home › Salon › Bucharest Peace terms. Bucharest Peace Treaty between Russia and Turkey

Bucharest Peace terms. Bucharest Peace Treaty between Russia and Turkey

Russian-Turkish War 1806-1812 Political circumstances and diplomatic pressure from Russia forced the Ottoman Empire to issue a decree (hatisherif) on privileges for Moldova, confirming the provisions of the Sultan's decrees (firmans) of 1774, 1783, 1791, which determined the material obligations of Moldova to the Porte: a 7-year term of rule for the ruler, the possibility of the ruler's resignation earlier than the established period only with the consent of both parties. But these measures were far from realizing the hopes and true goal of the Moldovans - liberation from the Ottoman yoke. This goal coincided with the interests of Russia: strengthening its positions in the Balkans and on the Danube. The prerequisites for a new Russian-Turkish military conflict were obvious. On November 29, 1806, Russian troops penetrated Moldova and entered Iasi. On December 24, the Porte declared war on Russia.

In 1807, Turkey and Russia concluded the Slobodzeya Truce in Wallachia, but in 1809 hostilities resumed. A year earlier, on September 30, 1808, Russia and France concluded a secret convention in Erfurt, according to which Napoleon I gave his consent for Moldova to be included in the Russian Empire. In return, Russia recognized the suzerainty of France over Spain. In the spring of 1811, M.I. was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian troops on the Danube. Kutuzov. As a result of a bold military operation, Russian troops won a final victory in the Battle of Rushchuk (10/14 - 11/18/1811).

Peace negotiations began on October 19, 1811 in Giurgiu and continued in Bucharest. Russia demanded that both principalities, Moldova and Wallachia, which it controlled at that moment, be transferred to it. Since neither of the two powers intended to concede, peace negotiations began in a rather tense atmosphere.

From November 1811, the French ambassador in Constantinople, Latour-Maubourg, urged the Turks to hold out until a future French campaign against Russia. But the Turks, bribed by the generosity of Russian gold, began to yield. In November 1811, they had already agreed that the territory between the Prut and the Dniester should go to Russia, except for the south, which included Cetatya Albe, Izmail and Kilia. But in March 1812, the Turks lost Cetatya to Alba, and a month later, two other fortresses.

The dynamics of Russian-Turkish negotiations and the participation of external forces are reflected in the correspondence of the American Ambassador Adams in St. Petersburg. On March 21, 1811, he wrote: “The obstinacy of the Turkish Divan in negotiating (with Russia) is due to the influence of France, whose charge d'affaires said that he convinced them (the Turks) not to agree to the concession of Moldova and Wallachia, which had already been declared part of the Russian empire." On June 22, 1811, he noted that “peace is expected with Turkey” and that “in order to conclude it, there are rumors that Russia has decided to withdraw from the two principalities that it has already annexed to its empire, and leave them to be governed by princes independent of her and from the Porte." Finally, on July 13 of the same year, Adams pointed out a serious increase in Turkish claims: “It is said that in proportion to Russia’s desire to make peace, the Turks are increasing their demands so much that, instead of yielding, they even began to demand monetary compensation for losses for themselves. But the fact remains that for the sake of peace, Russia will not return anything that it seized.”

In addition to France, Austria and Prussia, Russia's rivals in the region, encouraged the Porte not to concede and themselves made overtures to Russia. Thus, on April 30, 1811, the Austrian ambassador in St. Petersburg suggested to the tsar “to obtain peace, be content with the border on the Prut River instead of the Danube.” However, the king wanted to expand the borders at least to Siret. In correspondence with Prince Adam Czartoryski, he “offered” Wallachia and part of Moldova between the Carpathians and Siret to Austria, while Russia was to receive Galicia from Austria and occupy Moldova from Siret to the Dniester.

But the Turks were adamant. Only on March 22, 1812, Emperor Alexander I agreed to “the Prut as a border to the mouth of the Danube.” In the end, the Turks gave in, and the Russian-Turkish peace was concluded with great solemnity on May 16/28, 1812 in Bucharest. Articles IV and V legitimized the division of the Principality of Moldova into two parts:

"Article IV: It was decided that the Prut River from its entry into Moldavia to its junction with the Danube and the left bank of the Danube from this junction to the mouth of the Chilia and to the sea will form the border of both empires, for which this mouth will be common.

Article V: E . led imp. and padishahs of all Russia. gives and returns to the Illustrious Porte of the Ottoman the land of Moldova, lying on the right bank of the Prut River, as well as large and small Wallachia with fortresses, in such a state as: they are now located, with cities, towns, villages, dwellings and with everything that is in These provinces are not included, together with the Danube islands...

Under the terms of the treaty, the Ottoman Empire ceded to Russia part of the Moldavian territory: the cinuts of Khotin, Soroca, Orhei, Lapusna, Greceni, Hoterniceni, Codru, Tighina, Carligetura, Falciu, the eastern part of the Iasi cinut and Budjak, for a total of 45,630 km² with 482,630 inhabitants , 5 fortresses, 17 cities and 695 villages. Thus, Moldova was divided into Western and Eastern Moldova, which the Russian authorities called Bessarabia.

Consequences of the peace treaty in Bucharest. Chronicler Manolake Dragici (1801-1887) in his work “History of Moldova for 500 years. Until today” (Iasi, 1857) quite emotionally described the dramatic moment of the division of Moldova: “The fateful day came when the agreement expired, and everyone had to stay where he chose to settle permanently; those unforgettable times were full of tears and complaints, because the people, like flocks of sheep, filled the entire bank of the Prut from edge to edge in a huge crowd, gathering from villages and towns for weeks and saying goodbye to their parents, brothers and relatives with whom they grew up and lived before until now and now we have parted forever.”

The same Manolake Dragic spoke about the feelings of the population in the years following the partition of Moldova: “Nevertheless, the residents of Moldova considered the agreement signed in Bucharest to be short-lived, expecting any day now the return of the land taken by the Russians and the restoration of the previous borders, but were deceived in their expectations "

The year 1812 was a turning point in the history of Moldova. The Bucharest Peace Treaty led to a tragic break, Moldova was torn into two parts, and its fate was changed irreversibly.

In 1812, as a result of the Treaty of Bucharest, which ended the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812, the territory between the Dniester and the Prut became part of the Russian Empire, which, due to its territorial expansion to the east, strengthened its position in this region of South-Eastern Europe, and the newly annexed territory was seen as a springboard for further advances into the Balkans.

After the division of Moldova, the fate of its eastern part was determined by the aspirations, priorities and geostrategic interests of the Russian Empire. From that moment on, events in this part of Moldova were subject to the logic and interests of the Russian Empire.

The partition of Moldova in 1812 was illegal because Moldova was not a Turkish province, but a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, and Turkey did not have the right to dispose of its territory. Thus, the process of division of Moldova, which began in 1775, was continued, when Bukovina, part of the Moldavian state, was annexed by Austria. And in this process, along with Russia, Turkey, France, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain and Prussia participated.

Although the division of Moldova occurred in violation of international law (of that era), not a single European state and not a single political force in Moldova expressed protest, which allows us to assume that in 1812 Moldova became the victim of a large conspiracy of internal and external forces.

At that time, Moldovans were unable to determine their own destiny. M. Eminescu rightly believed that our motto should be the words: “Expect nothing and fear nothing. Without hoping for anything, we will not trust strangers as we trusted, but we will rely only on ourselves and those who are forced to be with us; fearing nothing, we do not need to ask for generosity where it is an exotic plant.”

However, the events of 1812 are often considered unilaterally, only as annexation of the Prut-Dniester space by the Russian Empire. But another aspect of this historical event is forgotten, consciously or not, namely the liberation from Ottoman suzerainty, which dominated Moldova for centuries. Some historians tend to downplay the importance of this factor, claiming that Ottoman suzerainty had become purely formal, incomparable with previous centuries. We cannot agree with this statement, because if Ottoman suzerainty was formal, why was Romania (the state that arose after the unification of Western Moldova with Wallachia) able to achieve independence from the Ottoman Empire only after the war of 1877-1878. at the cost of bloody battles and huge casualties?

We should not forget the fact that the Russian Empire in that era was perceived as the state that liberated the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula from the power of the Ottoman Empire. Serbs, Croats, Greeks, Bulgarians, Moldovans saw in the Russians salvation from the oppressive Ottoman yoke, which over time acquired sophisticated forms.

After the inclusion of the eastern part of Moldova into the Russian Empire, political, socio-economic, administrative, religious and cultural processes in the region developed under the influence of new realities. However, the new government did not immediately and radically dismantle the existing administrative structures in Eastern Moldova, nor did it curtail the privileges of the boyars and other social strata.
Immediately after the annexation, Eastern Moldova was destined for the role of bait for Christians in South-Eastern Europe. The tsarist government wanted to show the Balkan peoples a model of enlightened absolutism and liberal ambitions, offering people opportunities for development and prosperity. The tactics of small steps were used, the gradual introduction of the Russian tax system, judicial practice, and exemption from compulsory military service (until 1874). After 1812, in order to avoid social tension, the new authorities created temporary administrative structures in Bessarabia, which had much in common with those that existed in Moldova. Eastern Moldova acquired the status of a province in the 80s of the nineteenth century. The transition from the previous administrative organization to the new one required a 60-year period.

In the context of the above, it should be emphasized that we must perceive history in all its diversity and complexity, without simplifying anything, and not look for enemies now, based on historical facts that are not always objectively interpreted.

In this regard, we should remember that:

Thanks to Russia's victory over Turkey, Wallachia and Moldova gained significantly more independence: in 1832, Organic Regulations (constitutional acts of the principalities) developed by the Russian governor in these countries were adopted, significant development of the economy and education system was noted, the formation of a people's militia began, Parliaments were created, all attributes of statehood have been strengthened.
. The arrival of the Russians was desired and expected by the population. Moreover, delegations from Moldova and Wallachia repeatedly visited the king with a request to free them from the hated Turks. It was the liberation of Orthodox principalities from Muslims that was the main goal of the Russian military campaign.
. We should not forget that the south of Bessarabia, the original Moldavian territory, by 1812 had not been controlled by Moldova for several centuries, but was a Turkish paradise.
. At the same time, it should be noted that in that era, the decisive importance was given to people’s religious self-identification, and to a lesser extent, ethnic or state identity. This was a specificity of the era that cannot be ignored from the perspective of today.
. Having occupied these principalities, Russia was ready to grant both Wallachia and Moldova complete freedom. This was prevented by other states that were not interested in strengthening the position of Russia and Orthodoxy in the region.
. The Turks, who were supported by France and Austria-Hungary, did not want this.
. Having won the war, completely liberating the part of Basarabia occupied by the Turks (south of the Leova-Bendery line), Russia could not be left with anything.
. Thus, the blame for the division of Moldova cannot be placed on Russia alone. France, Turkey and Austria-Hungary are equally guilty of this.
. If we talk about the interests of the population, their standard of living, the economic development of the left and right banks of the Prut, then, of course, the population in Bessarabia has always lived better than on the right bank of the Prut.
. Finally, perhaps, thanks to the Peace of Bucharest, the Moldovan nation was preserved, and Moldovan statehood was revived again in new historical conditions, giving the entire Romanian people a chance to return to their ancient roots.

The Ottoman Empire was forced to agree to these conditions even earlier, when the Treaty of Bucharest was signed in 1812, according to which Russia, in addition, received naval bases on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. This agreement summed up the results of the Russian-Turkish war, which began in 1806. The war, started by the Turks in the hope of weakening Russia after Austerlitz, was fought with varying success until in 1811 M.I. was appointed commander of the Danube Army. Kutuzov. He defeated the Turkish forces at Ruschuk and Slobodzeya and forced the Porte to make peace. This was the first enormous service provided by Kutuzov to Russia in 1812. Under the terms of the Peace of Bucharest, Russia received the rights of guarantor of the autonomy of Serbia, which strengthened its position in the Balkans.
Greek question. The Viennese system of European balance did not apply to the Ottoman Empire. The Holy Alliance, if interpreted literally, implied the unity of European Christian monarchs against the infidels. Russia made extensive use of its opportunities to provide patronage to the Sultan's Christian subjects. With the knowledge of the Russian authorities in Odessa, Moldova, Wallachia, Greece and Bulgaria, Greek patriots were preparing an uprising, the goal of which was the independence of Greece. Based on the principle of legitimism, Alexander I did not approve of the idea of Greek independence, but he did not find support either in Russian society or even in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where I. Kapodistrias played a prominent role.
In 1821, the Greek national liberation revolution began, led by Russian service general Alexander Ypsilanti. Alexander I condemned the Greek revolution and insisted on resolving the Greek question through negotiations. Instead of independence, he offered the Greeks autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. The rebels, who relied on the sympathy of the progressive European public, rejected this plan. The Ottoman authorities did not accept him either. To resolve the Greek issue, a conference of the great powers met in St. Petersburg at the beginning of 1825, where England and Austria rejected the Russian program of joint action. After the Sultan refused the mediation of the conference participants, Alexander I decided to concentrate troops on the Turkish border. Thus, he crossed out the policy of legitimism and moved on to open support for the national liberation movement.
Alexey Petrovich Ermolov and his activities in the North Caucasus. At the same time, Russia sharply increased its military presence in the North Caucasus, a territory that was ethnically diverse and whose peoples were at very different levels of socio-economic and political development. There were relatively stable state formations there - the Avar and Kazikumyk khanates, the Tarkov shamkhalate; patriarchal “free societies” dominated in the mountainous regions, the prosperity of which largely depended on successful raids on their lowland neighbors engaged in agriculture.
In the second half of the 18th century. The Northern Ciscaucasia, which was the object of peasant and Cossack colonization, was separated from the mountainous regions by the Caucasian line, which stretched from the Black to the Caspian Sea and ran along the banks of the Kuban and Terek rivers. A postal road was built along this line, which was considered almost safe. In 1817, the Caucasian cordon line was moved from the Terek to Sunzha, which caused discontent among the mountain peoples. For the Russian authorities, the inclusion of the Caucasian peoples in the orbit of imperial influence was a natural consequence of the successful establishment of Russia in Transcaucasia. In military, trade and economic terms, the authorities were interested in eliminating the threats that lurked in the raiding system of the highlanders. The support that the latter received from the Ottoman Empire justified Russia's military intervention in the affairs of the North Caucasus.
Appointed to the post of chief administrator of the civilian unit in Georgia and the Caucasus and at the same time commander of the Separate Caucasian Corps, General A.P. Ermolov considered his main task to ensure the security of Transcaucasia and the inclusion of the territory of mountainous Dagestan, Chechnya and the North-West Caucasus into the Russian Empire. From Tsitsian’s policy, which combined threats and monetary promises, he moved on to a drastic suppression of the raiding system, for which he widely used deforestation and the destruction of rebellious villages. Ermolov felt like a “proconsul of the Caucasus” and did not hesitate to use military force. Under him, the fortresses Groznaya, Vnezapnaya, Burnaya were built, which became strongholds of the Russian troops.
Yermolov’s military expeditions aroused opposition from the highlanders of Chechnya and Kabarda. In the 1820s. it grew into organized military-political resistance, the ideology of which became muridism - a type of Islam adapted to the concepts of mountain peoples.
We can say that under Ermolov, events began that contemporaries called the Caucasian War. In reality, these were multi-temporal actions of individual military detachments, devoid of an overall plan, which either sought to suppress the attacks of the mountaineers, or undertook expeditions deep into the mountainous regions, without representing the enemy’s forces and without pursuing any political goals. Military operations in the Caucasus became protracted.

From the Turkish side, Ahmed Pasha.

Peace negotiations began back in October of the year in Zhurzhev, after the defeat of the main forces of Turkey near Ruschuk and the encirclement of most of them at Slobodzeya. The Sultan's authorized representative, Galib Efendi, as well as English and French diplomats, tried in every possible way to delay the negotiations, but Kutuzov achieved their completion a month before the start of Napoleon's invasion of Russia. Thanks to this agreement, the security of the southwestern borders of Russia was ensured, and Turkey could no longer take part in Napoleon’s campaign against Russia. This was a major military and diplomatic victory that improved the strategic situation for Russia at the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812. The Danube Army could be redeployed to reinforce the troops covering Russia's western borders. Türkiye also left its alliance with France.

The Bucharest Peace Treaty consisted of 16 public and two secret articles. According to the fourth article, the Porte ceded to Russia the eastern part of the Moldavian principality - the territory of the Prut-Dniester interfluve, which later became known as Bessarabia. The rest of the principality remained under Turkish rule. The border between Russia and the Porte was established along the Prut River. The sixth article obliged Russia to return to the Porte all points in the Caucasus “conquered by arms....” Anapa, Poti and Akhalkalaki were returned to Turkey, and Sukhumi and other points acquired by Russia as a result of the voluntary transfer to Russian citizenship of the rulers of Western Georgia remained part of Russia.

For the first time, Russia received naval bases on the Caucasian coast of the Black Sea. Also, the Treaty of Bucharest ensured the privileges of the Danube principalities and the internal self-government of Serbia, which marked the beginning of its complete independence. The main provisions of the treaty were confirmed on September 25 (October 7) by the Ackerman Convention.

After the conclusion of the Bucharest Peace, a manifesto was issued on the withdrawal of troops from Moldova beyond the Prut and securing the right to dispose of property for a period of one year, during which residents from both banks of the Prut could freely move at their own request to Turkish and Russian territory and sell their property. This year saw many sales and exchanges of estates.

The subsequent development of the two parts of the Principality of Moldova after a year in different political, socio-economic and cultural environments predetermined their different historical destinies.

Sources

Fadeev A.V. Treaty of Bucharest 1812 // Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
History of the Republic of Moldova. From ancient times to the present day = Istoria Republicii Moldova: din cele mai vechi timpuri pină în zilele noastre / Association of Scientists of Moldova named after. N. Milescu-Spataru. - ed. 2nd, revised and expanded. - Chisinau: Elan Poligraf, 2002. - P. 95. - 360 p. - ISBN 9975-9719-5-4
Stati V. History of Moldova. - Chisinau: Tipografia Centrală, 2002. - P. 218-220. - 480 s. - ISBN 9975-9504-1-8

Literature

Fadeev A.V. Russia and the Caucasus in the first third of the 19th century. - M.: 1960.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what the “Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812” is in other dictionaries:

The title of this article has other meanings, see Treaty of Bucharest. Wikisource has texts on the topic... Wikipedia

The Treaty of Bucharest of 1812 was an agreement between the Russian and Ottoman Empires that ended the Russian-Turkish War of 1806-1812. The agreement was signed on May 16 (28), 1812 in Bucharest on the part of Russia by the chief commissioner Mikhail... ... Wikipedia

Peace Treaty (see PEACE TREATY), which ended the Russian-Turkish War of 1806-1812; signed on May 16 (28), 1812 in Bucharest on the part of Russia by the chief commissioner M.I. Kutuzov, from the Ottoman side, Ahmed Pasha. Negotiations about... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Memorial plaque at the site of the signing of the Kyuchuk Kaynarji Peace Treaty ... Wikipedia

Russian-Turkish War (1787-1791) Austro-Turkish War (1787-1791) ... Wikipedia

Küçük Kaynarca Peace Treaty (Turkish: Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması) a peace treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, concluded on July 10 (21), 1774 “in the camp near the village of Küçük Kaynardzhi” (now Bulgaria); ended the first Turkish war... ... Wikipedia

Russian-Turkish War 1787 1792 Kinburn - Khotin - Ochakov - Fidonisi - Karansebesh Fokshany - Rymnik - Kerch Strait - Tendra - Izmail - Anapa Machin - Cape Kaliakria - Peace of Yassy Treaty of Yassy concluded on January 9, 1792 (December 29, 1791) ... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Treaty of London. Treaty of London was a peace treaty signed on May 30, 1913 between the Balkan Union and the Ottoman Empire, ending the First Balkan War. According to the agreement... ... Wikipedia

The Treaty of Bucharest Mine (May 16, 1812) ended the six-year war between Russia and Turkey. After surrendering in Rushchuk, 30 thousand. tour. army (October 14, 1811), peace negotiations began: Russia demanded Moldavia and Wallachia, and Turkey agreed only to the concession of Bessarabia. But on the occasion of the outbreak of the war with Napoleon, Russia b. was forced to yield and, under the terms of the Great Peace, received only Bessarabia, and the Prut became the border between both states. Russian troops remained in the principalities until October 2. 1812 - graduated. deadline for the exchange of prisoners and raising hospitals. Within the meaning of Art. VI. peace treaty, which reads: “Russia returns to the Sublime Porte the possessions and fortresses in Asia conquered by Russian weapons,” Russia retained the territory in Transcaucasia up to Arpachaya, the Adjara Mountains and the Black Sea, i.e. Georgia, Mingrelia and Shurokan, because they were ceded to Russia at the conclusion of peace with Persia, and, consequently, Turkey, within the meaning of Art. VI. B. treatise, could not have rights to them, since they were not conquered by force of arms, but submitted to Russia voluntarily. Sultan Selim III was so dissatisfied with the practical results of the VI century. B. treatise, it was not immediately clear that he ordered the beheading of the senior dragoman of Porta, Prince. Muruzi, who signed the treaty. But Chichagov, who at that time replaced Kutuzov, found peace unprofitable for Russia, advised the emperor. Alexander I did not approve the treaty and asked permission to move to Constantinople. However, Alexander I, knowing that England would not allow an attempt on the Sultan's capital, refused to accept Chichagov's advice, and the treaty was approved.

Treaty of Andrianople (1829)

September 2, 1829

By the grace of God, we, Nicholas the First, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Chersonis-Tauride, Tsar of Pskov and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volyn, Podolsk and Finnish, Prince of Estland, Livland, Courland and Semigal, Samogit, Bialystok, Korel, Tver, Ugra, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgarian and others; Sovereign and Grand Duke of Nova-Gorod, Nizovsky lands, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozersk, Udora, Obdorsky, Kondiysky, Vitebsk, Mstislavsky and all northern countries, ruler and sovereign of Iversk, Kartalin, Georgian, Kabardian lands and Armenian regions, Cherkasy and mountain princes and other hereditary sovereign and owner; Norwegian heir, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarsen and Oldenburg, etc. and so on. and so on. ...

We declare through this, to whom it belongs, that on the 2nd day of September 1829, between our Imperial Majesty and H.V. the Ottoman emperor, the greatest and most honorable sultan, the most magnificent king of Mecca and Medina and the defender of holy Jerusalem, the king and emperor of the most extensive provinces inhabited in European and Asian countries and on the White and Black Seas, the brightest, most powerful and great emperor, the sultan, the son of sultans, and the king and the son of kings, Sultan Magmud Khan, son of Sultan Abdul Hamid Khan, by virtue of the powers given on both sides, namely: from ours - to the most illustrious and eminent Count Ivan Ivanovich Dibich-Zabalkansky, our field marshal general and general adjutant, commander-in-chief of our 2nd Army, chief of the infantry named after his regiment, member of the State Council and holder of all our orders, as well as the imperial-Austrian ones: Maria Theresa of the Lesser Cross, equal to Leopold's Grand Cross and the Royal Prussian Black Eagle, Red Eagle 1 -th class and military dignity; having a gold sword decorated with diamonds, with the inscription “For Bravery”, medals: for the campaign of 1812, for the capture of Paris in 1814 and for the Persian War of 1826, 1827 and 1828; and on the part of E.V. Ottoman Emperor to the excellent and highly respected gentlemen: Megmed-Sakidefendi, the actual great defterdar of the Sublime Ottoman Porte and Abdul-Kadir Bey, the Kazi-Asker of Anatolia, a treaty of eternal peace was decreed and concluded between both empires, consisting of sixteen articles, which from word to word the words say:

In the name of God Almighty.

E.i.v. Most Serene, Most Powerful, Great Sovereign Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia and H.V. The Most Serene and Most Powerful Great Ottoman Emperor, moved by an equal desire to put an end to the disasters of war and to restore peace, friendship and good harmony between their powers on a solid and unshakable foundation, unanimously decided to entrust this saving task to the supervision and guidance of mutual representatives, namely: H.V. All-Russian Emperor - the most illustrious and highly excellent Count Ivan Ivanovich Dibich-Zabalkansky h.i.v. Adjutant General, General of the Infantry, Commander-in-Chief of the 2nd Army, Chief of the Infantry named after his regiment and member of the State Council, Knight of the Orders of all Russian, Imperial-Austrian: Maria Theresa of the Lesser Cross, Leopold of the Grand Cross, and Royal Prussian: Black Eagle , Red Eagle 1st Class and Military Merit; having a golden sword with the inscription “For bravery”, decorated with diamonds, medals: for the campaign of 1812, for the capture of Paris in 1814 and for the Persian War of 1826, 1827 and 1828, who, by the power of the highest authority granted to him, appointed and named as plenipotentiaries from the Imperial Russian Court the distinguished and highly respected gentlemen: Count Alexei Orlov, H.I.V. adjutant general, lieutenant general, commander of the 1st cuirassier division, holder of the Russian orders: St. Anne, 1st degree, decorated with diamonds, St. Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir, 2nd degree, St. Great Martyr and Victorious George, 4th degree and a golden sword “For Bravery”, decorated with diamonds; Imperial-Austrian Leopold 3rd class; Royal Prussian: Red Eagle 1st class, “For Dignity” and Iron Cross; Royal Bavarian Maximilian of the 3rd class, and having silver and bronze medals for the campaign of 1812 and another silver for the capture of Paris in 1814; and Count Theodore Palen, Privy Councilor and holder of the Russian orders: St. Blessed Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky, St. Anna 1st degree and St. John of Jerusalem; a e.v. Ottoman Emperor - excellent and highly respected gentlemen: Megmed-Sadiq-efendiy, the actual great defterdar of the Sublime Ottoman Porte, and Abdul-Kadir-Bey, the Anatolian kazi-asker.

These plenipotentiaries, meeting in the city of Adrianople, decided on the following articles to exchange their powers.

Article I

All enmity and disagreement that hitherto existed between both empires now cease on land and seas; and may there be peace, friendship and good harmony forever between e.v. Emperor and Padishah of All Russia and H.V. the Ottoman emperor and padishah, their heirs and successors, as well as between their empires. Both high contracting parties will take special care to prevent anything that could revive hostility between each other's subjects. They will fulfill exactly all the conditions of this peace treaty and will uniformly ensure that it is not violated in any way, either directly or indirectly.

Article II

E.v. Emperor and Padishah of All Russia, wanting to certify H.V. the Ottoman emperor and padishah, in the sincerity of his friendly disposition, returns to the Sublime Porte the principality of Moldavia within the borders that it had before the outbreak of the war, which was terminated by this peace treaty. E.i.v. the principality also returns Wallachia and the Krapovsky Banat without any seizure, Bulgaria and the land of Dobrudja from the Danube to the sea, and along with that Silistria, Girsovo, Machin, Isakcha, Tulcha, Babadag, Bazardzhik, Varna, Pravody and other cities, towns and villages, in consisting of that land, the entire space of the Balkan ridge from Emine-Burnu to Kazan, and all the lands from the Balkan to the sea, as well as Selimno, Yamboli, Aidos, Karnabat, Misimvriu, Anhiali, Burgas, Sizopol, Kirklissi, the city of Adrianople, Lule-Burgas, finally, all the cities, towns and villages, and in general all the places occupied by Russian troops in Rumelia.

Article III

The border between both empires will continue to be the Prut River from its very confluence with Moldavia to its junction with the Danube. From there, the boundary line should follow the course of the Danube until the St. George’s Arm flows into the sea, so that all the islands formed by the various branches of this river will belong to Russia; its right bank will still remain in the possession of the Ottoman Porte. Meanwhile, it is decided that this right bank, starting from the point where the Georgievskoye arm separates from the Sulinsky, will remain uninhabited at a distance of two hours from the river and that there will be no establishments on it; and also on the islands coming into the possession of the Russian court, it will not be allowed to establish any establishments or fortifications, except for quarantine ones. Merchant ships of both powers are given free navigation along the entire course of the Danube, understanding that those flying the Ottoman flag can, without limitation, enter the Chilia and Sulina arms and that the Georgievskoe arm remains common to the military and merchant flags of both empires. However, Russian warships should not sail up the Danube beyond its junction with the Prut.

Article IV

Georgia, Imereti, Mingrelia, Guria and many Transcaucasian regions have long been annexed to the Russian Empire for eternity; The khanates of Yerivan and Nakhichevan were also ceded to this power by the treaty concluded with Persia in Turkmanchay on February 10, 1828. Therefore, both high contracting parties recognized the need to establish a definite boundary between their mutual possessions along the entire mentioned line and capable of averting any misunderstanding in the future. They also took into account means that could put an insurmountable barrier to the raids and robberies of neighboring tribes, which had hitherto so often violated the ties of friendship and good neighborliness between the two empires. As a result of this, it is now necessary to recognize the border between the possessions in Asia of the imperial Russian court and the Sublime Porte of the Ottoman line, which, following the current border of Guria from the Black Sea, ascends to the border of Imereti and from there in the most direct direction to the point where the border of the Akhaltsykh and Kars pashalyks connects with Georgian, so that the cities of Akhaltsykh and the fortress of Akhalkalaki remain to the north of the mentioned line and at a distance of no closer than two hours’ journey from it.

All lands lying to the south and west from the above boundary line to the side of the Kars and Trebizond pashaliks with a large part of the Akhaltsykh pashalik will remain in the eternal possession of the Sublime Porte; the lands lying to the north and east of this line towards the side of Georgia, Imereti and Guria, as well as the entire coast of the Black Sea from the mouth of the Kuban to the pier of St. Nicholas inclusive, will remain in the eternal possession of the Russian Empire. As a result, the imperial Russian court gives and returns to the Sublime Porte the rest of the Akhaltsykh pashalik, the city of Kars with its pashalik, the city of Bayazid with its pashalik, the city of Arzurum with its pashalik, as well as all the places occupied by Russian troops and located outside the above line.

Article V

Since the principalities of Moldova and Wallachia subjugated themselves by special capitulations to the supreme power of the Sublime Porte and since Russia took upon itself the guarantee of their prosperity, they now retain all the rights, advantages and benefits granted in those capitulations or in treaties concluded between both imperial courts, or finally in the Hatti Sheriffs, published at different times. Therefore, these principalities are granted freedom of worship, perfect security, independent people's government and the right to unhindered trade. Articles additional to the previous treaties, recognized as necessary in order for these regions to certainly take advantage of their rights, are set out in a separate act, which is and will be considered equivalent to the other parts of this treaty.

Article VI

The circumstances that followed the Ackerman Convention did not allow the Sublime Porte to immediately put into effect the provisions of the Separate Act on Serbia, annexed to Article V of that convention; and therefore the Porte most solemnly undertakes to fulfill them without the slightest delay and with all possible precision, namely: to immediately return to Serbia the six districts seized from this region, and thus forever ensure the peace and well-being of the faithful and obedient Serbian people. The firman approved by the Hatti Sheriff to put the above decisions into effect will be issued and officially communicated to the Imperial Russian Court within one month from the date of signing of this peace treaty.

Article VII

Russian subjects will enjoy throughout the Ottoman Empire, on land and sea, the complete and perfect freedom of trade granted to them in the treaties hitherto concluded between the two high contracting powers. This freedom of trade will in no way be violated or constrained in any case and under any pretext, nor through any prohibitions or restrictions, below in connection with any institutions and measures introduced in terms of internal administration or legislation. Russian subjects, their ships and goods will be protected from all violence and claims; the former will exclusively be under the judicial and police control of the minister and Russian consuls, and Russian ships will not be subject to any internal inspection by the Ottoman authorities, either on the high seas, or in harbors, piers or roadsteads of the Turkish Empire; goods of all kinds, or supplies belonging to Russian subjects, after clearing the customs duties established by tariffs, can be freely sold, stored on the shore in the shops of the owners or their agents, or reloaded onto another ship, of any power, so what about this Russian subjects are not obliged to notify local authorities, much less seek their permission. Moreover, it is decided that these advantages extend to the trade in grain exported from Russia, and there will never be any difficulties or interference with the free transportation of it under any pretext.

Moreover, the Sublime Porte undertakes to carefully observe that trade, and especially navigation in the Black Sea, is not subject to any obstacles; At this end, she recognizes and declares that passage through the Constantinople Canal and the Dardanelles Strait is completely free and open to Russian ships flying a merchant flag, with cargo or with ballast, coming from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean or from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea. These ships, if only merchant ships, regardless of their size or the amount of their cargo, will not be subject to stoppage or oppression, in accordance with what is decreed above. Both imperial courts will enter into an agreement among themselves on the most convenient means to avert any slowness in supplying ships with the appropriate types upon their departure.

On the same basis and subject to the same conditions as those established for ships flying the Russian flag, passage through the Constantinople Canal and the Dardanelles Strait is declared free and open to merchant ships and all powers in friendship with the Sublime Porte, whether such ships will sail to Russian harbors located on the Black Sea, or return from there with cargo or ballast.

Finally, the Sublime Porte, presenting to the imperial Russian court the right to enjoy such complete freedom of trade and navigation in the Black Sea, solemnly announces that, for its part, it will never oppose the slightest obstacle to this. The Porte especially promises never in the future to detain or stop ships with cargo or ballast, belonging either to Russia or to other powers with which the Ottoman Empire is not in declared war, when they pass through the Constantinople Canal or the Dardanelles Strait, from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean or from the Mediterranean to Russian Black Sea harbors. And if (God forbid) any of the provisions contained in this article are violated and the Russian minister’s ideas about this are not met with complete and speedy satisfaction, then the Sublime Porte will first recognize that the imperial Russian court has the right to accept such a violation as hostile action and immediately act in relation to the Ottoman Empire according to the right of retribution.

Article VIII

The decisions made before this in Article VI of the Ackerman Convention regarding the determination and satisfaction of the demands of mutual subjects for compensation for losses incurred at different times since the war of 1806 have not yet been implemented, and the Russian merchants, after the conclusion of the above-mentioned convention, have suffered further new significant losses due to measures taken regarding navigation on the Bosphorus. Why is it now recognized and established that the Ottoman Porte, in compensation for the said damages and losses, will pay the imperial Russian court within 18 months and within the time limits that will subsequently be determined, one million five hundred thousand Dutch chervonets, so that the payment of this amount will put the end of all mutual demands and harassment of both contracting parties regarding the above-mentioned circumstances.

Article IX

Since the continuation of the war, which is supposed to end happily by this peace treaty, has caused significant costs to the imperial Russian court, the Sublime Porte recognizes the need to provide this court with a decent reward for that. Therefore, in addition to the cession of a small plot of land in Asia stated in Article IV, which the Russian court agrees to accept as compensation for the said reward, the Sublime Porte also undertakes to pay it a sum of money, which will be determined by mutual consent.

Article X

The Sublime Porte, declaring that it completely agrees to the resolution of the treaty concluded in London on June 24/July 6, 1827 between Russia, Great Britain and France, proceeds evenly to the act that, by mutual agreement of these powers, took place on March 10/22, 1829 g. on the basis of the said treaty and contains a detailed statement of measures related to its final implementation. Immediately after the exchange of ratifications of this peace treaty, the Sublime Porte will appoint commissioners to agree with the plenipotentiaries of the imperial Russian, as well as English and French courts, on the implementation of the aforementioned measures and decrees.

Article XI

Following the signing of the present peace treaty between the two empires and the exchange of ratifications of both sovereigns, the Sublime Porte will immediately proceed to the speedy and exact execution of the provisions contained therein, namely: Articles III and IV regarding the boundaries intended to divide the two empires in Europe and Asia, and articles V and VI regarding the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, as well as Serbia, and as soon as these various articles are recognized as fulfilled, then the imperial Russian court will begin to withdraw its troops from the possessions of the Ottoman Empire in accordance with the grounds outlined in a separate act, which are equivalent to the others part of this peace treaty. Until perfect; However, the cleansing of the occupied lands, the management and order that have now been introduced there under the ownership of the imperial Russian court, will remain in force, and the Sublime Ottoman Porte will not interfere with that at all.

Article XII

Immediately after the signing of this peace treaty, the commanders of the mutual troops will be given an order to cease hostilities on land and seas. The same actions that follow after the signing of this agreement will be considered as if they had not happened and will not cause any change in the regulations contained in it. Likewise, everything that will be conquered by the troops of one or another of the high contracting powers during this period of time will be returned without the slightest delay.

Article XIII

The high contracting powers, renewing among themselves the union of sincere friendship, grant general forgiveness and complete amnesty to all their subjects, whatever their rank, who, during the continuation of the war, which was successfully terminated, took part in actions or revealed by their behavior or opinions their adherence to which - or from two contracting powers. Therefore, none of these persons will be subject to anxiety or persecution for their actions in relation to either person or property, but each of them is given the right to again take possession of their former property, calmly, under the protection of laws, to use it or, without fear no claims or oppression, sell it within eighteen months if he wishes to move with his family and movable property to another country of his choice. Moreover, mutual subjects residing in areas returned to the Sublime Porte or ceded to the Imperial Russian Court are also given a period of eighteen months, counting from the exchange of ratifications of the present peace treaty, so that they, if they consider it necessary, can make orders regarding property acquired by them before the war or after that, and move with your capital and movable property into the possession of one or another of the contracting powers.

Article XIV

All prisoners of war in both empires, whatever their nationality, rank or gender, immediately upon the exchange of ratifications of this peace treaty must be handed over and returned without the slightest ransom or payment. Excluded from this are Christians who voluntarily accepted the Mohammedan confession in the regions of the Sublime Porte, and Mohammedans who also voluntarily accepted the Christian faith within the Russian Empire.

The same will be done with those Russian subjects who, after the signing of this peace treaty, for some reason were captured and are in the regions of the Sublime Porte. The Imperial Russian court promises to do the same in relation to the subjects of the Sublime Porte.

No payment will be required for the amounts used for the maintenance of prisoners by both contracting parties. From each power they will be supplied with everything necessary for travel expenses to the border, where they will be exchanged by mutual commissars.

Article XV

All treaties, conventions and decrees concluded at different times between the Imperial Russian court and the Sublime Porte of the Ottoman Empire, with the exception of articles repealed by the present peace treaty, are confirmed in all their force and scope, and both high contracting parties undertake to keep them sacred and inviolable .

Article XVI

The present peace treaty will be ratified by both high contracting courts, and the exchange of ratifications between their plenipotentiaries will follow in six weeks, or, if possible, earlier.

This peace act, which contains sixteen articles and which will be finally approved by the exchange of mutual ratifications within the prescribed period, we, by the strength of our powers, signed, attached our seals and exchanged it for another similar one, which was signed by the above-mentioned plenipotentiaries of the Sublime Ottoman Porte and attached to it your seals.

In Adrianople, September 2nd, 1829

Signed: Count Alexey Orlov

Count F. Palen

For this reason, our imperial authority, after a satisfied consideration of the above-mentioned treaty of eternal peace, confirmed and ratified it, as we hereby accept for good, confirm and ratify in all its contents, promising with our imperial word for us and our heirs that everything in this treaty what is decreed, observed and executed by us will be inviolable. In assurance of this, we, having signed this ratification with our own hands, ordered it to be approved by our state seal.

Given in St. Petersburg on September 29, 1829, in the fourth year of our reign.

Genuine signed by own e.i.v. with a taco hand:

NICHOLAY

Countersigned: Vice-Chancellor Count

Nesselrod

Separate act:

In the name of God Almighty.

Both high contracting powers, confirming everything established by the Separate Act of the Ackerman Convention regarding the election of the rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia, recognized the need to give the governance of these regions the strongest foundation and the most consistent with their real benefits. They agreed to this end and decided that the reign of the rulers should not be limited, as before, to a seven-year period, but that they would henceforth be elevated to this title for the rest of their lives, excluding cases of their voluntary abdication or abdication for crimes, which are mentioned in the above-mentioned Separate Akkerman Act.

The rulers are given the power to decide everything related to internal affairs in the principalities in consultation with the Divans, without, however, violating in any way the rights granted to these two regions by treaties and hatti-sheriffs, and in the management of this they will not be hindered by any commands, contrary to these rights.

The Sublime Porte promises and undertakes to strictly observe that the rights and advantages granted to Moldavia and Wallachia are not violated in any way by its border authorities and that they do not, under any pretext, interfere in the affairs of either principality, while prohibiting the inhabitants of the right bank of the Danube from doing anything -or an invasion of Moldavian and Wallachian lands.

All the islands adjacent to the right bank of the Danube will form an indivisible part of these lands, and the core (thalweg) of this river, from its flow into the Ottoman possessions to its connection with the Prut, will be the border of both principalities. To further indicate the inviolability of the Moldovan and Wallachian lands, the Sublime Porte undertakes not to reserve any fortified place on the left bank of the Danube and not to allow its Muslim subjects to have any establishments there. As a result of this, it was decided that on the entire territory of that coast, in Greater and Lesser Wallachia, as well as in Moldavia, not a single Mohammedan should ever have residence and that only merchants who would arrive to purchase in the principalities on own account of supplies needed for Constantinople, or other items. The Turkish cities located on the left bank of the Danube, with the districts (paradises) belonging to them, will be returned to Wallachia and forever annexed to this principality, and the fortifications that hitherto exist on that bank should never be renewed. Muslims who own non-violently acquired real estate from private individuals in these same cities or in any other place on the left bank of the Danube are obliged to sell them to the natural inhabitants of that region within eighteen months.

The government of both principalities, by virtue of the rights and advantages of independent internal government, can, in order to protect public health, establish chains and establish quarantines along the Danube and in other places within the land where need requires it, so that foreigners, both Muslims and Christians, when entering the principalities, they must not deviate from strict compliance with quarantine rules. For the service of maintaining quarantines, protecting the security of borders, maintaining good order in cities and towns and executing laws and regulations, the government of each principality is granted the right to have armed guards in such a number as will be necessary for the described items. The number and content of this zemstvo army will be determined by the rulers with the consent of their Divans, in accordance with ancient examples.

The illustrious Ottoman Porte, sincerely desiring to bring all possible prosperity to the principalities and having ascertained the abuses and oppressions that occurred during the collection of various supplies for the food supply of Constantinople and the fortresses lying on the Danube, as well as for the needs of the arsenal, now completely renounces such right. Therefore, Wallachia and Moldavia will forever be freed from the supply of grain and other supplies, sheep and timber, which until now the principalities were obliged to deliver. Likewise, the Porte will in no case demand from these principalities workers for fortresses, lower than others, of any kind, zemstvo peoples. In compensation for the damage that may result to the Sultan's treasury from such a complete renunciation of its rights, Moldavia and Wallachia, in addition to the annual tax that the principalities are obliged to pay to the Sublime Porte under the names of haracha, idie and rekabie (based on the Hatti sheriffs of 1802) , will annually contribute to the Sublime Porte such an amount of money, which will then be determined by common consent. Moreover, with each change of rulers on the occasion of their death, abdication or legal abdication, the principality will be obliged, when it follows, to pay the Sublime Porte an amount equal to the annual tax decreed in the region by the Hatti sheriffs.

Apart from these amounts, no other taxes, duties or gifts will ever be demanded from either the principalities or the rulers under any pretext whatsoever.

By virtue of the aforementioned decree on the abolition of the above-described duties, the inhabitants of both principalities will enjoy complete (defined by a Separate Act of the Akkerman Convention) freedom to trade in the products of their land and industry without any restrictions, excluding those that the rulers, with the consent of their Divans, recognize as necessary to decree to ensure the food supply of the region . The inhabitants of these principalities are given the right to freely sail along the Danube on their own ships, with passports of their government, and to carry out trade in other cities or harbors of the Sublime Porte, without being subjected to any claims or other harassment from the harvesters of the haracha.

Likewise, the Sublime Porte, accepting in respect all the disasters suffered by Moldavia and Wallachia and being moved by a special feeling of philanthropy, agrees to exempt the inhabitants of these principalities for two years from paying annual taxes, which they are obliged to contribute to its treasury, counting from the day of the Russian troops' advance. from the principalities.

Finally, the Sublime Porte, wishing to ensure by all means the future well-being of Moldavia and Wallachia, solemnly undertakes to approve the institutions relating to the administration of the principalities and drawn up, in accordance with the desires expressed by the meetings of the most honorable inhabitants of the region during the occupation of the principalities, by the troops of the imperial Russian court. These institutions should in the future serve as the basis for the management of the principalities, as long as they are not contrary to the rights of the supreme power of the Sublime Porte.

For this purpose, we, the undersigned, are authorized e.v. Emperor and Padishah of all Russia, in agreement with the plenipotentiaries of the Sublime Ottoman Porte, decided and concluded the above-mentioned conditions for Moldavia and Wallachia, as a consequence of Article V of the peace treaty signed by us and the Ottoman plenipotentiaries in Adrianople.

Therefore, this Separate Act was drawn up, approved with our signatures and seals and handed over to the plenipotentiaries of the Sublime Porte. In Adrianople, September 2nd, 1829

ENSURING THE NEUTRALITY OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

In October 1806, Russian troops under the command of General I. I. Mikhelson occupied Moldavia and Wallachia, and in 1807 a squadron under the command of Rear Admiral D.N. Senyavina inflicted a heavy defeat on the Ottoman fleet in the Dardanelles and Athos battles. The Serbs, who had been fighting for their independence since 1804, came to the aid of Russia. After a long siege, they captured Belgrade. But the Russian troops achieved particular success after they were appointed commander-in-chief in March 1811. He did not divide the army to besiege individual fortresses, as his predecessors had done, but concentrated his main forces at the large fortress of Ruschuk on the right bank of the Danube. Here in June 1811 he inflicted a crushing defeat on the Ottoman army, then with successive blows he defeated the main forces of the Turks on the left bank of the Danube. The rest of them laid down their arms and surrendered. In October 1811, peace negotiations began in Bucharest. According to the peace concluded on May 16, 1812 (a month before Napoleon’s invasion of Russia), Bessarabia with the fortresses of Khotyn, Bendery, Akkerman and Izmail went to Russia. The new border was established along the river. Rod. But in Transcaucasia, Russia returned to the Ottoman Empire the territories with fortresses captured by Russian troops. Bessarabia, which became part of Russia, received the administrative status of the Bessarabia region. Bia was granted autonomy to Serbia, and the autonomy of the Danube principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia was expanded, although they continued to remain under the vassalage of the Ottoman Empire. The Peace of Bucharest ensured the neutrality of the Ottoman Empire during the 1812 war between Russia and France.

SIGNING OF THE PEACE AGREEMENT

The Treaty of Bucharest of 1812 ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–12. Signed on May 16 (28) in Bucharest on the part of Russia by the chief commissioner M.I. Kutuzov, on the part of the Ottoman Empire by Ahmed Pasha. Peace negotiations began in October 1811 in Zhurzhev, after the defeat of the main Turkish forces near Ruschuk and the encirclement of most of them at Slobodzeya. Despite the attempts of the authorized Sultan Galib Effendi to delay the negotiations, the Russian commander-in-chief M.I. Kutuzov achieved their completion a month before the invasion of Napoleon I’s army into Russia. This was Russia’s main political gain: its southern borders were safe, and its Danube Army could be redeployed to reinforce the troops covering its western borders. Türkiye left the alliance with France.

The Bucharest Peace Treaty consisted of 16 public and 2 secret articles. Article 4 established a new Russian-Turkish border along the Prut River (instead of the Dniester), as a result of which Bessarabia went to Russia. Article 6 obliged Russia to return to Turkey all points in the Caucasus “conquered by arms....” This wording of the article was the basis for the return of Anapa, Poti and Akhalkalaki taken from battle, but at the same time it was also the reason for the retention of Sukhum and other points acquired by Russia as a result of the voluntary transfer to Russian citizenship of the rulers of Western Georgia. Thus, Russia for the first time received naval bases on the Caucasian coast of the Black Sea. The Treaty of Bucharest ensured the privileges of the Danube principalities and the internal self-government of Serbia, marking the beginning of its complete independence, which was a step forward in the national liberation of the Balkan peoples. The main provisions of the Bucharest Peace Treaty were confirmed by the Ackerman Convention of 1826.

Fadeev A.V. Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812 // Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

http://slovari.yandex.ru/~%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%91% D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BC% D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%20%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80% 201812/

DANUBE PRINCIPALITIES AND SERBIA

The Bucharest Peace basically posed the problem of the political existence of the Danube principalities and Serbia. Among the numerous Orthodox peoples who inhabited the Ottoman Empire, only Serbs, Moldovans and Wallachians could claim both independent political existence and political support from Russia, since only they had formed and developed internal governance bodies and represented regions of high political interest for the Russian authorities . It was the Danube principalities that were a strategically important region, border lands between Russia and Turkey, which have long had a number of political privileges. It was here that the Russian-Turkish wars began and were fought, and the local population turned their gaze towards Russia with hope. The adopted provisions on the autonomy of these components of the Ottoman Empire, along with the annexation of Bessarabia and the opening up of opportunities for commercial shipping along the Danube with access to the Black Sea - everything was connected with the strengthening of the commercial (and, if possible, military) presence of the Russian fleet in the Straits, and, consequently, , and in the Mediterranean. Thus, the conditions of the Bucharest Peace, which solved specific problems of Russian foreign policy, contained the basis for subsequent agreements built on the foundation laid in 1812. First of all, this concerned the fate of the Christian peoples of Turkey.

Supporting the political status of Serbia and the Danube principalities as autonomies within the Ottoman Empire was of utmost importance for the further development of the independence of the future Balkan states. The Treaty of Bucharest provided for ensuring the rights of Serbia “as far as possible in accordance with the wishes of the Serbian nation,” which was used by the Serbian side in the coming years to create its own constitution - the Charter, in the development of which Russian diplomats took an active part.

Popular in the category: