The problem of human capabilities arguments. Arguments for writing (USE in Russian)

In this collection, we have collected interesting and frequently encountered problems regarding the personality and its relationship with the outside world. Literary arguments for the essay for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language are selected for each problem. All of them are available for download in table format (link at the end of the article). Enjoy watching!

1. Society always seeks to suppress the individual. A similar example can be found on the pages comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". Chatsky is perhaps the only sane person who speaks openly about his vices and false ideas. For him, Molchalin is an empty and hypocritical careerist; Famusov is a selfish and vicious gentleman; Skalozub is an ignorant martinet. However, everyone around does not want to listen to his revelations, on the contrary, the interlocutors convince the guest that he is not all right, and they live righteously. Alexander is unable to endure the "politics" of the Famusov house, so he leaves this swamp of limited people, thereby defending the individual's right to individuality. His example proves that you should not follow the lead of the majority, even if you are the only warrior in the field.
2. However, not every person can be strong in soul. Sometimes society still wins in the struggle for the right to "possess personality." Dmitry Startsev, main character story by A.P. Chekhov "Ionych", fell into the circle of selfishness, vulgarity and lies, called "the values ​​of county life." From a pleasant and kind young man, Dmitry turns into a kind of person, who is usually called "Ionych". He loses not only his name, but also his personality, forgetting that he dreamed of a different destiny - serving science and people. Therefore, in the finale, he is disappointed both in himself and in his former ideals, finding the world around him empty and banal. This is what happens when a person succumbs to the pressure of the majority.
3. To destroy a person's right to individuality is not the most terrible thing, it is much more terrible to kill in him the opportunity to follow the call of his heart. For example, the heroine story by A. Kuprin "Olesya"- a girl who has lived all her life away from the peasant village, not knowing either the behavior or the life of the people living there. She met true love, but chose to give up her feelings when faced with the threats of a raging mob. After beating the "witch" who came to the church, people thought that she sent them a spontaneous revelry as revenge, which ruined the harvest. Then they decided to storm the dwelling of the "sorceress". Olesya was forced to flee. But she knew that she could not connect her life with the master, because the peasants would turn their anger on him too, so she left without saying goodbye. In obedience to conventions and prejudices, she lost her personal happiness.

The problem of personality formation

1. A sense of responsibility helps a person develop the ability to sacrifice and self-confidence. The protagonist of the story possesses these qualities K. Vorobyova "Killed near Moscow". Aleksey Yastrebov brought up courage and exactingness in himself under the yoke of danger. Aleksey is well aware of the fact that a real person is able to save not only the Motherland, but also the right to personal interests and beliefs - that is why he rises towards the German tank and wins not so much over him as over his own "I".
2. The formation of a personality is a difficult and long process, but the cherished “finish” is worth the effort and patience expended. The path of mistakes, losses and moral experiences was experienced by the protagonist novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"— Pierre Bezukhov. He darted from side to side, like the wind, which does not know which direction it needs to reach its goal. Pierre survived betrayal, captivity and war, but this not only did not break him, but tempered his character for new victories. In the end, he matured, settled down and found happiness in love, and discovered his destiny in the family and the house, where the fate of his wife and children depends on his ability to navigate a great voyage.

The role of personality in history

1. Often the problem of personality in history presents a twofold situation: on the one hand, a person can be a hero, and on the other, a villain. However, in both cases, he makes an invaluable contribution to history, or a series of actions that led to a whole bunch of different interpretations. For example, in the work of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Emelyan Pugachev is a liberator for the rebellious peasants, and a killer for the nobles and soldiers of the Empress. The cruelty with which he cracks down on the nobility is not at all consistent with the mercy shown to Masha Grineva - this is the main problem of the role of an outstanding personality in history. It is difficult to assess it objectively and unambiguously, because the power of the rebel was sometimes more humane than the tyranny of the empress, and in their approaches to enemies they are completely indistinguishable. But the chronicles of the past years are written by the victors, and the image of the bloody Pugachevshchina was written out by the hand of Catherine the Great.
2. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" reveals the problem of the role of personality in history on the example of Kutuzov and Napoleon. There is no doubt that both military leaders were distinguished by unprecedented courage and courage, but they were distinguished by their commonality with the people. According to Tolstoy, Kutuzov was one with the interests of society, while Napoleon thought only about his own greatness. In addition, in the case of the Russian commander, the author's point of view on the problem posed is visible: history is made by the people, and not by their leader. The Russian field marshal only expresses the will to win common to all, he does not seek to personally get into the forefront of the historical arena. But the French emperor is trying to decide the fate of the world alone and suffers a well-deserved defeat. Tolstoy always gave the decisive role to the society, the collective, the ethnic group, and not to one representative of the human race. And this is right, because it was not two military leaders who fought and won victories, but two peoples.
3. In the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov" the tsar's favorite insulted the wife of the merchant Kalashnikov. Then the man stands up for the honor of the family and strikes even before the battle, telling Kiribeevich about the upcoming battle. Naturally, he wins the duel, but dies from the “justice” of the king, refusing to give out the reason for his retribution, so as not to defame his wife. In this example, it is clear that a person cannot change the course of history, it goes on as usual: harsh times make an honest merchant a victim of arbitrariness. However, the heroism and courage of such people for decades still change the vector of development of society, because now morals are much softer, and the court is less biased. This means that a person can contribute to history, only he will be modest, and the result is gradual.

Loneliness of an individual in a crowd

1. A person can rebel against society and do it extremely successfully, if you look at it from the side of the "philistine". So, for example, Grigory Melekhov is the chief the hero of the novel by M. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don"- goes against the foundations of the society where the "fathers" rule, and not the younger generation; where marriage and work are valued above all else, and treason is considered an unacceptable "trick". Gregory violates everything that his family built, not recognizing either moral principles or life values. He is alone in his views, but not in life. However, fate, crushed by war, still leads him to the tragedy of loneliness: he loses everyone who was dear to him. Because of the eternal throwing, he could not save any of the women, and in the final we see him driven and disappointed in everything.
2. Not all people who have "excommunicated" from society are able to be happy. He writes about it on the pages of his novel "Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev, contrasting the "old" views on the structure of life with the "new" ones that Bazarov shares. He does not find support either among the nobility, or among such a "close" to him peasantry. Bazarov was lonely not only in his views, but also in his personal life, having been rejected by his beloved woman, moving away from his family and losing a friend. On his deathbed, Eugene realizes that the country does not need him either.
3. On the example of Pechorin, the protagonist of M.Yu. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time", one can see how lonely an outstanding, but superfluous person is. Pechorin is indeed an exceptional personality, but far from simple: he plays with the fates of other people, not taking into account either their feelings or the possibility of changing their destinies. And all these actions he performs only in order to separate himself from the concepts and stereotypes of society. He entertains himself in an attempt to appease the need for a really close and understanding person. He is very lonely, and we see confirmation in the scene where Grigory falls to his knees and sobs, having lost Vera forever. Of course, he himself is largely the cause of his misfortunes, but still we feel sorry for this lost wanderer, innocent of his fatal exclusivity that separates him from society.

Freedom and permissiveness of the individual

1. Does a person have a chance to break out of the vicious circle of social evils? This question was posed in the play "At the Bottom" by M. Gorky. By opposing the defender of truth - Sateen - and the new inhabitant of the rooming house - Luka, the author declares the high destiny of people, their strength, which is revealed only in the presence of truth. If the poor would open their eyes to what brought them to the bottom, what does not let them go out, then they would climb out into the light. But, drowning in fantasies and consolations, they become slaves to fictions and their own impotence. According to Gorky, it is necessary to soberly assess the situation, look for ways out of it, and not indulge yourself with illusions and excuses, inventing other chances and worlds. Only in this way does a person gain freedom and the proud right to be called a “man”.
2. The story of V. Bykov "Obelisk" contains the story of a real person who is ready to defend his moral convictions, despite life's circumstances. Teacher Frost, who has always taught children honesty and justice, stands on the verge of good and evil, where evil is the rejection of his own words, and therefore of himself. If the possibility of being saved meant limiting his principles, then the death he preferred was nothing more than "the moral freedom of the individual." He stepped over his fears, conquered his doubts, and became who he always wanted to be.
3. Answered the question about the freedom and permissiveness of the individual F.M. Dostoevsky in the novel "Crime and Punishment", where the main character - Rodion Raskolnikov - killed an old pawnbroker in order to prove the correctness of his theory. He believed that he had the right to control the destinies of this world, but the writer does not recognize such a right even for a talented young man, because such a kind of justice on the blood opens the personality to permissiveness, anarchy, which destroys not only the person himself, but also the world around him. Independence ends where the freedom of another living being begins. This is the golden moral rule that defines the limits of our will.

In the texts for preparing for the exam, we have repeatedly encountered the problem of selfishness in its various manifestations, each of which is a heading in our list. Literary arguments from foreign and domestic books are selected for them. All of them are available for download in the form of a table, the link is at the end of the collection.

1. In the modern world, the trend of selfishness is gaining momentum more and more. However, this is not to say that this problem did not exist before. One of the classic examples is Larra, the hero of the legend from the story M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil". He is the son of an eagle and an earthly woman, which is why he considers himself smarter, stronger and better than others. In his behavior, disrespect for others and, in particular, for the older generation is noticeable. His behavior reaches its apogee when Larra kills the daughter of one of the elders only because the girl refused to satisfy his whims. He is immediately punished and exiled. After the expiration of time, isolated from society, the hero begins to experience unbearable loneliness. Larra returns to the people, but it's too late and they don't take him back. Since then, he has been wandering like a lonely shadow on the earth, because God punished the proud man with eternal life in exile.
2. IN Jack London's short story Far Far Away selfishness is equated with instinct. It tells of Weatherbee and Cuthfert, who happened to be alone in the North. They went to distant lands to look for gold and are forced to wait out the harsh winter together in an old hut. After a while, real natural egoism begins to manifest in them. Ultimately, the heroes lose the fight for survival, succumbing to their base desires. They kill each other in a fierce fight for a cup of sugar.

Selfishness as a disease

1. Two centuries ago, the great classics described the problem of selfishness. Eugene Onegin is the main character of the novel of the same name written by A.S. Pushkin, is a prominent representative of people with "Russian blues". He is not interested in the opinions of others, he misses everything that happens around. Because of his cowardice and irresponsibility, the poet Lensky dies, and his insensitivity offends the feelings of a young noblewoman. Of course, he is not hopeless; at the end of the novel, Eugene realizes his love for Tatyana. However, it's already too late. And the girl rejects him, remaining faithful to her husband. As a result, he dooms himself to suffering until the end of his days. Even his desire to become lovers of the married and respected by all Tatyana betrays his selfish motives, which he cannot get rid of even in love.
2. Selfishness is like a kind of disease, it destroys a person from the inside and does not allow him to adequately interact with the people around him. Grigory Pechorin, who is the central character in novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time", constantly pushes away people dear to the heart. Pechorin easily understands human nature, and this skill plays a cruel joke on him. Thinking himself higher and smarter than others, Gregory thereby fences himself off from society. The hero often plays with people, provokes them to different actions. One of these cases ends with the death of his friend, the other with the tragic death of his girlfriend. A man understands this, regrets it, but he cannot throw off the shackles of the disease.

Self-abasement of an egoist

1. A prime example of a selfish person is a hero novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", Rodion Raskolnikov. He, like many of his acquaintances, lives in poverty and blames others for everything. At one point, he decides to kill an old woman who is a pawnbroker in order to take away her money and distribute it to poor townspeople, freeing them from debt obligations in relation to Alena Ivanovna. The hero does not think about the immorality of his deeds. On the contrary, he is sure that it is for a good purpose. But in fact, only for the sake of his whim, he wants to test himself and check to what type of people he can attribute himself: to “trembling creatures” or to “having the right”. Still, having violated one of the commandments because of selfish desire, the hero dooms himself to loneliness and mental anguish. Pride blinds him, and only Sonya Marmeladova helps Raskolnikov to take the right path again. Without her help, he would surely have gone mad with pangs of conscience.
2. Despite the fact that sometimes a person crosses all moral and legal boundaries in order to achieve his selfish goals, we tend to experience pangs of conscience. So is one of the heroes of the poem A.N. Nekrasov "Who should live well in Rus'" realized his wrong. Peasant Yermil Girin uses his position as headman to free his brother from recruiting duty. Instead, he writes down another villager. Realizing that he ruined the life of a man and his family, he regrets his selfish act. His sense of guilt is so great that he is even ready to commit suicide. However, he repents to the people in time and accepts his sin, trying to make amends.

Female selfishness

1. Selfish people are never satisfied with what they have. They always want to have something more. Material wealth for them is a way of self-affirmation. The heroine of a fairy tale A.S. Pushkin "About the fisherman and the fish" dissatisfied with their life in poverty. When her husband catches a "goldfish", the woman only needs a new trough. However, each time she wants more, and in the end, the old woman wants to become a mistress of the sea. Easy prey and selfish morals overshadow the mind of the old woman, because of which, in the end, she loses everything and again finds herself at a broken trough. Magical power punishes her for the fact that the lady, in pursuit of satisfaction of pride, did not at all appreciate either her husband or the benefits that she got.
2. Women are often called selfish as they like to spend a lot of time looking after themselves. However, real selfishness is much worse. Heroine epic novel by L.N.. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Helen Kuragina proves to the reader that true egoists are characterized by heartlessness. The princess was a beautiful girl and had many admirers, however, she chooses an ugly and awkward gentleman, Pierre Bezukhov, as her husband. However, she does this not out of love. She needs his money. Literally immediately after the wedding, she gets a lover. Over time, her arrogance reaches incredible proportions. Helen, with the onset of the war, when you need to worry about the fate of your homeland, thinks only about how to get rid of her husband and remarry one of her admirers.

Ruthlessness of selfishness

1. Lack of sympathy, pity, compassion - these are the features that are characteristic of egoists. No wonder they say that such people are ready for the most terrible deeds for the sake of their whim. For example, in I. Turgenev's story "Mumu" the lady takes away from her servant the only joy in his life. One day Gerasim picks up a homeless puppy, raises it, takes care of it. However, the puppy annoyed the lady, and she ordered the hero to drown him. With bitterness in his heart, Gerasim carries out the order. Just because of a simple whim of a selfish person, he loses his only friend and ruins the life of an animal.
2. In obedience to selfishness, people lose control over themselves and make irreparable mistakes. For example, Hermann in the work of A. S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades" learns about the secret of three cards, which guarantees winning in any card game. The young man decides to get him at any cost, and for this he pretends to be in love with the pupil of the only secret keeper - an elderly countess. Making his way into the house, he threatens the old woman with murder, and she really dies. After that, she comes to Hermann in a dream and gives out a secret in exchange for an oath to marry her pupil. The hero does not keep his promises and wins victory after victory. But having put everything on the line, he loses the decisive game with a bang. The ambitious young man went crazy, paying for his atrocities. But before that, he poisoned the life of an innocent girl who believed his words.

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• True and false patriotism is one of the central problems of the novel. Tolstoy's favorite heroes do not speak lofty words about love for the motherland, they do things in its name. Natasha Rostova persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded near Borodino, Prince Bolkonsky was mortally wounded on the Borodino field. Genuine patriotism, according to Tolstoy, is in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.
• In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" some of the characters imagine themselves to be patriots and loudly shout about love for the fatherland. Others give their lives in the name of a common victory. These are simple Russian men in soldier's overcoats, fighters from the Tushin battery, who fought without cover. True patriots do not think about their own benefits. They feel the need to simply defend the land from enemy invasion. They have a genuine holy feeling of love for their homeland in their souls.

N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"

The Russian person belongs, by definition, N.S. Leskov, "racial", patriotic consciousness. They are imbued with all the actions of the hero of the story "The Enchanted Wanderer", Ivan Flyagin. Being a prisoner of the Tatars, he does not forget for a moment that he is Russian, and with all his heart strives to return to his homeland. Taking pity on the unfortunate old people, Ivan volunteers to be recruited. The soul of the hero is inexhaustible, indestructible. He comes out of all life's trials with honor.

V.P. Astafiev
In one of his journalistic articles, the writer V.P. Astafiev spoke about how he had a rest in the southern sanatorium. Plants collected from all over the world grew in the seaside park. But suddenly he saw three birch trees, which miraculously took root in a foreign land. The author looked at these trees and remembered his village street. Love for one's small homeland is a manifestation of true patriotism.

The legend of Pandora's box.
A woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with a terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. In this myth, a warning sounds to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
In M. Bulgakov's story, Professor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
The problem is revealed on the example of the images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are ordinary people in the novel, who do their duty without lofty phrases.

A. Kuprin. "A wonderful doctor."
A man, tormented by poverty, is ready to commit suicide in despair, but the well-known doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, the life of the hero and his family changes in the happiest way. This story speaks eloquently of the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons".
A classic work that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Yevgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger to both the elder Kirsanov and his parents. And, although by his own admission, he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.

L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth".
In an effort to know the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually learns the world, understands that much in it is imperfect, encounters a misunderstanding of the elders, sometimes offends them himself (chapters "Classes", "Natalya Savishna")

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram".
The girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram stating that her mother is sick, but the things that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, arrives in the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is already gone ...

V. G. Rasputin "French Lessons".
The teacher Lidia Mikhailovna from the story of V. G. Rasputin taught the hero not only the lessons of the French language, but also the lessons of kindness, sympathy, and compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else's pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.

An example from history.

The famous poet V. Zhukovsky was the teacher of the great Emperor Alexander II. It was he who instilled in the future ruler a sense of justice, a desire to benefit his people, the desire to carry out the reforms necessary for the state.

V. P. Astafiev. "Horse with a pink mane."
Difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village. The formation of the personality of the hero under the influence of the kindness of grandparents.

V. G. Rasputin "French Lessons"

• The formation of the personality of the protagonist in the difficult war years was influenced by the teacher. Her generosity is boundless. She instilled in him moral stamina, self-esteem.

L.N. Tolstoy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth"
In the autobiographical trilogy, the main character, Nikolenka Irteniev, comprehends the world of adults, tries to analyze his own and other people's actions.

Fazil Iskander "The thirteenth feat of Hercules"

A smart and competent teacher has a huge impact on the formation of a child's character.

And A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
The atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to learn, to think disfigure the soul of little Ilya. In adult life, these shortcomings prevented him from finding the meaning of life.

The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work formed a “superfluous person”, an “egoist involuntarily”.

The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work formed a “superfluous person”, an “egoist involuntarily”. Pechorin admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. Wrong education disfigures the human personality.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Education and training are the main aspects of human life. Chatsky, the main character in A.S.'s comedy, expressed his attitude towards them in monologues. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". He criticized the nobles who recruited "regiment teachers" for their children, but as a result of the letter, no one "knew and did not study." Chatsky himself had a mind "hungry for knowledge", and therefore turned out to be unnecessary in the society of Moscow nobles. These are the flaws of wrong education.

B. Vasiliev "My horses are flying"
Dr. Jansen died rescuing children who fell into a sewer hole. A man who was revered as a saint even during his lifetime was buried by the whole city.

Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Margarita's self-sacrifice for the sake of her beloved.

V.P. Astafiev "Lyudochka"
In the episode with the dying man, when everyone moved away from him, only Lyudochka took pity on him. And after his death, everyone just pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth.

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.

V. Hugo "Les Misérables"
The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole the silverware from him. But an hour later, the police detained the criminal and took him to the house, where he was given an overnight stay. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the permission of the owner. The thief, amazed by what he heard, experienced a true rebirth in one minute, and after that he became an honest man.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
There is an example of fair power: "But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders. "If I order my general to turn into a sea gull," he used to say, "and if the general does not comply with the order, it will not be his fault, but mine" .

A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet"
The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and goes. Only music and love affirm true values ​​on earth.

Fonvizin "Undergrowth"
They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the loafer Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• What is the greatness of man? It is where goodness, simplicity and justice are. This is exactly what L.N. created. Tolstoy's image of Kutuzov in the novel "War and Peace". His writer calls him a truly great man. Tolstoy leads his beloved heroes away from "Napoleonic" principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. “Greatness is not where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth,” the writer argued. This famous phrase has a modern sound.
• One of the central problems of the novel is the role of the individual in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no goodness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the moods and desires of the masses, so he was great. Napoleon thinks only about his greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.

I. Turgenev. "Hunter's Notes"
People, having read bright, bright stories about peasants, understood that it is immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement began in Tran for the abolition of serfdom.

Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. The story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, made society take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

A.S. Pushkin
Speaking about the role of personality in history, one can recall the poetry of the great A. Pushkin. He influenced more than one generation with his gift. He saw and heard things that an ordinary person did not notice and did not understand. The poet spoke about the problems of spirituality in art, and its high purpose in the poems “Prophet”, “Poet”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands”. Reading these works, you understand: talent is not only a gift, but also a heavy burden, a great responsibility. The poet himself was an example of civil behavior for subsequent generations.

V.M. Shukshin "Freak"
"Freak" - a distracted person, may seem ill-mannered. And what induces him to do strange things are positive, unselfish motives. The weirdo reflects on the problems that concern mankind at all times: what is the meaning of life? What is good and evil? Who in this life is “right, who is smarter”? And by all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who believe

I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
This is the image of a man who only wanted to. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom".
He showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the rooming house and ends there.

From the history

• Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought as a gift a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.
• Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.
• The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.
• One English engineer in the middle of the 19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need better weapons."
• The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was prompted by the words of an ordinary peasant woman to a brilliant idea. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this, the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.
• The early Middle Ages are usually called "dark ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among commoners, but also among people of the upper class. So, for example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, could not write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in man. The same Charlemagne, during campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he diligently drew letters.
• Ripe apples have been falling from the trees for thousands of years, but no one has given this ordinary phenomenon any significance. The great Newton had to be born in order to look with new, more penetrating eyes at the familiar fact and discover the universal law of motion.
• It is impossible to calculate how many disasters people brought their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began, bonfires blazed. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous forces on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, with their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil.
• It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. The legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian, is curious. Once talking with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and oil. Young Xenophon briskly replied: "To the market." Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.
• The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes possession of a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his journey as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and gave physics only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
• New ideas make their way in a hard struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, who lectured students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an unfortunate scientific misunderstanding" -
• At one time, Joule used a volt battery to start an electric motor assembled by him from it. But the battery soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joel decided that the horse would never be displaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the possibilities that will open up before a person.
• In the middle of the 17th century, from Paris to the island of Martinique, Captain de Clie carried a coffee stalk in a pot of earth. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. On the ship, the masts were not broken, the gear was broken. Gradually, fresh water supplies began to dry up. She was given strictly measured portions. The captain, barely on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to a green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco".
Showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

Yesenin. "Black man".
The poem "The Black Man" is the cry of Yesenin's perishing soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person.

Mayakovsky. "Listen."
An inner conviction in the correctness of his moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual course of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is the cry of the poet's soul.

Zamyatin "Cave".
The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. His spiritual values ​​are dying. He violates the commandment "Thou shalt not steal."

V. Astafiev "King - fish".

• In V. Astafiev's story "The Tsar is a Fish", the main character, the fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to let her go free. An encounter with a fish, which symbolizes the moral principle in nature, makes this poacher reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing how little he has done for other people. This meeting morally changes the hero.
• Nature is alive and spiritualized, endowed with a moral and punishing force, it is capable of not only defending itself, but also not punishing. An illustration of the punishing force is the fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev's story "The King is a Fish." This hero does not set punishment for arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. The imbalance is a threat to all mankind if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons".

• People forget that nature is their native and only home, requiring careful attitude to themselves, which is confirmed in the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The main character, Yevgeny Bazarov, is known for his categorical position: "Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it." This is how the Author sees a "new" person in him: he is indifferent to the values ​​accumulated by previous generations, lives in the present and uses everything that he needs, without thinking about what consequences this may lead to.
• In the novel by I. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" the actual theme of the relationship between nature and man is raised. Bazarov, rejecting any aesthetic enjoyment of nature, perceives it as a workshop, and man as a worker. Arkady, a friend of Bazarov, on the contrary, treats her with all the admiration inherent in a young soul. In the novel, each character is tested by nature. Arkady, communication with the outside world helps to heal spiritual wounds, for him this unity is natural and pleasant. Bazarov, on the contrary, does not seek contact with her - when Bazarov was ill, he "went into the forest and broke branches." She does not give him the desired peace or peace of mind. Thus, Turgenev emphasizes the need for a fruitful and two-way dialogue with nature.

M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart".
Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of the human brain into the dog Sharik, turning the quite nice dog into the disgusting Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. You can not mindlessly interfere with nature!

A. Blok
The problem of a thoughtless, cruel person to the natural world is reflected in many literary works. To fight it, you need to realize and see the harmony and beauty that reigns around us. The works of A. Blok will help with this. With what love he describes Russian nature in his poems! Immense distances, endless roads, full-flowing rivers, blizzards and gray huts. Such is Blok's Russia in the poems "Rus", "Autumn Day". The poet's true, filial love for his native nature is conveyed to the reader. You come to the idea that nature is original, beautiful and needs our protection.

B. Vasiliev "Do not shoot at white swans"

• Now, when nuclear power plants explode, when oil flows through rivers and seas, entire forests disappear, a person must stop and think about the question: what will remain on our planet? B. Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans" also contains the author's thought about the responsibility of man for nature. The protagonist of the novel, Yegor Polushkin, is worried about the behavior of visiting "tourists", the lake that has become empty at the hands of poachers. The novel is perceived as a call to all to protect our land and each other.
• The protagonist Yegor Polushkin loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him, they considered him not adapted to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are used only to conquer it. But the son is growing up. Who can replace his father, will respect and protect his native land.

V. Astafiev "Belogrudka"
In the story “Belogrudka”, the children killed the brood of the white-breasted marten, and she, distraught with grief, takes revenge on the whole world around her, destroying poultry in two neighboring villages, until she herself dies from a gun charge

Ch. Aitmatov "Scaffold"
Man destroys the colorful and populous world of nature with his own hands. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the "king" in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the "Russian blues", including because he was indifferent to nature. And the author's "sweet ideal" Tatyana felt herself a part of nature ("She loved to warn dawn on the balcony...") and therefore manifested herself in a difficult life situation as a spiritually strong person.

A.T. Tvardovsky "Forest in autumn"
Reading Tvardovsky's poem "Forest in Autumn", you are imbued with the primordial beauty of the world around you, nature. You hear the noise of bright yellow foliage, the crackle of a broken branch. You see a light jump of a squirrel. I would like not just to admire, but to try to preserve all this beauty as long as possible.

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the beautiful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly feel the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, seeing an old oak tree, he compares himself with it, indulging in sad reflections that life has already ended for him. But the changes that subsequently occurred in the soul of the hero are associated with the beauty and grandeur of a mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.

V. I. Yurovskikh Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh
The writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories, tells about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village person with the natural world, which is why his story “Ivan's Memory” is so touching. In this small work, Yurovsky raises an important issue: the impact of man on the environment. Ivan, the main character of the story, planted several willow bushes in the swamp, which frightened people and animals. Many years later. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bushes, every year the magpie began to build a nest, magpie hatch. No one else wandered through the forest, because the willow tree became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bush you can hide from the heat, and drink water, and just relax. Ivan left a good memory of himself among people, and ennobled the surrounding nature.

M.Yu Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
The close emotional connection between man and nature can be traced in Lermontov's story "A Hero of Our Time". The events of the life of the main character, Grigory Pechorin, are accompanied by a change in the state of nature in accordance with changes in his mood. So, considering the duel scene, the gradation of the states of the surrounding world and Pechorin's feelings is obvious. If before the duel the sky seemed to him “fresh and blue”, and the sun “brightly shining”, then after the duel, looking at the corpse of Grushnitsky, the heavenly body seemed “dull” to Grigory, and its rays “did not warm”. Nature is not only the experience of the characters, but is also one of the characters. The storm becomes the reason for a long meeting between Pechorin and Vera, and in one of the diary entries preceding the meeting with Princess Mary, Grigory notes that "the air of Kislovodsk is conducive to love." With such an allegory, Lermontov not only more deeply and fully reflects the internal state of the characters, but also indicates his own, author's presence by introducing nature as a character.

E. Zamyatina "We"
Turning to classical literature, I would like to give as an example the dystopian novel by E. Zamyatin “We”. Rejecting the natural beginning, the inhabitants of the United State become numbers, whose life is determined by the framework of the Tablet of Hours. The beauties of native nature have been replaced by perfectly proportioned glass structures, and love is possible only if you have a pink card. The protagonist, D-503, is doomed to a mathematically adjusted happiness, which is acquired, however, after the removal of fantasy. It seems to me that with such an allegory, Zamyatin tried to express the inseparability of the connection between nature and man.

S. Yesenin "Goy you, Rus', my dear"
One of the central themes of the lyrics of the brightest poet of the 20th century S. Yesenin is the nature of his native land. In the poem “Goy you, Rus', my dear,” the poet refuses paradise for the sake of his homeland, her flock is higher than eternal bliss, which, judging by other lyrics, he finds only on Russian soil. Thus, feelings of patriotism and love for nature are closely intertwined. The very awareness of their gradual weakening is the first step towards a natural, real world that enriches the soul and body.

M. Prishvin "Ginseng"
This theme is brought to life by moral and ethical motives. Many writers and poets addressed her. In M. Prishvin's story "Ginseng", the characters know how to be silent and listen to silence. For the author, nature is life itself. Therefore, the rock is crying, the stone has a heart. It is man who must do everything to ensure that nature exists and does not fall silent. This is very important in our time.

I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a hunter"
A deep and tender love for nature was expressed by I. S. Turgenev in the “Notes of a Hunter”. He did this with penetrating observation. The hero of the story "Kasyan" traveled half of the country from the Beautiful Mosque, joyfully learned and explored new places. This man felt his inseparable connection with mother nature and dreamed that "every person" would live in contentment and justice. It wouldn't hurt us to learn from him.

M. Bulgakov. "Fatal Eggs"
Professor Persikov accidentally breeds giant reptiles that threaten civilization instead of large chickens. Such consequences can be caused by thoughtless interference in the life of nature.

Ch. Aitmatov "Scaffold"
Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "The Scaffold" showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to a dangerous deformation of man. And it happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savanna is a global problem, not a local one.

The closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We".
1) The appearance and principles of the United State. 2) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 3) "The resistance of human nature." In dystopias, the world based on the same premises is given through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person who is undergoing the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the individual and the totalitarian system becomes the driving force behind any dystopia, making it possible to identify dystopian features in the most seemingly different works... The society depicted in the novel has reached material perfection and stopped its development, plunging into a state of spiritual and social entropy.

A.P. Chekhov in the story "Death of an official"

B. Vasiliev "I was not on the lists"
The works make you think about the questions that everyone seeks to answer for themselves: what is behind the high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, fate, what helps a person to resist, to show amazing, amazing vitality, helps to live and die "like a human"?

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
Despite the difficulties and trials that befell the protagonist Andrei Sokolov, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength and did not eradicate his sense of duty.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".

Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor, in any life situation he acts as honor commands him. The nobility of the hero was able to appreciate even his ideological enemy - Pugachev. That is why he helped Grinev more than once.

LN Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The Bolkonsky family is the personification of honor and nobility. Prince Andrei always put the laws of honor in the first place, followed them, even if it required incredible efforts, suffering, pain.

Loss of spiritual values

B. Vasiliev "Deaf"
The events of Boris Vasiliev's story "Glukhoman" allow us to see how in today's life the so-called "new Russians" seek to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values ​​are lost because culture has left our lives. The society split, in it the bank account became the measure of a person's merits. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, the hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge, speaking badly about her; during a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of notions of honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as Pugachev gets the Belogorsk fortress, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

LN Tolstoy "War and Peace".

Helen Kuragina tricks Pierre into marrying herself, then lies to him all the time, being his wife, disgraces him, makes him unhappy. The heroine uses lies to get rich, to take a good position in society.

N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General".

Khlestakov deceives officials, pretends to be an auditor. Trying to impress, he composes many stories about his life in St. Petersburg. Moreover, he lies so intoxicatingly that he himself begins to believe his stories, feels important and significant.

D.S. Likhachev in "Letters about the good and the beautiful"
D.S. Likhachev, in Letters about the Good and the Beautiful, tells how indignant he felt when he learned that in 1932 a cast-iron monument on the grave of Bagration had been blown up on the Borodino field. At the same time, someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero, Tuchkov: “Enough to keep the remnants of the slave past!” At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which even during the war our soldiers tried to preserve, not to destroy. Likhachev believes that "the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: after all, they are always individual."

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

• In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, therefore the children - Natasha, Nikolai, Petya - became truly good people. They are responsive to other people's pain, able to understand experiences and suffering others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to free the carts loaded with their family valuables in order to give them to the wounded soldiers.
• And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They do not know what true love is and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.

A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
In the story "The Captain's Daughter", the instructions of his father helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain an honest man, true to himself and duty. Therefore, the hero commands respect for his behavior.

N. V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following his father's behest to "save a penny", Chichikov devoted his whole life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. From his school years, he valued only money, so in his life there were never true friends, a family that the hero dreamed of.

L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara"
Bukhara, the heroine of the story “Daughter of Bukhara” by L. Ulitskaya, accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being mortally ill, the mother thought out the whole future life of her daughter: she got a job, found her a new family, a husband, and only after that she allowed herself to leave life.

Zakrutkin V. A. "The human mother"
Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin's story "The Mother of Man", during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people's children, saved them, became their Mother. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burnt farm, it seemed to Maria that she had given birth not only to her son, but to all the children of the world destitute of the war. That is why she is the Mother of Man.

K.I. Chukovsky "Alive like life"
K.I. Chukovsky in his book “Alive as Life” analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech, and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves distort and mutilate our great and mighty language.

I.S. Turgenev
- Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property, handed over to us by our predecessors, among whom again Pushkin shines! Treat this mighty tool with respect: in the hands of the skilled, it is able to perform miracles ... Take care of the purity of the language, like a shrine!

K.G. Paustovsky
- You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our minds that could not be conveyed by the Russian word ... There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.

A. P. Chekhov "Death of an official"
The official Chervyakov in A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Death of an Official” is incredibly infected with the spirit of servility: having sneezed and spattered his bald head in front of the sitting General Bryzzhalov (and he did not pay attention to this), the hero was so frightened that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.

A. P. Chekhov "Thick and Thin"
The hero of Chekhov's story "Thick and thin", the official Porfiry, met a school friend at the station of the Nikolaev railway and found out that he was a privy councilor, i.e. in the service moved significantly higher. In an instant, the “thin” turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate and fawn.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only "all people without exception", but even "the janitor's dog, so that it was affectionate." The need to tirelessly please also gave rise to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maxim Petrovich, the "character" of the historical anecdote, which Famusov tells Chatsky as a warning, in order to earn the favor of the empress, turned into a jester, amusing her with ridiculous falls.

I. S. Turgenev. "Mu Mu"
The fate of the dumb serf Gerasim, Tatyana, is decided by the mistress. A person has no rights. What could be worse?

I. S. Turgenev. "Hunter's Notes"
In the story “Biryuk”, the main character, a forester, nicknamed Biryuk, lives miserably, despite the conscientious performance of his duties. The social structure of life is unfair.

N. A. Nekrasov "Railway"
The poem talks about who built the railroad. These are workers subjected to merciless exploitation. The structure of life, where arbitrariness reigns, is worthy of condemnation. In the poem “Reflections at the front door”: the peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted, they were driven away. The government does not take into account the situation of the people.

L. N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"
The division of Russia into two parts, rich and poor, is shown. The social world is unfair to the weak.

N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
There can be nothing holy, right in a world ruled by tyranny, wild and crazy.

V.V. Mayakovsky

• In the play "The Bedbug" Pierre Skripkin dreamed that his house would be "a full bowl." Another hero, a former worker, claims: "Whoever fought has the right to rest by a quiet river." Such a position was alien to Mayakovsky. He dreamed of the spiritual growth of his contemporaries.

I. S. Turgenev "Notes of a hunter"
Everyone's personality is important for the development of the state, but not always talented people can develop their abilities for the benefit of society. For example, in the "Notes of a Hunter" I.S. Turgenev, there are people whose talents the country does not need. Yakov ("Singers") becomes an inveterate drunkard in a tavern. The truth-seeker Mitya ("Odnodvorets Ovsyannikov") stands up for the serfs. The forester Biryuk serves responsibly, but lives in poverty. Such people are unnecessary. They even laugh at them. It's not fair.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"
Despite the terrible details of camp life and the unjust structure of society, Solzhenitsyn's works are optimistic in spirit. The writer proved that even in the last degree of humiliation it is possible to preserve a person in oneself.

A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
A person who is not accustomed to work does not find a worthy place in the life of society.

M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
Pechorin says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply them to. Society is such that there is no worthy place for an outstanding personality.

and A. Goncharov. "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov, a kind and talented person, could not overcome himself and reveal his best features. The reason is the lack of high goals in the life of society.

A.M. Gorky
Many heroes of M. Gorky's stories talk about the meaning of life. The old gypsy Makar Chudra wondered why people work. The heroes of the story "On the Salt" found themselves in the same impasse. Around them - wheelbarrows, salt dust, eating away the eyes. However, no one got angry. Good feelings are born in the soul of even such oppressed people. The meaning of life, according to Gorky, is in work. Everyone will begin to work conscientiously - you see, and we will all become richer and better together. After all, "the wisdom of life is always deeper and more extensive than the wisdom of people."

M. I. Weller "The Novel of Education"
The meaning of life is for those who themselves devote their activities to the cause that they consider necessary. The “Roman of Education” by M.I. Weller, one of the most published modern Russian writers, makes one think about this. Indeed, there have always been many purposeful people, and now they live among us.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• The best characters of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, saw the meaning of life in the desire for moral self-improvement. Each of them wanted "to be quite good, to bring good to people."
• All the favorite heroes of L. N. Tolstoy were busy with intense spiritual search. Reading the novel "War and Peace", it is difficult not to be sympathetic to Prince Bolkonsky, a thinking, searching person. He read a lot, knew everything about everything. The hero found the meaning of his own life in the defense of the Fatherland. Not for the sake of an ambitious desire for glory, but because of the love of the motherland.
• In search of the meaning of life, a person must choose his direction. In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", the fate of Andrei Bolkonsky is a difficult path of moral losses and discoveries. The important thing is that, walking along this thorny road, he retained true human dignity. It is no coincidence that M.I. Kutuzov will say to the hero: "Your road is the road of honor." I also like extraordinary people who try to live not uselessly.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
Even the failures and disappointments of an outstanding talented person are significant for society. For example, in the novel Fathers and Sons, Yevgeny Bazarov, a fighter for democracy, called himself an unnecessary person for Russia. However, his views anticipate the emergence of people capable of greater deeds and noble deeds.

V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
The problem of moral choice: what is better - to save one's life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov's heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes a difficult moral choice: he dies, retaining his human appearance.

M. M. Prishvin "Pantry of the sun"
Mitrasha and Nastya were left without parents during the Great Patriotic War. But hard work helped young children not only survive, but also earn the respect of their fellow villagers.

And P. Platonov "In a beautiful and furious world"
Machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but his friend's devotion, love for his chosen profession perform a miracle: having got on his beloved steam locomotive, he regains his sight.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
The main character has been used to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not gained any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous person.

Ch. Aitmatov Roman "Mother's field"
The leitmotif of the novel is the spiritual responsiveness of hardworking rural women. Aliman, whatever happens, has been working on the farm since dawn, on the melon field, in the greenhouse. She feeds the country, people! And the writer does not see anything higher than this share, this honor.

A.P. Chekhov. The story "Ionych"

• Dmitry Ionych Startsev chose an excellent profession. He became a doctor. However, the lack of perseverance and perseverance made the once good doctor a simple layman, for whom money-grubbing and his own well-being became the main thing in life. So, it is not enough to choose the right future profession, you must preserve yourself morally and morally in it.
• There comes a time when each of us faces the choice of a profession. The hero of the story A.P. dreamed of honestly serving people. Chekhov "Ionych", Dmitry Startsev. The profession he has chosen is the most humane. However, having settled in a city where the most educated people turned out to be small and limited, Startsev did not find the strength to resist stagnation and inertia. The doctor turned into a simple man in the street, thinking little about his patients. So, the most valuable condition for not living a boring life is honest creative work, no matter what profession a person chooses.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are ordinary people in the novel, who do their duty without lofty phrases.

F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment"
Rodion Raskolnikov creates his own theory: the world is divided into those "who have the right" and "trembling creatures." According to his theory, a person is able to create history, like Mohammed, Napoleon. They commit atrocities in the name of "great goals". Raskolnikov's theory fails. In fact, true freedom lies in the subordination of one's aspirations to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice.

V. Bykov "Obelisk"
The problem of freedom can be seen especially clearly in V. Bykov's story "Obelisk". Teacher Frost, had the choice to stay alive or die along with the students. He always taught them goodness and justice. He had to choose death, but he remained a morally free man.

A.M. Gorky "At the bottom"
Is there a way in the world to break free from the vicious circle of life's worries and desires? M. Gorky tried to answer such a question in the play "At the Bottom". In addition, the writer raised another vital question: is it possible to consider a free person who has resigned himself. Thus, the contradictions between the truth of the slave and the freedom of the individual is an eternal problem.

A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
Opposition to evil, tyranny attracted the special attention of Russian writers of the 19th century. The oppressive power of evil is shown in the play by A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". A young, gifted woman, Katerina, is a strong person. She found the strength to defy tyranny. The conflict between the atmosphere of the "dark kingdom" and the bright spiritual world, unfortunately, ended tragically.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago"
Pictures of bullying, cruel treatment of political prisoners.

A.A. Akhmatova Poem "Requiem"
This is a work about the repeated arrests of a husband and son, the poem was written under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers, relatives of prisoners in the Cross, a St. Petersburg prison.

N. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad"
In Nekrasov's story there is a terrible truth about the heroism of those people who in a totalitarian state have always been considered "cogs" in the huge body of the state machine. The writer mercilessly condemned those who calmly sent people to their death, who shot for a lost sapper shovel, who kept people in fear.

V. Soloukhin
The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty poured into the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that it is necessary to stop in front of her, "without thinking about time", only then she "will invite you to interlocutors."

K.Paustovsky
The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of leaves wet from the rain and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest power.

Yu.Gribov
A modern publicist, writer Y. Gribov argued that "beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to wake her up, not let her die without waking up."

V. Rasputin "Deadline"
Children from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are disunited, they have forgotten about the lessons of morality received in childhood. Anna leaves life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still live and live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram"
The story of K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram" is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it’s one thing to get carried away with work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another to remember your loved ones, your mother, the most holy being in the world, not limited only to money transfers and short notes. Nastya failed to achieve harmony between caring for the "distant" and love for the closest person. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The protagonist of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, did many good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who is hard going through the pain of others and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect the drunk girl from men pestering her, worries about her sister Dunya, seeks to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation, loves and pities her mother, tries not to disturb her with his problems. But the trouble with Raskolnikov is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to fulfill such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya performs truly beautiful deeds. She sacrifices herself for the sake of loved ones, because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money in an honest way, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
The most beautiful act of Sonya is the salvation of Raskolnikov ..
The whole life of Sonya Marmeladova is self-sacrifice. By the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and rise again. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of a human act.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Pierre Bezukhov is one of the writer's favorite characters. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted with the life in the world that they lead, experiencing after his duel with Dolokhov, Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but so important questions for him: “What is bad? What well? Why live, and what am I? And when one of the smartest Masonic leaders urges him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed "in the possibility of a brotherhood of people united in order to support each other on the path of virtue." And to achieve this goal, Pierre does everything. what he considers necessary: ​​he donates money to the brotherhood, arranges schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make life easier for peasant women with small children. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of being right gives him confidence in life.

Pontius Pilate sent the innocent Yeshua to be executed. For the rest of his life, the procurator was tormented by his conscience, he could not forgive himself for his cowardice. The hero received peace only when Yeshuya himself forgave him and said that there was no execution.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".

Raskolnikov killed an old pawnbroker to prove to himself that he was a "higher" being. But after the crime, his conscience torments him, a persecution mania develops, the hero moves away from relatives and friends. At the end of the novel, he repents of the murder, embarks on the path of spiritual healing.

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who, during the war,
lost all relatives. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act indicates that love and desire
doing good gives a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate.

LN Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The Kuragin family are greedy, selfish, vile people. In pursuit of money and power, they are capable of any immoral acts. So, for example, Helen marries Pierre by deceit and uses his wealth, bringing him a lot of suffering and humiliation.

N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls".

Plyushkin subordinated his whole life to hoarding. And if at first it was dictated by thrift, then his desire to save crossed all boundaries, he saved on the most necessary, lived, limiting himself in everything, and even broke off relations with his daughter, fearing that she was claiming his “wealth”.

The role of flowers

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov".

Oblomov, in love, gave Olga Ilyinskaya a lilac branch. Lilac became a symbol of the hero's spiritual transformation: he became active, cheerful, cheerful when he fell in love with Olga.

M. Bulgakov "Master and Margarita".

Thanks to the bright yellow flowers in Margarita's hands, the Master saw her in the gray crowd. The heroes fell in love with each other at first sight and carried their feelings through many trials.

M. Gorky.

The writer recalled that he had learned a lot from books. He did not have the opportunity to get an education, so it was in books that he drew knowledge, an idea of ​​the world, knowledge of the laws of literature.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

Tatyana Larina grew up on romance novels. Books made her dreamy, romantic. She created for herself the ideal of a lover, the hero of her novel, whom she dreamed of meeting in real life.

• Category: Arguments for writing the exam

• N. Polevoy - the story "The Painter". In his work, Polevoy explores various types of artistic creativity. The hero of the story, the artist Arkady, does not recognize art-amusement and art-craft (the author himself adheres to the same position). He aspires with his soul to the heavenly ideal, he longs to comprehend the higher, mysterious nature of creativity. However, he is unhappy, his talent is not recognized in society. The author, thus, defends true art in the story, the uniqueness of genuine talent.
• A.S. Pushkin's tragedy "Mozart and Salieri" (See “What is the mystery of true talent?”).
• N.V. Gogol - the poem "Dead Souls". In the 7th chapter of the poem by N.V. Gogol reflects on two types of artists, introducing readers to the romantic writer, who entertains the public with seemingly entertaining plots, and the realist writer, who exposes the web of the little things of everyday life. The first creates for the sake of the public, the crowd, his fate is recognition, glory, prosperity. The second disinterestedly serves art itself, truth, therefore it cannot pass by the characters "boring, nasty, striking in their sad reality." As a result, he will be vilified by critics, misunderstood by readers, and loneliness. All this requires the artist's mental stamina, courage, patience.
• M.A. Bulgakov - The Master and Margarita. One of the main problems posed by M.A. Bulgakov in the novel "The Master and Margarita" - the problem of true and false creativity. The author presents us with two types of artists. The first is the writers of MASSOLIT, headed by Berlioz. All of them are united by the absence of genuine talent, the substitution of literary interests for purely material interests. They are concerned about getting dachas, apartments, building their own careers. These are skillful artisans, immoral, cynical, pragmatists, serving not an idea, but a “social order” that opens the way for them to material prosperity. The Master is the only true writer in this novel. He creates a brilliant novel about Pontius Pilate and the wandering philosopher Yeshua, raises eternal problems in it - cowardice and mental stamina, repentance and punishment for sins. However, this creation and the author himself are the target of critics. And the author, like Gogol, burns his novel. But "manuscripts don't burn." The world of Latunsky and Berlioz is opposed by M.A. Bulgakov is the world of eternal human values ​​- love, freedom, creativity, the search for truth.