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Culture and spiritual life of the society - Hypermarket of knowledge. What benefit does it bring? How do you rate your personal level of culture? Why does society need culture? What good

Many executives see corporate training as a useless luxury. Are they right?

Skillful management of corporate culture can become a serious competitive advantage of the company. Therefore, management should pay special attention to employee training as one of the most important elements of corporate culture.

What tasks are solved through training? Firstly, it allows employees to receive new information, which they subsequently use for the benefit of the company. Training also helps to prepare an employee to replace colleagues during vacation, sick leave or dismissal. Secondly, it is the training of the skills necessary for work.

Do not forget that training allows you to diagnose the state of corporate culture in a given period. You should listen to what problems employees state during seminars. Most likely, they talk about real conflicts that arise in the office. Watch how employees interact with each other in training. You will get a true picture of what is happening in the workplace.

During the training, representatives of different departments get the opportunity to communicate and share valuable experience. Such communication can give birth to a new successful project. Joint training improves the psychological climate in the team. Employees develop a sense of belonging to the company and there is a motivation for further work. Also, training allows you to learn about the needs and requirements of subordinates.

In order to motivate the team for learning, it is necessary to maintain a system of career growth in the company. A new employee should know that his promotion will only be possible if he passes the training.

It is important that training does not turn into collective punishment. Do not overload subordinates with work during the internship period. Try to build the most effective training system and avoid a formal approach.

As a rule, the opportunity to improve qualifications is given as a bonus. Employees tend to be sent for training. In most companies, this opportunity is given only to the best of the best. The desire for learning acts as an indicator of the abilities and capabilities of your employees. If a subordinate refuses to study, then he is most likely not interested in his work or is going to leave the company.

It seemed like a strange question. Everything is clear anyway: "Culture is needed in order to ..." But try to answer it yourself, and you will understand that everything is not so simple.

Culture is an integral part of society with its own tasks and goals, designed to perform its inherent functions.

The function of adapting to the environment. We can say that this is the oldest function of culture. It was thanks to her that human society found protection from the elemental forces of nature and forced them to serve itself. Already primitive man made clothes from animal skins, learned to use fire and, as a result, was able to populate vast areas of the globe.

The function of accumulation, storage and transfer of cultural values. This function allows a person to determine his place in the world and, using the knowledge accumulated about him, develop from the lowest to the highest. It is provided by the mechanisms of cultural traditions, which we have already talked about. Thanks to them, culture preserves the heritage accumulated over the centuries, which remains the invariable foundation of the creative searches of mankind.

The function of goal-setting and regulation of the life of society and human activity. As part of this function, culture creates values and guidelines for society, consolidates what has been achieved and becomes the basis for further development. Culture-created goals and patterns are the perspective and blueprint of human activity. The same cultural values are established as the norms and requirements of society for all its members, regulating their lives and activities. Take, for example, the religious doctrines of the Middle Ages, known to you from the course of history. They simultaneously created the values of society, defining “what is good and what is bad”, indicated what should be strived for, and also obliged each person to lead a completely specific lifestyle, set by patterns and norms.

function of socialization. This function makes it possible for each specific person to assimilate a certain system of knowledge, norms and values that allow him to act as a full member of society. People excluded from cultural processes, for the most part, cannot adapt to life in human society. (Remember Mowgli - people found in the forest and raised by animals.)

communicative function. This function of culture provides interaction between people and communities, promotes the processes of integration and unity of human culture. It becomes especially evident in the modern world, when a single cultural space of mankind is being created before our eyes.

The main functions listed above, of course, do not exhaust all the meanings of culture. Many scholars would add dozens more to this list. And the very separate consideration of functions is rather conditional. In real life, they are closely intertwined and look like an indivisible process of cultural creativity of the human mind.

Imagine a huge tree with all its branches and twigs intertwined and out of sight. The tree of culture looks even more complicated, because all its branches are constantly growing, changing, connecting and diverging. And, in order to understand how they grow, you need to know and remember how they looked before, that is, you must constantly take into account the entire vast cultural experience of mankind.

Plunging into history, we see in the mists of time the historical cultures of ancient civilizations, the threads from which stretch in our time. Remember, for example, what the modern world owes to the cultures of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece.

Looking at the map of the world, we understand that cultures can be defined by racial and national characteristics. And a single interethnic culture can be historically formed on the territory of one state. Take, for example, India, a country that has united many peoples with different customs and religious beliefs into a single cultural space.

Well, if, tearing our eyes away from the map, we plunge into the depths of society, then here we will see a lot of cultures.

In society, they can be divided, say, according to gender, age and professional characteristics. After all, you see, the cultural interests of teenagers and the elderly differ from each other, just as the cultural and everyday life of miners differs from the lifestyle of actors, and the culture of provincial cities is not similar to the culture of capitals.

It is difficult to understand this diversity. At first glance, it may seem that culture as a whole simply does not exist. In fact, all these particles are connected and fit into a single mosaic. Cultures intertwine and interact with each other. And over time, this process only accelerates. For example, today no one will be surprised by an Indian sitting on a bench in a Moscow park and reading Sophocles in an English translation.

In the world around us, there is a constant dialogue of cultures. This is especially evident in the example of the interpenetration and mutual enrichment of national cultures. Each of them is inimitable and unique. Their differences are due to individual historical development. But history transcends national and regional boundaries, it becomes global, and culture, like a person, simply cannot be isolated, it needs constant communication and the opportunity to compare itself with others. Without this, its full development is impossible. Domestic scientist, academician D.S. Likhachev wrote: “The real values of culture develop only in contact with other cultures, grow on rich cultural soil and take into account the experience of neighbors. Can a grain grow in a glass of distilled water? Maybe! - but until the grain's own strength is exhausted, then the plant dies very quickly.

Now there are practically no isolated cultural communities left on Earth, except somewhere in the inaccessible equatorial forests. Scientific and technological progress, related information technologies, the development of transport, the increased mobility of the population, the global division of labor - all this entails the internationalization of culture, the creation of a single cultural space for different nations and peoples. It is easiest to assimilate the achievements of technology, natural science, exact sciences in interethnic communication. Innovations in the field of literature and artistic creation are somewhat more difficult to take root. But even here we can see examples of integration. So, let's say, Japan, with its age-old literary traditions, eagerly absorbs and assimilates the experience of European writers, and the whole world, in turn, is experiencing a real boom, reading out the works of Japanese literature.

We are living in an era of the formation of a universal international culture, the values of which are acceptable to people all over the planet. However, like any other phenomenon on a global scale, the process of cultural internationalization generates a lot of problems. Difficulties arise with the preservation of their own national cultures, when the age-old traditions of the people are replaced by new values. This issue is especially acute for small peoples, whose cultural heritage can be buried under foreign influences. An instructive example is the fate of the North American Indians, who are becoming more and more absorbed into American society and culture.

Among the problems of globalization, it becomes obvious how carefully it is necessary to treat the core of the native culture - folk traditions, since they are its basis. Without its cultural baggage, no people can enter the world culture on an equal footing, they will have nothing to put into the common treasury, and they will be able to offer themselves only as a consumer.

Folk culture is a very special layer of national culture, its most stable part, a source of development and a repository of traditions. This is a culture created by the people and existing among the masses of the people. It includes the collective creative activity of the people, reflects its life, views, values. Her works are rarely written down, more often they are passed from mouth to mouth. Folk culture is generally anonymous. Folk songs and dances have performers, but no authors. And that is why it is the fruit of collective creativity. Even if author's works become her property, their authorship is soon forgotten. Remember, for example, the well-known song "Katyusha". Who is the author of its words and music? Not all of those who perform it will answer this question.

When we talk about folk culture, we first of all mean folklore (with all its legends, songs and fairy tales), folk music, dances, theater, architecture, fine and decorative arts. However, it doesn't end there. This is just the tip of the iceberg. The most important component of folk culture is mores and customs, everyday phraseology and ways of housekeeping, home life and traditional medicine. Everything that the people, by virtue of long traditions, regularly uses in their everyday life is folk culture. Its distinguishing feature is that it is in constant use. While grandmothers are telling fairy tales, folk culture is alive. But, as soon as something from it ceases to be used, at the same moment the living phenomenon of culture disappears, it becomes just an object for the study of folklorists. Folk culture as a whole is permanent and indestructible, but the particles that make it up are very fragile and require careful and careful handling.

culture people creativity

Spiritual life is a sphere of activity of man and society, which embraces the richness of human feelings and achievements of the mind, unites both the assimilation of accumulated spiritual values and the creative creation of new ones.

Quite often, for convenience, scientists separately consider the spiritual life of society and the spiritual life of the individual, each of which has its own specific content.

The spiritual life of a society (or the spiritual sphere of the life of a society) covers science, morality, religion, philosophy, art, scientific institutions, cultural institutions, religious organizations, and the corresponding activities of people.

This activity is characterized by a division into two types: spiritual-theoretical and spiritual-practical. Spiritual and theoretical activity is the production of spiritual goods and values. Its products are thoughts, ideas, theories, ideals, artistic images that can take the form of scientific and artistic works. Spiritual and practical activity is the preservation, reproduction, distribution, distribution, as well as the consumption of created spiritual values, i.e., activity, the end result of which is a change in people's consciousness.

The spiritual life of a person, or, as they say, the spiritual world of a person, usually includes knowledge, faith, needs, abilities and aspirations of people. Its integral part is the sphere of human emotions and experiences. One of the main conditions for a full-fledged spiritual life of an individual is the mastery of the knowledge, skills, values accumulated by society in the course of history, i.e., the development of culture.

WHAT IS CULTURE

Culture is the most important element that determines the scope of spiritual life. Despite the fact that we are already familiar with this concept, we still have to penetrate deeper into its meaning. Let's try to answer the question: "where does culture begin?"

On the surface lies the consideration that it is necessary to look for it where nature ends and man begins - a thinking and creative being. For example, ants, erecting the most complex buildings, do not create culture. For millions of years they have been reproducing the same program laid down in them by nature. Man, in his activity, constantly creates something new, transforming both himself and nature. Having already cut a stone and tied it to a stick, he created something new, namely, an object of culture, that is, something that had not existed in nature before. Thus, it becomes clear that the basis of culture is the transformative, creative activity of man in relation to nature.

The very term “culture” originally in Latin meant “cultivation, tillage”, i.e. even then it implied changes in nature under the influence of man. In a meaning close to the modern understanding, this word was first used in the 1st century. BC e. Roman philosopher and orator Cicero. But only in the 17th century. it began to be widely used in an independent sense, meaning everything that was invented by man. Since then, thousands of definitions of culture have been given, but there is still no single and generally accepted definition and, most likely, never will be. In its most general form, it can be represented as follows: culture is all types of transformative activities of a person and society, as well as all its results. It is a historical set of industrial, social and spiritual achievements of mankind.

From another, narrower point of view, culture can be represented as a special sphere of social life, where the spiritual efforts of mankind, the achievements of the mind, the manifestation of feelings and creative activity are concentrated. In this form, the understanding of culture is very close to the definition of the spiritual sphere of society. Often these concepts can easily replace each other and are studied as a whole.

The science of culture is primarily concerned with the study of culture. But along with this, various phenomena and aspects of cultural life are the subject of study of many other sciences - history and sociology, ethnography and linguistics, archeology and aesthetics, ethics and art history, etc.

Culture is a complex, multifaceted and dynamic phenomenon. The development of culture is a twofold process. It requires, on the one hand, the summation, accumulation of experience and cultural values of previous generations, i.e., the creation of traditions, and, on the other hand, overcoming these same traditions by increasing cultural wealth, i.e., innovation. Traditions are a stable element of culture; they accumulate and preserve the cultural values created by mankind. Innovation, on the other hand, informs the dynamics and pushes cultural processes towards development.

Human society, through the creative efforts of its best representatives, constantly creates new patterns that take root in people's lives, becoming traditions, a guarantee of the integrity of human culture. But culture cannot stop. As soon as it freezes, the process of its degradation and degeneration begins. Traditions become stereotypes and patterns, mindlessly reproduced for the simple reason that "it has always been like this." Such cultural development invariably leads to a dead end. The complete denial of all previous achievements is also unpromising. The desire to destroy everything to the ground, and then build something new, as a rule, ends in a senseless pogrom, after which, with great difficulty, it is necessary to restore the remains of the destroyed. Innovation gives a positive result only when it takes into account all previous achievements and builds a new one on their basis. But this process is far from painless. Remember at least the French Impressionist painters. How much they had to listen to ridicule and abuse, censure of official art criticism and bullying! However, time passed, and their canvases entered the treasury of world culture, became a role model, that is, they merged into the cultural tradition.

WHY CULTURE IS NEEDED

It seemed like a strange question. Everything is clear anyway: “Culture is needed in order to ...” But try to answer it yourself, and you will understand that everything is not so simple.

Culture is an integral part of society with its own tasks and goals, designed to perform its inherent functions.

ARE MANY CULTURES?

Well, if, tearing our eyes away from the map, we plunge into the depths of society, then here we will see a lot of cultures.

MASS AND ELITE CULTURE

Among that variety of cultures. that passed before us. there is one division. especially important for our days is the existence of mass and elite cultures. It is this opposition that largely determines the cultural picture of modern society.

Mass culture is a rather young phenomenon in the history of mankind. It took shape in the 20th century. In connection with the blurring of territorial and social boundaries in an industrial society. For the emergence of mass culture, several conditions were required: a sufficient level of education of the masses, the availability of free time and free funds for the consumer to pay for their leisure, as well as means of communication capable of copying, replicating and conveying cultural products to the masses.

The first step towards the emergence of mass culture was the introduction in England in the 1870s-1890s. compulsory literacy law. In 1895 cinematography was invented. which has become a means of mass art, accessible to everyone and does not require even an elementary ability to read. The next steps were the invention and introduction of gramophone records. Then came radio, television, the ability to replicate audio and video recordings at home, the Internet.

In the twentieth century, with rising living standards and the further development of technological progress. man wanted to fill his leisure. The mechanisms of the market immediately turned on: since there are needs, therefore, they must be satisfied. The market responded with the emergence of mass culture, or, as it is otherwise called, the entertainment industry, commercial culture, pop culture, the leisure industry, etc.

The mass culture that has developed in this way has its own characteristic features. First of all, it is distinguished by a commercial orientation, the content of this culture acts as commodities capable of making a profit when sold. The main feature of mass culture is an orientation towards the tastes and demands of the mass consumer. In terms of content, being “an anti-fatigue culture, it is simple, accessible, entertaining and standardized. It does not require effort to master, allows you to relax by consuming its products. The simplicity and accessibility of mass culture are obvious, otherwise it simply loses demand. Moreover, both aristocrats and ordinary workers can be its consumers, in this sense it is universal and democratic. So, the well-known "agent 007" James Bond was the favorite of US President John F. Kennedy and English Prince Charles.

Popular culture uses images and themes that are understandable to everyone: love, family, sex, career, success, adventure, heroism, horror, crime and violence. But all this is presented in a simplified, sentimental and standardized way. Evaluations of mass culture are always obvious, it is clear where are “friends” and where are “strangers”, who is “good” and who is “evil” and “good guys” will certainly defeat the “bad” ones. Mass culture focuses not on the personality, but on the standard image of the consumer - a teenager, a housewife, a businessman, etc. Through the mechanisms of fashion and prestige, it influences the way of life of people. In this sense, advertising - an indispensable part of mass culture - has long ceased to offer goods. Today she is already advertising a lifestyle: if you want to look like the same cheerful guy, then buy this and that.

Mass culture, you guessed it, is inseparable from the mass media (media). Thanks to them, the systematic dissemination of cultural products through the press, radio, television, cinema, global computer networks, sound recording, video recording, electronic media, etc. is ensured. All culture, and not just mass culture, somehow passes through the media. Having made a qualitative leap in the 1960s, they became a universal means of disseminating information. Already in 1964, the Beatles' performance at Carnegie Hall in New York was listened to not only by 2,000 visitors to the hall, but also by 73 million people on television. Now the possibilities of the media have become much wider. The ability to quickly and almost completely reach the widest audience has turned the media into the most important factor in modern culture.

Mass culture is opposed to elitist culture, designed for a narrow circle of consumers prepared to perceive works that are complex in form and content. For example, these are the novels of J. Joyce and M. Proust, the paintings of M. Chagall and P. Picasso, the films of A. A. Tarkovsky and A. Kurosawa, the music of A. Schnittke and S. Gubaidulina, etc.

The elite, which is the consumer of such a culture, is the part of society most capable of spiritual activity, endowed with creative inclinations. It is she who ensures cultural progress, therefore the artist quite consciously turns to her, and not to the masses, since without her response and appreciation, any work in the field of high art is impossible. Obtaining commercial benefits is not an indispensable goal for the creators of works of elite art - they strive for self-expression and the embodiment of their ideas, but at the same time their works often become popular and bring significant income to the authors.

Elite culture is a source of ideas, techniques and images for mass culture. You can easily give many examples of this yourself. These cultures are not antagonistic. Mass culture cannot exist without feeding the elite, and the elite needs to be disseminated, popularized and financed by the mass. It is their dialogue and interaction that allows modern culture to exist and develop.

No one is forcing anyone to choose between the masses and the elite, to become an adherent of one type of culture and an opponent of another. Culture does not tolerate compulsion and edification. It is always based on free choice, each person decides for himself what he likes and what not. By choosing cultural priorities and values, a person shapes and defines himself. Nature gives us only a biological beginning, and only culture turns a person into a cultural and historical being, into a unique human personality. And in this sense, it represents the measure of the human in man.

PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS

1 Culture is a complex phenomenon, the development of which requires certain experience and systematic work. Philistine ideas about culture often distort its meaning.

2 Complex forms of culture require the ability to competently assess its phenomena. Learn not to reject what is not clear to you from a nervous glance, try to figure it out. A cultured person is tolerant and tolerant.

3 Try to determine your personal position in relation to any cultural phenomena, but at the same time try to avoid unequivocal hasty conclusions. This not only goes against the very spirit of the culture, but often just looks stupid.

4 Remember that tolerance for manifestations of foreign forms of culture is a hallmark of a cultured person.

Document

Fragment from the essay of Academician D. S. Likhachev "Notes on Russian".

To a certain extent, losses in nature are recoverable... The situation is different with cultural monuments. Their losses are irreplaceable, because cultural monuments are always individual, always associated with a certain era, with certain masters. Each monument is destroyed forever, distorted forever, wounded forever.

The "reserve" of cultural monuments, the "reserve" of the cultural environment is extremely limited in the world, and it is being depleted at an ever-progressing rate. Technique, which is itself a product of culture, sometimes serves more to kill culture than to prolong its life. Bulldozers, excavators, construction cranes, operated by thoughtless, ignorant people, destroy both what has not yet been discovered in the earth, and what is above the earth, which has already served people. Even the restorers themselves ... Sometimes they become more destroyers than guardians of the monuments of the past. Destroy monuments and city planners, especially if they do not have clear and complete historical knowledge. It becomes crowded on earth for cultural monuments, not because there is not enough land, but because builders are attracted to old places, inhabited and therefore seem especially beautiful and alluring for city planners...

Questions and tasks for the document

1. Identify the main idea of the given passage.
2. Explain why the loss of cultural monuments is irreplaceable.
3. How do you understand the author's expression "moral settled way of life"?
4. Recall the content of the paragraph and reasonably explain why it is necessary to preserve cultural monuments. What cultural mechanisms are involved in these processes?
5. Pick up examples of barbarian attitude towards cultural monuments.

SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS

1. What is the spiritual life of society? What components does it include?
2. What is culture? Tell us about the origin of this concept.
3. How do traditions and innovation interact in culture?
4. Describe the main functions of culture. On the example of one of the phenomena of culture, reveal its functions in society.
5. What kind of “cultures within a culture” do you know? Describe a situation in which the interaction of several cultures would manifest itself.
6. What is the dialogue of cultures? Give examples of the interaction and interpenetration of various national cultures, using the knowledge gained in the courses of history and geography.
7. What is the internationalization of culture? What are her problems?
8. Describe the manifestations of folk culture.
9. What is mass culture? Tell me about her symptoms.
10. What is the role of mass media in modern society? What problems and threats can be associated with their spread?
11. What is an elite culture? How is its dialogue with the masses?

TASKS

1. Name at least ten sciences that study certain aspects of culture.

Each representative of society in his family receives certain knowledge. Also, some rules are set “by default”, which a person cannot always explain for himself. He just knows that this is how it should be, that's all. But it is worth thinking about some of these concepts, finding a definition for them, justifying their significance for yourself. One such concept is culture. Let's figure out together what culture is for.

Culture is considered to be the sphere in which a person determines for himself and those around him his characteristics, also shows his talents and life positions, ideals. In order for the influence of culture to be obvious, it is necessary to accept and realize the meaning of this concept. It is only when fully understood that culture develops and has a visible effect on society as a whole.

Why is culture needed?

Everyone can answer this question differently. Moreover, this concept has many branches and directions. For example, if we consider culture from the point of view of creativity, then it is impossible to deny its necessity. After all, not a single member of society can imagine his country without poets and writers, architects and scientists. If these now famous people had not answered the question of what culture is, the people would have been deprived of many of their values. The cultural heritage of the country is its heart, without which its further spiritual development is impossible.

legal culture

One of the manifestations of culture is legal culture. Law, with the help of certain norms, rules and laws, regulates various social relations. Every representative of society should understand what a legal culture is, why it is needed. This is necessary for the proper development of a person. Knowing one's rights, the ability to apply them if necessary is one of the main signs of a person living in a civilized state of law. The notion that a person has his rights gives him freedom, but also indicates that there are duties. Legal culture defines obligations not only in relation to the state, but also in relation to other representatives of society. Legal culture forms a full-fledged personality that can exist in society without violating the rights of other people.

Physical Culture

Is culture necessary in such a manifestation as physical culture? Of course yes! In order to discipline not only your body, but also your mind, physical education is simply necessary. If exercises bring the body into shape, then, most likely, they restore morale. Here's why physical education is needed:

to maintain health, immunity and good physical shape;
for a healthy and strong psyche;
for working capacity and endurance;
for good health and mood.

For these reasons, the answer to the question of whether physical culture is needed can only be positive. No wonder they say that a healthy mind can only live in a healthy body.

Why do we need a culture of speech?

The culture of speech is one of the main criteria by which one can distinguish an educated person from an illiterate one. What is the culture of speech for, why is it important?

A person with a culture of speech can always avoid conflict situations.
An educated person who knows the culture of speech simply finds interlocutors. Such a person is never alone.
The ability to hear a person is one of the main advantages of a person who has a culture of communication.
The culture of speech directly affects the standard of living of a person. A cultured and educated member of society can always find a good job.

Thus, culture greatly affects the worldview and lifestyle of a person existing in modern society. As you can see, the concept of culture is very broad, and we have only considered some of its facets. Every educated person should know modern culture and follow it. Be cultural!

In the modern world, bodybuilding is a professional sport. This is a world where the maximum human capabilities are manifested, a world of records. However, most people have the wrong opinion that bodybuilding is a completely useless activity that does not bring any benefit, just a waste of time on unnecessary muscles.

However, behind the huge muscles is gigantic work, iron will and regular hard training. Only a person with great aspiration and desire can achieve results. With all this, it is necessary to have knowledge of physiology, anatomy and nutrition.

Many people ask the question: what are the benefits of bodybuilding?

Answer: regular exercises help to normalize metabolism, get rid of excess weight, increase muscle mass, there are also improvements in the functioning of the cardiovascular system, the body acquires beautiful relief outlines, and thanks to the exercises, you can get rid of depression. A positive effect on health is provided by blood, significantly enriched with oxygen. Almost every bodybuilder wants to compete.

The ability to improve will accompany you all your life. In this sport, discipline is extremely important, which is formed in the process of training. A quality training program for mass gain, developed jointly with a professional trainer, will help you achieve success faster.

Overcoming weakness

Many people who have physical disabilities, through bodybuilding, overcome their weakness and drastically reduce inferiority. Even if the goal is not to pump up voluminous muscles, then it will be possible to make the body more beautiful for sure. There will be no stooped back and sagging belly, the body will acquire a sporty appearance. You will have to give up bad habits, which is undoubtedly a big plus for health. It is impossible to achieve good results with lungs weakened by smoking, with a brain poisoned by alcohol.

Effect on potency

People are used to believing rumors, and the most common about bodybuilding is the negative impact of this sport on potency. Such rumors are based on the fact that many famous champions have achieved success by taking hormonal drugs. They also affect potency, since the risk when using these drugs is very high. But “pure” bodybuilding has an extremely positive effect on potency, this is a scientifically proven fact.

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