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Stroganov Pavel Alexandrovich. Biography Pavel Aleksandrovich Stroganov biography

Graph Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov(June 7, 1774, Paris - June 10, 1817, near Copenhagen) - lieutenant general, adjutant general from the Stroganov family. During the French Revolution, member of the Jacobin Club ("Citizen Ocher"). Member of the Secret Committee. Hero of the wars with Napoleon. In secular society he was known by the name "Popo".

Biography

Born in Paris, in the family of the Count of the Holy Roman Empire, who later received the count title of the Russian Empire, Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov and his second wife (since 1769) Ekaterina Petrovna Trubetskoy, who was the daughter of Prince Pyotr Nikitich Trubetskoy. His godfather was Russian Emperor Paul I, and his childhood friend was Tsarevich Alexander Pavlovich. After his father’s death in 1811, his entire multimillion-dollar fortune passed into the hands of his only son, Pavel Alexandrovich.

Immediately after the wedding of Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov with Ekaterina Petrovna Trubetskoy in July 1769, the couple left for Paris, where they were introduced to the court of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. There, in June 1774, their son Pavel was born, baptized by Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich, who was there, and then, in 1776, daughter Sophia.

In 1779, after a ten-year stay in France, Pavel's parents returned to St. Petersburg. His father entrusted his son's education to the teacher Charles-Gilbert Romm, a future deputy of the Montagnard Convention. In the same year, his mother left his father for the favorite of Empress Catherine II, Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov.

His father was eventually forced to raise his son alone. To hide family discord from the boy, his father decided to send him on a trip with his teacher. The young count made a long trip around Russia (1784), visiting the shores of Lake Ladoga and also visiting the Grand Duchy of Finland, and returning to Russia - Moscow, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm. In 1785, together with his teacher, he visited Valdai, Novgorod, Moscow and Tula. A year later he took a new trip: he went to Little Russia, Novorossiya and Crimea.

In 1786 he received the rank of second lieutenant of the Life Guards Regiment of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, and was enlisted for military service even earlier - in 1779 as a cornet of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. At that time, Stroganov served under Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin, who gave him permission to leave Russia to complete his education. In 1787, the young man left Russia, accompanied by Romm, the serf artist Andrei Voronikhin (who later became a famous architect) and his cousin, Grigory Alexandrovich Stroganov. In the period from 1787 to 1789, Pavel Stroganov traveled throughout Europe, visiting many European countries such as Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Prussia and France and, according to some sources, even visited Great Britain. He initially visited Riom, Romm's hometown, and in 1787 began studying botany at the University of Geneva. Subsequently, Stroganov began studying theology, as well as chemistry and physics. In addition, he practiced his German and took up various sports, most notably fencing and horse riding. In his free time, he hiked in the mountains and was engaged in amateur mineralogy. In 1789, Mr. Romm and Count Paul left Switzerland, moving first to the outskirts of Paris, where the house that belonged to his father was located, and then to Paris itself, where the revolution was just flaring up.

French revolution

Stroganov's arrival in Paris coincided with the elections of deputies to the Constituent Assembly. At the insistence of his teacher, Stroganov changed his surname, did not mention his title anywhere, and became known as Paul Ocher (taking this surname in honor of the Stroganov estate in the Perm province; now Ocher). Under an assumed name, Stroganov joined the Jacobins and in 1790 became a member of the Friends of the Law (French: Amis de la loi) club. Thanks to the huge money that the father, not knowing about his son’s interest in the revolution, sent him from Russia, he was able to provide financial support to his French friends. At one of the rallies, citizen Ocher met Théroigne de Mericourt, a passionate admirer of the revolution, fell in love with her to the point of unconsciousness, and through an open relationship with her he compromised himself in front of the Russian embassy. Catherine II became aware of the count's hobbies, and she demanded his immediate return to Russia.

Battles/wars War of the Third Coalition
War of the Fourth Coalition
Russo-Swedish War (1808-1809)
Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812)
Patriotic War of 1812
War of the Sixth Coalition

His father was eventually forced to raise his son alone. To hide family discord from the boy, his father decided to send him on a trip with his teacher. The young count made a long trip around Russia (1784), visiting the shores of Lake Ladoga and also visiting the Grand Duchy of Finland, and returning to Russia - Moscow, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm. In 1785, together with his teacher, he visited Valdai, Novgorod, Moscow and Tula. A year later he made a new trip: he went to Little Russia, Novorossiya and Crimea.

In 1786, he received the rank of second lieutenant of the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment, and was enlisted for military service even earlier - in 1779 as a cornet of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. At that time, Stroganov served under Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin, who gave him permission to leave Russia to complete his education. In 1787, the young man left Russia, accompanied by Romm, the serf artist Andrei Voronikhin (who later became a famous architect) and his cousin, Grigory Alexandrovich Stroganov. Between 1787 and 1789, Pavel Stroganov traveled throughout Europe, visiting many European countries such as Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Prussia and France and, according to some sources, even visiting Great Britain. He initially visited Riom, Romm's hometown, and from 1787 began studying botany at the University of Geneva. Subsequently, Stroganov began studying theology, as well as chemistry and physics. In addition, he practiced his German and took up various sports, most notably fencing and horse riding. In his free time, he hiked in the mountains and was engaged in amateur mineralogy. In 1789, Mr. Romm and Count Paul left Switzerland, moving first to the outskirts of Paris, where the house that belonged to his father was located, and then to Paris itself, where the revolution was just flaring up.

French revolution

Baron Stroganov in 1795

Stroganov's arrival in Paris coincided with the elections of deputies to the Constituent Assembly. At the insistence of his teacher, Stroganov changed his last name, did not mention his title anywhere, and became known under the name Paul Ocher(taking this surname in honor of the Stroganov estate in the Perm province; now Ocher). Under an assumed name, Stroganov joined the Jacobins and in 1790 became a member of the Friends of the Law club (French. Amis de la loi). Thanks to the huge money that the father, not knowing about his son’s interest in the revolution, sent him from Russia, he was able to provide financial support to his French friends. At one of the rallies, citizen Ocher met Théroigne de Mericourt, a passionate admirer of the revolution, fell in love with her to the point of unconsciousness, and through an open relationship with her he compromised himself in front of the Russian embassy. Catherine II became aware of the count's hobbies, and she demanded his immediate return to Russia.

Political career

Returning to Russia, the young count was exiled to the Bratsevo estate near Moscow, where his mother lived; Despite his disgrace, he was not dismissed from military service; by 1791 he was a lieutenant in the Preobrazhensky Regiment, and by 1792 a chamber cadet. There, in Bratsevo, in the spring of 1793, Count Pavel married Princess Sofya Vladimirovna Golitsyna. Pavel Stroganov was allowed to return to St. Petersburg in the last years of Catherine's reign. Then, as in childhood, he again became friends with the heir to the throne, Grand Duke Alexander, and began to learn Russian. Many historians believe that Count Stroganov returned to St. Petersburg only with the accession of Pavel Petrovich, however, in the correspondence between Prince Czartoryski and Alexander, dated 1794, it is clearly evident that Count Stroganov was already living in St. Petersburg at that time, attending balls with his wife.

In 1798 he was promoted to full chamberlain; from 1802 to 1807 he was simultaneously a privy councilor, senator, vice-minister of foreign affairs, and comrade of the minister of internal affairs. In 1806, Alexander I appointed him head of the diplomatic mission to London. His mission was to promote rapprochement between Russia and the United Kingdom. Pavel Alexandrovich began negotiations with the British, trying to form a coalition against Napoleon. During these negotiations, an event occurred that virtually destroyed all his efforts: his friend, Prince Adam Czartoryski, resigned as Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Budberg became his successor. The latter had a deep dislike for Stroganov, and as a result, Stroganov’s position became unbearable for him, so in August 1806 he left Great Britain, returning to Russia. In March 1807, he abandoned his position as vice minister of foreign affairs and the position of senator, but did not cease to play an important role in politics, since Emperor Alexander listened to him as a person who knew diplomacy and military affairs well.

Military career

He accompanied Emperor Alexander on the campaign against Napoleon as part of the 3rd coalition and became an involuntary participant in the battle of Austerlitz.

In 1807 he led a Cossack regiment, enlisting in military service as a volunteer. On August 22, 1807, Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd class

in reward for the excellent courage and bravery shown in the battle on May 24 against the French troops, where, of his own free will, he was with the light troops commanded by Lieutenant General Platov and, having under his command the Atamansky regiment and Major General Ilovaisky 5th, with As the troops approached the Alla River, having crossed with them by swimming, he attacked the enemy in the rear, killing a significant number on the spot and capturing 47 officers and 500 lower ranks; after that, seeing the enemy convoy following, he sent a detachment of Cossacks there, who destroyed the cover, which extended to 500 people, took it and, following it, attacked the enemy infantry with the Ilovaisky regiment in the village of Brutsval, from where he drove it out and put it to flight.

On December 21, 1807, he was awarded the rank of major general, which meant the beginning of his active military service. On January 27, 1808, he joined the ranks of the Life Guards Izmailovsky Regiment, with which he took part in the Russian-Swedish War of 1808-1809; served under General Peter Bagration, took part in the capture of the Åland Islands.

From 1809 to 1811 he served in the ranks of the Danube Army and showed courage in many battles with the Turks during the armed conflict between the Russian and Ottoman empires. For the courage and bravery shown in battles, he was awarded a golden sword with diamonds and the inscription “For Bravery”, the Order of St. Anne, 1st degree and St. Vladimir, 2nd degree (in 1809), diamond signs for the Order of St. Anne, 1st degree ( in 1810). On May 28, 1809, he was appointed commander of the Life Grenadier Regiment and at the same time brigade commander of the 1st Grenadier Division. On November 15, 1811, he was promoted to adjutant general.

In 1814, during the campaign in France, he commanded a corps at the Battle of Craon. For this battle, on April 23 (according to other sources - October 28), 1814, he was awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd class. On September 3, 1814 he led the 2nd Guards Infantry Division.

Recent years, establishment of a primordial estate

Sofia Stroganova in mourning for her husband

On February 23, 1814, in the battle of Kraon, the head of Count Paul's 19-year-old son, Alexander Pavlovich Stroganov, was torn off by a cannonball.

A.S. Pushkin wrote the following lines about this event in the draft stanza of the 6th chapter of Eugene Onegin.

But if the reaper is fatal,
Bloody, blind,
In the fire, in the smoke - in the eyes of the father
Kill the vagrant chick!
O fear! oh bitter moment!
O Stroganov, when your son
Fell, struck, and you are alone,
You have forgotten the glory and the battle
And you betrayed the glory of a stranger
Success encouraged by you.

After this tragedy, Count Stroganov plunged into deep melancholy and began to lose interest in life. He searched for his son's body on the battlefield for two days; Then there was the onerous mission of escorting the young man’s body back to Russia.

Soon after, on June 10, 1817, Count P. A. Stroganov died of consumption on the ship, on the way to Copenhagen. He was buried at the Lazarevskoye cemetery in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

Two months later, on August 11, 1817, an imperial decree was issued to the Senate, declaring that all the immovable possessions of the late Count Stroganov in the Perm, Nizhny Novgorod and St. Petersburg provinces should “constitute an undivided estate, and remain in the family of Counts Stroganov, so “so that this estate forever passes in its entirety from one person into the possession of another.”

After the death of her husband, the Stroganov majorate was ruled by his widow. In 1833, the Perm Majorate of the Stroganovs, which amounted to 1,551,625 dessiatines of land, on which there were 57,778 male and 67,312 female souls of serfs, “was divided into five districts: Ilyinsky - with an area of 397,638 dessiatines, Novousolsky - 331,548 dessiatines. , Ochersky - 361,142 des., Invensky - 390,179 des. and Bilimbaevsky - with an area of 71,118 dessiatines.”

After the death of Sofia Vladimirovna Stroganova in 1845, the Perm primogeniture was inherited by the eldest daughter Natalya Pavlovna, who issued a power of attorney to manage the primordium to her husband Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov. For another daughter, Aglaida, a primogeniture was established on the basis of the Maryino estate, which passed to the Golitsyn family.

Family

Since 1793, he was married to Princess Sofya Vladimirovna Golitsyna (1775-1845), sister of Moscow Governor-General D. V. Golitsyn, daughter of the “mustachioed princess” N. P. Golitsyna. The family had five children:

Alexander Pavlovich(1794 - February 23, 1814)
Natalia Pavlovna(1796-1872) - the only heiress of the Stroganov fortune, the wife since 1818 of Baron S. G. Stroganov’s fourth cousin, to whom the Stroganov count title was transferred.
Aglaya Pavlovna (Adelaide; 1799-1882) - maid of honor, cavalry lady of the Order of St. Catherine of the Lesser Cross, since 1821 the wife of Prince V. S. Golitsyn (1794-1836); in 1845 she became the owner of Maryino.
Elizaveta Pavlovna(1802-1863) - wife of His Serene Highness Prince Ivan Dmitrievich Saltykov (1797-1832).
Olga Pavlovna(1808-1837), from 1829 wife of the count

Son of Count Alexander Stroganov and Countess Ekaterina Stroganova (nee Princess Trubetskoy). Born in Paris, godson of Emperor Paul I, childhood friend of Emperor Alexander I. He received an excellent education at home and spent the first years of his youth in Paris during the revolution, having Romm, a member of the Convention, as his teacher. Under the pseudonym Paul Ocher (after the name of the Stroganov estate in the Perm province, now the city of Ocher) he was a Jacobin, a member of the Friends of the Law club. In Paris he was also accompanied by the serf artist A.N. Voronikhin, later a famous architect. In 1790, Stroganov was summoned by his father to Russia.

In military service he was listed as a cornet in the Life Guards. Cavalry regiment from 1779, in 1791 he became lieutenant of the Life Guards. Preobrazhensky Regiment. In 1792 he was renamed chamberlain cadets, and in 1798 he was granted full chamberlain status. In 1802 he received the rank of Privy Councilor, the title of Senator and the position of Fellow Minister of the Interior. In 1805 he was under Emperor Alexander I during the Battle of Austerlitz.

In 1807, he volunteered to join the active army and commanded a Cossack regiment. After the end of the campaign he entered military service. On August 22, 1807 he was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd class.

Then on January 27, 1808 he was assigned to the Life Guards. Izmailovsky regiment, fought with the Swedes in 1808-09, under the command of General P.I. Bagration participated in the transition to the Aland Islands.

From 1809 to 1811 he was in the Danube Army and distinguished himself in several battles with the Turks. On May 28, 1809, he was appointed commander of the Life Grenadier Regiment and brigade commander of the 1st Grenadier Division.

In 1812 he commanded the 1st Grenadier Division and replaced the wounded General N.A. in the Battle of Borodino. Tuchkov as commander of the 3rd Infantry Corps and was awarded the rank of lieutenant general on October 31, 1812. At the head of the corps he was in the battles of Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets, and Krasny.

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In 1813 he took part in the Battle of Leipzig (awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky) and led the assault on the Stade fortress near Hamburg.

In 1814 he fought on the territory of France, for the skillful actions of the corps entrusted to him in the Battle of Craon, on April 23, 1814 he was awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd class. On September 3, 1814 he was appointed commander of the 2nd Guards Infantry Division.

Participated in the development of the program of government reforms at the beginning of the 19th century, one of the initiators of the creation and member of the Secret Committee. P.A. Stroganov was a supporter of liberal reforms.

Since 1794 he was married to Sofya Vladimirovna Golitsina, and had a son with her.

He was buried at the Lazarevskoye cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

RELATIVE OF SOBAKIN M G

Wikipedia has articles about other people with the surname Stroganov.

Date of Birth

Paris, France
Date of death

Near Copenhagen, Denmark
Affiliation

Type of army

Infantry
Years of service

1791-1817
Rank

Lieutenant General,
adjutant general
Commanded

Battles/wars

War of the Third Coalition
War of the Fourth Coalition

War of the Sixth Coalition
Awards and prizes

Count Pavel Alexa;ndrovich Stroganov (June 7, 1774, Paris - June 10, 1817, near Copenhagen) - lieutenant general, adjutant general from the Stroganov family. During the French Revolution, member of the Jacobin Club ("Citizen Ocher"). Member of the Secret Committee. Hero of the wars with Napoleon. In secular society he was known by the name "Popo".
Content

1 Biography
1.1 French Revolution
1.2 Political career
1.3 Military career
1.4 Recent years, establishment of the primordial estate
2 Family
3 Notes
4 Literature
5 Links

Biography
Portrait of Paul as a child by Greuze (1778)

After the coup d'etat on March 12, 1801, Count Pavel Stroganov turned out to be one of the favorites of the young Emperor Alexander. That same year, in July, he presented to him his project for creating a Secret Committee, which would develop plans for reforms in the country. Having become the founder and member of this committee, he at one time supported the implementation of liberal reforms, stood at the head of the triumvirate (Kochubey, Czartoryski and Stroganov. In addition, he was a supporter of the abolition of serfdom.
Stroganov in the portrait of Vigée-Lebrun

In 1798 he was promoted to full chamberlain; from 1802 to 1807 he was simultaneously a privy councilor, senator and fellow minister of the interior. In 1806, Alexander I appointed him head of the diplomatic mission to London. His mission was to promote rapprochement between Russia and the United Kingdom. Pavel Alexandrovich began negotiations with the British, trying to form a coalition against Napoleon. During these negotiations, an event occurred that virtually destroyed all his efforts: his friend, Prince Adam Czartoryski, resigned as Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Budberg became his successor. The latter had a deep dislike for Stroganov, and as a result, Stroganov’s position became unbearable for him, so in August 1806 he left Great Britain, returning to Russia. In March 1807, he abandoned his position as vice minister of foreign affairs and the position of senator, but did not cease to play an important role in politics, since Emperor Alexander listened to him as a person who knew diplomacy and military affairs well.
Military career

He accompanied Emperor Alexander on the campaign against Napoleon as part of the 3rd coalition and became an involuntary participant in the battle of Austerlitz.

In 1807 he led a Cossack regiment, entering military service as a volunteer. On August 22, 1807, Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd class

In reward for the excellent courage and bravery shown in the battle on May 24 against the French troops, where, of his own free will, he was with the light troops commanded by Lieutenant General Platov and, having under his command the regiments of Atamansky and Major General Ilovaisky of the 5th, with As the troops approached the Alla River, having crossed with them by swimming, he attacked the enemy in the rear, killing a significant number on the spot and capturing 47 officers and 500 lower ranks; after that, seeing the enemy convoy following, he sent a detachment of Cossacks there, who destroyed the cover, which extended to 500 people, took it and, following it, attacked the enemy infantry with the Ilovaisky regiment in the village of Brutsval, from where he drove it out and put it to flight.

From 1809 to 1811 he served in the ranks of the Danube Army and showed courage in many battles with the Turks during the armed conflict between the Russian and Ottoman empires. For the courage and bravery shown in battles, he was awarded a gold sword with diamonds and the inscription “For Bravery”, the Order of St. Anne, 1st degree and St. Vladimir, 2nd degree (in 1809), diamond signs for the Order of St. Anne, 1st degree ( in 1810). On May 28, 1809, he was appointed commander of the Life Grenadier Regiment and at the same time brigade commander of the 1st Grenadier Division. On November 15, 1811, he was promoted to adjutant general.

On September 7, 1812, during the Battle of Borodino, he commanded the 1st Grenadier Division; subsequently replaced General Nikolai Tuchkov, who was wounded, as commander of the 3rd Infantry Corps. On October 30, 1812, he was awarded the rank of lieutenant general. At the head of the 3rd Infantry Corps he took part in the battles of Tarutino (October 18, 1812), Maloyaroslavets (October 24, 1812) and Krasny (November 15-18, 1812).

From October 16 to 19, 1813, he participated and distinguished himself in the so-called Battle of the Nations near Leipzig. For this battle he received the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky. He also led Russian troops during the assault on the Stade fortress near Hamburg.

On February 23, 1814, in the battle of Kraon, the head of Count Paul's 19-year-old son, Alexander Pavlovich Stroganov, was torn off by a cannonball.

A.S. Pushkin wrote the following lines about this event in the draft stanza of the 6th chapter of Eugene Onegin.

The Stroganovs had four daughters, the eldest of whom was Natalya. Not wanting to split up the family estate by dividing it between four daughters, Count Pavel Alexandrovich and his wife asked Emperor Alexander I in 1816 to make their real estate a primordial estate.
Monument to Count Pavel Aleksandrovich Stroganov “Organizer of the Pavlovsk plant and village.” Installed in the village. Pavlovsky. Opened on July 23, 2016 in honor of the 200th anniversary of the village.

Since 1793, he was married to Princess Sofya Vladimirovna Golitsyna (1775-1845), the sister of Moscow Governor-General D. V. Golitsyn, daughter of the “mustachioed princess” N. P. Golitsyna. The family had five children:

Alexander Pavlovich (1794 - February 23, 1814)
Natalia Pavlovna (1796-1872) is the only heir to the Stroganov fortune, the wife since 1818 of Baron S. G. Stroganov’s fourth cousin, to whom the Stroganov count title was transferred.
Aglaya Pavlovna (Adelaide; 1799-1882) - maid of honor, cavalry lady of the Order of St. Catherine of the Lesser Cross, since 1821 the wife of Prince V. S. Golitsyn (1794-1836); in 1845 she became the owner of Maryino.
Elizaveta Pavlovna (1802-1863) - wife of His Serene Highness Prince Ivan Dmitrievich Saltykov (1797-1832).
Olga Pavlovna (1808-1837), since 1829 the wife of Count P.K. Fersen (1800-1884).

Alexander

Natalia

Adelaide

Elizabeth

Notes

; Rudakov V.E. Stroganovs // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
; State Hermitage Museum. Western European painting. Catalog / ed. V. F. Levinson-Lessing; ed. A. E. Krol, K. M. Semenova. - 2nd edition, revised and expanded. - L.: Art, 1981. - T. 2. - P. 254, cat. No. 7872. - 360 p.
; Alexander I. On the approval of the order in the estate of the late Count Strogonov, by inheritance in his estate // Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire since 1649. - St. Petersburg: Printing house of the II department of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery, 1830. - T. XXXIV, 1817, No. 26995. - P. 471-474.
; Shustov S.G. Land holdings of the Stroganov family in the Urals (1558-1917) // Historical and social-educational thought. - 2013. - Issue. No. 6.

Literature

V. book. Nikolai Mikhailovich Count Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov. - St. Petersburg, 1903 (in 3 volumes).
Mark Aldanov Youth of Pavel Stroganov / Aldanov M. Works. Book 2: Essays. - M.: Publishing house "News", 1995. - P. 7-19.
Dictionary of Russian generals who took part in the fighting against the army of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1812-1815. // Russian archive: Sat. - M., studio "TRITE" N. Mikhalkov, 1996. - T. VII. - pp. 561-562.
Documents on official activities of gr. P. A. Stroganova 1778-1817: in the Senate 1801-1807, in the ministries - Foreign Affairs 1778-1809, Finance 1786-1804, Internal Affairs 1798-1809, Marine 1802-1805, Military 1805-1814 (about the wars with Napoleon I , about the Patriotic War of 1812, about the foreign campaign of the Russian army of 1813-1815, about the war with Sweden).
Kuznetsov S. O. No worse than Tomon. State, philanthropic, collecting activities of the Strogonov family in 1771-1817. and the formation of the imperial appearance of St. Petersburg. - St. Petersburg: Nestor, 2006-447 p. - ISBN 5-303-00293-4
Stroganov, Pavel Alexandrovich // Russian biographical dictionary: in 25 volumes. - St. Petersburg-M., 1896-1918.
The Stroganovs // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Chudinov A.V. Gilbert Romm and Pavel Stroganov: The history of an unusual union. - M.: New Literary Review, 2010-344 p.
Kuznetsov S. O. Strogonovs. 500 years of birth. Only kings are higher. - M-SPb: Tsentrpoligraf, 2012. - 558 p. - ISBN 978-5-227-03730-5

Chudinov A.V. “Russian Jacobin” Pavel Stroganov. Legend and reality // New and recent history, No. 4/2001
Chudinov A.V. “Again about Pavel Stroganov”
Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov
Portrait of Count Pavel Stroganoff (1772-1817).jpg
Date of Birth

Paris, France
Date of death

Near Copenhagen, Denmark
Affiliation

Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire
Type of army

Infantry
Years of service

1791-1817
Rank

Lieutenant General,
adjutant general
Commanded

Grenadier Life Guards Regiment
Battles/wars

War of the Third Coalition
War of the Fourth Coalition
Russo-Swedish War (1808-1809)
Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812)
Patriotic War of 1812
War of the Sixth Coalition
Awards and prizes
Order of St. George, 2nd class Order of St. George, 3rd class Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class
Band to Order St Alexander Nevsky.png Order of St. Anne, 1st degree with diamonds Order of St. Giovanni of Gerusalem-Rhodes-Malta BAR.svg
Golden weapons decorated with diamonds
Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov

In 1786 he received the rank of second lieutenant of the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment, and was enlisted for military service even earlier - in 1779 as a cornet of the Life Guards Horse Regiment. At that time, Stroganov served under Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin, who gave him permission to leave Russia to complete his education. In 1787, the young man left Russia, accompanied by Romm, the serf artist Andrei Voronikhin (who later became a famous architect) and his cousin, Grigory Alexandrovich Stroganov. He initially settled in Riomme, Romme's hometown, and from 1787 began studying botany at the University of Geneva. Subsequently, Stroganov began studying theology, as well as chemistry and physics. In addition, he practiced his German and took up various sports, most notably fencing and horse riding. In his free time, he hiked in the mountains and was engaged in amateur mineralogy. In 1789, Mr. Romm and Count Paul left Switzerland, moving first to the outskirts of Paris, where the house that belonged to his father was located, and then to Paris itself, where the revolution was just flaring up.

French revolution

Political career

Returning to Russia, the young count was exiled to Bratsevo near Moscow, where his mother lived; Despite his disgrace, he was not dismissed from military service, so in 1791 he became a lieutenant in the Preobrazhensky Regiment, and in 1792 - a chamber cadet. Stroganov was brought closer to the court after the death of Catherine II and the accession to the throne of his godfather Paul I (1796). Returning to St. Petersburg, Pavel Alexandrovich again, as in childhood, became friends with Tsarevich Alexander Pavlovich.

In 1807 he led a Cossack regiment, enlisting in military service as a volunteer. On August 22, 1807, Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd class

in reward for the excellent courage and bravery shown in the battle on May 24 against the French troops, where, of his own free will, he was with the light troops commanded by Lieutenant General Platov and, having under his command the Atamansky regiment and Major General Ilovaisky 5th, with As the troops approached the Alla River, having crossed with them by swimming, he attacked the enemy in the rear, killing a significant number on the spot and capturing 47 officers and 500 lower ranks; after that, seeing the enemy convoy following, he sent a detachment of Cossacks there, who destroyed the cover, which extended to 500 people, took it and, following it, attacked the enemy infantry with the Ilovaisky regiment in the village of Brutsval, from where he drove it out and put it to flight.

On December 21, 1807, he was awarded the rank of major general, which meant his return to active military service. On January 27, 1808, he joined the ranks of the Life Guards Izmailovsky Regiment, with which he took part in the Russian-Swedish War of 1808-1809; served under General Peter Bagration, took part, among other things, in the capture of the Åland Islands.

Recent years, establishment of a primordial estate

On February 23, 1814, in the battle of Kraon, the head of Count Paul's 19-year-old son, Alexander Pavlovich Stroganov, was torn off by a cannonball.

A.S. Pushkin wrote the following lines about this event in the draft stanza of the 6th chapter of Eugene Onegin.

The Stroganovs had four daughters, the eldest of whom was Natalya. Not wanting to split the family estate by dividing it between four daughters, Count Pavel Alexandrovich and his wife asked Emperor Alexander I in 1816 to make their real estate a primordial estate.
Soon after, on June 10, 1817, Count P. A. Stroganov died of consumption on the ship, on the way to Copenhagen. He was buried at the Lazarevskoye cemetery in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg. Two months later, on August 11, 1817, an imperial decree was issued to the Senate, declaring that all the immovable possessions of the late Count Stroganov in the Perm, Nizhny Novgorod and St. Petersburg provinces should “constitute an undivided estate, and remain in the family of Counts Stroganov, so “so that this estate forever passes in its entirety from one person into the possession of another.”

Family

Since 1794, he was married to Princess Sofya Vladimirovna Golitsyna (1775-1845), sister of Moscow Governor-General D. V. Golitsyn, daughter of the “mustachioed princess” N. P. Golitsyna. The family had five children:

Alexander Pavlovich(1794 - February 23, 1814)
Natalia Pavlovna(1796-1872) - the only heiress of the Stroganov fortune, the wife since 1818 of Baron S. G. Stroganov’s fourth cousin, to whom the Stroganov count title was transferred.
Aglaya Pavlovna (Adelaide; 1799-1882) - maid of honor, cavalry lady of the Order of St. Catherine of the Lesser Cross, since 1821 the wife of Prince V. S. Golitsyn (1794-1836); in 1845 she became the owner of Maryino.
Elizaveta Pavlovna(1802-1863) - wife of His Serene Highness Prince Ivan Dmitrievich Saltykov (1797-1832).
Olga Pavlovna(1808-1837), since 1829 the wife of Count P. K. Fersen (1800-1884).

Portrait of Count Alexander Stroganoff (1794-1814).jpg

Alexander

Natalia Pavlovna Stroganova.jpg

Adelaida Pavlovna Golitsyna.jpg

Adelaide

Brulov saltykova.jpg

Elizabeth

Karl Briullov Fersen .jpg

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Notes

Literature

V. book. Nikolai Mikhailovich Count Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov. - St. Petersburg, 1903 (in 3 volumes).
Mark Aldanov The youth of Pavel Stroganov / Aldanov M. Works. Book 2: Essays. - M.: Publishing house "News", 1995. - P. 7-19.
// Russian archive: Sat. - M., studio "TRITE" N. Mikhalkov, 1996. - T. VII. - pp. 561-562.
Documents on official activities of gr. P. A. Stroganova 1778-1817: in the Senate 1801-1807, in the ministries - Foreign Affairs 1778-1809, Finance 1786-1804, Internal Affairs 1798-1809, Marine 1802-1805, Military 1805-1814 (about the wars with Napoleon I , about the Patriotic War of 1812, about the foreign campaign of the Russian army of 1813-1815, about the war with Sweden).
Kuznetsov S. O. No worse than Tomon. State, philanthropic, collecting activities of the Strogonov family in 1771-1817. and the formation of the imperial appearance of St. Petersburg. - St. Petersburg: Nestor, 2006-447 p. - ISBN 5-303-00293-4
// Russian biographical dictionary: in 25 volumes. - St. Petersburg. -M., 1896-1918.
// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Chudinov A.V.. - M.: New Literary Review, 2010-344 p.
Kuznetsov S. O. The Strogonovs. 500 years of birth. Only kings are higher. - M-SPb: Tsentrpoligraf, 2012. - 558 p. - ISBN 978-5-227-03730-5

Links

Chudinov A.V.// New and recent history, No. 4/2001
Chudinov A.V.



Commander-in-Chief

1st Western Army

2nd Western Army

3rd Western Army

Danube Army

An excerpt characterizing Stroganov, Pavel Alexandrovich

- He said? Yes? He said? – she repeated. Both a joyful and at the same time pitiful expression, asking for forgiveness for her joy, settled on Natasha’s face.
– I wanted to listen at the door; but I knew what you would tell me.
No matter how understandable, no matter how touching the look with which Natasha looked at her was for Princess Marya; no matter how sorry she was to see her excitement; but Natasha’s words at first offended Princess Marya. She remembered her brother, his love.
“But what can we do? she cannot do otherwise,” thought Princess Marya; and with a sad and somewhat stern face she told Natasha everything that Pierre had told her. Hearing that he was going to St. Petersburg, Natasha was amazed.
- To St. Petersburg? – she repeated, as if not understanding. But, looking at the sad expression on Princess Marya’s face, she guessed the reason for her sadness and suddenly began to cry. “Marie,” she said, “teach me what to do.” I'm afraid of being bad. Whatever you say, I will do; teach me…
- You love him?
“Yes,” Natasha whispered.
-What are you crying about? “I’m happy for you,” said Princess Marya, having completely forgiven Natasha’s joy for these tears.
– It won’t be soon, someday. Think about what happiness it will be when I become his wife and you marry Nicolas.
– Natasha, I asked you not to talk about this. We'll talk about you.
They were silent.
- But why go to St. Petersburg! - Natasha suddenly said, and she quickly answered herself: - No, no, this is how it should be... Yes, Marie? That's how it should be...

Seven years have passed since the 12th year. The troubled historical sea of Europe has settled into its shores. It seemed quiet; but the mysterious forces that move humanity (mysterious because the laws determining their movement are unknown to us) continued to operate.
Despite the fact that the surface of the historical sea seemed motionless, humanity moved as continuously as the movement of time. Various groups of human connections formed and disintegrated; the reasons for the formation and disintegration of states and the movements of peoples were prepared.
The historical sea, not as before, was directed by gusts from one shore to another: it seethed in the depths. Historical figures, not as before, rushed in waves from one shore to another; now they seemed to be spinning in one place. Historical figures, who previously at the head of the troops reflected the movement of the masses with orders of wars, campaigns, battles, now reflected the seething movement with political and diplomatic considerations, laws, treatises...
Historians call this activity of historical figures reaction.
Describing the activities of these historical figures, who, in their opinion, were the cause of what they call the reaction, historians strictly condemn them. All famous people of that time, from Alexander and Napoleon to m me Stael, Photius, Schelling, Fichte, Chateaubriand, etc., are subject to their strict judgment and are acquitted or condemned, depending on whether they contributed to progress or reaction.
In Russia, according to their description, a reaction also took place during this period of time, and the main culprit of this reaction was Alexander I - the same Alexander I who, according to their descriptions, was the main culprit of the liberal initiatives of his reign and the salvation of Russia.
In real Russian literature, from a high school student to a learned historian, there is not a person who would not throw his own pebble at Alexander I for his wrong actions during this period of his reign.
“He should have done this and that. In this case he acted well, in this case he acted badly. He behaved well at the beginning of his reign and during the 12th year; but he acted badly by giving a constitution to Poland, making the Holy Alliance, giving power to Arakcheev, encouraging Golitsyn and mysticism, then encouraging Shishkov and Photius. He did something wrong by being involved in the front part of the army; he acted badly by distributing the Semyonovsky regiment, etc.”
It would be necessary to fill ten pages in order to list all the reproaches that historians make to him on the basis of the knowledge of the good of humanity that they possess.
What do these reproaches mean?
The very actions for which historians approve of Alexander I, such as: the liberal initiatives of his reign, the fight against Napoleon, the firmness he showed in the 12th year, and the campaign of the 13th year, do not stem from the same sources - the conditions of blood , education, life, which made Alexander’s personality what it was - from which flow those actions for which historians blame him, such as: the Holy Alliance, the restoration of Poland, the reaction of the 20s?
What is the essence of these reproaches?
The fact that such a historical person as Alexander I, a person who stood at the highest possible level of human power, is, as it were, in the focus of the blinding light of all the historical rays concentrated on him; a person subject to those strongest influences in the world of intrigue, deception, flattery, self-delusion, which are inseparable from power; a face that felt, every minute of its life, responsibility for everything that happened in Europe, and a face that is not fictitious, but living, like every person, with its own personal habits, passions, aspirations for goodness, beauty, truth - that this face , fifty years ago, not only was he not virtuous (historians do not blame him for this), but he did not have those views for the good of humanity that a professor now has, who has been engaged in science from a young age, that is, reading books, lectures and copying these books and lectures in one notebook.
But even if we assume that Alexander I fifty years ago was mistaken in his view of what is the good of peoples, we must involuntarily assume that the historian judging Alexander, in the same way, after some time will turn out to be unjust in his view of that , which is the good of humanity. This assumption is all the more natural and necessary because, following the development of history, we see that every year, with every new writer, the view of what is the good of humanity changes; so that what seemed good appears after ten years as evil; and vice versa. Moreover, at the same time we find in history completely opposite views on what was evil and what was good: some take credit for the constitution given to Poland and the Holy Alliance, others as a reproach to Alexander.
It cannot be said about the activities of Alexander and Napoleon that they were useful or harmful, because we cannot say for what they are useful and for what they are harmful. If someone does not like this activity, then he does not like it only because it does not coincide with his limited understanding of what is good. Does it seem good to me to preserve my father’s house in Moscow in 12, or the glory of the Russian troops, or the prosperity of St. Petersburg and other universities, or the freedom of Poland, or the power of Russia, or the balance of Europe, or a certain kind of European enlightenment - progress, I must admit that the activity of every historical figure had, in addition to these goals, other, more general goals that were inaccessible to me.
But let us assume that so-called science has the ability to reconcile all contradictions and has an unchanging measure of good and bad for historical persons and events.
Let's assume that Alexander could have done everything differently. Let us assume that he could, according to the instructions of those who accuse him, those who profess knowledge of the ultimate goal of the movement of mankind, order according to the program of nationality, freedom, equality and progress (there seems to be no other) that his current accusers would have given him. Let us assume that this program was possible and drawn up and that Alexander would act according to it. What would then happen to the activities of all those people who opposed the then direction of the government - with activities that, according to historians, were good and useful? This activity would not exist; there would be no life; nothing would have happened.
If we assume that human life can be controlled by reason, then the possibility of life will be destroyed.

If we assume, as historians do, that great people lead humanity to achieve certain goals, which consist either in the greatness of Russia or France, or in the balance of Europe, or in spreading the ideas of revolution, or in general progress, or whatever it may be, it is impossible to explain the phenomena of history without the concepts of chance and genius.
If the goal of the European wars at the beginning of this century was the greatness of Russia, then this goal could be achieved without all the previous wars and without an invasion. If the goal is the greatness of France, then this goal could be achieved without revolution and without empire. If the goal is the dissemination of ideas, then printing would accomplish this much better than soldiers. If the goal is the progress of civilization, then it is very easy to assume that, besides the extermination of people and their wealth, there are other more expedient ways for the spread of civilization.
Why did it happen this way and not otherwise?
Because that's how it happened. “Chance made the situation; genius took advantage of it,” says history.
But what is a case? What is a genius?
The words chance and genius do not mean anything that really exists and therefore cannot be defined. These words only denote a certain degree of understanding of phenomena. I don't know why this phenomenon happens; I don't think I can know; That’s why I don’t want to know and say: chance. I see a force producing an action disproportionate to universal human properties; I don’t understand why this happens, and I say: genius.
For a herd of rams, the ram that is driven every evening by the shepherd into a special stall to feed and becomes twice as thick as the others must seem like a genius. And the fact that every evening this very same ram ends up not in a common sheepfold, but in a special stall for oats, and that this very same ram, doused in fat, is killed for meat, should seem like an amazing combination of genius with a whole series of extraordinary accidents .
But the rams just have to stop thinking that everything that is done to them happens only to achieve their ram goals; it is worth admitting that the events happening to them may also have goals that are incomprehensible to them, and they will immediately see unity, consistency in what happens to the fattened ram. Even if they do not know for what purpose he was fattened, then at least they will know that everything that happened to the ram did not happen by accident, and they will no longer need the concept of either chance or genius.
Only by renouncing the knowledge of a close, understandable goal and recognizing that the final goal is inaccessible to us, will we see consistency and purposefulness in the lives of historical persons; the reason for the action they produce, disproportionate to universal human properties, will be revealed to us, and we will not need the words chance and genius.
One has only to admit that the purpose of the unrest of the European peoples is unknown to us, and only the facts are known, consisting of murders, first in France, then in Italy, in Africa, in Prussia, in Austria, in Spain, in Russia, and that movements from the West to the east and from east to west constitute the essence and purpose of these events, and not only will we not need to see exclusivity and genius in the characters of Napoleon and Alexander, but it will be impossible to imagine these persons otherwise than as the same people as everyone else; and not only will it not be necessary to explain by chance those small events that made these people what they were, but it will be clear that all these small events were necessary.
Having detached ourselves from knowledge of the ultimate goal, we will clearly understand that just as it is impossible for any plant to come up with other colors and seeds that are more appropriate to it than those that it produces, in the same way it is impossible to come up with two other people, with all their past, which would correspond to such an extent, to such the smallest details, to the purpose that they were to fulfill.

The main, essential meaning of European events at the beginning of this century is the militant movement of the masses of European peoples from West to East and then from East to West. The first instigator of this movement was the movement from west to east. In order for the peoples of the West to be able to make the warlike movement to Moscow that they made, it was necessary: 1) for them to form into a warlike group of such a size that would be able to withstand a clash with the warlike group of the East; 2) so that they renounce all established traditions and habits and 3) so that, when making their militant movement, they have at their head a person who, both for himself and for them, could justify the deceptions, robberies and murders that were accompanied this movement.
And since the French Revolution, the old group, not great enough, is destroyed; old habits and traditions are destroyed; a group of new sizes, new habits and traditions are developed, step by step, and the person who must stand at the head of the future movement and bear all the responsibility of what is to come is being prepared.
A man without convictions, without habits, without traditions, without a name, not even a Frenchman, by the most strange accidents, it seems, moves among all the parties that worry France and, without attaching himself to any of them, is brought to a prominent place.
The ignorance of his comrades, the weakness and insignificance of his opponents, the sincerity of the lie and the brilliant and self-confident narrow-mindedness of this man put him at the head of the army. The brilliant composition of the soldiers of the Italian army, the reluctance of his opponents to fight, his childish audacity and self-confidence gain him military glory. Countless so-called accidents accompany him everywhere. The disfavor into which he falls from the rulers of France serves to his advantage. His attempts to change the path destined for him fail: he is not accepted into the service in Russia, and he fails to be assigned to Turkey. During the wars in Italy, he is on the verge of death several times and is saved each time in an unexpected way. Russian troops, the very ones that could destroy his glory, for various diplomatic reasons, do not enter Europe as long as he is there.
On his return from Italy, he finds the government in Paris in that process of decay in which the people who fall into this government are inevitably erased and destroyed. And for him there is a way out of this dangerous situation, consisting of a meaningless, causeless expedition to Africa. Again the same so-called accidents accompany him. Impregnable Malta surrenders without a shot; the most careless orders are crowned with success. The enemy fleet, which does not let a single boat through, lets through an entire army. In Africa, a whole series of atrocities are committed against almost unarmed inhabitants. And the people who commit these atrocities, and especially their leader, convince themselves that this is wonderful, that this is glory, that this is similar to Caesar and Alexander the Great, and that this is good.
That ideal of glory and greatness, which consists in not only not considering anything bad for oneself, but being proud of every crime, attributing to it an incomprehensible supernatural significance - this ideal, which should guide this person and the people associated with him, is being developed in the open air in Africa. Whatever he does, he succeeds. The plague does not bother him. The cruelty of killing prisoners is not blamed on him. His childishly careless, causeless and ignoble departure from Africa, from his comrades in trouble, is given credit to him, and again the enemy fleet misses him twice. While he, already completely intoxicated by the happy crimes he had committed, ready for his role, comes to Paris without any purpose, the decay of the republican government, which could have destroyed him a year ago, has now reached its extreme, and the presence of him, fresh from a person's parties, now only can elevate him.
He doesn't have any plan; he is afraid of everything; but the parties seize on him and demand his participation.
He alone, with his ideal of glory and greatness developed in Italy and Egypt, with his madness of self-adoration, with his audacity of crimes, with his sincerity of lies - he alone can justify what is about to happen.
He is needed for the place that awaits him, and therefore, almost independently of his will and despite his indecision, despite the lack of a plan, despite all the mistakes he makes, he is drawn into a conspiracy aimed at seizing power, and the conspiracy is crowned with success .
He is pushed into the meeting of the rulers. Frightened, he wants to run away, considering himself dead; pretends to faint; says meaningless things that should destroy him. But the rulers of France, previously smart and proud, now, feeling that their role has been played, are even more embarrassed than he is, and say the wrong words that they should have said in order to retain power and destroy him.
Chance, millions of coincidences give him power, and all people, as if by agreement, contribute to the establishment of this power. Accidents make the characters of the then rulers of France subservient to him; accidents make the character of Paul I recognizing his power; chance conspires against him, not only not harming him, but asserting his power. An accident sends Enghien into his hands and inadvertently forces him to kill, thereby, stronger than all other means, convincing the crowd that he has the right, since he has the power. What makes it an accident is that he strains all his strength on an expedition to England, which, obviously, would destroy him, and never fulfills this intention, but accidentally attacks Mack with the Austrians, who surrender without a battle. Chance and genius give him victory at Austerlitz, and by chance all people, not only the French, but all of Europe, with the exception of England, which will not take part in the events that are about to take place, all people, despite the previous horror and disgust for his crimes, now they recognize his power, the name he gave himself, and his ideal of greatness and glory, which seems to everyone to be something beautiful and reasonable.

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