Siberian myths and legends. Legends about the underground cities of Siberia

The lands of Siberia keep many secrets and unsolved mysteries, which still attract people. For many centuries, the land was inhabited by peoples little known to the state, who left their mark on history. Each region of Siberia has its own legend.

Omsk region keeps a legend about " Five Lakes”, one of which is the famous lake Okunevo in the Omsk region. The "navel of the Earth" is precisely the village Okunevo, which is considered the energy center of the earth. The village itself is a place where paranormal phenomena periodically occur. Someone saw a headless horseman here, others talk about a round dance of girls on the river bank that came from no one knows where. The legend tells that translucent figures of great height appeared and disappeared behind the backs of the girls. Around the village there are five lakes, which appeared when five meteorites fell. The water in each of the lakes is considered healing, the location of the fifth lake is still a mystery.

The legend of Khan Kuchum is kept in the Novosibirsk region. It is believed that he hid his treasure in the region.

The Tomsk region can boast of its legend about the elder Fyodor Kuzmich. They say that Emperor Alexander I staged his death and became the wanderer Fedor.

The Kemerovo Region is considered the first and only place in the Siberian Territory where a Bigfoot has been seen. Also, they say that the treasure of Admiral Kolchak is kept on the territory of Gornaya Shoria.

There are legends about the lost Demidov mines in the Altai Territory, the treasure of which has not yet been found.

The Altai Republic also has its own legends. There are stories about the "gold reserve" of Admiral Kolchak.

The Krasnoyarsk Territory also keeps legends about Kolchak's treasure, it is believed that when he passed through the Ob-Yenisei Canal, it was there that he chose a place to bury his gold. There is also a legend about the lost palace of Emperor Gavril Masharov.

Due to the large number of burial mounds in the Republic of Khakassia, there are many unsolved mysteries related to their origin. Menhirs mysteriously stand next to the mounds - these are simple megaliths placed vertically by a man.

The Irkutsk region also appropriates the treasure of Kolchak, which is hidden in the Deminskiy Garden.

The Republic of Buryatia is distinguished by its legends from other regions of the Siberian region. Most of the legends are associated with shamanism and Buddhism. The inhabitants of the republic believe that the grave of Genghis Khan with his treasures is kept in the depths of their lands.

Basically, all the legends of the Siberian region are associated with the names of great people who have contributed to the history of the development of the regions. Each region, thanks to its legends, emphasizes its individuality, thereby attracting the attention of tourists.

Many small Siberian peoples have preserved legends and myths telling about people of the white race who lived on the lands of Siberia long before them. There are in these legends also mentions of the underground cities of these people, to which part of this people went back in time immemorial. At the same time, legends say that there are such cities at the mouth of almost every Siberian river that flows into the Arctic Ocean.

For example, interesting legends can be heard from local residents about the mouth of the Lena River, that there is an underground city there, which is now empty. Few people know the entrance to this city, but even they prefer to keep quiet about its location. The streets of this city are allegedly still illuminated by "eternal lamps" of an unknown design, which have continued to work for more than one thousand years.

Here is what the Russian traveler, biologist, anthropologist G. Sidorov tells about this and other legends of the peoples of Siberia: "There is an underground city, and maybe even this city is connected with the deep voids of the Earth. This is the mouth of the Lena River. Some people have been there, and they penetrated through the upper manholes. What is interesting: there were several Yakuts there - they later died out - and there were Russian geologists - they also died out. Their names are known, but this happened even before the war.

What happened here? Once underground, they were shocked by the fact that everything was glowing inside (This is described by Shemshuk in the book “How do we return paradise”). Some kind of eternal lamps stood, huge, they illuminated the streets of a huge city. Where these streets led is unknown. It's good in the North. There is ice above, and underground the climate is such that one can live, and everything is lit, but there are no people, and there are not even traces, but it is obvious that these places were once inhabited by someone. All this is known, the special services are well aware of the underground labyrinths of the mouth of the Lena River, but now no one is allowed in there. There is a border, and the border guards guard it and, foaming at the mouth, demand that everyone get out. They have their own laws. But what is the limit there? Our territory to the Pole. This is all done to keep people out.

I was not there, but I was at the mouth of the Kolyma, at the mouth of the Indigirka, at the mouth of the Chrome. It's about the same there. Everywhere legends, stories - eyewitnesses speak in a whisper, in your ear, with apprehension, but underground labyrinths, giant underground cities stand along the entire perimeter of the Arctic Ocean. How to explain it? Very difficult. It is not clear, but all this can be found.

In the mountain systems, from the Yenisei to Chukotka, there are thousands of caves, thousands of giant trunks made artificially, they are lined with stone and go into indescribable depths. It is clear that there is something there - maybe even a peculiar climate - for some reason there is light there, but neither science does this, nor our tourists - they are trying to take them to where everything is known, it is not dangerous. If all forces were thrown into the study of these artifacts, it would be completely different - we could encounter things that science could not escape from in any way."

Why did the ancient Arctic civilization need such underground cities? Obviously for the same purpose for which underground cities were built for the "elite" of our civilization around the world: to use them as a refuge in case of a global natural cataclysm or a world war with the use of destructive weapons of mass destruction of people.

By the way, here is an interesting fragment of the interview of the journalist D. Sokolov with the writer, paleoethnographer V. Degtyarev, who is sure that the receding ice of the Russian North will inevitably reveal the remains of the cities of the previous Arctic civilization, preserved under the ice in all their originality:

"- Vladimir Nikolaevich, in ancient myths and legends, Hyperborea is often mentioned as a territory of wealth and grace. If I'm not mistaken, are we talking about the polar zone of Russia?

- Quite right. Thousands of years ago, the circumpolar territory of Russia and Scandinavia was not only mastered, people lived and blissed there, of course, until the last Flood, followed by the great glaciation of a territory with a diameter of 6,000 kilometers. Exactly the same picture was drawn at the South Pole of the Earth. A planetary catastrophe literally occurred in one day and one night, after which the fourth civilization ceased to exist.

- What killed her?

- Among extraordinary, independent researchers, three points of view prevail on the origin of this catastrophe. I support the Sumerian cosmogony, according to which the poles shift on Earth every 12,500 years due to the precession of the earth's axis. There is a movement of the earth's crust, and every 12,500 years we "ride the globe" to another part of the world relative to the fixed stars.

Tomsk researcher H. Novgorodov, on the contrary, believes that there is no movement of the crust, but local glaciation of some territories occurs. With simultaneous warming in other parts of the globe. This is a hypothesis recognized by the scientific world.

But the third researcher, the author of the theory of "The Fabric of the Universe" V. Kondratov, strongly advocates that the gods-colonizers of the Earth constantly carry out huge large-scale work on the planet to improve the surface of the globe: "The gods constantly flood, dry, rake or add that required, in different parts of the planet.

So the gods are to blame. It turns out that the Bible contains real events?

- By the way, yes, there is confirmation of this fact in the Bible. I rarely refer to it, but here I will refer to the text of the apocryphal Syrian Bible. It says that, having learned about the approach of a planetary catastrophe, the gods destroyed their "houses and temples" and flew to heaven. And from there they watched what was happening. There, in the orbit of the Earth, the huge “Golden House of God” rotated. Jonathan Swift wrote about this, calling it "The Flying City". And a large number of confirmations of the presence of cities, workshops, laboratories of the gods can be found in the folk epics of almost the entire population of the Earth.

For example, in the Finnish epic Kalevala there is an incomprehensible “Mill of the Gods”. This is a global concept (see the myths of Hindustan). But this is not a Galaxy, as this image is now interpreted. Here, I believe, we are talking about the so-called "Fabric of the Universe." If we comprehend this ancient knowledge and deploy it in a practical plane, we will be able to receive energy literally from the air. That is why, by the way, researchers do not find internal combustion engines, nuclear power plants, state district power plants, hydroelectric power plants, and so on among the artifacts of ancient civilizations. Ancestors didn't need them.

- So there were cities in the Arctic?

- Yes! There were huge cities. The Altai epic Maadai-Kara describes majestic buildings and structures with glass windows.

It is curious that the use of wood and metal in building structures is rarely mentioned in the epic. Apparently, the nomadic descendants, who retold the epic, could not find the appropriate image. This is how they talked, for example, about glass: “We walked on thin, transparent ice floes, they crunched loudly, broke, but did not melt.”

The center of the Siberian (trans-Ural) territory of that civilization was the Taimyr Peninsula, in the ancient syllabary - Ta Bin. This great name is "Heart". That is, Taimyr was the center of civilization. (Well, for example, as the Moscow region is now for Russia.) There, even with the naked eye, you can see the foundations of settlements of a huge area. Ten years ago, I talked in Novosibirsk with people who annually visited Taimyr and adjacent territories. They found a prehistoric workshop there. The Sumerians called such "God's" workshops Bad-Tibir, that is, "metallurgical plant". My acquaintances from Taimyr did not leave without copper and gold. And no matter who talks about Taimyr, or about Yamal, or about the mouth of the Lena River (the city of Tiksi), they all unanimously talk about obvious traces of the buildings of an ancient civilization that have been destroyed by unprecedented force.

- But after all, these destructions brought the waters of the Flood, didn't they?

- Water could create something similar if there was a somersault of the Earth, which happens on the planet (according to the Sumerians and Egyptians) once every 25,900 years. Last time in the obligatory middle of this period, 12,500 years ago, the N Pole gently and smoothly (on a planetary scale) "creeped" from Hudson Bay to its current location. Independent researchers V.Yu. Coneles, G. Hancock, S. Kremer and many others confirm the "softness" of the cataclysm. At the same time, they are struck by the power of destruction. The Bible says that "it just rained and the waters rose." One hundred other earthly flood myths also describe the rapid rise of the waters. But even now the water level in the World Ocean is rising, this is constantly recorded. It will become especially noticeable when the water floods the lowlands and people have to climb up the hills.

- So how, then, were the ancient cities destroyed?

- According to the hypothesis of V. Kondratov, the gods destroyed the city of Machu Picchu with water, and it is located at an altitude of three kilometers above sea level! The flood did not reach there, but the destruction there was precisely of a water nature. I believe that in order to destroy their high-altitude laboratory, the gods used the "Inhuma" - a cigar-shaped aircraft capable of taking 600,000 cubic meters of water, sand, stones - anything into its "belly" at a time. Imagine, if you launch five Inkhum devices, they will throw three million tons of water on a strong stone structure (city) in five seconds. And water is far from being a soft material when dropped from a height.

But a completely different picture with the destruction of coastal facilities along the coast of the Arctic Ocean! A proton strike was used there. And not alone. I will say that if they hit the shores of the Middle Sea (Arctic Ocean) from the "Golden House of God", then the diameter of the impact is 500 kilometers. Not without reason, in the beds of the former Siberian rivers, twisted, twisted, frozen bodies of animals are still found - mammoths, saber-toothed tigers and prehistoric hippos, people, deer and twisted trees. And the power of the flood has nothing to do with it. Animals escaped from rising water levels by climbing up hills, and they were hit from above with a beam and cranked like in a meat grinder.

There is nothing supernatural in the existence of underground cities among ancient highly developed civilizations, especially since many of the ancient technologies remain inaccessible to us. But this does not prevent our "elite" from creating cities of refuge around the globe for themselves and their "servants".

So, the ancient myths and legends do not lie. Oral legends, passed word for word from generation to generation by the keepers of these traditions, cannot be falsified at all, unlike written sources. Yes, and destroy the oral mythology is possible only together with the people. Fortunately for us, the falsifiers of history did not bother to "clean up" folk traditions and legends.

Therefore, it is here that one of the sources of information about the true history of mankind is located. So, it turns out that the myths of many nations tell about the ancient "war of the gods." And it is possible that the destruction of many ancient megalithic structures is associated with it. Considering the scale of these destructions, we can conclude about the destructive power of the "weapons of the gods". It was to protect against this destructive force that the ancient underground cities were created.

According to legend, there is a country hidden from human eyes. Everyone is equal, everyone is happy. The lands are fertile and the air is healing. And the good and righteous people live there, with a pure heart and thoughts.

Many have tried to find this country. And who claims to have been there, says that Belovodie is located in Siberia, among the Altai Mountains.

The land of great wisdom. The origins of the legend of Belovodie

The first mention of Belovodye dates back to the 10th century, when a sage came to Prince Vladimir the Red Sun. He said that in the east there is a country where no one needs anything, wheat grows by itself, cattle graze without danger in endless meadows. And from a huge white mountain, water flows down, forming rivers, in which fish live in abundance. And the wisest of the wisest live there, knowing the answer to any question. And this country is hidden from evil people. And it opens only to pure hearts. And this country is called - Belovodie.

The Prince admired the story of the sage, gathered a squad, put the monk Sergius at the head and sent them in search.

According to legend, after many years of campaigning, the country was found. The warriors, having fallen in love with these places, decided to stay there. And Father Sergius went on his way back to tell about a good place. He returned home already a deep old man. Since then, the legend of Belovodie lives.

Belovodie - the land of freedom

New references to Belovodye appeared after the split of the Orthodox Church. Adherents of the old faith, the "Old Believers", went to Siberia, where they supposedly found a country where there is no human power and everyone is equal.

One of the Old Believers, Mark, wrote the book “Travelers”, describing the way to Belovodie from Moscow: through Yekaterinburg, then to Siberia to Altai, to the village of Uimon, where the elders will tell you the way forward.

Bird's-eye view of the Upper Uimon village

The book was a kind of agitation for the serfs: to throw off the shackles of slavery and flee to the land of freedom, where a righteous and hardworking person is always welcome.

Indeed, in the XVIII-XIX centuries, thousands of serfs fled to Siberia in search of Belovodye. Many, having not found the cherished country, remained in Siberia: some nailed to the settlements of the Old Believers, some organized their settlements with their families, again and again repeating attempts to search for the blessed land of Belovodie.

Belovodie - Shambhala in Siberia

At the beginning of the 20th century, a traveler, a member of the geographical society, Nicholas Roerich, took up the search for Belovodye. Together with his family, he came to Altai, to one of the oldest villages in these places - Upper Uimon. From where he went in search of a sacred country. And judging by his diaries, Belovodie was found by him.

Painting by Roerich N.K. "Wanderer of the Light City"

Roerich also drew a parallel between the Tibetan legend of the wonderful country of Shambhala and Belovodye. Allegedly, this is one and the same place, and it is located in the Altai Mountains.

The legends written by Roerich are still alive in the Uimon Valley to this day. And to this day, the followers of the famous traveler and philosopher make pilgrimages to these places.

BAIKAL-LAKE TALES I / 1

HERITAGE OF THE SIBERIAN PEOPLES

Between the high mountains, in the boundless taiga lies the world's greatest Lake Baikal - the glorious Siberian Sea.

Siberia was an unknown and mysterious country in ancient times - wild, icy, deserted. A few tribes of Siberian peoples - Buryats, Yakuts, Evenks, Tofalars and others - roamed the vast Siberian expanses. For their nomads, the most attractive and generous were the shores of sacred Baikal, the taiga and steppes between the mighty rivers Angara, Yenisei, Lena, Lower Tunguska and Selenga, the whites gave tundra up to the Arctic Ocean.

The fate of the indigenous inhabitants of Siberia was not easy. The harsh climate, dependence on natural conditions, vulnerability to diseases, inability to conduct subsistence farming, the oppression of petty princes, merchants and shamans - all this formed a special character and spiritual make-up of the Siberian peoples.

The peoples of Siberia did not have a written language. But the thirst for knowledge of the world, its figurative comprehension, the thirst for creation irresistibly pulled people to creativity. Wonderful crafts made of wood, bone, stone and metal were created by Siberian craftsmen. Songs and epics, fairy tales and legends, myths and legends were composed. These creations are an invaluable heritage of the Siberian peoples. Passed down from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation, they carried great spiritual power. They reflected the history of the people, their ideals, their desire for liberation from centuries of oppression, the dream of a free and joyful life, of the brotherhood of peoples.

Siberian folklore is original and original. Worldly wisdom, national color, artistic expressiveness are characteristic of Siberian fairy tales, legends and traditions.

The collection presents various genres of oral art of the peoples inhabiting the shores of Lake Baikal and the valleys of the surrounding rivers: fairy tales, legends, legends and oral stories; fairy tales about social life and about animals. Along with the old, traditional fairy tales, the collection also includes fairy tales about new life in Soviet Siberia.

The texts of the presented works are unequal. Some of them are given in literary processing, others are created by writers based on folk tales, legends, others are printed in their original form, as they were recorded from the storytellers, with only minor amendments. Some fairy tales may seem unassuming and even primitive. However, this apparent primitiveness is fraught with a living spontaneity, naturalness and simplicity, which constitute the true originality of the unique folk art. Of course, no one says that the Evenks gathered from all over the taiga and pushed the mountain into the sea, this only happens in a fairy tale, but this is a big truth: the people are a huge force, they can move mountains; no one will believe that Lenin flew to the Far North to the Evenks on a red deer, rallied them and they defeated their enemies. Lenin never visited the northern tundra. However, the fairy tale inspired, gave birth to faith, called to fight.

Most of the tales in this collection - Buryat, Evenki and Tofalar - are the creations of peoples who have long lived in the immediate vicinity of Lake Baikal.

Russians appeared in Siberia more than four hundred years ago. They brought with them worldly experience, their culture, made friends with the local peoples, taught them how to cultivate the land, grow bread, breed cows and sheep, and build good houses.

Together with the settlers in Siberia, Russian folk tales also took root.

The heroes of Siberian fairy tales, legends and traditions are original and colorful. In fairy tales, this is Siberian nature itself, lakes and rivers, mountains and forests, which are animated by the people's imagination; these are usually powerful national heroes, gifted with supernatural strength and intelligence, fighting monstrous or evil heroes for the freedom of the people, for truth and justice. In fairy tales about animals, the heroes are Siberian animals and birds, fish and even insects endowed with human qualities. The characters of social fairy tales are ordinary people, residents of the taiga, engaged in hunting and fishing, cattle breeding, struggling with poverty and with their eternal enemies - the rich.

An interesting and important phenomenon in Siberian folklore is the new fairy tales about free and happy Siberia, a new, revolutionary time, the fresh breath of which reached the most remote corner of the Siberian taiga, to the extreme point of Russia.

This time truly made people happy, inspired them with a dream of a near bright future, of universal equality, fraternity and justice. All this could not but stir up and transform the traditional folk art. All those events and moods were undoubtedly reflected in the folk tales of the Siberian inhabitants. There were fairy tales about the great Lenin, about Russian revolutionary bathers who came to the taiga, to the tundra and helped people find the key to happiness, ignite the sun of a new life.

"Baikal-Lake Tales" is a two-volume edition designed by the well-known Soviet artists, the Traugot brothers.

Each book has three sections. The first book contains fairy tales about Baikal (“Magic Dreams of Podlemorya”), heroic tales glorifying folk heroes-bogatyrs (“Eternal people and living water”), toponymic legends and traditions (“This is how rivers and mountains were born”). The second volume includes fairy tales about animals ("Heavenly deer"), social and everyday ones ("Happiness and sorrow") and today's, modern fairy tales ("Sun of the Podlemorye").

Compiled by N. Esipenok Drawings by G. A. V. Traugot

MAGIC DREAMS OF THE PODLESEA

BOGATYR BAIKAL

In the old days, the mighty Baikal was cheerful and kind. He deeply loved his only daughter Angara.

She was not more beautiful on earth.

During the day it is light - lighter than the sky, at night it is dark - darker than the clouds. And whoever rode past the Angara, everyone admired her, everyone praised her. Even migratory birds: geese, swans, cranes - descended low, but they rarely landed on the water of the Angara. They spoke:

Is it possible to blacken light?

Old man Baikal took care of his daughter more than his heart.

Once, when Baikal fell asleep, Angara rushed to run to the young Yenisei.

Father woke up, angrily splashed waves. A fierce storm arose, mountains sobbed, forests fell, the sky turned black from grief, animals fled in fear all over the earth, fish dived to the very bottom, birds flew away to the sun. Only the wind howled and the heroic sea raged.

Mighty Baikal hit the gray mountain, broke off a rock from it and threw it after the fleeing daughter.

The rock fell on the very throat of the beauty. The blue-eyed Angara pleaded, panting and sobbing, and began to ask:

Father, I'm dying of thirst, forgive me and give me just one drop of water...

Baikal shouted angrily:

I can only give my tears!..

For hundreds of years, the Angara has been flowing into the Yenisei with water-tear, and the gray-haired lonely Baikal has become gloomy and scary. The rock that Baikal threw after his daughter was called by people the Shaman stone. Rich sacrifices were made to Baikal there. People said: “Baikal will be angry, it will tear off the Shaman stone, the water will gush and flood the whole earth.”

Only it was a long time ago, now people are brave and Baikal is not afraid ...

ANGARA BEADS

Who in ancient times was considered the most glorious and powerful hero, whom everyone feared, but also revered? Gray-haired Baikal, a formidable giant.

And he was also famous for the innumerable, priceless riches that flocked to him from all sides from the surrounding heroes conquered by him and taxed with tribute - yasak. There were over three hundred of them. The yasak was collected by a faithful companion of Baikal - the hero Olkhon, who had a tough and hard-hearted disposition.

It is not known where Baikal would have put all its booty over the years and how much it would have accumulated if it were not for his only daughter Angara, a blue-eyed, capricious and wayward beauty. She greatly upset her father with unbridled extravagance. Oh, how easily and freely, at any moment she spent what her father had been collecting for years! Sometimes they scolded her:

You throw goodness into the wind, why is it?

It's okay, it will come in handy for someone, - Angara said, chuckling. - I like that everything is in use, not stale and falls into good hands.

Angara was the heart of goodness. But Angara also had her favorite, cherished treasures, which she cherished from an early age and kept in a blue crystal box. Often she admired them for a long time when she remained in her room. Angara never showed this box to anyone and never opened it to anyone, so none of the palace servants knew what was stored in it.

Russian history: myths and facts [From the birth of the Slavs to the conquest of Siberia] Reznikov Kirill Yurievich

8.6. Mythology of the conquest of Siberia

Myths of the Siberian peoples about Yermak. Yermak is the main figure of Siberian mythology and one of the main characters of Russian mythology. Legends and songs about Yermak began to take shape immediately after his death. The first legends appeared not among Russian Siberians, but among the Tatars. Two of them are in Remezov's Siberian History. The first of them is the story of the battle of the white and black beasts on the island at the confluence of the Tobol and the Irtysh, which foreshadowed the victory of the Russians over the Tatars. The second is a legend about the miracles that happened after the death of Yermak.

Ermak drowned on August 5, and on August 13 he surfaced, and brought him to a place on the Irtysh, where the Tatar Yakysh was fishing. Yakysh saw two human legs, threw on a rope and pulled the body ashore. When he saw that the dead man was in armor, he realized that he was not simple, and ran to the yurts to convene the people. By two shells, everyone understood that it was Yermak. When Kaydaul-Murza began to take off his shells, blood flowed from his mouth and nose, like a living person. Kaydaul put him naked on the storehouse, and sent envoys to the surrounding towns, let them come to see the imperishable Yermak, and gave the body, cursing, in vengeance of his kind. And everyone who came shot an arrow into the body, and each time blood began to flow. Birds flew around, not daring to touch him. And the body lay for 6 weeks, until November 1, until Kuchum came with the Murzas and the Ostyak princes and stuck arrows into it and blood flowed again. Then he began to appear to many, including Tsar Seydyak himself, in visions - “let them bury.”

Then many went crazy, and to this day they swear and swear by the name of Yermak. And he was so wonderful and terrible that when they talk about him, they cannot do without tears. And they called him a god, and buried him according to the Tatar law at the Baishevsky cemetery under a curly pine. And the shells were divided: one, as a gift to the Belogorsk idol, was taken by Prince Alach; the second was given to Kaidaulu-Murza. The caftan was taken by Seydyak the king, and the belt with a saber was given to Karacha. And they gathered 30 bulls and 10 rams for the commemoration and brought sacrifices, commemorating them they said: “If you were alive, they would have elected their king, otherwise we see you dead, the forgotten Russian prince.” And Ermakov's body and clothes were miraculous: they healed the sick, drove away illnesses from women in labor and babies, brought good luck in war and hunting. Seeing this, the Abyzes and Murzas forbade the mention of his name. His grave will remain hidden.

Remezov exaggerated, arguing that the mention of Yermak's name was forbidden by the Abyz (spiritual mentors) and the Murzas. There are many Tatar legends about Yermak, which clearly do not fit into the practice of prohibitions. In addition, in the rest of the Tatar legends, Yermak does not have miraculous powers. But he is always an extraordinary person. I must say that until recently, the Siberian Tatars had a respectful attitude towards Yermak and no bitterness against him. Now ill-wishers have appeared, egged on by nationalists from Kazan.

The legends about Yermak were also known to the Kalmyks. Savva Remezov says that his father, the archer centurion Ulyan Moiseevich Remezov, went to the Kalmyk taisha Ablai to hand over one of Yermak's shells, which the taisha had begged from the Russians. Ablai was extremely happy when he received the shell, kissed him, praised the king, and then told Ulyan that Yermak was buried under a pine tree at the Baishevsky cemetery. At the request of Ulyan, he wrote in his own language a detailed story about Yermak, how he lived and how he died, “according to our stories”, how he was found and worked miracles. Taisha assured that the earth from Yermak's grave had healing properties and brought good luck, and he needed the shell as a talisman to go to war against the Kazakhs. He also said that on some days a pillar of fire stands over the grave of Yermak and it seems to the Tatars, but not to the Russians.

Yermak and Mansi (Voguls) are remembered. Vogul songs about Yermak were recorded at the end of the 19th century. Despite the fact that many Vogul princes fought against Yermak, in the songs he is a positive hero, kind and handsome:

Ermak went to distant Siberia,

He has good warriors.

Ermak himself is very good,

Wears a good caftan

And he is good, he does not scold anyone.

Oh, Ermak, oh, Ermak,

Do not go, Ermak, far away -

There is a karachun

There Tatars are evil.

We waited for you, Ermak, for a long time,

Yermak didn't come.

Oh, Ermak, oh, Ermak.

In another song, Ermak is sung as a defender of the Voguls from the evil Tatars:

Oh-oh, you are a wide river,

You save Yermak from enemies.

Let him disperse the Tatars,

We have no life from them.

Don't go far, Yermak.

There are Tatars, Tatars all around.

Don't blow your head off.

Cossack songs about Yermak. Ermak's Siberian campaign is most fully reflected in the song story "Ermak took Siberia" from the collection of Kirsha Danilov, compiled in the 18th century. from the voice of the "Siberian people" by order of the Ural breeder P. A. Demidov. The song took shape shortly after the death of Yermak, but there were layers that made changes to its content and vocabulary. So, in the song, Yermak repents of the murder of the ambassador Karamyshev, who was drowned by the Don people in 1630. Unusual 17th century characters appear. words - "battle", "sailors", "fathers". At the same time, the song describes with amazing accuracy the path of the Yermakovites to Siberia and such a military trick as increasing the visibility of strength with stuffed animals:

Made straw people

And they sewed a colored dress on them

Yermak had a squad of three hundred men,

And it has become hundreds more

Thousands swam down the Tobol River.

The song begins with a circle in Astrakhan, where the Cossacks decide where to go after the assassination of "Ambassador Persitskov". Yermak lists possible places of exodus (Volga, Yaik, Kazan, Moscow) and suggests going to Usolya to the Stroganovs. From the Stroganovs, the Cossacks "took stocks of grain, a lot of lead gunpowder and went up the Chusovaya River." The details of the journey with two winter quarters close to Remezov's "History" follow. From the "Tobolsk Mountain" the Cossacks were divided: "Ermak went with the upper mouth, Sambur Andreevich - with the middle mouth, Anofrey Stepanovich - with the lower mouth." The "great battle" of Yermak's chieftains with the "Tatars of Kotov" is described. Meanwhile, Yermak with his retinue passed through the “bow of Souksan” and captivated Kuchum “the king of the Tatars”. Then the Tatars "reduced": "And Yermak went to him with gifts." Yermak accepted the tribute, and in place of Kuchum approved "Sabanak Tatar". Throughout the winter, Yermak sewed fur coats and sable hats, and then drove off with the Cossacks to “stone Moscow”.

In Moscow, Yermak bribed the "big boyar" Nikita Romanovich to report him to the terrible tsar on the feast of Christ's day, when the sovereign would go from matins. “At that time” Nikita Romanovich reported to the Tsar that Yermak Timofeev “with comrades”, with duty, had come and were standing on Red Square. They were immediately presented to the king in "those sable coats." The tsar was surprised and did not ask any more, but ordered to send it "to the Vaters, until the hour when they ask." There was a feast for the king and a feast that captivated Ermak Kuchum - the king of the Tatars, and all the power submitted to the terrible king, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich. After the feast, the king ordered Yermak to be brought before him. They were immediately presented to the king. The tsar began to ask where the ataman walked, how many souls he had killed, how Kuchum had been captured. Yermak fell on his knees before the king and gave him a written message. And he said these words:

Goy thou, king of the wave,

Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, I bring you my duty as sudar

We Cossacks walked along the blue sea

And they stood on the channel on Akhtuba.

And at that time it was good for the Persian ambassador to go past,

Koromyshev Semyon Kostyantinovich

With their soldiers and sailors.

And they attacked us with their will

And they wanted to take advantage of us.

Our Cossacks were drunk, and the soldiers were stubborn.

And then the ambassador of Persitskov was caught

With those evo soldiers and sailors.

The emperor was not angry at this, but he was even more merciful. He ordered Yermak to come and sent him to the Siberian side to take tribute from the Tatars to the sovereign's treasury. A year or two has passed since that time, the Tatars rebelled "on the big Yenisei river." And at Yermak, all the Cossacks were sent out and there were only Cossacks on two kolomenka boats. They began to fight with the Tatars, and Ermak wanted to help his comrades on another kolomenka. Having stepped “on the crossing I deceive”, he slipped with his right foot:

In other songs, they sing about the Cossack circle and the decision to go to the Stroganovs, one of them is retold in the Stroganov Chronicle. Songs are known where Yermak's atamans are remembered - Vanyukha Kolchushka (Ivan Koltso) and Yesaul Astashka Lavrentiev, but the description of the "Siberian capture" is only in the song "Ermak took Siberia". Yermak himself is a central character in Cossack folklore; only Stepan Razin is comparable to him. In most Cossack songs, Yermak's exploits take place not in Siberia, but in the Cossack lands: Yermak helps Ivan the Terrible take Kazan, robs ships on the Volga, near Azov and in the Caspian, fights with the Turks. Yermak is introduced into the circle of heroes, is called the nephew of Ilya Muromets, fights with Kalin the Tsar and with the "Baba Mamashina". Songs about Yermak's capture of Kazan were especially popular. In these songs, Ivan the Terrible rewards the Cossacks for their service "Quiet Flows the Don". Grozny and Yermak have a special relationship, and Yermak is far from being a beggar - he is a giver. Yermak is not afraid to punish the evil boyar right in front of the tsar. In this song, Yermak comes to the tsar with a confession, and the "dumchiy" boyar says that it is not enough to hang Yermak. Ataman unraveled:

His heroic strength rose,

And his heroic blood flared up,

Ermak took out a sharp saber from the scabbard:

The violent head fell off the shoulders of the mighty

And rolled through the royal chambers.

It is no coincidence that Yermak is also known as the brother of Stepan Razin:

Ermak Timofeevich to be an ataman,

Yesaul to be his dear brother Stepanushka.

The people's love for Yermak turned out to be long-lived. Yermak was especially loved in Siberia. A.P. Suvorin, who knew Russian Siberia in the middle of the 19th century, wrote: “In Siberia, every peasant, even the poorest, has a portrait of Ataman-Prince Ermak hanging in his hut.”

Siberian explorers: historical folklore and records of contemporaries. There are surprisingly few songs and legends left about the Siberian explorers. Completely undeserved of their greatness. The reason for this is the extremely rare population of the north of Eastern Siberia, where the most outstanding feats were accomplished. The small Russian population could not leave stable legends there. But for us, the simple words of the pioneers themselves will remain in our memory. Few Russians cannot be touched by Semyon Dezhnev's "reply":

“And it carried me, the Family, across the sea after the first Protection of the Mother of God everywhere involuntarily and threw me ashore at the front end beyond the Onandyr River. And there were 25 of us on the koche, and we all went uphill, we don’t know the way ourselves, we are cold and hungry, naked and barefoot. And I, poor Family, and my comrades walked exactly 10 weeks to the Onandyr River, and fell on the Onandyr River down near the sea, and they could not get fish, there was no forest. And with hunger we, the poor, dispersed apart. And 12 people went up the Anandyr. And they walked for 20 den, people and ... foreign roads, they did not see.

Dezhnev says that the people he sent to Kolyma for help were exhausted from inhuman difficulties, turned back, but could not reach: “Before reaching the camp, they spent the night, digging holes in the snow.” From hunger they could not go further. Only Fomka Semyonov and Sidorko Yemelyanov reached the camp and said that people needed to be saved: “And I, Family, sent my last bed and blanket and with him, Fomka, sent to them on the Stone. And those do-steal people were not found in that place ... Only 12 of us left from 25 people.

From those times, there were "tales" and "inquisitive speeches" by Mikhail Stadukhin, the discoverer of Chukotka, Vasily Poyarkov, Yerofey Khabarov, Vladimir Atlasov.

In Western Siberia, the main characters in the legends about the pioneers are Yermak and his comrades. Among other plots, the Tale of the Cities of Tara and Tyumen is noteworthy, which tells about the Kalmyk raids on Tara in 1634-1636. In Eastern Siberia, historical songs and legends were recorded in the Baikal and Transbaikal regions. Kirsha Danilov has the song "Campaign to the Selenga Cossacks" about the unsuccessful raid of the Cossacks on the Mongol uluses. Legends have been preserved about the archer and Cossack head Pyotr Beketov - the founder of Yakutsk, Olekminsk, Chita, Bratsk and Nerchinsk, the Yenisei governor Afanasy Pashkov, who became the first governor of Transbaikalia, the roundabout Fyodor Golovin, who repulsed the Mongol invasion of Transbaikalia in 1887-1888. It is characteristic that the nobles Pashkov and Beketov become Cossacks in the legends. Pashkov, that in “his youth Afanasy was a simple Cossack”, and “Cossack Beketov, a man with a good soul”, was an extremely successful hunter: will call. Let, they say, be as lucky as that Cossack Beketov.

Archpriest Avvakum, exiled to Siberia, writes about Pashkov and Beketov in his Life. Pashkov is depicted there as the main Siberian tormentor of the sufferer for the faith, and Beketov as the unwitting victim of Avvakum. Pashkov's cruelties, perhaps exaggerated, are plausible - here the scythe found a stone. Avvakum himself writes: “For ten years he tormented me, or I don’t know; God will sort it out in the day of the age.” The description of the death of Beketov in Yeniseisk on March 4, 1655 contradicts the facts. There is a petition from Beketova dated April 1655 with a message that in March 1655, together with Onufry Stepanov, he defended the Kumar prison on the Amur from the Manchus. The evidence that Beketov was still alive in 1660-1661 is doubtful. Most likely, he died during the "Bogdoi pogrom" in 1656, when Stepanov's detachment was defeated by the Manchus.

This text is an introductory piece.

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