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History of how people lived in the old days. How did Russian women live in the old days? Professional competition of educators

Feast, food and clothing in Russia in the X-XVII centuries

Russian hut

The Russian hut has not changed its appearance for centuries. The basis of the hut was a cage - a connection of logs at four corners. The winter cage was heated by a stove, the cold cage is a summer building, without a stove. Peasant huts in Ancient Rus' are semi-earth or ground, log cabins.

For semi-dugouts, a shallow pit was dug, the walls of which were covered with wood. The floor was more often earthen, tightly packed, sometimes smeared with clay. To enter such a dwelling, one had to go down several steps dug in the ground. Sometimes a ready-made frame was lowered into the pit, filling the earth into the voids formed between the walls of the frame and the pit. The semi-dugout had no ceiling, it was replaced by the roof itself.

The basis of wooden ground buildings was a quadrangular log cabin, usually 4 x 4 m. The ceiling of smoothly hewn boards was covered with a gable roof. The floor in log houses has always been plank. Such a house was called a hut - from the Slavic istba, which means "firebox", since it was necessarily built with a stove. He was taller than a semi-dugout, often had a second floor.

The windows were cut through in logs and closed in cold weather - they were “clouded” with boards, which is why they were called “drag windows”. Sometimes the windows were covered with mica, which, however, did not transmit light well. Window glass appears only in the XIV century.

The entrance to the house was usually oriented to the south, so that more heat and light could enter the dwelling.

Some houses consisted of a hut, a warm dwelling, and a cold one that served as a pantry. Often there were cellars - lower rooms for livestock, things. In this case, the hut itself, which stood above the basement, was called the upper room. The upper room with windows that let in a lot of light was called a room. The most prosperous people also had a third tier - a tower. In rich houses, the floors were wooden, and in princely houses, they were made of oak tiles (a kind of parquet). In every rich house there was a soap room - a Russian bath.

Mansions

Mansions (from Slavic - temple) are several buildings placed side by side. Mansions were called the princely palace, which consisted not of one large building, but of several buildings. Each member of the princely family had his own special room, separate from other buildings. To connect all the rooms served as a canopy and passages.

In addition to the hut and the cage, the annals mention: gridnitsa - front chambers, canopy, which also played the role of a front room, a tower, a lodge, or an odrin - a bedroom, a medusha - a pantry for storing drinks, a soap room - a bathhouse, various outbuildings.

Mansions were built on two or three floors, connecting separate rooms with covered or open galleries. So, the canopy was a front terrace on the second floor. The Terem completed the construction, being located on the second or third floors.

All the buildings in the courtyard were surrounded by a strong palisade.

Interior decoration of houses

The main role in the interior of the Russian house was played by the stove. Its location determined the entire internal layout. Usually the stove was located to the left or right of the entrance, less often - in the center of the hut. The corner diagonally from the stove was the front part of the hut: icons were hung here, benches and a table were set up, guests were seated here. It was called red.

The corner opposite the stove was called a woman's kut, or middle.

In it, women usually cooked and spun. The fourth corner was intended for men's work.

The main pieces of furniture were a table and fixed benches, on which they sat and slept. Also known are movable benches, chests and beds intended for sleeping. They were laid high next to the stove (in the northern lands) or low above the door (in the south). Inside, the house was not decorated in any way, since the stoves were without chimneys for a long time and the smoke went straight into the hut, covering the walls and all objects in the house with soot.

The situation in the houses depended on the wealth of their owners. Those who are poorer have wooden tables, benches, benches along the walls. The rich have tables, benches, benches with rich paintings, as well as stools. Wealthy houses were cleaned with carpets. After the appearance of chimneys, walls in the princely palaces began to be painted with frescoes.

The huts were illuminated with torches, which were inserted into the furnace crevice or a metal light. Wealthy people used tallow candles with wooden or metal candlesticks that stood on tables. Sometimes there were silver "shandals" - the same candlesticks - or lamps with vegetable oil.

Royal Palace in the 17th century in the Moscow Kremlin

The appearance of the royal palace was an extremely colorful multitude of buildings of the most diverse sizes. They crowded next to each other, towered one above the other, were covered with different roofs: gable, in the form of tents, barrels, stacks, with cut gilded combs and gilded poppies at the top. In other places there were towers and turrets with eagles, unicorns and lions instead of weathercocks. The roofs and domes of the royal palace were covered with gold. The walls of the buildings were decorated with carved ornaments: leaves, herbs, birds and animals. The buildings were connected by numerous passages, vestibules, stairs.

Mansions and chambers

The living quarters of the sovereign and his family were located in the Bed Mansions, which was also called the Terem Palace. Next to the Faceted Chamber, the Golden Tsaritsyna Chamber was arranged. Nearby were the mansions of the princesses, under the windows of which a garden and flower beds were laid out. A little further, near the Assumption Cathedral, stood the Patriarchal Court. Near the Trinity Gate, like a tower, stood the stone Tsar's mansions.

The specially built Armory housed rooms for arts and crafts. Icon painters and draftsmen worked in the Icon Chamber. In the Golden Chamber - goldsmiths and jewelers, in the Silver Chamber - silversmiths. In the Barrel Order - gunsmiths and barrel craftsmen. In the Armory, in special rooms, the sovereign's weapons, as well as regimental and sovereign great banners were kept. In the vast Chamber of the Great Treasury, huge lockers contained jeweled weapons.

Bread was made in the Bread Palace: smooth, that is, ordinary, and tiled - decorated with various figures. They also baked kalachi, saiki, bagels, Easter cakes, loaves, gingerbread and sugars (sweets). Numerous supplies were stored in the cellars and cellars of the palace. The stern palace is actually the royal kitchen. The hearty palace was in charge of intoxicating drinks of all kinds. It had more than thirty cellars and glaciers.

Kremlin gardens

The Upper and Lower Embankment Gardens were arranged in the Kremlin. Apple trees, pears, currants, flowers grew there, small artificial ponds, gazebos were located. In 1682, grapes grew here and watermelons were sown.

Interior decoration

Everything that served as decoration inside the choir was called an outfit. The walls and ceilings were covered with multi-colored paintings, sheathed with red board, which was decorated with beautiful carvings, often gilded. The floor was paved with oak bricks - square oak bars. The walls themselves were upholstered with beautiful, painted wallpaper made of cloth. Foreign wallpapers made of expensive fabrics were called tapestries. Doors were also always upholstered with cloth. On solemn occasions, the walls were decorated with rich gold and silk fabrics, and the floors were decorated with Persian and Indian carpets.

The usual furniture was benches that were placed along the walls, all around the entire room or ward. Wallets were placed on the benches - cotton mattresses - or morocco (leather) mattresses. Sometimes the benches were simply upholstered with red morocco and felt. The tables were made of oak, with chiseled legs, or lime - painted. They were covered with scarlet or green cloth, and on solemn days - with golden carpets or velvet tablecloths. Since the second half of the 17th century, “German and Polish” tables, decorated with carvings and painted with different colors, have come into fashion. Chairs were rarely used, and chairs were given to only one sovereign.

Frames were inserted into the windows, on which windows were attached - lifting or opening. Glasses were used extremely rarely, they were completely replaced by mica. Mica windows were decorated with picturesque paintings and hung with woven curtains.

All residential mansions had tiled stoves: made of blue or green tiles. The ovens were square and round. The tiles were painted with herbs, flowers, and various patterns.

To store things in the rooms, wardrobes, hiding places, chests, caskets, boxes, boxes were placed. Shelves were attached to the walls. All furniture was made of wood, mainly linden, and decorated with rich carvings. Some pieces of furniture were upholstered with cloth.

royal place

In the large reception chambers, in addition to the usual shops, in the front, or red corners, there were royal places, or thrones. They were richly decorated with gold, silver, precious stones and golden fabrics. From above, the throne was covered with a tent canopy, a velvet pillow was placed on the seat, and the armrests were made in the form of lion or eagle heads. Three steps led up to the seat.

In the second half of the 17th century, the Front Room, where the throne stood, no longer had any other furniture, except for the usual benches along the walls. Guests were invited to sit on these benches according to their seniority; more honorable - closer to the king. Only occasionally were especially important guests, such as noble clergy, given a special chair.

room clock

Numerous foreign-made room clocks stood in the premises of the royal palace. These watches were true works of art. The dials were decorated with drawings, precious stones. The clock mechanism itself was framed with intricate figures: some were with trumpeters and an elephant, others - with a Turkish rider on a horse, others - in the form of a flask, on a high stand with the image of the planets. There was a clock with a double-headed eagle trimmed with crystal and turquoise. In the right leg, the eagle held a broadsword, and in the left - orb.

Feast, food and clothing in Russia in the X-XVII centuries.

Chronicles and literary monuments rarely talk about food and cooking. And yet, from these rare references, as well as from archaeological sources, one can get an idea of what our ancestors drank and ate in antiquity.

The most common food was bread products, cereals and kissels, that is, what was made from grain. Porridges were made from oatmeal, buckwheat, barley, wheat flour and eaten with butter or milk. Buckwheat porridge was traditionally served with cabbage soup. The Tale of Bygone Years mentions oatmeal and pea jelly. On fast days, jelly was eaten with milk, and on fast days, with vegetable oil.

On ordinary days, rye bread was more often seen on the table, on holidays - bread made from wheat flour and kalachi. In addition to bread, they baked from flour: pies, pies, pancakes, pancakes, brushwood, loaves. According to the method of preparation, pies were distinguished between hearth pies, that is, baked, and spun pies - fried in oil. Fillings for pies could be very different. Peas were stuffed with peas, krupenik with porridge, mushroom picker with mushrooms, kulebyaka with fish or meat, kurnik with chicken. They also baked pies with cottage cheese, eggs, "Saracenic millet" (as rice was called in the old days), poppy seeds, turnips, cabbage, sweet pies - with berries, raisins. In shape, pies could be round, long, three-eared, and according to the method of decoration - deaf, if they were pinched and the filling in them was not visible, or pies. Russian cuisine knew in those days up to twenty types of pies.

Baked goods were usually served with soups, which were called fish soups. Remember: "And between wow - pies"? "Ukha" at that time was called any soup or stew, and not just fish. "Kuryach's ear" was prepared from chicken with the addition of various spices. If cloves were put in the soup, then it was called "black ear"; if pepper - "white ear"; “naked” was a soup without spices.

Spices and spices were an indispensable part of Russian cuisine. Mustard seed has been imported to Rus' since antiquity, as evidenced by a find from the end of the 10th century: a pot with the inscription goroukhscha, i.e. "mustard".

In addition to soup, they also cooked cabbage soup and borscht. The word shchi at that time was used in two meanings: 1) “a hot cabbage dish” and 2) “a drink similar to kvass”, which was prepared on the leftovers of beer and stored all year round in barrels or bottles.

Cabbage was the main vegetable product, and the whole garden was often called “cabbage”. Turnips were very popular, especially before the appearance in the 18th century. potatoes. Turnips were eaten raw, steamed (hence the expression: “simpler than steamed turnips”), baked, porridge and stews were prepared from it. Dishes from peas, beets, carrots were very popular in Rus'. Onion, garlic and horseradish were abundantly used as seasoning.

Meat dishes were cooked boiled or fried. Judging by the frequency of mention in different sources, game birds were especially fond of: black grouse, hazel grouse - and poultry: chickens, geese, ducks. A feature of the Russian table of that time was the preparation of such exotic birds as: swans, cranes and herons. According to the Orthodox tradition, mixing, grinding, grinding and crushing food was considered a sin, so dishes were prepared from a whole piece. The meat was fried on a spit, calling it "spinned". The “pan” hare was fried in a frying pan, and the “rossole” hare was boiled in cucumber brine with an admixture of spices.

Fish dishes were no less diverse: herring, pike and steam bream, salmon, white fish, beluga, sterlet, sturgeon. They prepared from them: “saffron fish soup, black fish soup, perch fish soup, flesh fish soup, bream fish soup, crucian fish soup, pike heads with horseradish and garlic, loaches in sour shti”.

The word dessert appeared only in the 18th century, and “snacks,” as sweets were then called, usually included berries and vegetables boiled in honey, marshmallows, and nuts.
Favorite drinks were fruit drinks, kvass, beer, vodka and wine. Mead was distinguished between boiled and set, that is, poured into a certain dish. According to the method of preparation and spices, they are known: light honey, molasses, simple, boyar, honey with spices, berry honey. They cooked on honey and kvass, calling it "honey". Depending on the strength, vodka, then called “wine”, was called: “simple”, or “kind”, “boyar”, “double wine”. Sweet vodka made with molasses was intended for women. They liked to insist vodka on herbs: mint, mustard, St. John's wort, bodyaga, juniper and lemon peels. Imported wines - Greek, French, Hungarian, Italian ("Fryazhsky") - appeared at that time only in the houses of the nobility, since they were expensive.

At feasts and at the usual family meal in Rus', seniority was strictly observed at the table. The tables were not placed in the middle of the room, but were placed next to the benches, on which “seats” were distributed according to the age and position of family members or guests. In the front corner, at the "upper" end of the table, under the icons, sat the host. On his right hand is the eldest son or the next brother in seniority; on the left - the second son. The third son could sit next to the eldest son, and opposite him - the son of the eldest son - the eldest grandson. Women in pre-Petrine times did not sit down at the common table: they served food, and they themselves ate later. However, women's feasts are also known, to which the hostess invited her friends.

They often ate from one bowl, called "salty", strictly observing the order: the older ones - after the younger ones. Disposed of the feast, of course, the head of the family.
They didn’t go to visit without an invitation (“an uninvited guest is worse than a Tatar”). Invitations to the feast were given personally or through servants specially sent for this purpose. Accepting an invitation the first time was considered bad form (“they don’t go to visit at the first call”), just like coming first.
“When you are called to a feast, do not sit in a place of honor,” the author of Domostroy advises. - Suddenly, from among those invited there will be someone more respectable than you, and the owner will come up to you and say: “Give way!” - and then you will have to move to the last place in shame. But, if you are invited, sit down, having entered, in the last place, and when the one who invited you comes and says to you: “Friend, sit higher!” - then the rest of the guests will honor you. So everyone who ascends will humble himself, and the humble will ascend.”

Before the arrival of the guests, appetizers, pickles, mustard, salt and pepper were placed on the table. Prayers were read before and after the meal. It was supposed to eat in silence or in spiritual conversation. As the author of Domostroy instructs, to blaspheme food or drink: “It is “rotten”, or “sour”, or “fresh”, or “salty”, or “bitter”, or “rotten”, or “raw”, or “digested”, or even some kind of censure to express, was considered a sin. But it is fitting that God's gift - any food or drink - be praised and eaten with gratitude, then God also gives the food a fragrance and turns it into sweetness. And if some food and drink are no good, punish the household, the one who cooked, so that this would not happen in advance.

Clothing in Russia in the X-XVII centuries.

According to chronicle sources, images in temples, descriptions of foreigners, individual fragments of fabrics found during archaeological excavations, it is possible to restore the appearance of the ancient Russian costume.

In ancient times, all clothes were called "port", which has been preserved to this day in the name of the profession - "tailor".

The main part of the costume of peasants and townspeople, men and women, poor and rich, was a shirt, or shirt, without which no outfit could be imagined at all. The shirt was the bottom, underwear. Expression: to wear out to the last shirt - meant "to reach extreme poverty." As a rule, even servants in a good house had several shirts. According to the wedding rite, the groom received from the bride and her relatives as a gift at least three shirts. In one of the Novgorod birch bark letters, Boris, who left home for a short time, asks his wife to send him a change of shirt, which he forgot at home.

They sewed a shirt, as a rule, from bleached canvas, decorating the collar, hem and cuffs with embroidery, which in this case played the role of a talisman: so that evil spirits could not penetrate the body. On the chest, the shirt had a straight or oblique cut (kosovorotka) and was fastened with a small button. Similar bronze, bone or wooden buttons are often found by archaeologists. The shirts of rich people were fastened with buttons made of silver, gold and precious stones.

The top shirt, which was worn over the bottom, was sewn from materials of bright colors: blue, green, yellow. On ancient images, the shirts are long, covering the soles of the feet. Over time, they became much shorter, according to one of the foreigners, "barely covering the buttocks." Men wore loose-fitting shirts, always with a belt, which also played the role of a talisman.

Judging by the images, the cut of shirts remained unchanged for many centuries: both the king and the simple peasant wore a shirt of the same cut. They differed only in material and decoration. Only in the Petrine era, from the beginning of the 18th century, did the nobility begin to wear "Dutch" shirts with lace and frills.
Over time, the word "ports" began to take on a narrower meaning and denote a part of a man's suit - pants, or legs. Old Russian trousers were narrow, with a narrow step, and were worn tucked into boots or onuchi with bast shoes. The lower trousers were sewn from canvas or silk, the upper ones - from denser colored materials: cloth, velvet and even gold fabrics. Documents from the 17th century "Pants of purple cloth" and "trousers of worm cloth" are mentioned.

In some regions, women wore an upper shirt over a lower shirt - a spinner decorated with embroidery and fringe. The women's costume was supplemented with a piece of fabric that was wrapped around the hips - pony.

In a word, a sundress until the 17th century. denoted long elegant men's clothing. So, in the spiritual charter of one of the princes, among other men's clothing, "sarafan silk is yellow, it has 23 buttons of gold and silver." However, over time, a sleeveless women's dress began to be called a sundress, more often “oar”, that is, fastened in front with buttons. Sundresses were sewn from beautiful colored fabrics, sometimes expensive imported ones, decorated with lace, precious buttons, embroidery, and fur. The sundress continued to be traditional women's clothing for a long time, and not only among the peasantry: in the 19th century. he was the favorite clothing of the townswomen.

Both men and women, depending on the time of year, wore a retinue (from the word svyat - “to wrap up”, “to dress”), a caftan or a zipun. The retinue was a long, narrow garment, decorated with embroidery on the floors and sleeves and fastened with beautiful fasteners. The caftan, depending on the fashion, was sewn longer or shorter, but so that it opened the boots and did not interfere with walking. In the images, caftans can often be seen with standing collars - "trump cards" - and numerous buttons. Sleeves could be long - folding - or regular, but decorated with richly embroidered cuffs. Zipun was a short outerwear, close in purpose to a caftan. Both of these words: zipun and caftan are of Turkic origin.

Various sources mention other outerwear: queen, okhaben, single rows, that is, unlined clothes, “in one row”, which were worn over a shirt, and sometimes put on one over the other.

The most ancient clothing for the street was votola - a piece of coarse fabric thrown over the shoulders in cold weather. The princes wore beautiful fur-lined cloaks made of bright Byzantine fabrics, fastening them on the right shoulder with a precious buckle.

Some types of clothing for the street, although they had sleeves, but, like raincoats, were worn in a cape. This is a coat, which was more often worn by men, and letnik - women's outerwear. Both the collar and the letnik had long, wide sleeves exquisitely trimmed with gold thread, which were sometimes tied behind the back.

In the cold season, both peasants and townspeople wore casings, sheepskin coats and fur coats. Unlike modern ones, fur coats were sewn with fur inside. Fur coats were simpler on hare fur or sheepskin. Richer people had fur coats on sables, ermines, martens and loved to cover them with gold and velvet fabrics and decorate them with precious buttons.

Both women's and men's hats differed in variety. Men wore sun-dried hats, wicker hats, murmolkas (high hats resembling a truncated cone in shape), fur hats with earflaps, triukhs and malachai. The princes were depicted in hats with fur trim, well known to us from the famous Monomakh hat. For ceremonial exits, the boyars put on a throaty hat, that is, sewn from the throat of fur-bearing animals - high, widening upwards, with a flat crown.

Women's hats looked more complex than men's and were significant. According to custom, a married woman could not appear in public with an uncovered head, with simple hair. All hair was carefully removed under a cloth wrapped around the head - a new one or an ubrus. In some areas, they wore a small embroidered cap with horns on their heads - kiku, or kichka - a symbol of marriage. Very popular in ancient times was a kokoshnik richly decorated with beads and embroidery with a bedspread. In the cold season, women wore fur hats, sometimes tying a scarf on top - a veil. Only girls could wear their hair loose or braided, putting on them a simple whisk and a koruna decorated with pearls - strips of fabric or metal that covered the forehead and were fastened at the back of the head.

Since ancient times, townspeople have worn leather shoes on their feet - pistons, or boots, tied around the shin, and boots. The peasants wore woven bast shoes and wrappers made of canvas, cloth or fur - onuchi.

Interesting information about the royal costume, which he wears for festive ceremonies, is contained in the "Book of the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Feodorovich, All Rus''s way out, what kind of dress is on the sovereign." For example, on September 1, 1633 - the day the New Year began - a short narrow dress made of patterned silk fabric - a zipun, decorated with a crimson collar embroidered with pearls and a gimp - thin gold or silver wire was put on over the shirt. It was called such a fastened collar around. The zipun was wearing a “scaly white” caftan, and on it was a lingonberry-colored single-row, also decorated with golden lace. The sovereign was shod in morocco "chervchet" (i.e. crimson) shoes. Holding in his hands the “small Indian staff”, the king sat on a green chair “from the Great Treasury, velvet foot”. Although the New Year (New Year) was a great holiday, however, the king was not wearing the most ceremonial outfit that day. On the occasion of a great celebration, the tsar dressed in the so-called big outfit - the royal dress, reminiscent of a bishop's vestments.

"How did people live in Rus'"

1. INTRODUCTION

The research and creative project “How People Lived in Rus'” is devoted to the study of the history of Russian life, the arrangement of a village hut, various customs and beliefs that existed in Russian families. The choice of the topic is caused by the interest of children in the way of life of the Russian people, in the variety of ancient household items, in the division of labor in the family, in the traditions of the Russian people in the upbringing of boys and girls.

Objective of the project:

Study of the history of Russian peasant life and its influence on gender education.

Formation of respect for Russian folk culture.

Project objectives:

To get acquainted with a variety of household items, their names and purpose.

Explore, compare and highlight the differences in the upbringing of boys and girls in Rus'.

Conduct a survey of children in order to clarify the knowledge of the names and purpose of objects.

Conduct experiments on the use of objects of ancient Russian life in modern conditions.

To make a model of an old Russian hut with an interior.

2. MAIN PART

2.1. Hut and its device. Being engaged in the optional "Folklore Art", we always consider the decoration of the "Russian hut" - our classes are held there.

We are interested to know everything:

How did Russian people live before?

Why were all these items of Russian life needed?

What are these objects called and how did people use them?

We began to look for answers to all our questions: we asked teachers, parents, examined illustrations in books about the ancient life of the Russian people, read encyclopedias, watched videos.

We learned that in ancient times almost all of Rus' was made of wood. In Rus' it was believed thattree favorably affects a person, it is good for his health. It is the tree that has long been considered a symbol of the birth of life and its continuation. Huts in the old days were built of spruce or pine. From the logs in the hut there was a pleasant resinous smell.

Russian people who lived many years ago built huts for their families.Izba (village house) - the most common building of that time. The peasant built the house firmly, for centuries. The peasant built the hut himself or hired experienced carpenters. Sometimes "help" was organized when the whole village worked for one family.

We wanted to look into the Russian hut. What was the situation there? What was the furniture, dishes?

From encyclopedias, we learned that the peasant's dwelling was adapted to his way of life. The situation was modest, strict, everything in its place, everything for the good of the cause.

It turns out that at the entrance to the hut it was possible to stumble. Do you know why? In the hut was tallthreshold and low ceiling. So the peasants took care of the heat, tried not to let it out.

Here we are in the hut. The centerpiece isbake. The entire internal layout of the hut depended on the location of the furnace. The stove was placed so that it was well lit, and away from the wall, so that a fire would not happen.

The space between the wall and the oven is called"bake". There the hostess kept the tools necessary for work: tongs, a large shovel, a poker.

Cast iron and pots stood on the hearth near the stove. Inventory and firewood were stored in a niche under the hearth. There were small niches in the oven for drying mittens and felt boots.

“Nurse, mother” was called the stove among the people. “Mother is a stove, decorate your children,” the hostess said when baking bread and pies. Our apartment does not have such an oven, it was replaced by a stove, but in the villages grandmothers still love to bake pies in a Russian stove.

We bake our test toys in the oven, but we also say: “Mother is a stove, decorate your kids.” She hears us and pleases us with ruddy products.

Everyone in the peasant family loved the stove. She not only fed the whole family. She warmed the house, it was warm and cozy there even in the most severe frosts.

Children and old people slept on the stove. Young and healthy people were not allowed to lie on the stove. They said about lazy people: "He wipes bricks on the stove."

Most of the time at the stove was spent by the hostess. Her place at the stove was called "baby kut" (that is, "women's corner"). Here the hostess cooked food, here in a special closet - "dishes" were kept kitchen utensils. There were many shelves near the stove, on the shelves along the walls were milk bowls, earthenware and wooden bowls, and salt shakers.

The other corner near the door was for men. He called"horse". On the bench they made a pattern in the form of a horse's head. The owner worked at this shop. Sometimes he slept on it. The owner kept his tools under the bench. Harness and clothes hung in the men's corner.

In the peasant house, everything was thought out to the smallest detail. An iron ring was made on the central beam - the "mother" and a cradle was attached. A peasant woman, sitting on a bench, put her foot into the loop, rocked the cradle, and worked herself: she spun, sewed, embroidered.

Nowadays, there are no such cradles anymore, children sleep in beautiful cribs.

The main corner in a peasant's hut was called"red corner" In the red corner, the cleanest and brightest, there was a goddess - a shelf with icons. The goddess was carefully decorated with an elegant towel -"rushnik". Sometimes the goddess was illuminated with a lamp - a vessel with oil or candles.

A person entering the hut always took off his hat, turned to face the icons, crossed himself, and bowed low. And then he entered the house. Icons were carefully kept and passed down from generation to generation.

Diningtable according to Orthodox custom, it was always placed in the red corner. At the table, the whole family "ate" - took food. The table was usually covered with a tablecloth. There was always a salt shaker on the table, and a loaf of bread lay: salt and bread were symbols of the well-being and prosperity of the family.

A large peasant family sat down at the table according to custom. The place of honor at the head of the table was occupied by the father - "highway". To the right of the owner on the bench sat the sons. The left shop was for the female half of the family. The hostess rarely sat down at the table, and even then from the edge of the bench. She busied herself at the stove, served food on the table. Her daughters helped her.

Sitting at the table, everyone waited for the owner to command: “With God, we started,” and only after that they began to eat. At the table it was forbidden to talk loudly, laugh, knock on the table, turn around, argue. Parents said that from this hungry "sinisters" - ugly little men - would flock to the table, bring hunger, poverty and disease.

Peasants were especially respectful ofbread . The owner cut off from the loaf and distributed to everyone his share of bread. Breaking bread was not accepted. If the bread fell on the floor, they picked it up, kissed it, asked his forgiveness.

Salt also revered. It was served to the table in beautiful wicker or wooden "salt licks".

Hospitality was the rule of Russian life, a custom that Russian people observe to this day."Bread and salt" - this is how the owners are greeted by people who enter the house while eating.

2.2 Life of peasants. Many items were used in Russian life. And almost all of them were made by hand. The furniture was also homemade - a table, benches nailed to the walls, portable benches.

Each family had "korobeyki" - bast chests, iron-studded wooden chests. Family valuables were stored in the chests: clothes, dowry. The chests were locked. The more chests there were in the house, the richer the family was considered.

Distaffs were a special pride of the hostesses: turned, carved, painted, which were usually put in a prominent place. Spinning wheels were not only a tool of labor, but also a decoration of the home. It was believed that the patterns on the spinning wheels protect the home from the evil eye and dashing people.

There were a lot of utensils in the peasant's hut: clay pots and latki (low flat bowls), pots for storing milk, cast irons of various sizes, valleys and brothers for kvass. Various barrels, tubs, vats, tubs, tubs, and gangs were used on the farm.

Bulk products were stored in wooden boxes with lids, in birch bark cases. Wicker products were also used - baskets, boxes.

2.3 Distribution of labor duties in a village family by gender. The families of the peasants were large and friendly. Parents with many children treated their children with love and care. They believed that by the age of 7-8 the child was already “entering the mind” and began to teach him everything that they knew and could do themselves.

The father taught the sons, and the mother taught the daughters. From an early age, every peasant child prepared himself for the future duties of a father - the head and breadwinner of the family or mother - the keeper of the hearth.

Parents taught their children unobtrusively: at first, the child simply stood next to the adult and watched how he worked. Then the child began to give instruments, to support something. He has already become an assistant.

After some time, the child was already entrusted with the performance of part of the work. Then the child was already made special children's tools: a hammer, a rake, a spindle, a spinning wheel.

Parents taught that one's own instrument is an important matter, one should not give it to anyone - they "spoil", and one should not take instruments from others. “A good craftsman works only with his tool,” the parents taught.

For the work done, the child was praised, bestowed. The first product made by the child, he also got: a spoon, bast shoes, mittens, an apron, a pipe.

The sons were the main assistants of the father, and the daughters helped the mother. The boys, together with their father, made homemade toys from different materials, weaved baskets, baskets, bast shoes, planed dishes, household utensils, and made furniture.

Each peasant knew how to skillfully weave bast shoes. Men wove bast shoes for themselves and for the whole family. We tried to make them strong, warm, waterproof.

The father helped the boys, instructed with advice, praised. “The work teaches, torments, and feeds”, “Extra craft does not hang behind your shoulders,” my father used to say.

In every peasant household there was always cattle. They kept a cow, a horse, goats, sheep, a bird. After all, cattle gave a lot of useful products for the family. Men took care of the cattle: they fed, removed manure, cleaned the animals. The women milked the cows and drove the cattle to pasture.

The main worker on the farm was the horse. All day the horse worked in the field with the owner. They grazed the horses at night. It was the duty of the sons.

The horse needed different devices: collars, shafts, reins, bridles, sledges, carts. All this was made by the owner himself together with his sons.

From early childhood, any boy could harness a horse. From the age of 9, the boy began to be taught to ride and drive a horse. Often, boys of 8-9 years old were released into shepherdesses, he worked "in people", grazed the herd and earned a little - food, gifts. It was to help the family.

From the age of 10-12, the son helped his father in the field - he plowed, harrowed, fed sheaves and even threshed.

By the age of 15-16, the son turned into the main assistant to his father, working on a par with him. My father was always there and helped, prompted, supported. The people said: “The father of the son teaches well”, “With the craft you will go through the whole world - you will not be lost.”

If the father was fishing, then the sons were also next to him. It was a game for them, a joy, and the father was proud that he had such assistants.

The girls were taught to cope with all women's work by their mother, older sister and grandmother.

Girls learned how to make rag dolls, sew outfits for them, weave braids, jewelry, and sew hats from tow. The girls did their best: after all, by the beauty of the dolls, people judged what a craftswoman she was.

Then the girls played with dolls: "went to visit", lulled, swaddled, "celebrated the holidays", that is, they lived with them a doll life. It was believed among the people that if girls willingly and carefully play with dolls, then the family will have profit and prosperity. So through the game, the girls were attached to the cares and joys of motherhood.

But only the younger daughters played with dolls. As they grew older, their mother or older sisters taught them how to care for babies. The mother went to the field for the whole day or was busy in the yard, in the garden, and the girls almost completely replaced the mother. The nanny girl spent the whole day with the child: she played with him, calmed him down if he cried, lulled him to sleep. Sometimes experienced girls - nannies were given to another family "for hire". Even at the age of 5-7, they nursed other people's children, earning for themselves and their families: handkerchiefs, cuts of cloth, towels, food.

And so they lived: the younger girls - nannies are found with the baby, and the older daughters help their mother in the field: they knit sheaves, collect spikelets.

At the age of 7, peasant girls began to be taught to spin. The first small elegant spinning wheel was given to the daughter by her father. Daughters learned to spin, sew, embroider under the guidance of their mother.

Often girls gathered in one hut for gatherings: they talked, sang songs and worked: they spun, sewed clothes, embroidered, knitted mittens and socks for brothers, sisters, parents, embroidered towels, knitted lace.

At the age of 9, the girl already helped the mother to cook food.

Peasants also made cloth for clothes at home on special looms. She was called that - homespun. All winter they spun tows (threads), and in the spring they began to weave. The girl helped her mother, and by the age of 16 she was trusted to weave on her own.

Also, the girl was taught how to care for cattle, milk a cow, reap sheaves, turn hay, wash clothes in the river, cook food and even bake bread. Mothers told their daughters: “It’s not the kind of daughter who runs away from work, but that daughter is kind, which is visible at any work.”

Gradually, the girl came to the realization that she was a future mistress who could do all the women's work. My daughter knew that "To drive a household is to walk without opening your mouth." “To live without work is only to smoke the sky,” my mother always said.

Thus, “good fellows” grew up in peasant families - father’s assistants, and “red girls” - craftsmen - needlewomen who, growing up, passed on the skill to their children and grandchildren.

3. CONCLUSION

In the process of implementing the project, schoolchildren received extensive knowledge about the history of the peasant dwelling - the hut, about its arrangement, about the life of the peasants.

Children got acquainted with ancient household items and their modern counterparts, got the opportunity to use these items in practice. The vocabulary of pupils was enriched with the names of objects of Russian life.

The children took part in making the model of the hut, its decoration: they made furniture, utensils, windows and doors.

In the elective classes "Folklore Art", children were introduced to the basics of crafts that were considered "female" and "male" in Rus'.

All this undoubtedly contributed to the development of thinking, broadening the horizons of schoolchildren and fostering respect and love for Russian folk culture.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. V.S. Goricheva, M.I. Nagibina "Let's make a fairy tale from clay, dough, snow, plasticine." Yaroslavl, "Academy of Development", 1998 - 190 p.

2. N.M. Kalashnikov "Folk costume". Moscow, "Svarog and K", 2002 - 374 p.

3. M.Yu. Kartushina "Russian folk holidays in kindergarten." Moscow, "Sphere", 2006 - 319 p.

4. O.L. Knyazeva "How people lived in Rus'." St. Petersburg, "Childhood-Press", 1998 - 24 p.

5. M.V. Korotkova "Journey into the history of Russian life." Moscow, "Drofa", 2003 - 256 p.

6. I.N. Kotova, A.S. Kotova “Russian rituals and traditions. Folk doll. St. Petersburg, "Parity", 2003 - 236 p.

7. L.S. Kuprina, T.A. Budarina and others. "Introduction of children to Russian folk art." St. Petersburg, "Childhood-Press", 2004 - 400 p.

8. GV Lunina "Education of children on the traditions of Russian culture." Moscow, Elise Trading, 2004 - 128 p.

9. L.V. Sokolova, A.F. Nekrylova “Raising a child in Russian traditions”. Moscow, Iris-Press, 2003 - 196 p.

10. Catalog of the Ural folk painting of peasant houses and household items in the collection of the Nizhnesinyachikhinsky Museum - Reserve, Sverdlovsk, "Ural Worker", 1988 - 199 p.

1. INTRODUCTION

Objective of the project:

Study of the history of Russian peasant life and its influence on gender education.
Formation of respect for Russian folk culture.

Project objectives:

To get acquainted with a variety of household items, their names and purpose.
Explore, compare and highlight the differences in the upbringing of boys and girls in Rus'.
Conduct a survey of children in order to clarify the knowledge of the names and purpose of objects.
Conduct experiments on the use of objects of ancient Russian life in modern conditions.
To make a model of an old Russian hut with an interior.

2. MAIN PART

2.1. Hut and its device. Studying in the “Skillful Hands” circle, we always consider the decoration of the “Russian hut” - our classes are held there.

We are interested to know everything:

How did Russian people live before?

Why were all these items of Russian life needed?

What are these objects called and how did people use them?

We began to look for answers to all our questions: we asked teachers, parents, examined illustrations in books about the ancient life of the Russian people, read encyclopedias, watched videos.

We learned that in ancient times almost all of Rus' was made of wood. In Rus', it was believed that the tree has a beneficial effect on a person, it is good for his health. It is the tree that has long been considered a symbol of the birth of life and its continuation. Huts in the old days were built of spruce or pine. From the logs in the hut there was a pleasant resinous smell.

Russian people who lived many years ago built huts for their families. Izba (village house) - the most common building of that time. The peasant built the house firmly, for centuries. The peasant built the hut himself or hired experienced carpenters. Sometimes "help" was organized when the whole village worked for one family.

We wanted to look into the Russian hut. What was the situation there? What was the furniture, dishes?

From encyclopedias, we learned that the peasant's dwelling was adapted to his way of life. The situation was modest, strict, everything in its place, everything for the good of the cause.

It turns out that at the entrance to the hut it was possible to stumble. Do you know why? The hut had a high threshold and a low lintel. So the peasants took care of the heat, tried not to let it out.

Here we are in the hut. The oven takes center stage. The entire internal layout of the hut depended on the location of the furnace. The stove was placed so that it was well lit, and away from the wall, so that a fire would not happen.

The space between the wall and the oven is called the oven. There the hostess kept the tools necessary for work: tongs, a large shovel, a poker.

Cast iron and pots stood on the hearth near the stove. Inventory and firewood were stored in a niche under the hearth. There were small niches in the oven for drying mittens and felt boots.

We bake our test toys in the oven, but we also say: “Mother is a stove, decorate your kids.” She hears us and pleases us with ruddy products.

Everyone in the peasant family loved the stove. She not only fed the whole family. She warmed the house, it was warm and cozy there even in the most severe frosts.

Children and old people slept on the stove. Young and healthy people were not allowed to lie on the stove. They said about lazy people: "He wipes bricks on the stove."

The other corner near the door was for men. It was called "conic". On the bench they made a pattern in the form of a horse's head. The owner worked at this shop. Sometimes he slept on it. The owner kept his tools under the bench. Harness and clothes hung in the men's corner.

Nowadays, there are no such cradles anymore, children sleep in beautiful cribs.

The main corner in the peasant's hut was called the "red corner". In the red corner, the cleanest and brightest, there was a goddess - a shelf with icons. The goddess was carefully decorated with an elegant towel - "rushnik". Sometimes the goddess was illuminated with a lamp - a vessel with oil or candles.

The dining table, according to Orthodox custom, was always placed in the red corner. At the table, the whole family "ate" - took food. The table was usually covered with a tablecloth. There was always a salt shaker on the table, and a loaf of bread lay: salt and bread were symbols of the well-being and prosperity of the family.

The peasants were especially respectful of bread. The owner cut off from the loaf and distributed to everyone his share of bread. Breaking bread was not accepted. If the bread fell on the floor, they picked it up, kissed it, asked his forgiveness.

Salt was also revered. It was served to the table in beautiful wicker or wooden "salt licks".

Hospitality was the rule of Russian life, a custom that Russian people observe to this day. "Bread and salt" - this is how people greet the owners who entered the house while eating.

2.2 Life of peasants. Many items were used in Russian life. And almost all of them were made by hand. The furniture was also homemade - a table, benches nailed to the walls, portable benches.

Bulk products were stored in wooden boxes with lids, in birch bark boxes. Wicker products were also used - baskets, boxes.

2.3 Distribution of labor duties in a village family by gender. The families of the peasants were large and friendly. Parents with many children treated their children with love and care. They believed that by the age of 7-8 the child was already “entering the mind” and began to teach him everything that they knew and could do themselves.