The noblest families. Royal families
In 1886 V.V. Rummel and V.V. Golubtsov compiled the Genealogical Collection of Russian Noble Families, which included genealogies of 136 families of the Russian nobility.
There are hundreds of noble family families in Russia. Among the most famous are the Aksenovs, Anichkovs, Arakcheevs, Bestuzhevs, Velyaminovs, Vorontsovs, Golenishchevs, Demidovs, Derzhavins, Dolgoruky, Durovs, Kurbatovs, Kutuzovs, Nekrasovs, Pozharskys, Razumovskys, Saburovs, Saltykovs, Trubetskoys, Uvarovs, Cherkasovs, Chernyshevs, Shcherbatovs.
Meanwhile, it is very difficult to determine the noble origin of a particular surname these days. The fact is that surnames from names or nicknames could be given not only to representatives of the nobility. Also, the serfs of one or another landowner often received surnames according to the name of the land ownership that belonged to this landowner, or bore the master's own surname. With the exception of some particularly rare surnames, only an official pedigree can confirm noble roots.
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Note.
The surname should be entered in modern Russian spelling
in the nominative singular masculine form without noble predicates.
Instead of a letter yo it is recommended to use the letter e. You only need to enter your last name!
Name, patronymic, initials, other words should not be entered (get a zero result)!
In double and triple surnames, it is recommended to enter only one part of the surname.
The search is case-insensitive, that is, you can enter the last name as starting with an uppercase letter,
or entirely in lowercase or uppercase letters.
The first surnames among Russians appeared in the 13th century, but most remained “nicknameless” for another 600 years. Enough name, patronymic and profession ...
When did surnames appear in Rus'?
The fashion for surnames came to Rus' from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. As early as the 12th century, Veliky Novgorod established close contacts with this state. Noble Novgorodians can be considered the first official owners of surnames in Rus'.
The earliest known list of the dead with surnames: “Novgorodets is the same pade: Kostyantin Lugotinits, Gyuryata Pineshchinich, Namst, Drochilo Nezdylov son of a tanner ...” (The first Novgorod chronicle of the senior version, 1240). Surnames helped in diplomacy and in accounting for the troops. So it was easier to distinguish one Ivan from another.
In the XIV-XV centuries, Russian princes and boyars began to take surnames. Surnames were often formed from the names of lands. Thus, the owners of the estate on the Shuya River became Shuisky, on Vyazma - Vyazemsky, on Meshchera - Meshchersky, the same story with Tversky, Obolensky, Vorotynsky and other -skys.
It must be said that -sk- is a common Slavic suffix, it can be found in Czech surnames (Komensky), Polish (Zapototsky), and Ukrainian (Artemovsky).
The boyars also often received their surnames from the baptismal name of the ancestor or his nickname: such surnames literally answered the question “whose?” (meaning “whose son?”, “what kind?”) and had possessive suffixes in their composition.
The suffix -ov- joined worldly names ending in hard consonants: Smirnoy - Smirnov, Ignat - Ignatov, Petr - Petrov.
The suffix -Ev- joined names and nicknames that had a soft sign at the end, -y, -ey or h: Medved - Medvedev, Yuri - Yuryev, Begich - Begichev.
The suffix -in- received surnames formed from names with vowels "a" and "ya": Apukhta -Apukhtin, Gavrila - Gavrilin, Ilya -Ilyin.
Why Romanovs - Romanovs?
The most famous surname in Russian history is the Romanovs. Their ancestor Andrei Kobyly (a boyar from the time of Ivan Kalita) had three sons: Semyon Zherebets, Alexander Elka Kobylin and Fedor Koshka. The Zherebtsovs, Kobylins and Koshkins, respectively, descended from them.
After several generations, the descendants decided that the surname from the nickname is not noble. Then they first became the Yakovlevs (after the great-grandson of Fyodor Koshka) and the Zakharyins-Yuryevs (after the names of his grandson and another great-grandson), and remained in history as the Romanovs (after the great-great-grandson of Fyodor Koshka).
Aristocratic surnames
The Russian aristocracy originally had noble roots, and among the nobles there were many people who came to the Russian service from abroad. It all started with surnames of Greek and Polish-Lithuanian origin at the end of the 15th century, and in the 17th century they were joined by the Fonvizins (German von Wiesen), Lermontovs (Scottish Lermont) and other surnames with Western roots.
Also, foreign stems for surnames that were given to illegitimate children of noble people: Sherov (French cher “dear”), Amantov (French amant “beloved”), Oksov (German Ochs “bull”), Herzen (German Herz “heart ").
Born children generally "suffered" a lot from the imagination of their parents. Some of them did not bother inventing a new surname, but simply abbreviated the old one: this is how Pnin was born from Repnin, Betskoy from Trubetskoy, Agin from Elagin, and the “Koreans” Go and Te came from Golitsyn and Tenishev.
The Tatars also left a significant mark on Russian surnames. That is how the Yusupovs (descendants of Murza Yusup), Akhmatovs (Khan Akhmat), Karamzins (Tatar. Kara "black", Murza "lord, prince"), Kudinovs (distorted Kazakh-Tatars. Kudai "God, Allah") and other.
Surnames of servicemen
Following the nobility, simple service people began to receive surnames. They, like the princes, were also often called according to their place of residence, only with the suffixes “simpler”: families living in Tambov became Tambovtsevs, in Vologda - Vologzhaninovs, in Moscow - Moskvichevs and Moskvitinovs.
Some were satisfied with a “non-family” suffix denoting an inhabitant of this territory in general: Belomorets, Kostromich, Chernomorets, and someone received the nickname without any changes - hence Tatyana Dunay, Alexander Galich, Olga Poltava and others.
Surnames of the clergy
The surnames of priests were formed from the names of churches and Christian holidays (Christmas, Assumption), and were also artificially formed from Church Slavonic, Latin and Greek words.
The most amusing of them were those that were translated from Russian into Latin and received the "princely" suffix -sk-. So, Bobrov became Kastorsky (lat. castor "beaver"), Skvortsov - Sturnitsky (lat. sturnus "starling"), and Orlov - Aquilev (lat. aquila "eagle").
Peasant surnames
Surnames among peasants until the end of the 19th century were rare. The exceptions were non-serf peasants in the north of Russia and in the Novgorod province - hence Mikhailo Lomonosov and Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva.
After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the situation began to improve, and by the time of universal passportization in the 1930s, every inhabitant of the USSR had a surname.
They were formed according to already proven models: suffixes -ov-, -ev-, -in- were added to names, nicknames, habitats, professions.
Why and when did they change names?
When the peasants began to acquire surnames, for superstitious reasons, from the evil eye, they gave the children not the most pleasant surnames: Nelyub, Nenash, Bad, Bolvan, Kruchina. After the revolution, queues of those who wanted to change their surname to a more euphonious one began to form at the passport offices.
Anna Kudinova, Alexey Rudevich
Dynasties of Russia. ORLOV.
Many pages of world history are devoted to favorites. Russia is no exception here. All Russian tsars and emperors, starting with Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great, had "favorites". Especially many favorites "gave" the Russian Empire the XVIII century, the century of palace coups. The prominent characters of the Catherine era were
Orlov brothers. One of them - Grigory Grigorievich - is perhaps a symbol of Russian favoritism and adventurism.
Ekaterina and Orlovs
In 1744, Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst was declared the bride of the heir to the Russian throne, Grand Duke Pyotr Fedorovich, who, after receiving Orthodox baptism and marriage, became Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna ...
Upon arrival in Moscow, the princess quickly realized that her future depended on the attitude of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna towards her. The wedding of Catherine with Grand Duke Peter took place on August 21, 1745; On September 20, 1754, their son was born, named Paul. However, there was no question of any real feeling between Catherine and Peter: the Grand Duke, realizing that his wife did not have warm feelings for him, did not consider it necessary to observe decency, sometimes publicly insulted his wife and acquired a mistress. With the death of Empress Elizabeth, it was decided at court that Catherine was expected, at best, by a monastery.
But it turned out differently: the queen brilliantly used her meager chance, associated with her popularity among the guards and the dissatisfaction of many nobles with the pro-Prussian policy of Peter III. Among them, she drew attention to the Orlov brothers ... Subsequently, Catherine II confessed to the French ambassador: "I owe the Orlovs that I am."
The Orlov brothers, who played an exceptional role in the fate of Empress Catherine the Great, were not among the noble nobility. There were several such noble families in Russia, and only one of them claimed foreign origin. The earliest representative of this family was Lukyan Orlov, the owner of the village of Lyutkino, Bezhetsky district, Tver province (now Tver region). His son Vladimir Lukyanovich in 1613 held the post of headman of the Bezhetsky top.
Grigory Ivanovich Orlov - the great-grandson of Vladimir Lukyanovich - rose to the high post of Novgorod governor. He died in 1746, leaving behind his sons: Ivan, Grigory, Alexei, Fedor and Vladimir. Brought up in a strict patriarchal family, the Orlov brothers from childhood were distinguished by extraordinary friendship, they shared all joys and sorrows, incomes and expenses among themselves.
Love and Conspiracy
Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov was born on October 6 (17), 1734. In 1749, at the age of 12, he, like many noble children, was sent to serve as a soldier in the Semyonovsky Guards Regiment. In the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763, Grigory Orlov already participated in the rank of lieutenant, then he was promoted to captain. The officer distinguished himself in the battle of Zorndorf: having received three wounds, he remained in the ranks ...
Returning to the capital, Grigory met with the brothers Alexei (served in the Preobrazhensky regiment) and Fedor (Semenovsky regiment). His noisy parties and scandals were constantly discussed not only by the soldiers and officers of the capital's garrison, but also in the living rooms of the royal palace. Possessing considerable growth and a heroic article, Grigory Orlov quickly won the fame of one of the most reckless revelers of St. Petersburg.
In 1760, Grigory Orlov joined the artillery and became an adjutant to Feldzeugmeister General P. I. Shuvalov. Soon Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna became interested in him. According to contemporaries, Orlov was crazy about his new passion - of course, this affected his decision to step on the slippery path of a conspirator.
FAVORITISMThis term (from the French favori - "favorite") is used to denote a situation where personal proximity to the reigning person is the main source of power and influence in the state.
Favoritism acquired its most repulsive forms in the 18th century, when unmarried empresses ruled the country for many decades. Their favorites, as a rule, were intimate with them and therefore had a significant influence on women in love with them. However, it would be wrong to associate favoritism only with the peculiarities of "women's government"; it was a characteristic feature of the life of many European courts of that time and concerned not only persons of the opposite sex, but also those who, due to circumstances, fell into favor with the sovereign or empress.
After the announcement of Peter III by Emperor (December 25, 1761), Catherine's position became so dangerous that she unwittingly had to act. The house of the Orlov brothers, where a large officer society gathered, became the center of the conspiracy. By the spring of 1762, at least forty guards officers and up to ten thousand soldiers of different regiments were ready to take the side of Catherine.
The coup took place on June 28, 1762. At the head of the troops of the St. Petersburg garrison, Ekaterina Alekseevna set out on a campaign against Peter III at 22 o'clock. Next to her was Grigory Orlov. It was he who on June 29 brought his beloved the abdication of the throne of the deposed monarch.
In the brilliant age of Catherine,
In that age of parades and balls,
Lush pictures flashed
Catherine balls.
And though intrigues and stories
The eagles weaved a thick net,
Of all the eagles - Grigory Orlov
It could only matter.
Ivan Barkov. From the poem "Goigory Orlov"
From dirt to Kings
Catherine knew how to be grateful: on the day of the coup, Grigory Orlov was granted a chamberlain; On August 3, the three Orlov brothers received 800 peasants each, on August 5 - 50 thousand rubles each, and on the day of the coronation (September 22), all five brothers became counts of the Russian Empire.
Grigory Orlov was promoted to lieutenant general and adjutant general; On April 27, 1763, he was awarded the highest imperial order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called. Soon, Catherine II presented her favorite with rich manors located near St. Petersburg - Gatchina and Ropsha. Through diplomatic intrigues, she achieved from the Austrian emperor the elevation in July 1763 of Count Orlov to the princes of the Holy Roman Empire with the title of lordship. He received an honorary appointment to the post of chief of the Cavalier Guard Corps in January 1765, a little later - on March 14 - he took the positions of Feldzeugmeister General and Director General of the fortifications (that is, the commander of artillery and commander of the engineering troops), in which he remained until his death.
Having become Empress, Catherine II made the old Elizabethan Winter Palace her residence. Grigory Orlov also lived there permanently, despite the fact that the empress gave him his own house in St. Petersburg. Grasping the ideas of Ekaterina Alekseevna on the fly, he immediately set about implementing them. However, the favorite definitely did not feel much attraction to politics.
The Plague, or the Defeat of the Victor
In December 1770, plague was discovered in Moscow. The epidemic quickly spread throughout the city. Soon 700-900 people were dying every day. The Moscow authorities lost control of the situation and, in fact, fled the city. The population was seized with panic, resulting in a bloody riot.
To rectify the situation with a manifesto of September 21, 1771, Catherine sent Grigory Orlov, endowed with exclusive powers, to Moscow. Already on September 26, the count arrived in Moscow and began to fulfill his mission. Orlov immediately established a safety and executive committee, put under control the activities of doctors and hospital employees, significantly increasing their salaries, organized the notification of residents about preventive measures, increased the number of quarantines, giving even his house on Voznesenskaya Street as a hospital, opened educational houses for orphans ... The Russian archives miraculously preserved the printed appeal of the count to the residents of Moscow, which explained that the plague was not transmitted through the air, that it was carried by infected people, and also contained an appeal to the townsfolk to behave calmly and not panic.
The urgent measures taken, coupled with the calmness and confidence with which Orlov acted, discharged the dangerous tension. In early November 1771, the epidemic subsided, and on November 21, Grigory Orlov went to St. Petersburg.
Before entering the capital, it was supposed to withstand an almost two-month quarantine, but Catherine II allowed the count and those accompanying him to proceed freely.
Orlov was already preparing a solemn meeting. A wooden gate was erected in Tsarskoe Selo with a verse by V. I. Maikov “Moscow was delivered from trouble by Orlov”. On the occasion of the victory over the plague, a gold medal was knocked out with a portrait of Orlov on the front side ...
The long absence of the favorite did not pass without a trace: during this time, Lieutenant Vasilchikov of the Horse Guards Regiment entrenched in Catherine's orbit ... The ill-wishers, whom the prince had enough, triumphed.
Retired Favorite
In 1772, the empress's inner circle signaled that Orlov was expected to voluntarily resign and give up all positions. In return, he was given the right to live everywhere except the capital, to receive everything he needed from the court, a pension of 150 thousand rubles a year was assigned, another 100 thousand were issued at a time to buy a house and 6,000 peasants in the Pskov district or on the Volga ... Orlov calmly accepted the proposals conditions, asking only for permission from the empress to use the title of prince of the Holy Roman Empire.
At the beginning of 1775, the prince left for Revel. A year later he returned to St. Petersburg and was graciously received by Catherine II. After some time, he had a stroke, recovering from which, Orlov decided to leave the service completely, to be legally married to the maid of honor of the Empress Ekaterina Zinoviev and to leave the court forever. The wedding took place in the spring of 1777. The young princess was granted the title of lady of state and was awarded the Order of St. Catherine.
In the spring of 1780, the Orlov couple went abroad for treatment: doctors suspected the onset of consumption in the princess. However, the doctors were late: on June 16, Princess Orlova died in Lausanne; buried her in the local cathedral.
Unable to bear the blow, Grigory Orlov lost his mind. In autumn, the brothers brought him to Moscow. On the night of April 13, 1783, he died. After the funeral service in the Donskoy Monastery, the body of the prince was taken to the village of Otrada, Serpukhov district, and laid to rest in the family tomb. 
Grigory Orlov left a lot behind him. For example, the building of the Arsenal, built at his own expense, with an excellent selection of monuments of weapons art located in it. In addition, being a sincere admirer of painting, the prince collected a wonderful private collection - one of the first in Russia. It included many paintings by masters of almost all European schools... Subsequently, it was almost completely acquired for the Hermitage expositions.
Politician without office...
Alexei Orlov was born on September 24 (October 5), 1737. After graduating from the land gentry corps, established by Empress Anna Ioannovna in 1731, he began serving as a soldier in the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment.
Alexei Orlov took an active part in the conspiracy. According to the general opinion, it was he who killed the unfortunate monarch. Ekaterina Alekseevna's repentant letter sent from Ropsha, in which Alexei confessed to his deed, serves as proof of this. At the same time, he repeatedly publicly stated that Catherine ascended the throne thanks, first of all, to his efforts, that he had drawn up the coup plan and that Gregory was “number two” in this dangerous business.
Having ascended the throne, Catherine promoted Alexei Orlov to major general and second major of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, granted the title of count; on the very day of his coronation, he received the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, revered in the officer corps.
Without holding official positions, Alexei Orlov continued to be enthusiastically engaged in political activities, seriously influencing state affairs. So, in 1765, already a lieutenant general, on the orders of the empress, he went on a secret mission to Moscow to find out what were the reasons for the discontent that engulfed both the central zone and the south of Russia. This was especially dangerous due to the fact that part of the Cossacks - primarily Ukrainian - foremen were allegedly inclined to go over to her side in the event of a war with Turkey.
The Count brilliantly coped with a difficult task: to calm the Tatars, he even went to Kazan! .. For this and other similar campaigns in April 1768, the Empress granted him the Order of St.
Caressed by the Empress, Alexei Orlov went to Italy. Meanwhile, Turkey broke off diplomatic relations with Russia and the scandalous imprisonment of the Russian envoy actually declared war on Petersburg. Russian troops invaded Turkey.
Arriving in Italy and making sure that Turkish Christians and Greeks not only believe in the liberation mission of Russia, but are also ready to support the Russian army with weapons in their hands in order to throw off the hated Ottoman yoke, Count Orlov hastily developed a plan for the "First Archipelago Expedition" - Naval campaign against Turkey. Inviting the Empress to send a Russian military squadron to the Archipelago and the Levant, he also volunteered to command the operation.
Having promoted Alexei Orlov to General-in-Chief, in 1769 Catherine sent him to the theater of operations. Under the command of the count, the Russian squadrons of Admiral Grigory Spiridov and Rear Admiral John Elphinstone were transferred - a total of 9 battleships, 3 frigates, the bombardment ship Thunder, almost two dozen auxiliary ships. The Turkish fleet, led by Kapudan Pasha (Admiral) Hassan Bey, discovered in the roadstead of the Chesme Bay, consisted of 16 battleships, 6 frigates, 6 shebeks, 13 galleys and 32 small ships.
The naval battle between the Russian and Turkish fleets took place on June 24-26, 1770 - first in the open sea near the Chesme Bay, and then in the bay itself. Thanks to the courage and skillful actions of the Russian sailors, the Turkish fleet was utterly defeated. As a result, the Russian squadrons reliably blocked the Dardanelles, established control over the communications of the Turks in the Aegean Sea, which in many ways allowed St. Petersburg to dictate the terms of the Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace treaty (July 10, 1774). However, Alexei Orlov himself considered it completely unprofitable for Russia: he was going to capture Constantinople and secure the strait for the Empire! ..
The commander-in-chief of the Russian troops was awarded a personal medal. On it, the portrait of the count was framed by the signature: “Gr. A. G. Orlov - the winner and fighter of the Turkish fleet. Having received the Order of St. George I class from the hands of the Empress in October 1770, Alexei Orlov simultaneously supplemented his high-profile surname with the honorary name "Chesmensky".
Count's fun
The disgrace of the favorite brother forced Alexei Orlov to submit his resignation in November 1775, and on December 2 he was dismissed with the appointment of a state pension. Having moved to Moscow, Count Orlov-Chesmensky took up his estate. He paid the main attention to the Khrenovsky stud farm that belonged to him, where new breeds of horses were soon bred - the Oryol trotter and the Russian riding horse.
The count also had his own "cultural preferences". During military campaigns in Turkey, he became interested in gypsy singing and in 1774 brought the first gypsy ensemble from Wallachia to Moscow. Since then, gypsy singing has become an integral attribute of the Russian elite.
On the estates of Orlov-Chesmensky, festivities and fist fights were often held, to which the count himself was a great hunter in the era of turbulent youth.
On May 6, 1782, the count solemnly celebrated his wedding with Evdokia Nikolaevna Lopukhina. Alas, in 1786 Countess Orlova-Chesmenskaya died. Their daughter Anna Count
raised himself.
Count Orlov-Chesmensky spent several years outside the borders of the Fatherland. He returned to Moscow after the accession to the throne in 1801 of Emperor Alexander I, settling in the Neskuchnoye estate near the Donskoy Monastery. He lived calmly and happily, although politics did not leave him even in old age.
In the first decade of the 19th century, Napoleon Bonaparte's "big battalions" shook continental Europe. Everyone understood that a clash between the two strongest empires was inevitable ... The Russian nobility, according to routine, created zemstvo militia everywhere. In 1807, Orlov-Chesmensky, who repeatedly defeated the enemy, created a zemstvo militia in several provinces at his own expense. December 24 (January 5), 1808, he died in Moscow.
Surname did not shame
Fedor Orlov, who was born on February 8 (19), 1741, followed his brother Alexei and was educated in the gentry cadet corps. He often participated in masquerades, which Elizabeth Petrovna arranged at her court.
Like his brothers, in his youth, Fedor quickly turned into a real hero. He went to the fields of the then shaking Europe and the world of the Seven Years' War to test the strength. This Orlov did not disgrace his surname - he repeatedly proved his personal courage to his comrades.
In 1762, Fedor Orlov was next to his brothers among the main participants in the overthrow of Peter III. For this, Catherine II elevated him to the rank of captain of the Semyonovsky Life Guards Regiment. On the day of the coronation of the Empress, he became a count and was granted the chamberlains of Her Majesty's court.
From August 1763, Fedor Orlov was in the Governing Senate, soon being appointed to the post of Chief Prosecutor of one of the Senate departments. Awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, in 1767 Fedor Orlov from the nobility of the Oryol province participated in the activities of the commission for the preparation of the Code, designed to systematize the legislation of the Russian Empire.
After the start of the military campaign against Turkey, Fyodor Orlov left the civil service and in 1770 entered the squadron of Admiral Spiridov. During the "First Archipelago Expedition" of the Russian fleet, he distinguished himself in the capture of a number of fortresses and in the Chesme naval battle on the ship "Saint Eustathius" he was one of the first to break through the line of the Turkish fleet.
Fedor Orlov returned to St. Petersburg in January 1772. In July 1774, in connection with the signing of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace treaty, he received the rank of general-in-chief, after which he filed a request for dismissal from the service, which the empress granted. Having been retired at the age of 33, Fedor Orlov lived in Moscow and the Moscow region. He was not officially married, but he raised five illegitimate sons (Vladimir, Alexei, Mikhail, Grigory, Fedor) and two daughters (Elizaveta and Anna) in his estate near Moscow.
In the last years of his life, Count Fyodor Orlov was very ill. He died on May 17, 1796. Shortly before his death, Catherine II, by a personal Decree of April 27, 1796, granted his children noble rights, the right to bear a surname and the right to use the Orlov coat of arms. However, they did not receive the title of count.
Didn't want to make a career
The eldest of the brothers, Ivan Grigoryevich Orlov, was born on September 3 (14), 1733. After graduating from the Shlyakhetsky Cadet Corps, he entered the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment as a non-commissioned officer.
Together with his brothers, Ivan Orlov took part in the coup that elevated Catherine II to the throne. Apparently, he did not approve of the violent activities of his younger brothers, which, most likely, explains his unwillingness to take any military or civil position under the new empress.
Shortly after the coup, Ivan Orlov, who became a count, retired with the rank of captain of the guard, having also received an annual pension of 20 thousand rubles. Already in October 1764, he moved to Moscow and left from there only to the Volga estates granted by Catherine to his brothers, appearing extremely rarely in St. Petersburg. In 1767, Count Ivan Grigorievich, as a deputy from the nobles of the Vyazemsky district of the Smolensk province, worked on the commission for the preparation of a new Code - this, in fact, is his participation in state affairs and is exhausted.
Having married the daughter of Captain Fyodor Rtishchev, Elizabeth, Ivan Orlov lived with her all his life. True, they did not have children.
"Philosopher" of the Empress
In 1763, the brothers sent the youngest of the Orlovs, Vladimir, abroad, where he entered the University of Leipzig, one of the oldest in Germany. He devoted three years of study to various sciences, especially being carried away by astronomy.
Vladimir returned to Russia in 1766 and was granted the title of chamber junker by the empress. The empress, who loved to communicate with him on abstract topics, considered him a “philosopher” and, perhaps, therefore, on October 6, 1766, she appointed Vladimir Orlov director of the Academy of Sciences, whose president was Count Kirill Grigoryevich Razumovsky.
By that time, the Academy had a library, a museum (Kunst-kamera), an observatory, a physics office, a chemical laboratory, an anatomical theater, art classes, workshops, and a printing house.
Having taken the director's post, Vladimir Orlov audited the activities of the Academy, actively contacted scientists and writers, organized scientific expeditions, helped Russian students studying abroad, and solved many organizational and administrative problems. In addition, he personally contributed to the translation and dissemination of the works of classical writers and, together with other domestic philologists, was engaged in compiling a dictionary of the Russian language.
In early December 1774, Count Vladimir Orlov retired with the rank of lieutenant general and went to live in his estate near Moscow with his wife, the former maid of honor of the Empress, Baroness Elizabeth Ivanovna Shtakelberg, whom he married in 1768. In the silence of the Moscow region, the Orlovs successfully raised two sons (Alexander and Grigory) and three daughters (Ekaterina, Sofya, Natalya), having lived in perfect harmony for almost half a century!
In 1817, Countess Elizaveta Ivanovna died of a cold ... Vladimir Orlov also died for the same reason - it only happened 14 years later, on February 28, 1831. He outlived not only his wife, but also the empress and three emperors, all his brothers and both sons.
The empress noted the exploits of Fyodor Orlov by promoting him to lieutenant general and rewarding him with a sword studded with diamonds; On September 22, 1770, he was awarded the Order of St. George II class number 4. By order of Catherine II in Tsarskoe Selo in honor of Fyodor Orlov, an eleven-meter Morea column decorated with ship prows was installed in 1771.
WINNERS, PATRONS, PERSECUTORS...
The Orlovs served their homeland faithfully. Tellingly, not only in the army and navy, which, as Emperor Alexander III claimed, are "Russia's best friends." The brothers also left a noticeable mark in Russian science and in a number of leading economic sectors of their time ... The descendants of Counts Orlovs also did a lot of worthy deeds.
FAITH AND TRUE...
The fate of the representatives of the Orlov dynasty developed differently. But somehow not very happy - moreover, literally in all Catherine's count "branches" ... As if a secret spell hung over them - to atone for the crimes and atrocities committed by their ancestors.
The last of the Count's family
The son of Count Vladimir Orlov, Grigory (1777-1826), became a senator of the Russian Empire. In 1800, he married the daughter of Field Marshal I.P. Saltykov, Anna Ivanovna Saltykova (1777-1824). Soon his wife was diagnosed with heart disease, and Grigory Vladimirovich, having retired, for the most part lived with her abroad, where she was treated by European doctors.
In their Parisian home, Anna Ivanovna and Grigory Vladimirovich kept a literary salon, where famous scientists and writers gathered. The conversations often touched on Russian literature. Once, Countess Anna came up with the idea of translating the fables of I. A. Krylov into French. Many foreign writers agreed to take part in this project.
More than eighty foreign writers worked on the translation into French and Italian of Krylov's eighty-nine fables. Count and Countess Orlov tried to ensure that their texts preserved "as much of Russian nature as possible." As a result, a wonderful book of translations of Krylov's fables, decorated with luxurious engravings, was published.
After the death of his wife, Grigory Vladimirovich returned to Russia, but soon he also died - right in the Senate building. It ended the male line of the family of Counts Orlovs.
How the Orlovs became the Orlov-Davydovs
The daughter of Count Vladimir Orlov, Natalia (1782-1819), married Pyotr Davydov (1777-1842) in 1803. They had a son Vladimir and three daughters.
Vladimir Petrovich Davydov spent his childhood in Italy, then studied at the University of Edinburgh, receiving a doctorate in law. In Scotland, Vladimir Petrovich Davydov made a fairly close acquaintance with Walter Scott, to whom in 1827 he made the first translation into English of the ancient Russian literary monument The Tale of Igor's Campaign. When the remarkable writer died, Davydov not only allocated funds to support his family, but also organized the release of the collected works of Walter Scott.
After living for some time in London, Vladimir Davydov listened to lectures in Paris and at German universities.
Having met in Rome with the painter Karl Bryullov, the academician-architect Nikolai Efimov and the archaeologist Kramer, he organized at his own expense a joint trip to the East, a report on which was entitled “Travel notes written during his stay in the Ionian Islands, in Greece, Asia Minor and Turkey in 1835" published in 1839-1840. Recognition for his work was the award to the author in 1840 of an honorary degree from the University of Edinburgh.
Returning to Russia, V.P. Davydov entered the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. On her deathbed, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Novosiltseva, the last in the Orlov family, bequeathed to him the property of the family, and on March 26, 1856, Emperor Alexander II allowed Vladimir Petrovich to take the title and name of his maternal grandfather. This is how the genus of Counts Orlov-Davydov appeared.
Count Orlov-Davydov was known for large donations to various libraries and museums. He wrote many articles, as well as the capital work "Biographical Sketch of Count Vladimir Grigoryevich Orlov" (St. Petersburg, 1878). Based on the totality of his works, on December 1, 1878, V.P. Orlov-Davydov was elected an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences.
Princely family of Orlovs
The founder of the princely family of Orlovs was the illegitimate son of Count Fyodor Grigoryevich Orlov Alexei. Having chosen the career of an officer, he participated in all campaigns against Napoleon I, showed himself at Austerlitz and on the Borodino field. Emperor Alexander I in 1820 promoted him to adjutant general. As the commander of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment, on December 14, 1825, Alexei Fedorovich personally led his subordinates to attack on a square. The day after the suppression of the rebellion, he became a count of the Russian Empire.
Promoted to lieutenant general in the Russian-Turkish campaign of 1828-1829, A. F. Orlov, together with the head of the provisional Russian administration in the Danube principalities, Fyodor Petrovich Palen, signed the Adrianople peace treaty, which was very beneficial for St. Petersburg. This marked the beginning of Orlov's career as a Russian diplomat. In 1844, the count replaced the deceased Alexander Khristoforovich Benkendorf as chief of the gendarmes and chief commander of the III Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Office in 1844.
In 1856, the new Emperor Alexander II instructed A.F. Orlov to head a delegation and sign the Paris Peace Treaty on terms acceptable to Russia. In the same year, on the day of the coronation of the emperor, Orlov was elevated to princely dignity and was soon appointed chairman of the State Council and the Committee of Ministers - in fact, he became the head of the country's government.
Brother for brother
The founder of the princely family, Alexei Fedorovich Orlov, had a brother, Mikhail, who also made a brilliant officer career. Major General and Adjutant Wing of Emperor Alexander I, Mikhail Fedorovich signed the first surrender of Paris!
However, a few years after the victory over Napoleon I, a sharp twist of fate awaited Mikhail Orlov. He, like a number of other young officers, participants in the foreign campaign of the Russian army, created the "Order of Russian Knights", the predecessor of the "Union of Welfare", and therefore, he was very sympathetic to the Decembrists' plans for a radical reorganization of Russia ... After the suppression of the rebellion, Emperor Nikolai I included Mikhail Orlov in the list of the main conspirators.
The Decembrist was helped by the fact that he did not take a direct part in the speech of his associates, as well as ... the patronage of his brother Alexei. None of the high-ranking petitioners, whose relatives were involved in the uprising and convicted, could do something like that.
Mikhail was not even sent to a settlement in Siberia and hard labor: he was only dismissed from service and exiled to the Milyatino family estate in the Kaluga province under police supervision. In the spring of 1833, yielding to the requests of Alexei Fedorovich, Emperor Nicholas I allowed Mikhail Fedorovich to live in Moscow.
For the forgiveness of his brother, Count Alexei Orlov swore to faithfully serve Nicholas I for the rest of his life. He kept his word.
Warrior and writer
The son of Prince A. F. Orlov, Nikolai, at first also made a brilliant career: page of the imperial court, cornet of the Life Guards, adjutant wing of the emperor, lieutenant, staff captain ...
Already a colonel, Nikolai Orlov in 1854 went to the Danube to fight the Turks. In Silistria, besieged by Russian troops, he was instructed to storm the fort of Arab-Tabia. In a fierce night battle, he received nine severe wounds and lost an eye.
After a year and a half of treatment in Italy, Nikolai Orlov returned to Russia and, having been promoted to the rank of major general, entered the royal retinue. This was followed by a successful diplomatic career, but poor health constantly made itself felt.
Later, Prince Nikolai Orlov gained fame as a thoughtful researcher of military history and social relations. His pen belongs to the solid "Essay on the 3-week campaign of Napoleon I against Prussia in 1806." This was followed by two voluminous notes with reflections on the internal management of Russia. In the works of 1858, the prince proved the necessity and usefulness of greater religious tolerance in a multinational state.
The note “On the abolition of corporal punishment in Russia and in the Kingdom of Poland” submitted by Nikolai Orlov to the emperor in 1861 is permeated with humanistic pathos. The approaching anniversary of the 1000th anniversary of Rus', the prince proposed to celebrate in a special way - to supplement the abolition of serfdom with a ban on corporal punishment, which he called evil "in Christian, moral and social relations."
Alexander II sent this note to the Committee for consideration to draft a new military charter on punishments. Separate ideas of the prince were implemented in the decree to the Senate of April 17, 1863 "On some changes in the system of punishments ..."
Countess Anna Alekseevna Orlova-Chesmenskaya almost never fell ill. Therefore, her sudden death on October 5, 1848 in St. George's Monastery, where she, as usual, prayed, confessed, took communion, caused a lot of rumors. Evil tongues claimed that she was poisoned with wine during communion ...
Between monastery and courtyard
The daughter of Alexei Orlov-Chesmensky, Countess Anna Alekseevna (1785-1848), was brought up in luxury, was a maid of honor, then a chamber maid of honor of the court. After the death of her father, she experienced a deep spiritual drama that caused in her an urgent need to turn to religion. She had little interest in the canon, concentrating mainly on rituals. Soon she developed an exaggerated reverence for monasticism, which she elevated to the rank of true zealots of Orthodox Christianity. The Countess traveled a lot to Russian monasteries, spending her time in prayers, conversations and correspondence with the monks. Despite the craving for hermitage, Countess Orlova-Chesmenskaya did not completely break ties with society and the court. She was favored by the entire royal family. Nicholas I during the coronation honored her with signs of the Order of St. Catherine; Empress Alexandra Feodorovna in 1828 included the maid of honor Orlova-Chesmenskaya among those who accompanied her on her travels in Russia and abroad.
On the advice of Bishop Innocent of Penza and Saransk, Countess Orlova-Chesmenskaya chose the monk Photius of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra as her spiritual father. In 1822, Archimandrite Photius was transferred to Skovorodsky, and then to St. Yuriev Monastery in the Novgorod province. At the expense of Anna Alekseevna, the archimandrite put the dilapidated cloisters in order.
To be closer to the confessor, Countess Orlova-Chesmenskaya acquired a large piece of land near the monastery, built a manor and moved into it. She led a strict monastic life with strict observance of all fasts. In January 1831, she transferred the ashes of her father, Count A. G. Orlov-Chesmensky and his brothers, to St. Yuriev Monastery; they were buried under the porch of St. George's Cathedral. Only 65 years later, at the request of Count A.V. Orlov-Davydov, the remains of the “Catherine Eagles” were transported and reburied in the Otrada estate, not far from the village of Mikhailovsky in the southern Moscow region.
fatal legacy
Countess Anna Alekseevna Orlova-Chesmenskaya inherited a truly enormous fortune from her father. Only the property owned by her was estimated at an astronomical amount of 45 million rubles. According to some reports, she spent at least 25 million rubles on the construction of various churches and monasteries throughout her life ... According to the will of Countess Anna, a considerable share of the funds was to go to St. George's Monastery.
Anna Orlova died on October 5, 1848, on the name day of her father Alexei Orlov. No one noticed that she was unwell. By eight in the morning she arrived at the monastery, took communion at an early liturgy. After a memorial service for her father, she went to her estate, and in the evening returned to the monastery, to the rector, Archimandrite Manuel, to say goodbye before leaving for St. Petersburg. She suddenly felt unwell, complained of chest tightness, and died ten minutes later. The countess was buried in a tomb prepared by her in advance in the Church of the Praise of the Most Holy Theotokos next to the tomb of Archimandrite Photius.
There is a legend: when the sarcophagi of Photius and Countess Orlova-Chesmenskaya were opened in the early 1930s, it was allegedly discovered that the Countess was lying in an unnatural position, with disheveled hair and a torn funeral dress - as if she suddenly woke up in a coffin...
OREL ESTATES
Almost nothing has been preserved from the wealth acquired by the Orlov brothers - primarily, of course, Grigory Grigorievich and Alexei Grigorievich -. Not even the graves of these outstanding people, who once decided the fate of the Fatherland, remained. And yet, not only the memory of the famous brothers is alive - it is possible to find some material evidence of their stay on Russian soil, as well as their descendants along one line or another.
Khrenovskoy stud farm
The Khrenovskoye stud farm in the south-east of the Voronezh region was opened by a great horse lover and connoisseur, guardsman and hero Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov-Chesmensky on October 24, 1776. It is rightfully considered one of the oldest in Russia. The building for the plant was designed by the famous domestic architect D. I. Gilardi, and the horse breeding complex, recognized as unique, was quickly built from 1810 to 1818.
The appointment of Countess Anna Orlova-Chesmenskaya in 1811 as the manager of the stud farm of the serf Vasily Ivanovich Shishkin, who turned out to be a very talented breeder, was of decisive importance for the stable development of the economy. After working for 20 years, he made the economy prosperous.
Since 1831, the factory was run by, to put it mildly, non-specialists, and in the next 15 years it fell into complete decline. Countess Anna sold the unprofitable factory to the state treasury. Subsequently, it was run by officers and generals, and the household work was carried out by soldiers and civilians.
During the years of the revolution and the Civil War, the stud farm almost died altogether. With the advent of peace, Soviet managers were already able to collect the surviving Orlov horses and lay the lines of the Orlov breed of the famous Olov, Lovchiy and Barchuk that are developing to this day. By decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of August 30, 1960, the architectural ensemble of the Khrenovsky stud farm received the status of a state-protected monument of the first category.
Count's estate
In the Moscow region, thanks to the generosity of Catherine II, the Orlov brothers had a real count's estate with a central estate in the Semenovskoye-Otrada estate on the banks of the Lopasna River. The empress granted this land to Count Alexei Orlov-Chesmensky, who, in turn, presented it to his younger brother Vladimir. The latter expanded the estate by purchasing several nearby villages and hamlets. But he took up the arrangement of the estate itself only in the 1780s. Since Count Vladimir Grigoryevich had no sons, he did not have time to complete his plans. The implementation of his plans was continued by his grandson - Count Vladimir Petrovich Orlov-Davydov.
The construction of the estate at different times was carried out by the architects K. Blank, the brothers D. and A. Gilardi, M. Bykovsky, the serf Babakin (he, in particular, created the St. Nicholas Church). The manor palace, at the request of the owner, resembled a European castle, in which the features of either baroque or classicism were guessed ... Additional buildings, outbuildings, pavilions and service premises were adjacent to the main building, which were surrounded by a vast park that continued on the opposite bank of the Lopasna. The pretentious mausoleum-tomb of the Orlov brothers was built by Alexander Gilardi.
The heirs of Count V.P. Orlov-Davydov opened a hospital, then an almshouse, a college, a school in the Semenovskoye-Otrada estate ...
During the First World War - until the revolutionary upheavals of 1917 - there was an infirmary for wounded soldiers.
In the post-revolutionary chaos, the last owners of the estate disappeared to no one knows where - as if they never existed. The estate was thoroughly plundered, destroyed, burned ... Then the new government tried to organize some kind of museum there, but, of course, there were no funds for this. In the end, the all-powerful NKVD took over the estate. The new owners did not spare the mausoleum with the remains of the Counts Orlovs - like everything that, in their opinion, reminded of the hated "royal satraps".
Now the estate is located on the territory of the sanatorium "Semenovskoye" of the military medical department of the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation. Of course, free access there is limited.
The new estate of the Orlovs
At the end of May 2013, a story was broadcast on television that Russian President Vladimir Putin, at a meeting with Russian entrepreneurs in Voronezh, met a representative of the famous Orlov noble family and discussed with him the problems of Russian seed production.
Boris Titov, Commissioner for Entrepreneurs' Rights, introduced Mikhail Orlov, a businessman-seed grower, who harvests up to 70 centners per hectare on his lands in the Kaluga and Kursk regions, to the President of the country.
Mikhail Orlov is indeed a descendant of the Orlov family through the line of Count Fyodor Grigoryevich Orlov. His grandfather Alexei Orlov went through the Civil War and, with the remnants of the White Army in 1920 on a foreign ship, left the Crimean coast, which had become deadly for the White Guards. After 6 years of separation, in 1924, Alexei Orlov in the town of Rede, not far from Geneva, finally found his bride Maria, who also fled from Bolshevik Russia, and they happily married.
The most difficult 1920-30s... In Europe, this is a time of devastation, political chaos, economic collapse and wild unemployment... The young family lived in the basement, and although Alexei Orlov did not shy away from any work, they often went to bed half-starved. Four children were born, two survived - Olga and Peter.
Then there was the Second World War, which was replaced by the Cold War. The children grew up, started their own families... Olga Orlova's son, Vladyka Ambrose, Bishop of Switzerland and Europe, played an outstanding role in the reunification of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and the Russian Orthodox Church.
In 1960, Pyotr Orlov accidentally met Princess Fadia, the daughter of King Farukh, who had been expelled from Egypt. The princess, who became interested in the Russian language, converted to Orthodoxy and married him. Two sons were born in the marriage - Alexander and Mikhail.
After the collapse of the Iron Curtain in 1990, the young economist and Swiss citizen Michel Orlov left his job in New York and came to Moscow. The homeland met unfriendly, but it did not bother him at all - a polyglot who knows six languages \u200b\u200b(!). Michel began his acquaintance with the unknown fatherland by lecturing on economics
In one of the institutes, and then he took up what he always had a soul for - a practical business in agriculture ... Now he is not Michel, but Mikhail Orlov - Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Investment Fund, which is engaged in the development of Russian crop and livestock production.
“This is not a business, this is a soul! - Mikhail Orlov says with conviction. “Without the Russian village, there will be no Russia that we dream of!”
Mikhail got his own estate - in the Bronnitsky district of the Moscow region. There he is going to raise his son Fedor together with his wife Alexandra.
Returning to the TV report: in order to increase the yield on Russian fields, Mikhail Orlov proposed to the President of Russia to create a special seed-growing institute with branches in every region of the country. Vladimir Putin supported the idea. Let's see what happens in practice.
Some surnames are said to be "noble". Is it true? And is it possible to determine by the surname that a person has noble roots?
How did the nobility appear in Russia?
The very word "nobleman" means: "court" or "a man from the prince's court." The nobility was the highest class of society.
In Russia, the nobility was formed in the XII-XIII centuries, mainly from representatives of the military service class. Starting from the 14th century, the nobles received land plots for their service, and their names most often gave rise to family surnames - Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Obolensky, Vyazemsky, Meshchersky, Ryazansky, Galician, Smolensky, Yaroslavl, Rostov, Belozersky, Suzdal, Smolensky, Moscow, Tver.
Other noble families originated from the nicknames of their bearers: Gagarins, Humpbacked, Eyed, Lykovs. Some princely surnames were a combination of the name of the inheritance and the nickname: for example, Lobanov-Rostovsky.
At the end of the 15th century, surnames of foreign origin began to appear in the lists of the Russian nobility - they belonged to immigrants from Greece, Poland, Lithuania, Asia and Western Europe, who had an aristocratic origin and moved to Russia. Here we can mention such names as the Fonvizins, Lermontovs, Yusupovs, Akhmatovs, Kara-Murza, Karamzins, Kudinovs.
The boyars often received surnames by the baptismal name or nickname of the ancestor and had possessive suffixes in their composition. Such boyar surnames include Petrovs, Smirnovs, Ignatovs, Yurievs, Medvedevs, Apukhtins, Gavrilins, Ilyins.
The royal family of the Romanovs is of the same origin. Their ancestor was the boyar of the time of Ivan Kalita Andrei Kobyla. He had three sons: Semyon Zherebets, Alexander Elka, Kobylin and Fedor Koshka. Their descendants received respectively the names Zherebtsov, Kobylin and Koshkin. One of the great-grandsons of Fyodor Koshka, Yakov Zakharovich Koshkin, became the ancestor of the noble family of the Yakovlevs, and his brother Yuri Zakharovich became known as Zakharyin-Koshkin. The son of the latter was named Roman Zakharyin-Yuriev.
His son Nikita Romanovich and his daughter Anastasia, the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, had the same surname. However, the children and grandchildren of Nikita Romanovich became the Romanovs after their grandfather. This surname was borne by his son Fyodor Nikitich (Patriarch Filaret) and the founder of the last Russian royal dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich.
In the Petrine era, the nobility was replenished with representatives of non-military estates, who received their titles as a result of promotion in public service. One of them was, for example, an associate of Peter I, Alexander Menshikov, who from birth had a “low” origin, but was awarded the princely title by the tsar. In 1785, by decree of Catherine II, special privileges were established for the nobles.
Categories of nobility in Russia
The nobility in Russia was divided into several categories. The first included representatives of the ancient boyar and princely families who received the title of nobility before 1685. These are Scriabins, Travins, Eropkins and many others.
Titled nobles are counts, princes and barons whose families were listed in genealogical books. Among them are Alabyshevs, Urusovs, Zotovs, Sheremetyevs, Golovkins.
Hereditary nobility complained mainly for service (for example, military merit) and could be inherited. Personal nobility was granted for special merits in the military and civil service to people of the lower and middle classes, but it was not inherited and was not entered in genealogical books.
Is it possible to identify a nobleman by his last name?
In 1886 V.V. Rummel and V.V. Golubtsov compiled the Genealogical Collection of Russian Noble Families, which included genealogies of 136 families of the Russian nobility.
There are hundreds of noble family families in Russia. Among the most famous are the Aksenovs, Anichkovs, Arakcheevs, Bestuzhevs, Velyaminovs, Vorontsovs, Golenishchevs, Demidovs, Derzhavins, Dolgoruky, Durovs, Kurbatovs, Kutuzovs, Nekrasovs, Pozharskys, Razumovskys, Saburovs, Saltykovs, Trubetskoys, Uvarovs, Cherkasovs, Chernyshevs, Shcherbatovs.
Meanwhile, it is very difficult to determine the noble origin of a particular surname these days. The fact is that surnames from names or nicknames could be given not only to representatives of the nobility. Also, the serfs of one or another landowner often received surnames according to the name of the land ownership that belonged to this landowner, or bore the master's own surname. With the exception of some particularly rare surnames, only an official pedigree can confirm noble roots.
The surnames of the nobles are a special category of surnames that were passed from father to son and were given for special services to the Fatherland. The noble families not only include representatives of the ancient boyar and princely families, but also descendants whose ancestors received the nobility for personal merit.
What does the word "noble" mean?
In the literal sense, "noble" means "court" or "a man from the prince's court." The nobility was one of the highest classes of society. The nobility was inherited, and the representatives of this estate had special privileges and had rights enshrined in law.
The history of the emergence of the nobility and the origin of noble families.
The nobility arose in Russia in the 12th - 13th centuries as the lowest part of the military service class. Beginning in the 14th century, nobles received land for their service. During the reign of Peter I, the nobility was replenished with representatives from other estates as a result of promotion in the public service. In 1785, Catherine II's letter of commendation (on the liberties, advantages and rights of the Russian nobility) established special privileges for the nobles. The nobility as an estate was liquidated after the October Revolution of 1917.
The nobility was divided into several types and differed in a set of privileges.
ancient nobility. It included representatives of the ancient boyar and princely families, who received the title of nobility until 1685. Such births were entered into genealogical books for the provinces where they lived. The well-known names of the nobles include the Scriabins, Travins, Eropkins and many others.
Titled nobility- these are counts, princes and barons, whose families were listed in genealogical books. Among them are such well-known names of nobles as Alabyshevs, Andomskys (or Andogskys), Urusovs, Zotovs and many others.
Foreign nobility- their genera are listed in the genealogical books (IV part).
Hereditary nobility- nobility, was inherited by legal representatives. Hereditary nobility was acquired by award or service. The nobility in the service was acquired by the ranks of colonel, captain of the 1st rank, real state councilor and all orders of the first degree, St. Vladimir of the first three degrees and St. George of all degrees.
Personal nobility received for special merits in the military and civil service. Personal nobility was not inherited and was not entered in genealogical books. This type of nobility was created by Peter I in order to enable people of the middle and lower classes to receive the title. Many of them are noted in the collection of V. P. Stepanov "Russian service nobility of the second half of the 18th century."
For reference - how many nobles were there in Russia?
Hereditary nobles in 1858, there were 609,973, employees and personal - 276,809.
Hereditary nobles in 1870 amounted to 544,188, employees and personal - 316,994.
In the period from 1877 to 1878, there were 114,716 nobles - landowners.
Where can I find the names of the nobles? What are the collections of noble families?
The history of Russian noble families is the subject of many genealogical studies and various books. The first book, which collected the oldest noble families and surnames of nobles, was the Velvet Book, which was compiled at the end of the 17th century. In each province of the Russian Empire, there were special genealogical books, where the history of noble families was noted.
The tradition of creating noble family coats of arms appeared in Russia at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century. In 1797, the General Armorial of the noble families of the Russian Empire was established.
In 1886 V.V. Rummel and V.V. Golubtsov compiled "Genealogical collection of Russian noble families". The book is written in two volumes and includes genealogies of 136 families of the Russian nobility. A large number of people are prominent statesmen and military figures, well-known representatives of art and literature.
The article was prepared specifically for the site www.semfamily.ru
Author Golubeva Lyudmila
History of Russian Goverment. Nobility in the reign of Peter I (series 383).
If we take the Russian nobility, then there is a special collection of genera, compiled at the end of the 19th century, where 136 surnames are mentioned. Of course, time has made its own adjustments in terms of supplementing the list based on the results of various studies, but the main data is still relevant. When it becomes necessary to establish the authenticity of one or another noble family, one must turn to this collection.
The nobility in Rus' appeared around the 12th - 13th centuries as a military service estate, belonging to which could be obtained through zeal in the service of a prince or boyar. Hence the meaning of the word "nobleman" - a person "court", "from the princely court." This lower stratum of the nobility was different from the boyars, who were considered the aristocracy, and the title was inherited. In a couple of centuries, the two estates will be equal in rights, including the right of succession of titles and regalia.
When the nobles began to receive land plots under the condition of service (a semblance of a feudal militia was formed), it became necessary to designate them in the lists as independent units, and not attached to princes and boyars. We decided that it would be more convenient to do this on the basis of reference to the location of his lands. This is how the first noble families appeared: Arkhangelsk, Ukhtomsk, Suzdal, Shuisky, Belozersky.
Another version of the origin of noble surnames is from nicknames: Toothed, Persian.
Sometimes, for clarification, they made a double surname, taking as a basis the place of the allotment and the nickname: Nemirovichi-Danchenko.
Gradually, the penetration of representatives of foreign powers into the territory of Rus' was also reflected in the family noble families: Matskevichi, von Plehve, Lukomsky.
The era of the reign of Peter I was marked by many changes in the structure of the Russian state, including the strengthening of the role of the nobility. It was possible to obtain the title through diligent service to the sovereign, which was used by many active and landless people of the lower classes. So the noble family of the Menshikovs appeared on the list, by the name of the tsar's associate - Alexander Menshikov. Unfortunately, the ancient family has died out in the male line, and it is this factor that is decisive in the transfer of hereditary rights.
Based on the origin and antiquity of the family, the existing wealth and proximity to the highest power, as well as the trace left in the history of the state, the nobility was divided into several categories. These are: pillar, titled, foreign, hereditary and personal. They can also be identified by their last names. For example, the descendants of the noble princely and boyar families of the Scriabins and Travins made up the branches of the ancient nobility, or columnar.
The weakening of the positions of this estate in the 19th century was due to changes in the political structure of the state, as well as ongoing reforms. The abolition of serfdom in 1861 had a great impact, after which the dominant role of the nobility weakened. And after 1917, all estates were completely abolished.
But the names are still there! True, it is possible to determine their belonging to a particular genus only after a thorough study of the documents, because over the past centuries too many events have happened. Also, for clarification, you can refer to the "List of noble families included in the general coat of arms of the Russian Empire" (there is one). And only the owners of rare surnames need not worry - they are known even without reference literature. All they have to do is meet the high rank.
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