Arguments for writing an exam. Dream and reality: arguments for the essay Arguments for the final

Fathers and Sons

Abstracts

1. Misunderstanding between generations arises from the difference in worldviews.
2. Advice from parents means a lot to children.
3. A person's moral qualities can be judged by the attitude of a person towards his parents.
4. Not taking care of your parents is betraying them.
5. Parents are not always kind to their children.
6. Many are ready to sacrifice the most precious thing for the sake of their children being happy.
7. The right relationship between children and parents is built on love, care, support.
8. Sometimes a truly close person becomes not the one who gave birth, but the one who raised.

Themes

1. Why does disharmony arise in the relationship between parents and children?
2. When should parents learn from their children?
3. Do you think generation gap is eternal?
4. Is being like your parents an asset or a disadvantage?
5. How, in your opinion, is harmony possible in the relationship between children and parents?
6. Is being a parent a blessing or an obligation?
7. What is a "generation gap"?
8. Why did the problem of the relationship between "fathers and children" arise?
9. How do the life goals of “fathers and children” correlate?
10. Why is it that the younger generation often does not accept the old views?
11. What should family relationships be built on?
12. Is it possible to find a compromise in the conflict between parents and children?
13. Who is right in a dispute between two generations?
14. The role of the family in human life.
15. Do you agree with the notion that understanding is a two-way street?
16. How do you understand the words of O. Wilde: “The best way to raise good children is to make them happy”?
17. Comment on the statement of V. G. Belinsky: “Love and respect for parents, without any doubt, is a sacred feeling.”
18. Do you agree with Rousseau's statement: “A child has his own special ability to see, think and feel; there is nothing more stupid than trying to replace their skill with ours”?
19. How do you understand the words of Cicero: "Each age has its own characteristics"?
20. Confirm or refute the words of M. Navarrskaya: "The old people are used to thinking that they are always smarter than the generation that is replacing them."
21. Is the statement of Catherine II true: “At every age, honor your parents”?
22. How do you understand the words of André Maurois: “The relationship between parents and children is as difficult and as dramatic as the relationship between lovers”?
23. Is Tristan Bernard right when he says: “Today, parents most of all want their children to love them. Apparently, this is work on their mistakes. Which then will be corrected by their children. And this swing will never stop?
24. What do you think the words of D. Diderot mean: “Parents love their children with an anxious and condescending love that spoils them. There is another love, attentive and calm, which makes them honest. And this is the true love of a father?
25. “No other sample is needed. When the example of a father is in the eyes ”(A. S. Griboedov)

Arguments in the direction of "Fathers and Sons":

1. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

• In this work, we see a real conflict of generations. Pavel Petrovich and Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov can be attributed to the generation of "fathers". The generation of "children" is Evgeny Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov. Young people hold the same views: they say that they are nihilists - people who deny conventional values. The older generation does not understand them. The conflict comes to fierce disputes and a duel between Evgeny Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. Gradually, Arkady Kirsanov realizes that his values ​​​​do not coincide with the teachings of Bazarov, and returns to the family.

2. A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

• The source of happiness for Famusov is money. He loves his daughter Sophia, wishes her all the best, so he accustoms the girl only to thoughts of financial well-being. Sofya Famusova is alien to such views, she diligently hides her feelings from her father, because she knows that she will not be supported. Things are completely different with Molchalin, whom his father taught to seek profit always and everywhere: he follows this principle in everything. Parents, wishing to ensure the happiness of their children, passed on their views on life to them. The problem is that these very views are wrong.

3.

• Rodion Raskolnikov sincerely loves his mother and sister. Speaking about the motives for the murder of the old pawnbroker, he says that he really wanted to help his mother. The hero tried to get out of eternal poverty, trouble. Pawning the watch, he remembers with trepidation his father, who owned the thing.

4. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

• In the work, we see several families whose life is based on completely different moral principles. Prince Vasily Kuragin is an immoral man, ready to go to any meanness for the sake of money. His children are guided by exactly the same principles: Helen marries Pierre Bezukhov in order to receive part of a huge inheritance, Anatole tries to run away with Natasha Rostova. The Rostovs have a completely different atmosphere: they enjoy nature, hunting, and holidays. Both parents and children are kind, sympathetic people, incapable of meanness. Prince Nikolai Bolkonsky brings up his children in severity, but this severity is good for them. Andrei and Marya Bolkonsky are moral people, true patriots, like their father. We see that there is a close relationship between parents and children. The worldview of children depends on the worldview of parents.

5. A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

• In the Kabanikh family, relationships are built on fear, cruelty, and hypocrisy. Her daughter Varvara has perfectly learned to lie, which she also wants to teach Katerina. Son Tikhon is forced to obey his mother unquestioningly in everything. All this leads to terrible consequences: Katerina decides to commit suicide, Varvara runs away from home, and Tikhon decides to "revolt" against Kabanikha.

6.

• Father, sending Pyotr Grinev to the service, said a very important and correct thing: "Take care of your shirt again, and honor from a young age." The father's words became the most important moral guide for the young man. In the most difficult conditions, threatening death, Pyotr Grinev retained his honor. It was really important for him not to betray his father and Motherland. This example is a clear confirmation that the instructions of parents help the child learn the most important moral values.

7. N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"

• Ostap and Andriy, the father not only wants to give a decent education, but also to make them real warriors defending their homeland. Taras Bulba cannot forgive Andriy for his betrayal (he goes over to the side of the enemy because of his love for the Pole). Despite the seemingly paternal love, he kills his son. Taras Bulba is proud of Ostap, the eldest son, who fights the enemy selflessly, with all his might.

8. K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram"

• Katerina Petrovna loved her daughter Nastya very much, who lives in Leningrad with a very bright, eventful life. Only the girl completely forgot about her old mother, she did not even try to find time to visit her. Even Katerina Petrova's letter that she has become very ill, Nastya does not take it seriously and does not consider the possibility of immediately going to her. Only the news that her mother is dying evokes feelings in the girl: Nastya understands that no one loved her as much as Katerina Petrovna. The girl goes to her mother, but no longer finds her alive, so she feels guilty before the person dearest to her.

9. S. Yesenin "Letter to mother"

• The lyrics also raise issues of generations. Before us is a simple young man who reassures his mother. He asks her not to worry about his life, maybe riotous and drunken, but still an adult life. And we know perfectly well what mom will worry about, and we know that Yesenin will live as he lived. This is an age-old and therefore always relevant conversation between a mother and a child who do not talk to each other, but to themselves. They are different, but still contradictions should not interfere with the natural family ties that unite an illiterate peasant woman and her city son, who became one of the most famous poets of his time.

10. DI. Fonvizin The play "Undergrowth"

• The main character Mitrofan (whose name is interpreted as close to his mother or the son of his mother) seems to us a negative character, like his whole family. His mother is a tyrant lady who does not give passage to either the servants or her own husband, who is literally absorbed by her. Sophia, an orphan living with this family, and her uncle Starodum represent the goodies. About this family, or rather about Mitrofan, the uncle says: "Here are worthy fruits of evil-mindedness." In this phrase, you can fit the leitmotif of the work, the problem of fathers and children is revealed from the side of that strong and pernicious influence of a vicious parent on a child. Hypertrophied and excessive guardianship spoils a teenager. He grows up in a family where his mother strokes his head with one hand and beats the servant with the other. And we see the denouement, if Mitrofan's mother loves, then the son does not reciprocate and simply abandons her at the end of the play.

11. M.Yu. Lermontov Poem "Mtsyri"

• The conflict of generations falls on spiritual rebellion. Little Mtsyri, forced and deprived of his home, feels that he is unable to live a life day after day that is not sweet to him. By his escape, he shows not only his fortitude, but also protest and unwillingness to put up with his fate. His courage inspires us. The role of the “father” here is played by the regime, the bondage in which the hero finds himself, the framework and restrictions that Mtsyri breaks only posthumously. It is also a protest of the younger generation against the war unleashed by the fathers and tearing Mtsyri away from home, homeland and family.

12. I.A. Goncharov Roman "Oblomov"

• Ilya Ilyich did not rebel against his ancestors, but exactly repeated their fate, although time and circumstances did not favor this. We get an excellent picture of the protagonist's family from one of the dreams. The village of Oblomovka is an ideal and quiet place where Ilya Ilyich grew up, he was shoed, dressed and fed by countless servants. Care and love were felt in everything. And what does a person do if everything is fine with him? In most cases, he does nothing, he does not really want to strive and do something. This laziness, which appeared due to improper upbringing, left a huge imprint on Oblomov's whole life. This is how the family influenced the fate of our hero. The generation of "fathers" doomed "children" to an idle and meaningless vegetative existence in a world full of beauty.

Dream and reality

Abstracts

1. Relationship between dreams and reality (connection of these concepts, differences between concepts). Internal and external conflicts that arise when confronted with reality.
2. Dream: unattainable, "small", great, etc.
3. Dream/wish/goal/fantasy…. Similarities and differences between these concepts.
4. Dream, its role and function in human life (mobilizing, demobilizing, etc.)
5. Types of dreamers in literature. types of realists. Characteristics of a person depending on his dreams.
6. A dream in utopia/dystopia/fantasy. Dystopia as a genre that describes the consequences of the realization of a dream of an ideal world. Dream in realism, romanticism.

What is a dream?

Why is there a gap between dream and reality?

What do dreams and reality have in common?

 What is the difference between a desire and a dream?

 What is the difference between a dream and a goal?

 Why do people betray a dream?

 Should I be true to my dream?

 Why do people run away from reality?

 Do you need to make your dreams come true?

 Do all dreams come true?

 What does “dream high” mean?

 When reality destroys the dream?

 How do you understand the statement of A.N. Krylova: “The dream must also be controlled, otherwise it, like a ship without a rudder, will be carried to God knows where”?

 Why do not all dreams come true?

 What is the essence of the contradiction between dream and reality?

 Do you agree with the statement that “a man without a dream is like a bird without wings”?

 When does a dream become a goal?

 Is it possible to escape from reality?

 What do you think is a “cherished dream”?

 What do you understand by the expression "hard reality"?

 Is the dreamer a dreamer or a fool?

 Should I be able to dream?

 What do dreams lead to?

 How are dreams and reality contrasted?

 What is the difference between a dream and a goal in life?

 Is it always necessary to try to make a dream a reality?

 Clash of dreams and reality.

 Comment on the words of N. Sparks: “The keys to happiness are dreams that come true.”

 Do you agree with G. Schultz's statement: “If you dream of something small, you will never succeed in big”?

 How do you understand the words of M. Monroe: “Looking at the night sky, I thought that probably thousands of girls also sit alone and dream of becoming a star. But I wasn't going to worry about them. After all, my dream cannot be compared with anyone else'?

 11. ​​Is T. Goodkind right when he says: “Reality does not obey anyone's desires”?

 12. What thoughts did Z. Freud's statement prompt you to: “Dreams are a reflection of reality. Reality is a reflection of dreams?

 13. Explain the quote by Anne-Louise Peremena de Stael: “As soon as the dream disappears, it means that reality takes its place.”

 Why is the concept of dreams most often associated with childhood?

 Why does the word “dreamy” have a negative connotation for many adults?

 How is the word “want” different from “dream”?

 Can the fulfillment of a dream bring disappointment?

 Can a goal-oriented person dream?

 Why is it often said, “Be careful what you wish for”?

 What happens to a person if his dream is taken away from him?

 Is a person always ready to realize his dreams?

 How are the concepts of "dream" and "meaning of life" related?

 Do children's dreams influence the choice of profession?

 Do you agree that you need to dream big?

 Where does “dream” end and “goal” begin?

 What is "escape from reality"?

 How do you understand the phrase “dream is not harmful”?

 What kind of person is said to be "head in the clouds"?

 How are dreams and reality related?

 Why don't dreams always come true?

 Do realists dream?

 What kind of person can be called a "dreamer"?

 Can reality give rise to a dream?

 Can the dream of one person change the reality of many?

 How do dreams change the world of science and art? Is it necessary for every person to have a dream?

 What are dreams for?

 What does the phrase "unattainable ideal" mean?

 What do the heroes of Russian literature dream about?

 The image of a dreamer in the works of Dostoevsky.

 When does the conflict between dream and reality arise?

Arguments in the direction of "Dream and Reality":

1.

• Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov described the gulf between dream and reality in his novel The Master and Margarita. The protagonist dreamed of publishing a book - the achievement of his life. For the sake of writing it, he left his job, spent a lot of money won on the purchase of various works that helped him in his work. But in the end, he himself regretted that he had so zealously sought the fulfillment of his dream. Critics immediately fell upon the published passage, like a flock of ravens on a corpse. Insults began in the press, persecution of such an "anti-Soviet" writer. And the basement on the Arbat, which the Master paid for with a lottery win, did not bring happiness: he was set up and evicted by Magarych, who pretended to be a friend. The hero finds himself in a madhouse, and he completely burned his novel. It turns out that a person should be afraid of his desires, because he cannot even imagine what they will turn into in reality.
• M.A. tells about the insignificance of some of our desires. Bulgakov in The Master and Margarita. Woland, at his performance in the Variety, is ironic about the dreams of Muscovites: they are all obsessed with the “housing problem”. The magician satisfies their pettiness and vanity by throwing wads of money into the air, dressing women in luxurious outfits. But the author of the novel showed the vanity and insignificance of such aspirations literally: all the money and robes melted away or turned into empty pieces of paper. Thus, the dreams of all these limited and stingy people turned out to be worthless illusions, and Satan taught them a good lesson.

2. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

• F.M. Dostoevsky in his work "Crime and Punishment" described a very dangerous dreamer who should beware of his desires. Rodion Raskolnikov sought to restore trampled social justice and distribute the surplus of rich people to the poor. To do this, he chose the first victim - the usurer Alena Ivanovna. This old woman wrapped dozens of honest but impoverished families in debt nets. The hero kills her, and at the same time takes the life of her pregnant sister, who was a witness to the massacre. But the fulfillment of his dream turns into the collapse of all bright hopes. The stolen money did not help anyone, but only ruined the peace of mind of the murderer and the thief. Thus, some desires are really worth fearing, since in reality they can only be embodied in ugliness and sinfulness.
• Reality is sometimes not able to desecrate a dream, as the author of the book “Crime and Punishment”, F.M. Dostoevsky. Sonya Marmeladova dreamed of converting Rodion to the Christian faith and directing him to the righteous path of atonement for sin. Therefore, the girl goes to a moral feat: she goes to hard labor after her beloved. The harsh realities of prison life did not break the sublime soul. The heroine adapted herself to cruel orders and supported many prisoners with her care. Everyone loved her. Even the cold heart of proud Rodion melted. As a result, Sonya's wish came true: her chosen one renounced inhuman theories. In the epilogue, we see how he enthusiastically reads the Bible, imbued with wisdom and mercy. Thus, even the most unrealizable, it would seem, dream can break into reality and not be defiled by it, if a person ardently believes in what he is doing.

3. A.I. Kuprin "Garnet bracelet"

• The author of the story in true love, which elevates a person, saw the highest happiness, meaning and destiny of a person. It is about such love and about a dream that Kuprin writes in the story "Garnet Bracelet". The main character of the story, Zheltkov, dreams of the love of the woman he loves, but does not hope for reciprocal love, he perfectly understands that there will never be anything between them, but his he still considers love a great happiness. Zheltkov is a simple petty official, and the woman he loves is a princess, he loves her for many years (eight years), writes letters to her, and would have loved her, probably, if he hadn’t given her a garnet bracelet for her birthday, about which her husband recognized. The bracelet did not represent any special material value, but it was very dear to Zheltkov, because he got it from his mother. Vera's husband and her brother come to Zheltkov and ask him to leave Vera alone. As long as the protagonist of the story had a dream, he could live, but when he understood quite definitely that his dream would never come true (it often happens, we seem to understand that something very important for us in our life will never happen , but still, somewhere in the very depths of our souls, we have a dream and hope, and when we lose it, it is very hard to go through), he can no longer live, and passes away. The most tragic thing in this story is that after the death of Zheltkov, Vera realizes what she has lost, because she also dreamed of love, she only dreamed of receiving it from another person, from her husband. But with the death of Zheltkov, she realizes that it was he alone who truly loved her. Neither Zheltkov's dream nor Vera's dream become a reality, although these people could well have been happy if it were not for social conventions that prevented the dream of these two people from coming true.

4. A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"

• In the story of A.P. Chekhov "Ionych" the hero dreams of his realization in the profession. He wants to make a great contribution to the development of medicine, he wants to help people and bring good to this world. But Dmitry finds himself in a remote province, where his sincere impulses towards the light are drowned out by the impenetrable darkness of philistinism and vulgarity. The whole environment of the young doctor drags him into a swamp of monotony and boredom. Here no one aspires to anything, no one yearns for anything. Everything goes on. And Startsev also betrays his dream, becoming an ordinary fat middle-aged man. He is rude and grumpy, serving annoying patients, whom he considers solely as a source of income. Now he only wants to sit in a club and gamble. Using his example, we understand that betraying one's ideals and dreams promises complete spiritual degradation.
• Not all dreams are destined to come true, and this is the norm of life. This thesis is proved by A.P. Chekhov in the book "Ionych". Katerina dreams of becoming a virtuoso pianist, but can she do it? Hardly. Not all people are given true talent. But the heroine does not understand this, showing off her ability to drum on the keys. She even rejects Dmitry's offer, leaves her father's house and spends several years in the capital, trying to learn to be a pianist. And what is the result? Youth fades, beauty fades, and the dream turns into sick pricks of ambition. The girl returns home with nothing, vaguely aware of her own mediocrity. Was it worth it to be so arrogant and reject the young man? No. But the past cannot be returned, and Katerina tries in vain to remind Dmitry of his former feelings. Thus, not all dreams are given to a person to realize, and he must accept this fact courageously and calmly, directing his efforts in another, more suitable direction.

5. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

• Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, in his historical novel The Captain's Daughter, describes devotion to a dream, which culminated in the realization of a wish. Marya Mironova fell in love with Peter and dreamed of marrying him. But fate always put a spoke in their wheels: at first, Shvabrin informed Grinev's father that the dowry was eager to lure the rich heir into a trap. The elderly nobleman naturally forbade this marriage. Then Marya became a prisoner of Alexei, and he forced her to marry him. It would seem that the poor orphan should have accepted the offer, she would not have to wait for the best, but the girl stubbornly waited for her beloved. When the release took place, she again had to lose Peter. He was convicted for imaginary help to Pugachev. And then the heroine was not afraid to go to the Empress herself. Such fidelity to the dream finally led Marya to fulfill her desire: she became the wife of a loved one.
• Sometimes people are ready to go to any abominations, just to make their dream come true. Such an example is described by A.S. Pushkin in the novel "The Captain's Daughter". Alexei wanted to marry Marya, but she rejected him. The beauty also fell in love with the new officer of the garrison, Peter. Then Shvabrin decided to achieve his goal through intrigue and even betrayal. He denigrated the reputation of Mironova and her family in the eyes of Grinev. Then the brave young man appointed the gossip a duel, defending the honor of his beloved girl. And Shvabrin again showed meanness, using a dishonest method. And when the rebels captured the fortress, the hero did not even raise an eyebrow, betraying the fatherland. It was then that he decided to take his wife by force and coercion, without stopping at nothing. Grinev prevented him in time, and yet Alexei was ready to step over all moral prohibitions, if only to achieve the fulfillment of his dream. Because of such unscrupulousness, it did not come true, because in any aspiration it is important to maintain dignity, otherwise you will only move away from your dream, because you will become unworthy of it ..

6. M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"

• Danko dreams of freedom for the people of his tribe, for this he does not spare his own life, tearing his heart out of his chest in order to illuminate the path along which the tribe is trying to get out of the impenetrable forest and stinking swamps with its bright fire. The hero does this despite the fact that people are angry with him and want him dead, not believing that he can fulfill his promise and lead them to freedom. Danko loves and pities people, and therefore his dream is connected with them, with a better life for them, which is why he sacrifices himself without regret.

7. N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza"

• In the story of N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza" the problem of dreams and reality is posed very sharply. Let's start with the fact that the writer himself in his dreams wanted to connect a poor peasant woman with a representative of an aristocratic society. The world of dreams and the world of reality collide in the space of the story. Erast dreams of idyllic love, sincerely wishing to forget class conventions. But reality destroys these intentions. Political, psychological, financial, social - what circumstances do not interfere in the relationship of lovers! Even one of them would be enough for Erast's dreams to crumble like a house of cards, his moral principles are so unsteady and fragile. Lisa's fate was sealed from the very moment when she believed that the fairy tale about Cinderella could become a reality in her case with Erast. Until this moment, she tried to take a sober look at the situation, but the desire to become a wife for her beloved made her vulnerable. Following a dream, she lost her head, and it ended in tragedy..

8. A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

• In the play by A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" the main character dreams of a happy and free life. But marriage did not justify her hopes: her husband was under the iron heel of his mother, who sent reproaches every day of the existence of a young family. If the son could still run away for a while to a tavern or on business, then his wife took on the brunt of the relationship with her mother-in-law. Reality brutally deceived the expectations of a sublime and romantic girl. She thought that all families, like her parents, live in harmony and understanding. But her dream of love is not destined to come true even outside the scrap of Kabanikhi. Boris was another disappointment. His love did not extend beyond his uncle's prohibition. As a result, from the collision of reality with the world of dreams, the heroine loses the strength to live and kills herself. Thus, the conflict between reality and dreams can lead to tragedy.
• Dreams come true, but not by themselves. For this you need to do something. But often people do not understand simple truths, and A.N. Ostrovsky described such an example in the drama Thunderstorm. Tikhon loves his wife and dreams of living with her in the warmth and harmony of the family hearth, but the hero's mother constantly pesters the young with her eternal desire to control everything. It would seem that this problem can be corrected, but Tikhon is a weak-willed and apathetic person, to whom any business seems to be an unbearable burden. He is afraid of his mother, although he has already become an adult man. As a result, he pulls the strap of a difficult life without trying to fulfill his desires. This was enough to bring the unfortunate Katerina to suicide. In the finale, the hero mourns his wife and reproaches his mother for the collapse of all his hopes. But only he is to blame.

9. I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

• In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" the hero gets bogged down in fantasies all his life, hiding from reality in a warm bathrobe on his favorite sofa. He practically does not leave the house, but often thinks that he will come out and do something. To all the demands of reality (theft in Oblomovka, the need to leave the apartment, etc.), Ilya Ilyich only brushes aside, trying at any cost to throw the worries about affairs onto someone else. Therefore, Oblomov is always surrounded by scammers who benefit from the incessant escape of a friend from reality, where they shamelessly rob him. The daydreaming of Ilya Ilyich leads him into a dead end. Living days in illusions, he forgot how to do anything, so he loses his beloved Olga, squanders the rest of the inheritance and leaves his son an orphan without a fortune. Oblomov dies in the prime of his life from his way of life, although no, from his way of thinking, because it is he who brings a man to complete physical and spiritual degradation. Thus, excessive daydreaming threatens a person with irreparable and serious consequences.
• Our dreams do not always lead us on the right path. Sometimes they confuse us in the depths of labyrinths, from where it is difficult to get back. Therefore, it is necessary in time to distinguish our true desires from false and imposed ideas about what we want. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" is just such an example. Olga Ilyinskaya imagined herself to be the savior of Ilya Ilyich and began to stubbornly remake him. She did not spare his habits, did not consider his opinion, and did not love him the way he was in real life. She saw in front of her only an illusion that she dreamed of making. Therefore, their relationship did not work out, and the heroine herself fell into a stupid position. She, young and beautiful, almost herself made an offer to a lazy fat man, who in every possible way slowed down the process. Then the woman realized that she lived in illusions and invented love for herself. Olga, fortunately, found a more suitable husband and said goodbye to false desires that could have made her unhappy if they were fulfilled. Thus, not all dreams lead us to a happy future.

Revenge and generosity

1. Revenge. Reasons for revenge: resentment, envy, etc. The influence of revenge on the "avenging" himself and the object of revenge (revenge-retribution). The consequences of revenge. Forgiveness and its consequences.
2. Revenge and forgiveness as a difficult moral choice. Revenge and generosity are like two sides of the same coin.
3. Generosity and cruelty in the socio-historical context. Moral choice in war or in difficult conditions. Generosity to the enemy.
4. Ideas about good and evil, about mercy and cruelty, about peacefulness and aggression as a determining factor in human behavior, in particular, when choosing between revenge and forgiveness.
5. Revenge as a feeling and action.
6. Blood feud as a socio-historical phenomenon.

Themes
What is revenge?

1. What is generosity?
2. How do you understand the phrase: "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth"?
3. What is "blood feud"?
4. Why does a person need to remain generous to our smaller brothers?
5. Is it possible to take revenge on the enemy?
6. Can revenge be justified?
7. How is generosity different from nobility?
8. How is generosity different from kindness?
9. How to convince a person to give up revenge?
10. How to teach the younger generation generosity?
11. Why revenge destroys the soul?
12. Do you agree with the opinion of I. Fridman: “The sweetest revenge is forgiveness”?
13. What kind of person can be called generous?
14. What are the qualities of a generous person?
15. How do you understand the expression "sweet revenge"?
16. Is generosity a strength or a weakness?
17. How do you understand the statement of J. Wolfrom: "Justice is always seasoned with a pinch of revenge"?
18. What do generosity and compassion have in common?
19. What is the relationship between "revenge" and "law"?
20. Do you think revenge is a manifestation of cowardice or courage?
21. When should you give up revenge?
22. What does it mean to be worthy of defeat?
23. Is the strength or weakness of a person manifested in generosity?
24. How do you understand the quote from the poem by A.S. Pushkin's "Monument" - "he called for mercy for the fallen"?
25. Why does a person sometimes have to choose between revenge and generosity?
26. Can a vindictive person be happy?

Arguments in the direction of "Revenge and generosity":

1. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

• Andrei Bolkonsky is very disappointed in his beloved Natasha Rostova when he finds out that the girl was carried away by the young man Anatoly Kuragin. He shares his experiences with Pierre Bezukhov, telling him that "I did not love anyone else and did not hate anyone like her." But still, at a meeting before his death, he was able to show generosity and forgive the girl, whose feelings for him turned out to be sincere and burned with even greater strength.

2. M. Gorky "At the bottom"

• In M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" the relationship of the characters is built on bitterness and revenge. Each of them, without hesitation, takes revenge on everyone else for having fallen to the bottom of life. All these poor people are pulling each other even deeper, because no one should have a way back if you yourself do not have one. This is the unwritten law of a rooming house. For example, Vasilisa tyrannizes her younger sister out of jealousy. Her lover, Vaska Pepel, showed sympathy for her, and this outraged the despotic woman. Her revenge reached its climax in the finale, when her lawful husband died as a result of a fight. Now Ash is threatened with true penal servitude, but his former lady of the heart does nothing to save him, on the contrary: she diligently drowns everyone in her slander. Even her "love" for Vaska does not stop the heroine's vindictive nature. Obviously, revenge is a feeling that destroys a person from the inside and expels all virtues from him.

In M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" the characters are not inclined to show generosity. On the contrary, they seek to hurt and prick each other more painfully, because poverty drives out of them everything that makes a person a person. But there is one wanderer who breaks the vicious circle of insults and insults. This is Luca. He also lived a difficult life, even hinted that he had escaped from hard labor. But these tests did not harden him. The old man finds affectionate words of support and participation for each interlocutor. True generosity to all those around him shines in his eyes. He gave the inhabitants of the bottom hope for a bright future, and they themselves are to blame for the fact that this was not enough for their moral rebirth. In their caustic environment, the wanderer did not last long and left, probably realizing that these poor people do not have not only a home, but also a heart, since they ruthlessly drown each other. Unfortunately, generosity cannot always help people.

3. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

• In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" magnanimity is inherent in Pugachev when, despite the reputation of a robber, he acts according to his conscience: he saves the life of Pyotr Grinev, who at one time showed kindness to a rebel. He also shows nobility to Marya Mironova, releasing her from the fortress. For justice, Grinev appreciates Pugachev, so the execution of the rebel makes Peter sad.
• See other arguments from the story of the Captain's Daughter.

4. A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

• In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" revenge led to a tragedy: the young poet Lensky was killed. It all started with the fact that the main character received a letter where Tatyana confessed her love to him. He rejected the girl's feelings, citing his unsuitability for family relationships. Naturally, he did not want to embarrass her with his presence, but an enthusiastic friend invites him to Tatiana's name day. There he expects to spend a pleasant evening with the bride. Eugene agrees, but at the very evening he feels an extreme degree of awkwardness. He blames Vladimir for everything and decides to take revenge on him, flirting with his beloved, Olga, a windy coquette. Lensky was furious, because he did not get the attention of the girl. He challenged his opponent to a duel, and Eugene could not refuse. As a result, Onegin killed his comrade because of his petty and stupid revenge. Here are the consequences of the imaginary pursuit of justice.
• In the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" depicts the ideal of a generous woman. This is Tatyana Larina. Her soul can truly be called great, because she neglected her passion in order to preserve family well-being. Once in her youth, the girl fell in love with a visiting nobleman who did not take her feelings seriously. But the heroine kept them in her heart forever, even though she married another person. She did not love the general, but she respected him and was grateful to him for the admiration with which he treated her. When, after many years, Eugene returned from wandering around the world, he was inflamed with passion for Tatyana. But she was married and refused the one whom she still loved unconditionally. The heroine generously rejected her own happiness in order to preserve the peace and joy of a loved one. For true generosity requires self-denial.

5.

• In the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time", the author describes the tragic consequences of revenge on the example of Kazbich, who killed the kidnapped girl in order to take revenge on Pechorin. At the beginning of the chapter, Maxim Maksimych reports that Grigory fell in love with a Caucasian beauty and decided to steal her away by bribing her brother. He promised him the famous Kazbich horse, which Azamat dreamed of. The deal was completed, Bela was captured by Pechorin. But Kazbich sought her hand, so he was very angry when he found out about this and decided to take revenge on the offender. When Grigory and Maxim Maksimych went hunting, the hero took the girl, but they were quickly overtaken. Fleeing from the chase and realizing that they cannot escape together, the kidnapper kills the victim and leaves him on the road. Did he achieve justice with his revenge? No. He only killed the beautiful Bela, left with nothing.
• In the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov's "A Hero of Our Time" proves all the inconsistency of revenge. Grushnitsky tried to achieve justice with it, but he himself fell victim to his desire. The fact is that he was trying to impress Princess Mary. He was in love, but the girl remained indifferent to him, because next to her was a more skilled gentleman - Pechorin. Grigory made a young girl fall in love with him by acting cold towards her, which spurred her vanity and kindled her curiosity. In desperation, the junker decided to take revenge on his successful opponent. Together with friends, he noticed Pechorin leaving the princess's house at night. He left his mistress Vera, but Grushnitsky accused him of seducing Mary. Naturally, Gregory challenged the liar to a duel. Then the cowardly slanderer decided not to load his pistol in order to win the duel and get rid of the opponent. But Grigory saw through the deceiver, and it was Grushnitsky who became the victim. What did he achieve with his revenge? Nothing but your own death

Kindness and cruelty

1. Kindness and cruelty as opposite moral qualities inherent in man.
2. Kindness and cruelty as internal and external conflict.
3. Kindness and cruelty towards others, relatives, those who are weaker, enemies, etc.
4. Kindness and cruelty towards nature, animals, etc.
5. Kindness and cruelty towards yourself. Self-flagellation, self-pity, etc.
6. True and false kindness.
7. Kindness and cruelty in war.
8. An act of kindness and cruelty. The actions of a person, his behavior, manner of communication, etc.

1. What is kindness?
2. What is cruelty?
3. Why are people cruel to each other?
4. How is kindness different from mercy?
5. Why should a person be kind?
6. Do you agree that indifference is the highest cruelty?
7. Can a person be cruel to our smaller brothers?
8. Who can be called a kind person?
9. Who can be called a cruel person?
10. Is brutality appropriate in war?
11. Do you have to be kind to someone who has offended you?
12. What are the qualities of a good person?
13. Can cruelty be justified?
14. Do you agree with G. Heine's opinion that "Kindness is better than beauty"?
15. Is kindness a sign of strength or weakness?
16. How do you understand the saying of M. Montaigne: "Cowardice is the mother of cruelty"?
17. Can kindness harm a person?
18. Why do people say: "Good should be with fists"?
19. Who can be called cruel?
20. What do you think could be the reasons for the manifestation of cruelty?
21. Should we fight cruelty?
22. What can make a person kinder?
23. Can kindness bring disappointment to a person?
24. Why do kindness and cruelty go together?
25. Is it necessary to restrain kindness in yourself?
26. What controls a person more: kindness or cruelty?
27. How can a person cultivate kindness in himself?

Arguments in the direction of "Kindness and cruelty":

1. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

• The problem of kindness and rigidity is one of the main ones in the work of A.S. Pushkin. In the story "The Captain's Daughter" this problem is solved using the example of two heroes: Pyotr Grinev and Pugachev. At the moment of their meeting in the chapter “Counselor”, Grinev shows kindness towards Pugachev when he favors him with a hare sheepskin coat from his shoulder. This noble gesture will save his life later. Grinev can be cruel, remember his quarrel with Savelich when it was necessary to repay a debt to Zurin. But even in such situations, kindness compels him to ask for forgiveness and restore good relations with the person he offended. Such behavior of the hero also does not go unrewarded, since it is Savelich who throws himself at the feet of the executioners in order to save his good master. Pushkin convinces us that kindness evokes kindness in return even in a world of war and cruelty.
• Pugachev is presented in the story as the leader of the rebels. In the chapter “The Attack”, the cruelty of the rebels knows no bounds: the execution of Captain Mironov and his associates, the massacre of Vasilisa Yegorovna. Pushkin does not at all soften and brighten up the scenes of violence, letting us know how terrible "Russian rebellion is senseless and merciless." But presenting us with the image of a Bashkir with a torn off tongue and cut off nose and ears, Pushkin wanted to show that this cruelty is the product of the cruelty of those in power towards the common people. Using the example of Pugachev and Grinev, the writer wanted to show an example of such a relationship when cruelty is excluded: for this, in any person you need to see a person worthy of respect and deserving of a good attitude.

2. N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"

• In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" the father brings up the fighting spirit in his sons, but the exercises were not enough for him. He wanted to organize a real fight where young people will show their courage. To do this, he removed the Koschevoi and sent the Cossacks to the Polish lands, where the fighters received a serious rebuff. After that, they surrounded the city of Dubno, where the townspeople were dying of hunger. Because of Bulba's combat insanity, hundreds of people died. Therefore, the reader does not feel sorry for the old Cossack when his son leaves the army and dishonors his family. Andriy chooses not the warlike spirit of the Cossacks, but a calm, peaceful, sedentary life in love and tranquility. Taras himself is to blame for this betrayal, because cruelty will never achieve good.
• It is difficult to show kindness in war, because this is a very cruel time when no one is spared. But there are exceptions, one of which was described by N.V. Gogol in the story "Taras Bulba". Andriy fought against the Poles as part of the Cossack army. They decided to starve the enemy city out, surrounding it with a blockade ring. That night, the young man did not sleep and saw how the servant of his beloved, whom he had met back in Kyiv, made his way to him. She bitterly complained about the famine in Dubno and begged the Cossack for indulgence. The young lady wanted to feed her dying mother. Then Andriy shouldered a bag of bread and went to the enemy city. The young man could not refuse to answer this call. Women and children do not fight, but they die from war. The hero realized the injustice of this phenomenon and helped those in need, despite the risk.

3. M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"

• In the novel "A Hero of Our Time" M.Yu. Lermontov created a strange hero who is cruel to people because he is bored and wants to have fun. Let's take the story of Grushnitsky. After all, this young man stupidly paid with his life just for being drawn into the game started out of boredom by Pechorin. This "hero of time" acted unthinkably cruelly with Bella and her family. The father was killed, Azamat disappeared, Bella herself also died, but before that she still suffered first from Pechorin's love, and then from her absence. The writer seeks to show us how terrible a person can be for whom there is only one law - his own whims and desires. After all, Pechorin was not born like that, he simply lost all sorts of landmarks.
• The kindness inherent in him wakes up from time to time. For example, a blind boy evokes involuntary regret, the sight of a heartbroken old woman, the mother of a Cossack who hacked to death Vulich in a drunken stupor, arouses sympathy. He even decided to take the criminal alive, risking his life. And he did it with ease. If concern for people would always live in his heart and evoke good intentions in him, he could be called a real hero.

4. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

• The cruel attitude of children towards their parents is shown in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". As an adult, Evgeny Bazarov rarely visits his family. Even after a three-year absence, he does not want to listen to his father's timid reproaches, does not pay attention to his mother's tears. Parents are afraid of upsetting Eugene with something, they try to please everyone in everything. But for him, in the foreground, his own ideological convictions do not coincide with the views of the older generation. Unfortunately, the young man never admitted the fallacy of his behavior towards his parents, but the old people retained their love for their son, and only they mourned him after his death.
• In the novel "Fathers and Sons" I.S. Turgenev describes kindness and cruelty on the example of two Kirsanov brothers. The elder Pavel, a former military man, a lonely bachelor, does not recognize the marriage of Nikolai and Fenechka, ignoring the girl when they meet. When a nephew and his friend appear in the house, he does not show hospitality, behaves coldly and rudely. On the basis of a divergence of views, he arranges a duel with Bazarov without hesitation. The author shows Nikolai Kirsanov as a kind and decent family man. He lives with a simple girl, Fenechka, from whom he has a one-year-old son. In front of a friend, Arkady Bazarov is trying to justify his brother's behavior, trying to smooth out the conflict. It is thanks to his kindness and understanding that the eldest son abandons nihilistic ideas and returns to the family.

5. I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

• In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" the main character is not distinguished by diligence and determination, but he is kind and trusting. His benevolence becomes a beacon that shows the way to many people. For example, his childhood friend Stolz always finds rest and relaxation in Ilya's company. It is this person that he visits for decades in a row, and his sympathy does not weaken with time. Also, the kindness of Oblomov attracts and conquers the beautiful Olga. Outwardly, Oblomov is ugly, his condition is unimportant, and in conversation he does not shine with wit. But the beautiful and pure soul of a man likes the heroine much more than anything that secular dandies can offer. Ilya Ilyich is a big child who does not wish harm to anyone. He always submits to friends, does not seek benefits from communicating with them, accepts all the blows of fate calmly and meekly. That is why Agafya Pshenitsyna took care of him so tenderly, the servant Zakhar loved him so selflessly. Everyone who knew him appreciated the warm and big heart of the hero. Thus, kindness will always be appreciated by people on merit and will never become obsolete.
• I.A. Goncharov in the book "Oblomov" describes a truly kind person. This is Andrey Stolz, who always supports his helpless friend. Andrew got a difficult fate. A strict father sent him to the capital without patronage and big money, saying that the young man must achieve heights himself. In the big city, the hero did not lose his head and began to work hard. Gradually he amassed capital on trade deals. It would seem that the struggle for a place in the sun should have hardened him, but he retained his friendliness, courtesy and kindness. More than once he disinterestedly helped out the lazy and infantile Oblomov, more than once he drove swindlers away from him. In the finale, the hero even took upon himself the responsibility of raising the son of the deceased Ilya Ilyich. I believe that kindness is a selfless act for the benefit of another person, and Stolz is a good example of this.

Art and craft

1. Music can help a person feel the beauty, relive the moments of the past.
2. The power of art can change a person's life.
3. The paintings of a truly talented artist reflect not only the appearance, but also the soul of a person.
4. In difficult situations, music inspires a person, gives him vitality.
5. Music can convey to people thoughts that cannot be expressed in words.
6. Unfortunately, art can push a person to spiritual degradation.

1. What is real art?
2. How to distinguish real art from craft?
3. What is the difference between true art and fake art?
4. Who can be called a true creator?
5. Why do people confuse art and craft?
6. Who can be called an artisan in art?
7. What is talent?
8. How do you understand the phrase: “Gods do not burn pots”?
9. What can be considered true art?
10. What do you think is the ultimate goal of art?
11. What is the difference between craft and art?
12. Can an artisan become an artist?
13. How do you understand G. Gebell's statement: "Art is the conscience of mankind"?
14. Can ability turn into talent?
15. Who is a talented person?
16. Is an artisan a master of his craft or a hack?
17. Do you agree with the statement of P. Casals: “Mastery does not make an artist yet”?
18. What is the role of art in the development of mankind?
19. What is true art attracts a person?
20. What is the value of art?
21. Is it possible to become a professional without love for your work?
22. Over what art time has no control?
23. Do you believe that it is possible to become a good craftsman in a short time?
24. What qualities should a person have to master the art?
25. How do you understand the phrase: "Neither art nor wisdom can be achieved if they are not learned"?
26. Why is art called eternal?
27. Is it possible to learn art?
28. How are craft and art related?
29. Is a craft always going to become a true art?
30. What should be the craft to become art?
31. What does craft and art mean for a person, how are they reflected in his life, what do they influence?

"Art and Craft" arguments for the final essay:

1. N.V. Gogol "Portrait"

• In the story of N.V. Gogol's "Portrait" the main character was a painter who had nothing to live on. He was overwhelmed by debts, he was tired of a hungry life, but he could not do anything. However, one day he bought a painting that struck him with its hypnotic effect. The gloomy and at the same time sly look of the usurer depicted there followed the observer everywhere. At night, the new owner of the canvas had a dream where the rich man comes to life and drops several bills on the floor, counting the money. In the morning Chartkov accidentally discovers banknotes. Now he has a lot of money, but the needs are increasing by leaps and bounds. Then the artist takes on portraits to order, where wealthy clients demand from him not a creative approach, but the ability to embellish reality to suit their bourgeois taste. There is nothing to do, he does everything for the sake of a fee! In the end, the talent was gone, and it was replaced by a well-paid craft. The painter realized the change when he saw the truly talented work of a friend at the exhibition. He went crazy with envy and decided to destroy everything that seemed beautiful to him. Thus, art requires sacrifice from a person, he must give himself up to creativity without a trace, otherwise his gift will turn into a skill with which it is by no means gods that burn pots.
• In the story of N.V. Gogol's "Portrait" tells the story of a hero who painted an unfortunate picture. This is a master of his craft, who, of course, needed to support his family. Therefore, without thinking, he took on a large order. One notorious pawnbroker wanted a perfect portrait of himself before he died. For this purpose, he hired the best painter. He began a long and difficult work. The further he went, trying with a penetrating glance to penetrate the soul of the usurer, the worse he felt. His depravity seemed to leave its claw marks in his mind. The master never finished the canvas, he was seized by vicious thoughts and desires. And so he decided that only life in a monastery would help him cleanse himself of filth. He went to the holy monastery and was cured, restoring peace in his soul. Thus, art can bring not only light, but also darkness, so every creator must be responsible for what he does. His creative freedom should not turn into permissiveness.

2. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

• The influence of art on the perception of the world by a person is shown in the novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Having lost big at cards, Nikolai Rostov does not know how to inform a family that is experiencing financial difficulties. But his feelings are dispelled by the singing of sister Natasha. Hearing the magnificent performance of the composition, he calms down and understands the insignificance of his mental anguish in comparison with the greatness of art.
• Natasha Rostova not only had a magnificent voice, but also subtly felt the music. The girl was delighted not only with the compositions that sounded at receptions and balls, she was not alien to dancing to the guitar, inviting fervent motives. By this, the author shows that true art is not subject to times and customs.

3. M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

• Handicraft in the field of art is vividly shown in the novel by M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" The capital's writers have long put their works on stream, they are more concerned about vacations in the country, trips to Yalta and the notorious "housing problem".
• The attitude of the Master to creativity is completely different: the novel about Pontius Pilate absorbs him completely. In order to create freely, the writer rents a small basement on the Arbat, buys literature with the information necessary for the book with all the money won in the lottery. When criticism falls on the novel and it is not allowed to be published, the Master feels devastated, burns the manuscripts, and then ends up in a psychiatric hospital. Thus, we see how true creativity is replaced by stereotyped works performed for the sake of power.

4. A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri"

• The difference between art and craft was suggested to us by A.S. Pushkin in Mozart and Salieri. Heroes always competed in music, but Mozart invariably won the championship, although his opponent prepared more diligently and studied better. He sat for hours trying to invent a melody that would surpass the composition of his colleague in strength and passion. But all in vain. The genius composed a masterpiece in minutes, seemingly without any effort. Then the desperate composer decided to deal with a successful rival and mixed poison with him. But the talent of the dead man did not illuminate the killer, his death did not help Salieri win the musical Olympus. It was not about Mozart, but about the fact that someone from above is destined to show an unsurpassed talent, while others are simply not given this. Perhaps they will find their calling, but in a different matter. Thus, art is a child of inspiration, it is a gift from above. It is designed to create something that did not exist before. A craft is, as a rule, a commercial reproduction of what is already there. This is not an insight, but a routine process, the purpose of which is to satisfy the needs of the customer. Art, on the other hand, is always directed to eternity, it does not have a consumer orientation.
• I believe that the publicist Romain Rolland would be right when he said that "To create is to kill death." An example confirming this idea can be found in the work of A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri". The main character was a genius in the world of music, his creations amazed his contemporaries. The melodies of his authorship marked a new era in the art of sound. However, the creator himself did not live long, according to the plot of the book, he was poisoned by a colleague who envied his fame. Was Mozart forgotten after death? No. His music conquered death itself, because the composer's name still lives on, and his melodies sing a loud song that their creator is immortal.

5. N.S. Leskov "Lefty"

• In the tale of N.S. Leskov "Lefty" describes the difficult fate of the creator. The Tula craftsman receives an important order from the emperor himself: he needs to show the English craftsmen that their Russian colleagues are better. The Cossack Platov undertakes to deliver the order. He also brutally controls the activities of workers. Left-hander and his team worked for a long time on an impossible task, but they made an incredible achievement: they shod the English flea, which the emperor was so amazed at. One problem: the flea used to dance, but after working on it, it stopped moving. Here Platov became furious, never understanding what the masters had done. He beat Lefty badly. But when the court understood what he had achieved, everyone unanimously decided to send the craftsman to England to show off his work. Abroad, a gifted man was immediately appreciated. There they picked up a wife for him, and promised money, and coaxed him with all sorts of honors, but he stubbornly rushed to his homeland. In the end, he boarded the ship and went home. Most of all, he wanted to convey an important secret to the emperor in time: you can’t clean the gun muzzles with brick chips, the weapon deteriorates. But in his native country, the drunk Lefty was left to die, no one listened to his words, no one helped him. So a talented person died, whom important gentlemen only used, but did not appreciate. Thus, fate rarely spoils geniuses, because people realize their significance too late.
• In the tale of N.S. Leskov "Lefty" tells about the sacrifice that art requires from the one who owns it. When meeting with the Tula master, we pay attention to the fact that his hair was torn out during training. We also see that he is poor and lives very modestly. An interesting fact is that the hero is slavishly submissive to fate and does not argue with Platov when he unfairly attacks craftsmen. All of this speaks volumes about what the life of a true creator actually looks like. This is not glory and honors, wealth and recognition, no! This is poverty, hard work, intense and difficult comprehension of the intricacies of craftsmanship. All this a man must endure without grumbling. Otherwise, his gift will not be developed and will not become a real talent. Such is the price of talent!

6. A. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin"

• A simple guy Vasily Terkin appears before the reader as a courageous soldier and at the same time a great optimist. His enthusiasm more than once raises the morale of his colleagues. One day, in the middle of winter, he is picked up by a passing truck full of soldiers. A cheerful-looking guy plays the accordion for them, which makes the fighters warmer, and they start dancing. Thus, music helped people to distract themselves from heavy thoughts about what was happening and forget about the war for a while.

The final essay is a written reflection on a specified topic, which every 11th grader must pass without fail for admission to the Unified State Examinations (USE). In December 2018-2019, schoolchildren will write this type of work for the 5th time, because it has been approved in Russia since 2014.

A prerequisite for a well-written final essay is the presence of arguments - justifications for the chosen position, which are based on works of Russian or foreign classical literature. So what arguments will help schoolchildren cope with the task this year?

General Facts

The minimum amount of the final essay is 250 words, while experts recommend writing more - an average of about 300-350 words in order to cover the topic fully and comprehensively. The structure of the work is not regulated, however, practice shows that such written reflections that contain 3 key blocks receive the highest number of points: introduction, main part and conclusion with conclusions. You have 3 hours and 55 minutes to write your essay. The guys have the opportunity to refer to spelling dictionaries, which should be available in the office in sufficient quantities.

The highest score for the final essay is 10 points. Even if the student makes 1 minor spelling mistake, the expert commission will give him the maximum possible number of points. The final assessment depends on how the teenager takes into account the fundamental criteria. These include:

1. Subject fit. It is important to write the final essay only in the context of a given topic/question, not to spread your thoughts along the tree and not move on to consideration of third-party problems.
2. Argumentation and attraction of literary material. It is not enough just to express a certain position - in your arguments you also need to rely on at least one work of a Russian or foreign classic. It is important to demonstrate not only knowledge of the material, but also the ability to analyze it. When writing the final essay of 2018-2019, a simple retelling or superficial mention of the works will not be enough.
3. Composition and logic of reasoning. Here the structure of the work and the sequence of presentation are evaluated. It is recommended that each new thought begin with a new paragraph. At the same time, the main part should be larger in volume than the introduction and conclusion (in total, the last blocks should be about 1/3 of the entire text).
4. The quality of writing. In his reasoning, a high school student will need to use synonyms and various speech turns, and, conversely, avoid clichés and lexical repetitions.
5. Literacy. It checks for the presence / absence of spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors.

Directions and topics

Each final essay must be written in accordance with a specific topic. However, they are only opened 15 minutes before the start of the test. Despite this, there is an opportunity to prepare in advance for writing the final essay in 2018-2019, because both teachers and their wards are aware of the so-called. "global directions". The final topics that the students will receive will necessarily fit within the framework of these particular areas.

In other words, the topics will simply turn out to be more detailed, fractional, concretized. But knowledge of the directions allows you to orient yourself and even pick up suitable arguments from the literary works of the national school curriculum at the present moment. There will be 5 directions in total.

Fathers and Sons

Arguments for the final essay of 2018-2019 in the global direction "Fathers and Sons" can be found in the work of the same name by I.S. Turgenev. The novel "Fathers and Sons" is one of the most suitable for substantiating theses related to the problem of "generational conflict". The representatives of the "generation of children" are Evgeny Bazarov (the main character) and Arkady Kirsanov, and the representatives of the "generation of fathers" are Pavel Petrovich and Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov.

The book shows how young people who position themselves as nihilists (deniers of generally accepted norms) devalue the experience of adults who are considered non-progressive traditionalists. In turn, the older generation also does not seek to understand the youth. In conclusion, the author debunks the teachings of nihilism and proclaims the only way through which it is possible to end the eternal conflict is the reunion of relatives who have learned to love each other after knowing suffering.

Other works to bring arguments to the topics in the direction of "Fathers and Sons" in the December 2018-2019 essay:

• DI. Fonvizin, play "Undergrowth";
• M.Yu. Lermontov, poem "Mtsyri";
• N.V. Gogol, story "Taras Bulba";
• A.S. Pushkin, story "The Captain's Daughter".

Dream or reality

The direction "Dream or Reality" is deeply philosophical, because. makes you think about the interweaving of the most cherished human desires and reality. An example of a positive heroine who remains true to her dream and does everything possible to make it come true is Marya Mironova from A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

All that Masha, the daughter of the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress, wants is to live peacefully and happily with her beloved, who becomes officer Pyotr Grinev. However, the girl has to overcome many trials on her way before she finally reunites with her love, because both Peter and Masha fall into the thick of the Pugachev uprising. Despite this, the girl does not give up on her dream and does not lose her fortitude. Even when hope is almost lost, she takes fate into her own hands and goes to Empress Catherine II with a request to contribute to the release of Peter. Thanks to fearlessness, Masha achieves a dream come true, namely, she becomes the wife of her beloved man.

Also, arguments for the December essay of 2018-2019 in the direction of "Dream and Reality" can be found in the following works:

• F.M. Dostoevsky, the novel "Crime and Punishment" (Rodion Raskolnikov as an example of a dangerous dreamer who should be afraid of his desires);
• A.N. Ostrovsky, play "Thunderstorm".

Revenge and generosity

Here the student will have the opportunity to compare the most diverse aspects and qualities of human nature: kindness and malice, mercy and cruelty, peacefulness and aggressiveness...

Inconsistency, negativity, pettiness, stupidity and the all-destroying beginning of revenge were vividly shown by A.S. Pushkin in his novel "Eugene Onegin". The destructive feeling with which the protagonist lights up leads to the fact that he kills his once good friend in a duel - kind little Vladimir Lensky. At the same time, an example of a deeply generous person is found in the work - we are talking about Tatyana Larina, who throughout the whole novel puts the feelings of the people around her above her own (for example, at the end of the book she rejects Onegin who fell in love with her because she cannot betray her husband) .

Additionally, arguments in the direction of "Revenge and generosity" for the final essay of 2018-2019 can be found in the following books:

• A.S. Pushkin, the story "The Captain's Daughter" (Emelyan Pugachev as a person who knows how to be generous and noble in relation to those who deserve it);
• M.Yu. Lermontov, the novel "A Hero of Our Time" (part of "Princess Mary" and, in particular, the vindictiveness of Grushnitsky's nature).

Art and craft

The theme of the purpose of a creative person (writer, artist, musician, etc.) is one of the fundamental ones in literature. It is possible to analyze the phenomenon of creativity and reflect the importance of creative work thanks to the work of A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin". The poem shows how music uplifts the spirit and warms the soul of those who hear it, even when the hardest times of war are raging around. However, the music that allows people to forget about sorrows does not exist on its own - it is carried into this world by a musician, who here is the harmonist Vasily Terkin.

Also, arguments for topics in the direction of "Art and Craft" are found in the following authors:

• V. Korolenko, story "The Blind Musician";
• A.P. Chekhov, story "Rothschild's Violin";
• K.G. Paustovsky, story "Basket with fir cones".

Kindness and cruelty

This direction partially echoes the direction "Revenge and generosity". Here the emphasis is on the importance of a humanistic attitude to life in general, to any life, regardless of who owns it.

In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" the main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, decides to kill the old money-lender. Rodion thinks that he is better than a worthless old woman, and, therefore, has the right to rid the world of her existence. However, when the hero commits a murder, he realizes that in reality he is worse, many times worse than the most useless and vicious of the old women. Sonya Marmeladova, whom he met on the path of life, helps him finally understand this - an example of kindness, virtue and forgiveness. Thanks to her, Raskolnikov abandons inhuman ideas and changes his worldview.

Other examples in the direction of "Kindness and cruelty":

• N.V. Gogol, the story "The Overcoat" (the cruelty of a hypocritical and evil society is opposed by the kindness, simplicity and harmlessness of Akaky Akakievich);
• M.A. Sholokhov, the novel “The Quiet Flows the Don” (calleness and cruelty can arise in a person’s soul under the influence of external circumstances, as happened with the Cossack peasant Grigory, who was forced to go to war and start killing so as not to die himself).

Hope and Despair

In a broad worldview aspect, the concepts of "hope" and "despair" can be correlated with the choice of an active or passive life position in relation to the imperfections of the surrounding reality. Hope helps a person to endure in difficult life situations that push to despair and cause a feeling of hopelessness. Many literary heroes face a difficult choice: to show weakness and surrender to the will of circumstances, or to fight them without losing faith in people and their own strength, goodness and justice. It is possible to illustrate the manifestations of these different life positions by referring to the works of domestic and foreign literature.

good and evil

The conflict between good and evil forms the basis of most plots of world literature and folklore, and is embodied in works of all kinds of art. The eternal confrontation between the two poles of human existence is reflected in the moral choice of the characters, in their thoughts and actions. The knowledge of good and evil, the definition of boundaries between them is an integral part of any human destiny. Refraction of the student's reading experience in this perspective will provide the necessary material for the disclosure of any of the topics in this direction.

Pride and Humility

This direction involves understanding the concepts of "pride" and "humility" in the philosophical, historical and moral aspect, taking into account the ambiguity of their meaning among people of different nationalities and religious beliefs. The concept of "pride" can be understood both in a positive way (self-esteem) and in a negative way (pride); the concept of "humility" - as slavish obedience or as an inner strength that allows not to respond with aggression to aggression. The choice of certain semantic aspects, as well as examples from literary works, remains with the author of the essay.

He and she

The relationship between a man and a woman, both in the personal and in the social sphere, has always worried domestic and foreign writers, publicists, and philosophers. The themes of the writings of this direction provide an opportunity to consider various manifestations of these relations: from friendship and love to conflict and mutual rejection. The diversity of relationships between a man and a woman in a social, cultural, family context, including spiritual ties between a child and parents, can also become a subject of reflection. Extensive literary material contains examples of understanding the subtlest nuances of the spiritual coexistence of two worlds, called "he" and "she".

Arguments for the final essay 2018-2019. All directions (dream and reality, revenge and generosity, kindness and cruelty, fathers and children, art and craft) About 200 arguments from works of Russian and foreign literature.

Arguments ART AND CRAFTS
from the works (A.I. Kuprin "Gambrinus", G. Uspensky "Straightened", M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", N.V. Gogol "Portrait", A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri")

From the works (large selection) (L.E. Ulitskaya "The Green Tent", M. Gelprin "The Candle Burned", M. Tsvetaeva "The Poet about Criticism", D. Granin "The Picture", A.P. Chekhov "The Jumping Girl", A. S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri", M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", Y. Bondarev "On Formulas and Beauty", L. N. Tolstoy "Albert ", V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician", N.V. Gogol "Portrait", A.P. Chekhov "Ionych", D. Rubina "Concert on the ticket of the society of book lovers")

Arguments kindness and cruelty

from works (F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita")

From the works (V. G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera", V. Astafiev "Tsar-fish", G. Troepolsky "White Bim black ear")
from the works (V. Zheleznikov "Scarecrow", V. Rasputin "French Lessons")

from the works of: N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba", M.A., Sholokhov "The Fate of Man", "Quiet Flows the Don", L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".
from the works of: I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram", A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin Dvor", A. Platonov "Yushka".

From the works (large selection) (N.G. Chernyshevsky "What to do", B.L. Vasilyev "Do not shoot at white swans", Ch. Aitmatov "Slave", J. Boyne "Boy in striped pajamas", M. Zusak "The Book Thief", L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", D. Mitchell "Cloud Atlas", M. Gelprin "The Candle Was Burning", A.P. Chekhov "The Jumper", F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment ", "Idiot", O. Henry "Gifts of the Magi", A. S. Pushkin "The Miserly Knight", H. K. Andersen "The Little Match Girl", A. P. Chekhov "In the Pharmacy", J. Orwell "1984 ", Saltykov-Shchedrin "The History of a City", Schwartz "Shadow", W. Golding "Lord of the Flies", A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", A. Fadeev "Defeat", I. A. Babel "The Death of Dolgushov" , N. Leskov "The Man on the Clock", M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", M. Gorky "The Old Woman Izergil", W. Shakespeare "Hamlet", M. Yu. Lermontov "The Hero of Our Time")
from Gorky's play "At the Bottom"

Arguments FATHERS AND CHILDREN
from P. Sanaev's story "Bury me behind the plinth"

from the works of V.P. Astafieva

from the cycle of stories by L.E. Ulitskaya "Poor Relatives"

from Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit"
from the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

from foreign literature (W. Shakespeare "Hamlet", Molière "The tradesman in the nobility", P. Merimee "Matteo Falcone", J. Aldridge "The Last Inch")

from various works (I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth", N.A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm")

from various works (large selection) (I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", A. de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince", D. Kedrin "Mother's Heart", L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace, V. Kataev "Son of the regiment", K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram", L. N. Tolstoy "Childhood. Adolescence. Youth", V. K. Zheleznikov "Scarecrow", I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov", A. P. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard", V. G. Rasputin "French Lessons", N. V. Gogol "Dead Souls", L. E. Ulitskaya "Green Tent", F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", F. Mouet " Leading away in the snow", G.Kh. Andersen "The Naked King", B.S. Zhitkov "Courage", F. Iskander "The 13th feat of Hercules", N. Nosov "Dunno in a sunny city", V. Petrosyan "The Last teacher", V. Bykov "Obelisk", A. Platonov "Sandy teacher", Ch. Aitmatov "The first teacher", S. King "11.22.63", V.P. Kataev "Broken life, or the magic horn of Oberon", AN Ostrovsky "Own people - let's settle".

from the play "The Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov

Arguments REVENGE AND GENEROSITY

from the works (A.S. Pushkin "The Shot", "Dubrovsky", "Eugene Onegin", M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time", V. Soloukhin "Avenger", "L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" )

From the works (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time", W. Shakespeare "Hamlet", V. Kondratiev "Sashka) Arguments DREAM AND REALITY

From the story of I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco"

From the works (A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri", N.V. Gogol "Nevsky Prospekt", "Overcoat", "Portrait", "Dead Souls". L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", F.M. Dostoevsky "Poor People", "White Nights", "Crime and Punishment", I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov", M. Gorky "At the Bottom", A.P. Chekhov " Ionych", "Gooseberry". A. Green "Scarlet Sails", B. Vasiliev "Does not shoot at white swans", N.D. Teleshov "White Heron")

From the works (N.V. Gogol "The Overcoat", V. Pelevin "Generation P", O. Huxley "Brave New World", M. Gorky "At the Bottom", M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time", A . Maurois "Violets on Wednesdays", R. Gallego "White on Black", O. Henry "Tinsel", A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", V. Aksenov "Colleagues", S.-Shchedrin "The Wise Piskar" , A.P. Chekhov "Vanka", I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco", N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls", I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov", L. Ulitskaya "Green Tent",

From Gorky's play "At the Bottom"

to the final essay from the play "The Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov

from the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov".

If you see that in some argument lists are repeated titles of works or authors, this does not mean that the arguments are the same.

If earlier high school students received admission to the exam automatically, now each of them will have to write a final essay, even if a person is not going to connect his life with the humanities. Whether it's good or bad, it's not up to us to decide, but we can tell you about this good or help with trouble, as you like. In a word, in this article we have outlined the whole essence of fire, water and copper pipes that our graduates will meet on the way to the goal.

This year, the deadline for submitting the final essay is determined as follows:

• December 4, 2019 (main date)
• February 5, 2020 (additional dates)
• May 6, 2020 (additional dates)

Who will write in February and May?

• Unfortunate owners of "failure";
• Those who were expelled from the cabinet for disturbing the peace;
• Those who could not attend for valid reasons;
• Those who failed to complete the work for good reasons (all "reasons" are supported by documents).

The test is held at your school, starts at 10 am (local time), lasts 3 hours 55 minutes (235 minutes), briefing and filling out the form are not included in this period. For persons with disabilities (this sad fact must be documented) a different type of activity is provided - a presentation, it is written 1.5 hours longer, there are also breaks when participants can complete the necessary procedures. The order of writing both of them is strictly regulated:

• Everyone is seated in a checkerboard pattern;
• Briefing on the rules of conduct, duration of the event and familiarization with the results;
• You fill out the registration form, it is checked;
• You are introduced to the topics of the essay or the texts of the presentation;
• Teachers measure time and write on the board when the exam is over;
• You write. As necessary, you are given drafts and additional forms;
• Half an hour before the end of work, teachers are reminded that they will soon need to “give up”;
• When you have finished your work, check it carefully and hand it in;
• You go home, and your works remain with the head of the educational institution.

Only pens, a passport and food (if necessary) can be on the table. Everything else is illegal, and any violation can lead to expulsion from the audience. But for those who like to take risks and do not care about the rules, we have prepared cheat sheets for the final essay, they are in group.

New destinations for 2019-2020

According to the tradition of last year, all directions for the final essay are pairs of antonyms from conflicting moral and philosophical concepts. For each of them, we have already selected the recommended FIPI.

New directions are described by us in all details.

Topics for 2019-2020

Of course, you will receive a list of topics only during the exam, but we have already prepared for you a list of those formulations that are likely to be relevant at X-hour. We compiled them by analogy with the topics of last year, because at that time many of our forecasts came true, and the guys were able to find the necessary information as soon as they recognized the thesis. So, we do not recommend violating the rules for holding such an important event, but in preparation for it, our resource can serve you faithfully.

Approximate

Here we list the most popular topics across the board, but this is far from all of the ones we have. Follow the updates on the site, and you will surely see exactly the one that will fall on the exam.

• Should kindness be with fists?
• What can lead a person to despair?
• What is pride?
• Why does the love part bring grief?
• How to protect "world peace"?

Real

The real themes will be a little later, while they are not even at the development stage. In order not to miss them, add our site to your bookmarks or join our special public VK !

All topics that we offer you are formulated by analogy with previous years, that is, the likelihood that they will come across during the exam is very high.

Preparation for the final essay

You could make your preparation easier by joining our public in VK where we could discuss topics, arguments, introductions and conclusions. You would help us a lot if you offered your abstracts, examples from literature and essays in the discussions, and we would share our thoughts on them, write finished papers or edit your work. Judge for yourself, what can be a “failure” when we prepare together?

Here are some more tips:

Select a few core pieces from the school curriculum that cover many topics. Make a summary of each book and use it in writing practice essays. This will help you remember all the important details and not make mistakes in your work. Here's our list of similar books and great synopses from Literaguru. In our memory, they were used most actively every year.

How to write?

Work registration rules:

• Volume: minimum 250 words, norm 350, no restrictions;
• Composition (4 paragraphs): Introduction, two arguments from the literature, conclusion;
• Approximate distribution of the semantic load: 1 paragraph - 75 words, 2 and 3 - 100 words each, 4 - 75 words.

In order to receive credit, you must open the topic, write more than 250 words and bring at least one literary argument. Work without examples from the books is equal to zero points, so you need to choose a question based on whether you can find the appropriate material.

Essay writing algorithm:

• Choose an understandable topic for which you can find literary examples. For example, "Can loyalty bring disappointment?";
• Highlight the question contained in the selected wording. For example, in the thesis you say that it can, and give examples of cases when this happens, so your question would be: When can loyalty disappoint a person?;
• Formulate your answer to the question. For example, devotion brings suffering when there is no reciprocity in the relationship.
• To this answer and pick up arguments to end the second and third paragraphs with a logically correct micro conclusion. For example, the hero of the “Garnet Bracelet” Kuprin suffered because he could not change his feelings for Vera, that is, family, love and offspring were a pipe dream for him, so he was forced to die.
• Write an essay on a draft, carefully make sure that your idea is clear and does not go into the jungle of word disputes. Do not try to write a lot, most importantly, to the point. Do not get distracted by other topics, follow one, compare thesis and argument all the time so that there are no discrepancies in what you are proving. Also, do not get carried away with the details and quotes from the text of the book; a retelling of the novel for an essay will not be credited to you. You do not have to confirm that you have read this work, it is important to prove that you understood it.
• Check the draft and correct any mistakes. Remember that speech errors can be spotted using a simple method: imagine what you are writing about. It is impossible to “highlight” or “emphasize” attention, but you can “sharpen” and “turn” it. Count the repetitions and replace them, if possible, with synonyms or pronouns that make sense.
• Copy to a clean copy and check again, reading the text to yourself, as if aloud. This helps to spot errors. Do not forget to do this, because the draft is not taken into account when checking!

To help you, we have compiled a universal plan for the final essay:

References 2018-2019

When the directions became known, a list of books recommended for writing the work was released along with them. It is these works for the final essay that we will list in this collection. We also analyzed them for arguments that can be taken as examples from the literature for an essay. You can see this analysis in the article "".

Good and evil:

• L.N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace";
• F.M. Dostoevsky: "Crime and Punishment", "Idiot";
• M.A. Bulgakov, "Notes of a young doctor";
• V.P. Astafiev, "Lyudochka";
• A.I. Solzhenitsyn, "Matryonin Dvor";
• A.P. Chekhov, "Gooseberry";
• V.M. Shukshin, "Crank";
• K.G. Paustovsky, "Telegram";
• T. Kenally, "Schindler's List"

Pride and Humility

• V.V. Bulls: "Sotnikov", "Crane cry";
• L.N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace";
• A.S. Pushkin, "The Captain's Daughter";
• B.L. Vasiliev, “And the dawns here are quiet…”;
• V.P. Aksyonov, "Moscow Saga";
• F.M. Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment";
• V.M. Garshin, "Coward";
• A.T. Tvardovsky, "Vasily Terkin";
• J. Rowling, Harry Potter.

Hope and Despair

• M.Yu. Lermontov, "A Hero of Our Time";
• I.A. Bunin, "The Gentleman from San Francisco";
• L.N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace";
• A.P. Chekhov: "Gooseberry", "Man in a Case", "Ionych";
• I.S. Turgenev, "Fathers and Sons";
• M.A. Sholokhov, Quiet Don;
• F.M. Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment.
• A.I. Kuprin, "Garnet Bracelet";
• M.A. Bulgakov, "The Master and Margarita";

War and Peace

• A.N. Ostrovsky, "Thunderstorm";
• L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace";
• F.M. Dostoevsky: "Crime and Punishment", "Humiliated and Insulted";
• M.A. Sholokhov: "Quiet Flows the Don", "The Fate of a Man";
• A.S. Pushkin: "Eugene Onegin", "The Captain's Daughter";
• I.A. Bunin, "Dark Alleys";
• I.A. Goncharov, "Oblomov";
• V.G. Rasputin, French Lessons.
• M. A. Bulgakov: "The Master and Margarita";
• A.P. Chekhov: "The Seagull", "House with a Mezzanine";
• N. V. Gogol: "Portrait", "Nevsky Prospekt";
• M. Gorky: "At the bottom";
• A. Ostrovsky: "Forest", "Dowry";
• L. N. Tolstoy: "War and Peace".
• A. Kuprin: "Garnet bracelet".

Bank of arguments 2019-2020

We have prepared many collections with arguments for all popular trends and topics, and we continue to do this every day, so add the site to your bookmarks and stay tuned, or better write to us what is missing, and during the day we will write the necessary literary material. Here we have placed links to our publications with literary examples in all directions:

Evaluation criteria

The work is evaluated by two values: "pass" and "fail". If you are not going to get involved in the humanities in the future, you will have enough credit, but potential journalists, philologists and linguists will have to try to write an essay for the maximum possible number of points. Their success in the literary field will certainly be counted upon admission, because the country's leading universities have already developed their own criteria for checking essays. Yes, yes, members of the selection committee will certainly look at it.

The essay will be evaluated according to five criteria, the first two are the main ones. If the essay is not satisfactory in one of them, it is automatically a “failure”. To get a good result, the jury must satisfy at least 3 criteria, 2 of which are relevance to the topic and argumentation. Here is a list of all the necessary qualities of work:

1. Relevance to the theme. You will receive a “failure” only if the essay is written about something else at all, or there is no clear purpose of the statement in it, that is, you are talking about everything and nothing.
2. A given amount of work. This criterion is assessed as a pass or fail, everything is simple: if you have more than 250 words, the essay is checked, if not, there is no trial. The optimal length, according to the inspectors, is 350 words.
3. Argumentation (0-2 points). You will not be given the coveted points if you do without literature, or distort its content. Also, if books are mentioned only in passing, without becoming a support for reasoning, you also run the risk of being left with a nose.
4. Composition and logic of reasoning (0-2 points). When gross logical errors make it difficult to understand your intention, or you do not provide any evidence that you are right, you get 0 points for this item.
5. Quality of written speech (0-2 points). If you have a lot of speech errors that prevent understanding the text, then you may fail on this criterion. But if you excelled and did everything beautifully (complex grammatical constructions, a logically correct train of thought, the use of original and relevant words), then catch 2 points in your piggy bank.
6. Literacy (0-2 points). Grammar, punctuation and spelling errors should be avoided. The inspectors even cite a critical number of shortcomings: more than 5 violations of the rules of the Russian language per 100 words = “failure”. If less, the work is recognized as competent, and you can even get 2 points under this criterion. By the way, an official document from the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation says that a graduate has the right to use a spelling dictionary.

Rosobrnadzor also imposes several more requirements for work:

• Independence. The text must belong to you, and all quotes must be appropriately formatted. However, nowhere is it specified whether the text is checked for anti-plagiarism.
• Factual accuracy (1 point). All names, names, surnames, dates and main events must be entered correctly, otherwise they will only lower the final score.
• Grammar norms (o-2 points). If you manage to make one mistake of this kind, then 2 points are still provided to you. If two or three - one point. If more, by this criterion you will get zero.
• Speech errors (0-2 points). You can still afford no more than 1-2 mistakes, this is 2 points, but 3-4 mistakes will steal one point, and if more, then all two are lost forever;
• Spelling norms (0-3 points). The magic number three will indeed work wonders if you never make a mistake. 2-3 errors already promise two points, and 4-5 misses will bring a consolatory 1 point;
• Punctuation norms (0-3 points). Exceptional knowledge of punctuation marks is estimated at three points, 2-3 oversights get one point out of three, and 4-5 mistakes mean participation, but not victory - 1 point;
• Original approach (0-1 point). It's time to show the world what you can do and put more creativity into your work. 1 point at stake is a trifle, but nice.

In total, you can earn 20 points for your work. If you go to study in a technical specialty, the number of points is unlikely to greatly affect your fate, but the humanities will have to show mathematical abilities and calculate how many of their primary points will be in terms of those that the admissions committee will add to your score. Also, at the university, your work can be rechecked and set a new number of points. Here is a help for the very humanitarians:

• from 0 to 4 points for an essay - 0 on a ten-point scale;
• from 5 to 6 - 1 point;
• from 7 to 8 - 2 points;
• from 9 to 10 - 3 points;
• from 13 to 14 - 5 points;
• from 15 to 16 - 6 points;
• 17 - equal to 7 points;
• 18 - 8 points;
• 19 - 9 points;
• 20 - 10 points.

Results and appeal

The results of your efforts and worries can be found at the school or at the place where the application for participation in the exam was submitted. The work is checked for only a week, the wait is not long. These results will be valid for the university for 4 years from the date of writing the essay. The grade you receive will not affect admission, however, at the university itself, in the relevant areas of study, the admissions committee may initiate its own check and credit you with additional points (no more than 10). Therefore, it is better to try to squeeze the maximum out of the final essay, because writing it, as we have seen, is not so difficult.

There is another reason to be diligent: you cannot appeal. The participant has the right only to submit an application for verification of an essay written repeatedly by the commission for rechecking essays. You can send your application for revision of work there by e-mail or come in person, specifying the date, place and hours of work of this organization.

Important! The results of the final essay are indefinite, that is, they can be used for admission for the rest of your life, unlike USE certificates.

Interesting? Save it on your wall!