considered his masterpiece. "Boris Godunov"(1831) and a poem "Eugene Onegin"(1825-32).

The first work is a play, the second is a novel in poetic form. "Onegin" written exclusively in sonnets, and Pushkin invented a new form of sonnet, which distinguishes his work from the sonnets of Petrarch, Shakespeare and Edmund Spenser.

The main character of the poem - Eugene Onegin - is the model on which all Russian literary heroes are based. Onegin is treated as a person who does not meet any standards accepted in society. He wanders, gambles, fights duels, he is called a sociopath, although not cruel or evil. This person, rather, does not care about the values and rules that are accepted in society.

Many of Pushkin's poems formed the basis of ballets and operas. They are very difficult to translate into any other language, mostly because poetry simply cannot sound the same in another language. This is what distinguishes poetry from prose. Languages often do not match in the possibilities of words. The Inuit language of the Eskimos is known to have 45 different words for snow.

Nevertheless, "Onegin" translated into many languages. Vladimir Nabokov translated the poem into English, but instead of one volume, he got as many as 4. Nabokov retained all the definitions and descriptive details, but completely ignored the music of poetry.

All this is due to the fact that Pushkin had an incredibly unique writing style that allowed him to touch on all aspects of the Russian language, even inventing new syntactic and grammatical forms and words, establishing many rules that almost all Russian writers use even today.

9) Italian: Dante Alighieri

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: none

Name Durante in Latin means "hardy" or "eternal". It was Dante who helped streamline the various Italian dialects of his time into modern Italian. The dialect of Tuscany, where Dante was born in Florence, is the standard for all Italians thanks to "Divine Comedy"(1321), Dante Alighieri's masterpiece and one of the greatest works of world literature of all time.

At the time this work was written, the Italian regions each had their own dialect, which were quite different from each other. Today, when you want to learn Italian as a foreign language, you will almost always start with the Florentine version of Tuscany because of its significance in literature.

Dante travels to Hell and Purgatory to learn about the punishments that sinners are serving. There are different punishments for different crimes. Those who are accused of lust are forever driven by the wind, despite their fatigue, because in life the wind of voluptuousness drove them.

Those whom Dante considers heretics are guilty of splitting the church into several branches, among them also the prophet Muhammad. They are sentenced to a split from the neck to the groin, and the punishment is carried out by the devil with a sword. In such a ripped state, they walk in a circle.

IN "Comedy" there are also descriptions of Paradise, which are also unforgettable. Dante uses Ptolemy's concept of paradise that Heaven is made up of 9 concentric spheres, each of which brings the author and Beatrice, his lover and guide, closer to God at the very top.

After meeting with various famous personalities from the Bible, Dante finds himself face to face with the Lord God, depicted as three beautiful circles of light, merging into one, from which Jesus, the incarnation of God on Earth, emerges.

Dante is also the author of other smaller poems and essays. One of the works - "About folk eloquence" talks about the importance of Italian as a spoken language. He also wrote a poem "New life" with passages in prose in which he defends noble love. No other writer was as fluent in the language as Dante was in Italian.

10) English: William Shakespeare

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: John Milton, Samuel Beckett, Geoffrey Chaucer, Virginia Woolf, Charles Dickens

Voltaire called Shakespeare "that drunken fool", and his works "that huge dunghill". Nevertheless, the influence of Shakespeare on literature is undeniable, and not only English, but also the literature of most other languages of the world. Today Shakespeare is one of the most translated writers, his complete works have been translated into 70 languages, and various plays and poems - into more than 200.

About 60 percent of all catchphrases, quotes and idioms in the English language come from King James Bible(English translation of the Bible), 30 percent from Shakespeare.

According to the rules of Shakespearean time, tragedies at the end demanded the death of at least one main character, but in an ideal tragedy everyone dies: "Hamlet" (1599-1602), "King Lear" (1660), "Othello" (1603), "Romeo and Juliet" (1597).

In contrast to tragedy, there is comedy, in which someone is sure to marry at the end, and in the ideal comedy, all the characters marry and get married: "A dream in a summer night" (1596), "Much ado about nothing" (1599), "Twelfth Night" (1601), "The Merry Wives of Windsor" (1602).

Shakespeare masterfully exacerbated the tension between the characters in an excellent combination with the plot. He knew how, like no one else, organically describe human nature. The real genius of Shakespeare can be called skepticism, which pervades all his works, sonnets, plays and poems. He, as expected, praises the highest moral principles of mankind, but these principles are always expressed in the conditions of an ideal world.

Famous writers and poets

Abe Kobo(1924–1993) - Japanese writer, poet, screenwriter, director The novels "Woman in the Sands", "Alien Face", "Burned Map", etc.

Amadou Jorge(1912–2001) - Brazilian writer, social and political figure. His novels (Endless Lands, Gabriela, Cinnamon and Carnation, Shepherds of the Night, Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands, Miracle Shop, Teresa Batista, Tired of War, Ambush) have been translated into almost 50 languages of the world, repeatedly filmed, formed the basis of theatrical and radio performances.

Andersen Hans Christian(1805-1875) - Danish writer and poet, author of world-famous fairy tales for children and adults: "The Ugly Duckling", "The King's New Dress", "Shadow", "The Princess and the Pea", etc.

Andreev Leonid Nikolaevich(1871–1919) - Russian writer of the Silver Age Stories ("Bergamot and Garaska", etc.), dramas ("Anatema", etc.). In the last years of his life, he became close to the decadents.

Updike John(b. 1932) is an American novelist, poet, essayist, and literary critic. Updike's best-known work is a series of novels whose protagonist is a character named Harry Engstrom, nicknamed Rabbit: "Rabbit Run!" (1960), Rabbit Healed (1971), Rabbit Got Rich (1981).

Ariosto Ludovico(1474–1533) - humanist poet of the Italian Renaissance His poem "Furious Roland" is imbued with subtle irony.

Aristophanes(c. 450 BC - between 387 and 380 BC) - ancient Greek playwright, "father of comedy", the most famous representative of the so-called ancient Attic comedy.

Akhmatova Anna Andreevna (Gorenko)(1889–1966) - Russian poetess. In her youth, she joined the acmeists (collections "Evening", "Rosary"). Characteristic features of Akhmatova's work include fidelity to the moral foundations of being, a subtle understanding of the psychology of feeling, understanding of the national tragedies of the 20th century, coupled with personal experiences, and an attraction to the classical style of poetic language. The autobiographical cycle of poems "Requiem" is one of the first poetic works dedicated to the victims of the repressions of the 1930s.

Babel Isaak Emmanuilovich(1894–1941) - Russian Soviet writer Tales about the Civil War in the collection "Cavalry", stories ("Odessa Stories"), plays, etc.

Byron George Noel Gordon(1788–1824) - English romantic poet (poems "Corsair", "Manfred", etc.).

Balzac Honore de(1799–1850) - French writer He wrote a cycle of novels and short stories "The Human Comedy", consisting of 90 works, in which he showed the most diverse aspects of the life of contemporary society.

Balmont Konstantin Dmitrievich (1867–1942) - Russian symbolist poet, essayist, one of the most prominent representatives of Russian poetry of the Silver Age.

Baratynsky Evgeny Abramovich (1800–1844) - Russian romantic poet, author of many elegies and philosophical lyric poems.

Batyushkov Konstantin Nikolaevich (1787–1855) - Russian poet. He headed the anacreontic direction in Russian poetry, sang the joy and joy of life.

Begbede Frederick(R. 1965) - a modern French prose writer, publicist, literary critic and editor.

Belinsky Vissarion Grigorievich (1811–1848) - Russian literary critic, publicist.

Bely Andrey (Bugaev Boris Nikolaevich) (1880–1934)- Russian writer, poet, critic, one of the leading figures of Russian symbolism.

Belyaev Alexander Romanovich (1884–1942) - Soviet science fiction writer, one of the founders of Soviet science fiction literature. Among the famous works: "Professor Dowell's Head", "Amphibian Man", "Ariel", "KETs Star" (KETs - the initials of Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky) and many others (more than 70 science fiction works in total, including 13 novels).

Béranger Pierre Jean (1780-1857) - French songwriter and satirist. His work is distinguished by humor, optimism, rejection of hypocrisy. Beranger's songs received the widest popularity.

Burgess Anthony (1917-1993) - English novelist, essayist and translator, whose talent was most clearly manifested in his excellent command of the language. Burgess' most famous work is A Clockwork Orange. (1962).

Bestuzhev-Marlinsky (Bestuzhev) Alexander Alexandrovich

(1797–1837) - Russian writer, Decembrist. One of the first novelists, founded the almanac "Polar Star".

Bianki Vitaly Valentinovich(1894–1959) - Russian Soviet children's writer Wrote popular books about nature (Forest Newspaper, etc.).

Biers Ambrose Gwinnet(1842-?) American satirist. In his dark, so-called "terrible" stories, he explored the dark side of the human character. At the end of 1913, the writer went to Mexico, which was engulfed in revolutionary events, from where on December 26 he wrote his last letter to his daughter. The further fate of the writer is not known for certain.

Beecher Stowe Harriet(1811–1896) - American writer. The novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" shows the horrors of slavery, imbued with compassion and mercy for black Americans.

Blok Alexander Alexandrovich(1880-1921) - Russian poet ("Poems about the Beautiful Lady", the poem "The Twelve"). His poetry is characterized by penetration, awareness of the tragedy of modern man, and the refinement of form.

Bo Ju Yi(772–846) - a classic of Chinese poetry ("Qin melodies"). The quatrains of Bo Ju Yi are marked by clarity and depth of thought.

Boccaccio Giovanni(1313-1375) - famous Italian writer and poet, an outstanding representative of the humanistic literature of the Renaissance. The author of poems based on the subjects of ancient mythology, the psychological story "Fiammetta", pastorals, sonnets. The main work - "The Decameron" - is a book of erotic, realistic short stories imbued with humanistic ideas, the spirit of freethinking and anti-clericalism, rejection of ascetic morality, and cheerful humor.

Beaumarchais Pierre Apostin Caron de(1732-1799) - French playwright, famous for the play "The Barber of Seville", the name of the hero of which Figaro became a household name.

Borges Jorge Luis(1889-1986) - Argentine writer, essayist, culturologist, consummate master of the short story.

Brecht Bertolt(1898–1956) - German playwright, prose writer, poet, director (The Threepenny Opera, The Threepenny Romance, The Life of Galileo, The Good Man from Cezuan, etc.).

Brodsky Joseph Alexandrovich(1942–1996) - Russian Soviet and American poet, essayist, playwright, translator, winner of the 1987 Nobel Prize in Literature. His poems are distinguished by the depth of philosophical thought and perfect form.

Bradbury Ray Douglas(b. 1920) - American science fiction writer ("The Martian Chronicles", "Dandelion Wine", "Fahrenheit 451", etc.).

Bryusov Valery Yakovlevich(1873-1924) - Russian poet, theorist of verse (collections of poems "To the City and the World", "Dali", etc.).

Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich(1891–1940) - Russian writer and playwright. Author of novels, short stories, collections of short stories, feuilletons and about two dozen plays (the novels The White Guard, The Master and Margarita, the plays The Run, etc.).

Bunin Ivan Alekseevich(1870–1953) - Russian poet, writer, honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1909), winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1933.

Vega Lope de(1562–1635) - Spanish playwright, founder of the Spanish national dramaturgy.

Virgil(70-19 BC) - classical poet of Ancient Rome, author of the poem "Aeneid" about the legendary founder of Rome.

Verlaine Paul(1844–1896) - French poet, one of the founders of symbolism and decadence.

Verne Jules(1828–1905) - French science fiction writer who created more than 65 novels and other works that greatly contributed to the development of science fiction literature.

Villon Francois(b. between 1.4.1431 and 19.4.1432 -?), French poet. In 1463 he was convicted of a fight and sentenced to hanging. In anticipation of death, he wrote The Ballad of the Hanged. But the execution was canceled, and Villon was expelled from Paris. Later, Villon participated in the competition of poets at the court of Duke Charles of Orleans. Since 1464, his fate is unknown.

Vizbor Yury Iosifovich(1934–1984) - Russian poet, bard, film actor. Author of words and music for many songs.

Voznesensky Andrey Andreevich(b. 1933) - Russian Soviet poet, architect by education. He searched and found new, modern poetic forms (collection "Antimirs", "Oz", etc.).

Voynich Ethel Lilian(1864–1960) - English writer and composer. The pinnacle of creativity is the novel "The Gadfly".

Voloshin (Kirienko-Voloshin) Maximilian Aleksandrovich(1877–1932) - Russian decadent poet, distinguished by originality of form and depth of philosophical generalization (collections Iverny, Deaf and Dumb Demons, etc.).

Voltaire (Marie Francois Arouet)(1694-1778) - French writer, educator and philosopher ("Candide" and others), a fighter against religious intolerance and obscurantism.

Galich Alexander (Ginzburg Alexander Arkadievich) (1918–1977) - Russian poet, opposition to the Soviet regime. His poems and songs were distributed throughout the country in tape recordings and samizdat.

Gamzatov Rasul Gamzatovich(b. 1923) - Avar Soviet poet, whose work is distinguished by high lyricism, folk flavor and humanism.

Hamsun (Pedersen) Whip(1859–1952) – Norwegian writer and playwright Psychological novels (“Hunger”, “Pan”, etc., plays).

Garshin Vsevolod Mikhailovich(1855–1888) - Russian writer In his stories ("Four Days", "Coward", etc.), a heightened sense of social injustice is expressed.

Gauf Wilhelm(1802–1827) - German storyteller ("Little Muk", etc.).

Hasek Yaroslav(1883-1923) - Czech satirist writer, author of the novel "The Adventures of the Good Soldier Schweik" - one of the best satirical novels in the history of literature.

Heinrich Heine(1797-1856) - an outstanding German lyric poet ("Germany. Winter's Tale") and publicist.

Herzen Alexander Ivanovich(1812–1870) - Russian writer and publicist, emigre, founder of the Free Russian Printing House in London, publisher of the Kolokol magazine, author of many short stories and novels (The Past and Thoughts, etc.).

Hesse German(1877–1962) - German writer, poet, critic, publicist. Nobel Prize Laureate.

Goethe Johann Wolfgang(1749–1832) - great German poet and thinker, founder of modern German literature.

Gogol Nikolay Vasilievich(1809–1852) - Russian writer and playwright, author of the plays "The Government Inspector", "Marriage", the epic "Dead Souls" and others. Head of the so-called "natural school", satirist, philosopher. He had a huge impact on the development of Russian and Ukrainian literature.

Galsworthy John(1867–1933) - English writer, author of the Forsyte Saga, Modern Comedy, End of the Chapter trilogies. Nobel laureate.

Homer(VIII-VII centuries BC) - the legendary poet of Ancient Greece, the author of the epic poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey".

Goncourt brothers Edmond(1822–1896) and Jules(1830–1870) - classics of French literature. Novels from the life of various strata of French society ("Germinie Lacerte", "Rene Maupren"), memoirs. The story "The Zemgano Brothers" written by Edmond after the death of his brother was widely known. Founders of the Prix Goncourt.

Gonchar Oles (Alexander Terentyevich)(1918–1995) - Ukrainian Soviet writer Novels "Cathedral", "Tronka" and others. A classic of modern Ukrainian literature.

Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich(1812–1891) - Russian writer. The novels "An Ordinary Story", "Oblomov", "Cliff", a cycle of travel essays "Frigate" Pallas with< » и др.

Horace (Quintus Horace Flaccus)(65-8 BC) - an ancient Roman poet, author of satires, odes, messages, which became a model of classicism.

Gorky Maxim (Peshkov Alexey Maksimovich)(1868–1936) - Russian writer and playwright, public figure. In his works he reflected a broad picture of Russian life before the revolution.

Hoffmann Ernst Theodor Amadeus(1776-1822) - German writer, storyteller, composer and painter, who possessed subtle irony and whimsical fantasy with a touch of mysticism.

Griboedov Alexander Sergeevich(1795–1829) - Russian writer, poet and diplomat, author of the rhyming play Woe from Wit.

Grimm, brothers Jacob(1785–1863) and William(1786–1859) - German scholars and storytellers, philologists and folklorists.

Grin Alexander (Grinevsky Alexander Stepanovich)(1880–1932) - Russian writer, romantic. He sang the high moral qualities of man. The extravaganza "Scarlet Sails", the story "Running on the Waves", etc.

Green Graham(1904-1991) - English writer, poet, playwright, publicist, screenwriter, critic. Master of Political Detective ("Istanbul Express", "The Quiet American", "Our Man in Havana", etc.).

Gulak-Artemovsky Petr Petrovich(1790–1865) - prominent Ukrainian writer and fabulist. In the history of Ukrainian literature, the significance of Gulak-Artemovsky is determined by his position as a poet following Kotlyarevsky, who, using the latter’s creative methods (burlesque, travesty), tried to introduce a number of new genres into Ukrainian literature (ballads: “Tvardovsky”, “Fisherman”).

Gumilyov Nikolai Stepanovich(1886–1921) - Russian poet of the Silver Age, acmeist, romantic. His poems are marked by refinement of form, decorativeness, and brightness of poetic language.

Hugo Victor Marie(1802-1885) - French classic writer, author of the well-known novels Notre Dame Cathedral, Toilers of the Sea, Les Misérables, etc., plays.

Davydov Denis Vasilievich(1784–1839) - Russian poet, hussar, general, partisan hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, author of "hussar lyrics".

Dal Volodymyr Ivanovych(1801-1872) - Russian ethnographer and linguist, compiler of the famous four-volume Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language.

Dante Alighieri(1265–1321) - Italian poet, creator of the Italian literary language. The pinnacle of Dante's work is the poem "The Divine Comedy".

Darrell Gerald Malcolm(1925-1995) - English zoologist, writer and director, author of more than 30 books, which, thanks to a relaxed manner and unsurpassed humor, brought him worldwide fame.

Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich(1743-1816) - Russian poet of the Enlightenment, a representative of classicism, who significantly transformed him ("Felitsa", "To the Rulers and Judges", etc.).

Defoe Daniel(1660–1731) - English writer, author of Robinson Crusoe. He advocated religious tolerance and freedom of speech.

Jalil Musa(1906–1944) - Tatar poet He died in the dungeons of the Gestapo, from where, before his death, he handed over the cycle of poems “The Moabit Notebook”.

Jerome Klapka Jerome(1859-1927) - English writer-humorist, author of the story "Three in a boat, not counting the dog", popular to this day.

Joyce James(1882–1941) - Irish writer, head of the "stream of consciousness" school. His novel "Ulysses" is considered by many critics to be the most innovative work of the 20th century.

Dickens Charles(1812–1870) - English writer, one of the greatest English-language prose writers of the 19th century, humanist, classic of world literature. Author of the novels The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, Dombey and Son, Bleak House, The Adventures of Oliver Twist, etc.

Dovlatov Sergey Donatovich(1941–1990) - Russian writer, since 1978 in the USA. In autobiographical sketches, short stories, stories, ironically recreates the absurd Soviet reality and the life of the Russian emigration.

Daudet Alphonse(1840-1897) - French writer, author of the humorous trilogy "The Extraordinary Adventures of Tartarin of Tarasco" and others.

Dos Passos John(1896–1970) - American writer, representative of the "lost generation" in the First World War. Experimental in form epic-trilogy "USA", etc.

Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich(1821–1881) - an outstanding Russian writer. In the novels "Crime and Punishment", "The Brothers Karamazov" and others, he passionately searched for the causes of human vices, searched for ways to social and personal harmony.

Dreiser Theodore(1871-1945) - American writer (trilogy "Titan", "Financier", "Genius").

Doo Fu(712–770) - Chinese poet. His poetry is called "history in verse".

Dumas Father Alexander(1802-1870) - French writer, whose historical adventure novels ("The Three Musketeers", "Twenty Years Later", etc.) made him one of the most widely read French authors in the world.

Dürrenmatt Friedrich(1921-1990) - Swiss playwright, philosopher, essayist (the novel "The Judge and His Executioner", the plays "Accident", "Physicists", etc.).

Euripides(about 480 BC - 406 BC) - ancient Greek playwright. Of his works, 17 tragedies (out of 92) and one drama of satyrs (Cyclops) have survived to this day.

Ershov Petr Pavlovich(1815–1869) - Russian writer, author of the fairy tale "The Little Humpbacked Horse".

Yesenin Sergey Alexandrovich(1895–1925) - Russian poet, one of the most popular and famous poets of the 20th century.

Efremov Ivan Antonovich(1907–1972) - Russian Soviet science fiction writer, author of the novels The Nebula of Andromeda, The Hour of the Bull, Razor's Edge, etc.

George Sand (Dupin Amanda Lucille)(1804-1876) - French writer, author of the novels The Sin of Mr. Antoine, Consuelo, in which she defended the ideas of the liberation of the individual.

Zhukovsky Vasily Andreevich(1783–1852) - Russian poet and translator, friend of A. S. Pushkin, author of many ballads and songs. One of the founders of Russian romanticism.

Zola Emil(1840-1902) - French writer, one of the most significant representatives of realism in the second half of the 19th century. - leader and theorist of the so-called naturalistic movement.

Zoshchenko Mikhail Mikhailovich(1895–1958) - Russian Soviet writer, humorist and satirist. Numerous stories, philosophical essays "The Blue Book".

Ilf Ilya (Fainzilberg Ilya Arnoldovich)(1897–1937) - Russian Soviet satirist writer (together with E. Petrov - "The Twelve Chairs", "The Golden Calf").

Ionesco Eugene(1909-1994) - French playwright of Romanian origin, one of the founders of the aesthetic movement of absurdism (theater of the absurd).

Irving Washington(1783-1859) - American writer, one of the founders of classical American literature, the first American writer to achieve wide recognition in Europe.

Kaverin Veniamin Alexandrovich(1902–1982) - Russian Soviet writer, author of the novels Two Captains, Open Book, etc.

Camões (Camoins) Luis dee(1524-1580) - the largest Portuguese poet of the Renaissance, the author of the epic poem "Lusiads" about Vasco da Gama's voyage to India.

Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich(1766-1826) - Russian sentimentalist writer, historian ("Poor Liza", "History of the Russian State" in 12 volumes).

Kataev Valentin Petrovich(1897-1986) - Russian Soviet writer, author of the stories "The Lonely Sail Turns White", "The Son of the Regiment", etc., memoirs of contemporaries ("My Diamond Crown").

Kafka Franz(1883–1924) - Austrian writer Author of the novels "The Trial", "The Castle", "America", as well as a number of short stories. His works, combining elements of expressionism and surrealism, had a significant impact on the philosophy and culture of the 20th century.

Kvitka-Osnovyanenko (Kvitka) Grigory Fedorovich(1778–1843) - Ukrainian writer and playwright, representative of the "natural school". Wrote comedies ("Shelmenko-batman", etc.), novels ("Pan Khalyavsky", etc.).

Kizi Ken(1935–2001) is an American writer who is considered one of the main writers of the beat and hippie generations, having a major influence on the formation of these movements and their culture. Kesey's most famous work is One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.

Kipling Joseph Rudyard(1865-1936) - English poet and writer (ballads, poems, stories about the life of a boy among the animals "Mowgli", etc.), the first Englishman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Kolas Yakub (Mitskevich Konstantin Mikhailovich)(1882–1956) - Belarusian Soviet poet and prose writer, one of the founders of modern Belarusian literature.

Conan Doyle Arthur(1859–1930) - English writer, classic of the detective genre. The best known are his detective stories about Sherlock Holmes, science fiction stories about Professor Challenger, humorous stories about Brigadier Gerard, and historical novels.

Korolenko Vladimir Galaktionovich(1853–1921) - Russian writer (novels "The Blind Musician", etc.). Democrat and humanist.

Cortazar Julio(1914–1984) - Argentine writer Among the most famous works of Cortazar are the novels "The Hopscotch Game", "62. Assembly model”, “Book of Manuel”, collection of short stories “Bestiary”, etc.

Bonfire Charles de(1827–1879) - prominent Belgian writer, author of the novel The Legend of Ulenspiegel.

Kotlyarevsky Ivan Petrovich(1769–1838) - an outstanding Ukrainian writer, playwright, the first classic of new Ukrainian literature, the first author who began to write in Ukrainian. One of the ideologists of the Enlightenment in Ukraine.

Kotsiubinsky Mikhail Mikhailovich(1864–1913) - Ukrainian writer, classic of Ukrainian literature (story "Fata morgana", etc.).

Coelho Paolo(b. 1947) - Brazilian writer and poet. He has published a total of about 150 books - novels, commentary anthologies, collections of short stories, parables and children's fairy tales.

Christy Agatha(1891-1976) - English writer, classic of the detective genre (85 novels, plays, stories).

Krylov Ivan Andreevich(1769–1844) - great Russian fabulist and playwright. Created over 200 fables.

Kunanbaev Abay(1845–1904) - Kazakh poet, founder of new written Kazakh literature.

Kupala Yanka (Lucevich Ivan Dominikovich)(1882–1942) - classic of Belarusian literature, poet, playwright, publicist.

Cooper James Fenimore(1789-1851) - famous American novelist, author of many adventure novels ("Deerslayer", "Pathfinder", "The Last of the Mohicans", etc.).

Kuprin Alexander Ivanovich(1870-1938) - Russian writer-humanist, author of many novels and short stories ("Duel", "Pit", "Garnet Bracelet", etc.).

Carroll Lewis (Dodgson Charles Lathuige) (1832–1898)- English writer and mathematician, author of the story "Alice in Wonderland".

Lagerlöf Selma (1858–1940)- Swedish writer, author of the book for children "The Wonderful Journey of Nils Holgersson" and others, the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Larni Martti Johannes (1909–1993) - Finnish writer, poet, journalist. Author of the novels Dear Poor and Their Motley Company, Impatient Passion, Heaven Came Down to Earth, The Fourth Vertebrae, or the Unwitting Rascal, The Beautiful Pig, or Memoirs of an Economic Counselor Minna Karlsson-Kananen, About It Out Loud do not speak".

La Fontaine Jean de (1621–1695) - French fabulist, playwright, writer, thinker and satirist.

Lem Stanislav(R. 1921) - Polish science fiction writer, whose works have been translated into more than 40 languages, philosopher, futurist, author of The Star Diaries, the stories Solaris, Return from the Stars, etc.

Lermontov Mikhail Yurievich (1814–1841) - Russian poet, classic of Russian literature. His poems, poems, the story "A Hero of Our Time", along with the works of A. S. Pushkin, became textbooks ("On the Death of a Poet", "Borodino", the poems "Mtsyri", "Demon", etc.).

Leskov Nikolai Semenovich (1831–1895) - Russian writer, author of many stories and stories from folk life, a great master of the language.

Li Bo (711-762) - Chinese poet, one of the most revered poets in the history of Chinese literature. He left behind about 1100 works.

Lindgren Astrid Anna Emilia (1907-2002) - Swedish writer, author of world-famous works for children "Pippi Longstocking", "Carlson, who lives on the roof", "Emil from Lönneberga", etc.

Longfellow Henry Wadsworth (1807–1882) - American poet. Author of the "Song of Hiawatha" and other poems and poems.

London Jack (Griffith John)(1876–1916) - American writer Stories about the life of the North, the utopian novel "The Iron Heel", the novel "Martin Eden", etc.

Lorca Federico Garcia(1898-1936) - an outstanding Spanish poet and playwright, author of many poems, distinguished by a fiery temperament and a premonition of a tragic end.

Lucian(c. 120–190) - Ancient Greek writer Lucian's work, which has not come down to us in the originals, is extensive and includes philosophical dialogues, satires, biographies, and novels of adventure and travel (often overtly parodic) related to the prehistory of science fiction.

Lucretius (Car Titus Lucretius)(c. 99–55 BC) - Roman poet and philosopher In the verse poem "On the Nature of Things" he systematically outlined the materialistic philosophy of antiquity.

Mine Reed (Reed Thomas Mine)(1818-1883) - English writer, author of exciting adventure novels ("The Headless Horseman", etc.).

Mandelstam Osip Emilievich(1891–1938) - Russian poet, one of the founders of acmeism, was distinguished by a vivid and imaginative perception of the world. Repressed, died in camps (poetry collection "Stone", a cycle of poems "Voronezh Notebooks", etc.)

Mann Thomas(1875–1955) - great German writer, essayist, master of the epic novel, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. The novel "Buddenbrooks" and others.

Marshak Samuil Yakovlevich(1887–1964) - Russian Soviet poet, translator, classic of literature for children.

Matsuo Basho (Munefusa)(1644–1694) - a great Japanese poet who played a major role in the development of the haikai (haiku) poetic genre.

Mayakovsky Vladimir Vladimirovich(1893-1930) - Russian Soviet poet, reformer of the poetic genre, author of numerous poems and poems ("A cloud in pants", "About this", "Out loud", etc.).

Melville Herman(1819–1891) - American writer. As a young man, Melville spent several years among the cannibal tribe of the Marquesas. The writer's most famous work is the novel Moby Dick, or the White Whale, a complex work full of monologues, philosophical digressions, stories about the life of whales (which at times look like pages from a biology textbook) and the intricacies of whaling.

Merimee Prosper(1803-1870) - French writer, master of short stories (including "Carmen", which served as the basis for the opera by J. Wiese), as well as historical novels and plays.

Milne Alain Alexander(1882-1956) - English writer, author of poems and fairy tales for children ("Winnie the Pooh and all-all-all", etc.).

Milton John(1608-1674) - English poet and publicist, author of poems ("Paradise Lost", "Paradise Regained", etc.).

Mishima Yukio (Hiraoka Kimitake)(1925–1970) - Japanese writer, playwright, theater and film director, and actor Author of 40 novels, 15 of which were filmed during his lifetime, as well as many plays, short stories, and several volumes of literary essays. On November 25, 1970, together with several comrades, he tried to seize a military base and call on his fellow citizens to commit a coup. After the failure of this attempt, he committed suicide by committing seppuku.

Mitchell Margaret Manerlin(1900–1949) - American writer, best known as the author of Gone with the Wind (1936).

Miscavige Adam(1798–1855) - Polish poet, founder of romanticism, considered a national poet and one of the greatest representatives of Slavic literature.

Molière (Poquelin Jean Baptiste)(1622–1673) - French playwright and actor He created a new type of comedy, exposing social vices, the greatest comedian of France and new Europe, the creator of classic comedy, an actor by profession, theater director. Comedies "Don Juan", "Tartuffe", "Misanthrope", etc.

Maupassant Guy de(1850–1893) - French writer He exposed the hypocrisy, spiritual squalor, hypocrisy of contemporary society (the novels Life, Mont-Auriol, Dear Friend, etc.).

Nabokov Vladimir(1899–1977) - Russian and American writer He wrote in Russian, and since the 1940s - in English. Among the most famous examples of creativity can be noted the novels "Mashenka", "Protection of Luzhin", "Invitation to Execution", "Gift". The writer gained fame among the general public after the publication of the scandalous novel Lolita, which was subsequently made into several screen adaptations.

Navoi Nizam-ad-din (Mir Alisher)(1441–1501) - Uzbek writer, poet, scientist. The pinnacle of creativity is the book "Pyateritsa" ("Hamse"), which contains five poems, including the most famous "Layli and Majnun".

Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich(1821–1878) - Russian poet. Many of his poems became textbooks, and those set to music became folk songs.

Neruda Pablo (Basualto Naftali Ricardo Reyes)(1904-1973) - Chilean poet ("Universal Song" and others), Nobel Prize winner.

Nizami Ganjavi (Abu Muhammad Ilyas ibn Yusuf) (1141–1209) - Azerbaijani poet and thinker, author of many lyrical poems and poems, including "Seven Beauties" and others.

Ovid (Nazon Publius Ovid) (43 BC e. - OK. 18 n. BC) - Roman poet, author of the mythological epic "Metamorphoses", poems and poems about love.

Okudzhava Bulat Shalvovich(1924–1997) - Russian poet, bard, writer. His poems and historical stories are distinguished by deep lyricism and humanity.

Orwell George (Eric Arthur Blair)(1903-1950) - English writer and publicist, master of social dystopia, exposing the totalitarian system ("Animal Farm", "1984").

Ostrovsky Alexander Nikolaevich(1823–1886) - Russian playwright, recognized as the founder of the Russian trend in the history of world drama.

Pavic Milorad(b. 1929) - Serbian writer, poet, translator and literary historian. The world-famous Pavić brought the novel "Khazar Dictionary".

Palahniuk (Palaghnyuk) Chuck(b. 1962) is a contemporary American writer and journalist. He is best known as the author of the book Fight Club, which was adapted into a film of the same name in 1999.

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich(1890-1960) - Russian poet, prose writer, translator ("My sister is life", "Doctor Zhivago", etc.), who created works that are distinguished by the depth of thinking and the beauty of poetic language.

Paustovsky Konstantin Georgievich(1892-1968) - Russian Soviet writer, romantic, master of lyrical prose ("Golden Rose", etc.).

Perro Charles(1628-1703) - French writer-storyteller ("Puss in Boots", "Cinderella", etc.).

Petofi Shandor(1823-1849) - Hungarian poet, revolutionary, national hero, author of poems ("Knight Janos", etc.).

Petrarch Francesco(1304-1374) - Italian poet, head of the older generation of humanists, one of the greatest figures of the Italian Renaissance.

Petrov Evgeny (Evgeny Petrovich Kataev)(1903-1942) - Russian Soviet writer, author (together with I. Ilf) of the novels "The Twelve Chairs" and "The Golden Calf", many satirical stories and feuilletons.

Platonov Andrey Platonovich(1899-1951) - an outstanding Russian Soviet writer, whose works ("Chevengur", "Pit", "Juvenile Sea", etc.) did not fit into official literature.

By Edgar Allan(1809-1849) - one of the greatest writers of American literature, a poet who is considered a harbinger of symbolism.

Prus Boleslav (Alexander Glovatsky)(1847–1912) - Polish writer Stories about children ("Orphan's Share"), stories "Return Wave", "Outpost", novels "Doll", "Pharaoh".

Proust Marseille(1871-1922) - French writer who sought to show the inner life of a person as a "stream of consciousness" (cycle "In Search of Lost Time", volumes I-XVI).

Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich(1799–1837) - great Russian poet and writer. Created numerous works of different genres and great value. Poems, poems, a novel in verse ("Eugene Onegin"), the cycle "Tales of Belkin", "Little Tragedies", the tragedy "Boris Godunov", historical works, etc.

Rabelais Francois(1494–1553) - French writer, humanist and satirist The novel "Gargantua and Pantagruel" is a kind of encyclopedia of the culture of the French Renaissance.

Remarque Erich Maria(1898-1970) - one of the most famous and widely read German writers of the 20th century. The most famous works of the writer are the novels All Quiet on the Western Front, Three Comrades, Arc de Triomphe, Night in Lisbon.

Rimbaud Arthur (1854–1891) – French symbolist poet who had a significant influence on later poetry.

Rodari Gianni(1920–1980) - Italian children's writer

Rolland Romen(1866-1944) - an outstanding French writer and playwright, author of the story "Cola Breugnon", the novel "Jean Christophe" and others.

Rostand Edmond(1868–1918) - French poet and playwright After the noisy triumph of the poetic play Cyrano de Bergerac, Rostand was recognized as one of the most famous European playwrights.

Rowling Joan(b. 1965) - English writer, author of a series of novels about Harry Potter.

Rudaki Abu Abdullah Jafar(860–941) - Tajik and Persian poet, founder of poetry in Farsi.

Rousseau Jean Jacques (1712–1778)- French philosopher, thinker, sentimentalist writer (novels "Julia, or New Eloise", "Confession", etc.).

Rustaveli Shota(XII century) - a classic of Georgian literature, author of the poem "The Knight in the Panther's Skin".

Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich(1795–1826) - Russian poet, romantic, Decembrist, creator of the almanac "Polar Star".

Rylsky Maxim Faddeevich(1895–1964) - a prominent Ukrainian lyric poet ("Roses and Grapes", etc.), translator, public figure.

Saadi Muslihiddin(c. 1203-c. 1291) - Persian lyric poet, thinker (poem "Bustan", etc.).

Sagan Françoise (Coire Françoise)(1935–2004) French writer and playwright. Sagan's fame was brought by the novel "Hello Sadness", which was published when she was 19 years old.

Saltykov-Shchedrin (Saltykov Mikhail Evgrafovich)(1826–1889) - Russian satirist writer, master of the grotesque ("Lord Golovlevs", etc.).

Sappho (Sappho) (VII–VI centuries BC BC) - an ancient Greek poetess, a representative of the melic (musical and song) lyrics, a native of the lesbian (on the island of Lesbos) city of Eres.

Swift Jonathan(1667–1745) English satirist, author of the satirical novel Gulliver's Travels.

Severyanin Igor (Igor Vasilyevich Lotarev)(1887–1941) - Russian poet ("Pineapples in champagne", etc.). His poems were distinguished by refinement of form and musicality.

Sienkiewicz Henryk(1846–1916) - Polish writer (historical novels "With Fire and Sword", "Without Dogma", etc.).

Saint Exupery Antoine de(1900-1944) - French writer, pilot, died during World War II ("Land of the People", "The Little Prince", etc.).

Cervantes Saavedra Miguel de(1547-1616) - the great Spanish writer ("The ingenious hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha", etc.).

Simenon Georges(1903-1989) - French writer, classic of the detective genre.

Simonov Konstantin (Kirill) Mikhailovich(1915-1979) - Russian Soviet writer and poet (collections of poems "With You and Without You", "Friends and Enemies", the trilogy "The Living and the Dead", etc.).

Frying pan Grigory Savvich(1722–1794) - an outstanding Ukrainian philosopher, poet and teacher, author of poems, fables in prose (“Fables of Kharkov”, etc.).

Scott Walter(1771–1832) - English writer who is considered the founder of the historical novel genre, author of many historical novels (Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, Waverley, etc.) and romantic poems.

Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich(b. 1918) - Russian writer and public figure, author of the novels The Gulag Archipelago, Cancer Ward, etc. Nobel laureate, became widely known not only for his works, but also for his personal struggle against communist ideology and the Soviet regime.

Sophocles(c. 496-406 BC) - Athenian playwright, considered along with Aeschylus and Euripides one of the three greatest tragic poets of ancient Greece. The tragedies "Ajax", "Antigone", "Oedipus Rex", "Philoctetes", "Trachinian Women", "Electra", "Oedipus in Colon" have survived entirely to this day.

Steinbeck John Ernst(1902–1968) - a classic of American literature (novels "The Winter of Our Anxiety", etc.). Nobel laureate.

Stendhal (Bail Henri Marie)(1783-1842) - French writer, author of numerous novels, including "Red and Black", "Parma Monastery", etc.

Stevenson Robert Lewis(1850-1894) - English writer, author of adventure ("Treasure Island", etc.), historical ("Black Arrow", etc.), psychological ("The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde") novels.

Strugatsky (the Strugatsky brothers), Arkady Natanovich(1925–1991) and Boris Natanovich(1933) - Russian writers, screenwriters, classics of modern science and social fiction (the novels Predatory Things of the Century, The Doomed City, the stories Monday Begins on Saturday, A Billion Years Before the End of the World, etc.).

Salinger Jerome David(b. 1919) is an American writer. Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye brought great success. After 1965, Jerome Salinger published no more works, becoming one of the most mysterious "hermits" and "silent" in world literature.

Tagore Rabindranath(1861-1941) - Indian writer, poet, composer, artist, public figure ("Mountain", "House and Peace", etc.). Nobel laureate.

Tvardovsky Alexander Trifonovich(1910-1971) - Russian Soviet poet, author of the poems "Country of Ant", "Vasily Terkin", etc.

Twain Mark (Samuel Clemens) (1835–1910) - prominent American writer, satirist, journalist and lecturer. At the peak of his career, he was probably the most popular figure in the US.

Thackeray William Makepeace(1811–1863) - English novelist ("Vanity Fair", etc.).

Tolkien John Ronald Reuel(1892–1973) - English writer, linguist, philologist. Tolkien is best known for his novel The Hobbit, or There and Back Again and The Lord of the Rings trilogy.

Tolstoy Alexey Konstantinovich(1817–1875) - Russian poet, writer, satirist, one of the authors of K. Prutkov (poetry, poems, novel "Prince Silver", etc.).

Tolstoy Alexey Nikolaevich(1883-1945) - Russian Soviet writer (novels "Peter I", the trilogy "Walking through the torments", the story "Bread", etc.).

Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich(1828–1910) - Russian writer, publicist and religious thinker, ideologist of the Tolstoyan movement (stories, novels, epic novel "War and Peace", novels "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection", etc.). Tolstoy had a huge impact on the evolution of European humanism, on the development of realistic traditions in world literature.

Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich(1818-1883) - Russian writer ("Notes of a hunter", "Fathers and Sons", etc.). He brought out images of new heroes of his era - raznochintsy.

Tynyanov Yury Nikolaevich(1894-1943) - Russian Soviet writer, literary critic, master of the historical novel ("Kukhlya", "Death of Vazir-Mukhtar", etc.).

Tychina Pavlo (Pavel Grigorievich)(1891–1967) - Ukrainian Soviet poet and statesman, innovator of poetic form.

Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich(1803–1873) - Russian poet, master of verse, penetrating lyric thinker.

Wilde Oscar Fingal O'Flaherty Wheels(1854–1900) - English writer close to the Symbolists He is best known for his many plays, catchphrases and aphorisms, and for The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891).

Williams Tennessee(1911–1983) – American playwright and novelist Williams is best known for his play A Streetcar Named Desire. The plays of the playwright have been filmed many times.

Whitman Walt(1819-1892) - American poet and philosopher (collection "Leaves of Grass", etc.), reformer of American poetry.

Ukrainian Lesya (Kosach-Kvitka Larisa Petrovna)(1871–1913) - Ukrainian poetess (lyrical poems, extravaganza "Forest Song", etc.).

Wells Herbert George(1866-1946) - English writer, classic of science fiction literature ("The Invisible Man", "War of the Worlds", etc.).

Fowles John(1926–2005) - English writer and poet, one of the most significant English writers of the second half of the 20th century. Among the most famous works of John Fowles are the novels "The Collector", "The French Lieutenant's Girlfriend", "The Worm", etc.

Feuchtwanger Lyon(1884-1958) - German novelist and publicist (historical novels, including "False Nero", "Success", etc.).

Fet (Shenshin) Afanasy Afanasyevich(1820–1892) - Russian poet, adherent of "pure art", subtle lyric poet.

Firdousi Abulkasim(934-c. 1020) - Persian poet, author of the poem "Shahname", which had a great influence on the literature of the East, the poem "Yusuf and Zuleikha" is also attributed to him.

Flaubert Gustave(1821–1880) - French writer (the novel Madame Bovary, etc.), a successor to the traditions of O. Balzac.

Franko Ivan Yakovlevich(1856-1916) - an outstanding Ukrainian writer, poet, novelist, scientist, publicist and leader of the revolutionary movement in the west of Ukraine, a classic of Ukrainian literature ("The Eternal Revolutionary", "Zakhar Berkut", etc.).

France Anatole (Thibaut Anatole Francois)(1844-1924) - French writer ("Penguin Island", etc.), publicist, satirist. Nobel laureate.

Khayyam Omar(1048-c. 1123) - the great Persian poet and mathematician. Known for his quatrains - full of humor and wisdom rubaiyat.

Heller Joseph(1923–1999) - American novelist The author of the grotesque satirical novel "Catch-22" (Catch-22, in some translations - "Catch-22"), which has become a classic of the "black comedy" genre.

Hemingway Ernest Miller(1899–1961) - American writer Hemingway received wide recognition thanks to his novels and numerous stories, on the one hand, and his life full of adventures and surprises, on the other. His style, short and rich, had a huge impact on world literature of the 20th century. (“Fiesta”, “Farewell to Arms!”, “For Whom the Bell Tolls”, etc.).

Khlebnikov Velemir (Viktor Vladimirovich)(1885–1922) - Russian poet, innovator of the word. He strove to create a "new mythology" and the language of the coming free humanity.

Zweig Stefan(1881-1942) - Austrian writer, master of psychological novels ("Amok", "Confusion", etc.), novelized biographies of famous historical figures.

Tsvetaeva Marina Ivanovna(1892–1941) - Russian poetess, prose writer, translator, one of the most widely read and original Russian poets of the 20th century.

Cicero Mark Tullius(106-43 BC) - ancient Roman orator and writer.

Capek Karel(1890-1938) - one of the most famous Czech writers of the 20th century, prose writer and playwright ("War with Newts", "White Disease", etc.).

Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich(1828–1889) - Russian writer, philosopher and critic (novels What Is to Be Done?, Prologue, etc., novels).

Chekhov Anton Pavlovich(1860-1904) - an outstanding Russian writer and playwright ("Lady with a Dog", "Three Sisters", etc.). Chekhov's work had a huge impact on Russian and world literature.

Chukovsky Korney Ivanovich(1882–1969) - Russian poet, writer, translator, literary critic (the monumental work Nekrasov's Mastery, High Art, very popular children's fairy tales and poems - Moydodyr, Aibolit's Adventures, etc.).

Shevchenko Taras Grigorievich(1814–1861) - a great Ukrainian poet and writer, a classic of Ukrainian literature, an artist (the book of poetic works "Kobzar", poems "Katerina", "Blind", "Haydamaki", etc.).

Shakespeare William(1564–1616) - the great English playwright and poet (tragedies King Lear, Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, etc., comedies The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, etc., sonnets and etc.). Deep philosophical thought and a wealth of poetic and dramatic means made Shakespeare's work one of the pinnacles of world art.

Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft(1797-1851) - English writer, author of the book "Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus", wife of the romantic poet Percy Shelley.

Shelley Percy Bysshe(1792–1822) - one of the greatest English poets of the 19th century. ("Queen Mab", "Freed Prometheus", etc.).

Schiller Johann Friedrich(1759-1805) - German poet and playwright ("Treachery and Love", "Maid of Orleans", "William Tell", etc.).

Sholom Aleichem (Rabinovich Sholom Nokhumovich)(1859-1916) - an outstanding Jewish writer and playwright (the drama "Tevye the Milkman", the novel "Wandering Stars", etc.).

Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich(1905–1984) - classic of Russian Soviet literature. The novels "Quiet Flows the Don", "Virgin Soil Upturned" and others. Nobel laureate.

Aesop (VI V. BC BC) - an ancient Greek fabulist, a legendary folk sage, to whom the plots of almost all the fables known in antiquity were attributed.

Eco Umberto(b. 1932) - Italian prose writer, scientist, culturologist, essayist. The novels "The Name of the Rose", "Foucault's Pendulum", etc.

Aeschylus(525–456 BC), ancient Greek playwright. In antiquity, about 80 dramatic works by Aeschylus were known, of which only seven have survived: The Persians, The Seven Against Thebes, the Oresteia trilogy (Agamemnon, Choephors, Eumenides); the tragedies "The Petitioners, or the Prayers" and "Chained Prometheus".

Poets and writers Suicide is popular among the creative elite around the world. So, in the XX century. Russian poets V. Mayakovsky, S. Yesenin, M. Tsvetaeva, German poet and playwright Ernst Toller, writer S. Zweig (Austria), E. Hemingway (USA), Yu.

From the book The Complete Encyclopedia of Modern Educational Games for Children. From birth to 12 years author Voznyuk Natalia Grigorievna

"Poets" The players take a large sheet of paper and write a poem on it. The point is that everyone comes up with 2 lines that rhyme with each other and wraps the sheet so that the next player does not know what the previous one wrote about. Then the sheet is unfolded and read

From the book Berlin. Guide author Bergmann Jürgen

FAMOUS DESIGNERS Friedrichstadt Passage, Quarter 206, Friedrichstr. 71, metro station Franzosische Stra?e line U6 or Stadtmitte line U2. Cerruti, Gucci, Moschino, Yves Saint Laurent, Strenesse, Rive Gauche, Louis Vuitton, Etro, La Perla are represented here. Many designers have their own boutiques on Kurfürstendamm, for example, Burberry, Chanel, Jil Sander,

author Kolosova Svetlana

Poets and writers of ancient Greece and Rome 4 Aesop - an ancient Greek fabulist of the 6th century BC. e.5 Aeschylus - ancient Greek poet-playwright of the 5th century BC. e.6 Leonid, Tarentsky - an ancient Greek poet of the end of the 4th - beginning of the 3rd centuries BC. e. Lucian - an ancient Greek poet of the II century BC. e.Sophocles