Biography of Alexander Yakovlev. Yakovlev Alexander Sergeevich Aircraft designer Yakovlev and his aircraft
Soviet aircraft designer, Colonel General of Aviation (1946), academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1976). Twice Hero of Socialist Labor, ten times holder of the Order of Lenin. Stalin's assistant on aviation issues. Under the leadership of Yakovlev, OKB 115 produced over 200 types and modifications of aircraft, including more than 100 serial ones. Since 1934, OKB aircraft have been continuously in large-scale production and operation. In total, more than 70 thousand Yak aircraft were built, including more than 40 thousand aircraft during the Great Patriotic War, in particular, 2/3 of all fighters were Yakovlev aircraft. They have become widespread in our country and abroad. Yakovlev Design Bureau set 74 world records on its aircraft. (19 March August 1989)
“My mother, Nina Vladimirovna, instilled in me from an early age that I would be an engineer. I don’t know why she got it, but, as the future showed, she was not mistaken. Maybe she noticed that even as a very small boy I showed an increased interest in technology of all kinds. Screwing and unscrewing was my passion. Screwdrivers, pliers, wire cutters are the objects of my childhood desires. The ultimate pleasure was the ability to spin a hand drill." (A. S. Yakovlev “The Purpose of Life”) Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev was born on March 19 (April 1), 1906, in the city of Moscow, in the family of an employee. Father Sergei Vasilyevich, graduated from the Moscow Alexander Commercial School. After completing his studies, he served in the transport department of the oil company Nobel Brothers Partnership. Mother Nina Vladimirovna, housewife. Alexander Sergeevich's parents had the title of hereditary honorary citizens, given by imperial decree to representatives of the philistine and clergy classes. The Yakovlev family had three children: sons Alexander and Vladimir and daughter Elena. In 1914, Alexander entered the preparatory class of the private men's gymnasium N.P. Strakhov. Alexander Yakovlev with his mother
The future designer showed the most ardent interest in technology and even tried to build a perpetual motion machine; I studied in a radio circle and assembled one of the few radio receivers in Moscow at that time. He mastered the carpentry trade early, enthusiastically made models of steam locomotives, carriages, railway bridges and stations, and under the influence of his uncle, a railroad worker, he dreamed of becoming a railway engineer. In 1921, using the diagram and description from the book, he built a flying model of a glider with a wingspan of two meters and successfully tested it in the school hall. From that moment on, A.S.’s passion was born. Yakovlev to aviation. There were other enthusiasts at the school, and in 1922 Alexander organized an aircraft modeling circle, building one model after another. In August 1923, A. Yakovlev organized the first school branch of the Society of Friends of the Air Fleet of the ODVF in Moscow. School circle of friends of the air fleet (in the center - Alexander Yakovlev, 1923)
In 1924, Alexander Yakovlev, an 18-year-old mechanic of the flight squad of the Air Fleet Academy (AVF) named after N. E. Zhukovsky, built his first aircraft, the AVF-10 glider, which took off on September 15, 1924. And on May 12, 1927 The first AIR-1 aircraft designed by A. S. Yakovlev took off. This day is considered the date of birth of the Design Bureau. While studying at the Academy, A. S. Yakovlev did not stop building aircraft. Over the years under his leadership, 8 types of aircraft were created from AIR-1 to AIR-8. After graduating from the Academy, A. S. Yakovlev worked as an engineer at a factory and continued to create aircraft. The first aircraft of A. S. Yakovlev. airframe AVF-10
In 1939, the OKB built its first combat vehicle, the twin-engine bomber BB-22 (Yak-2 and Yak-4), which had a maximum flight speed that exceeded the speed of the best fighters of that time. The Yak-2 and Yak-4 were built in series. During these years, A. S. Yakovlev finally became one of the best aircraft designers of his time. From January 1940 to July 1946 A.S. Yakovlev worked as Deputy People's Commissar of the Aviation Industry for Experimental Aircraft Construction and in 1946 he was awarded the rank of Colonel General. On January 13, 1940, the I-26 (Yak-1) took off, which became the best Soviet fighter of the first period of the Great Patriotic War. The aircraft was highly praised, and the chief designer became one of the first Heroes of Socialist Labor and State Prize laureates. On the basis of the Yak-1, the Yak-7 in 1941, the Yak-9, the Yak-3 (1943) and over 30 of their production variants and modifications of all aircraft were created. They accounted for two-thirds of the fighters produced during the war. Yak-2 Yak-1
A whole generation of light-engine aircraft was created: the Yak-11 and Yak-18 trainers, the Yak-12 multi-purpose aircraft, the first jet trainer aircraft in the USSR, the Yak-30 and Yak-32. The landing craft, the Yak-14 glider and the Yak-24 helicopter, the most load-lifting in the world, entered service in the years. Since 1968, the Yak-40 has been transporting passengers, the only Soviet aircraft certified according to Western airworthiness standards and purchased by developed countries: Italy and Germany. The Yak-18T and Yak-52 training aircraft entered production. Sports and acrobatic aircraft have become widely developed. Flying the Yak-18P, Yak-18PM, Yak-18PS and Yak-50 since 1960, Soviet pilots have repeatedly won first places at the World and European aerobatics championships. On August 21, 1984, A.S. Yakovlev retired at the age of 78. During his career, he was awarded 10 Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, 2 Orders of the Red Banner, Orders of Suvorov 1st and 2nd class, 2 Orders of the Patriotic War 1st class, Orders of the Red Banner of Labor, Red Star, medals , French orders of the Legion of Honor and the Officer's Cross. In addition, he was awarded the FAI Gold Aviation Medal. Alexander Sergeevich died on August 22, 1989 in Moscow, and was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
In Moscow, in the Aviator Park, a bronze bust of Yakovlev was installed. Stamp of the USSR The name of Yakovlev is borne by: Experimental Design Bureau 115 (OKB 115) Moscow Machine-Building Plant "Speed"; Aviakonstruktor Yakovlev Street (formerly 2nd Usievich Street) in the Airport district (since 2006) in the Northern Administrative District of Moscow.
Alexander Sergeevich was born in Moscow on March 19, 1906. The Yakovlev family came from the Volga region.
At the age of 9, Alexander entered a private gymnasium. He did best in humanities subjects, learned to draw well, was the editor of a school literary and historical magazine, but was also interested in technology, studied in a radio club, aircraft modeling, and then in gliders. After the revolution, the boy first studied at school, then worked in the archives and finally became the secretary of the head of the department. Here they gave out good rations, with which the boy supported his family.
At the age of 17, Yakovlev graduated from school. He decided to become an aircraft designer, but failed to get a job at a flying school. The young man entered on the recommendation of test pilot K.K. Artseulov to the pilot Anoshchenko, who was preparing the glider for the first glider competitions in Crimea.
For his active work, Alexander was sent to competitions. With the help of students from his native school, he built a glider, which successfully participated in competitions in Crimea. The young designer received the first award - 200 rubles and a certificate of honor.
In March 1924, with the help of Ilyushin, he got a job in the training workshops of the Air Fleet Academy. After transferring to the flight detachment at Khodynskoe Field, Yakovlev observed order in the Hangar, then became a junior mechanic and in practice mastered working with the aircraft of that time.
Already in the summer of 1927, Yakovlev and the pilot Piontkovsky flew from Moscow to Sevastopol on an AIR-1 aircraft.
This flight achieved a range record for sports aircraft - for flight range without landing (1420 km) and duration (15 hours 30 minutes). For the flight they were given a prize and a certificate of honor, and Alexander Yakovlev was accepted into the Air Fleet Academy.
In his first year at the academy, not wanting to break away from what he loved, Yakovlev designed the AIR-2 on floats, flying from the Moscow River.
In 1929, tests of AIR-3 were completed. Since the plane was built with funds raised by the pioneers, the plane was called “Pionerskaya Pravda.” In the fall of 1929, Piontkovsky carried out a flight on the AIR-4 at a distance of 3650 km along the Moscow-Kyiv-Odessa route.
He graduated from the Yakovlev Academy in 1931 with the first category. In his last year of study, he designed and after graduating from the academy he built a 4-seater AIR-5, which was called an “air car.” The young engineer was sent to one of the two centers of aviation design thought - TsKB at the Menzhinsky plant. The designer reworked the AIR-5 project. This is how AIR-6 appeared. then the AIR-? Powered by the domestic M-22 engine.
In 1933, using the AIR-6 in a float version, pilots exceeded the official world range record for seaplanes. Meanwhile, Yakovlev built a sports aircraft AIR-7 with a landing gear housed in fairings.
In 1936, after a successful flight of a flight along the Moscow-Irkutsk - Moscow route, Yakovlev was allocated funds for the construction of an assembly shop and a design bureau building.
By this time, serial factories began producing the AIR-6, as well as the UT-1 and UT-2 training aircraft.
At the demonstration to members of the government, the UT-2 jumped ahead and attracted the attention of I.V. Stalin, who was talking with Alexander Sergeevich and was interested in which aircraft was better to train fighter pilots on. Everyone confirmed that the UT-2 is better than the U-2 biplane. The UT-2 aircraft was produced from 1936 to 1946 in numbers of more than 7,000. For the best design of this aircraft, Alexander Sergeevich was awarded a gold watch.
Yakovlev not only was engaged in design work, but also promoted light-engine sport aviation in articles for newspapers and magazines, encouraging young people to join aviation.
Thanks to government support, in 1937, 19 aircraft took part in the Moscow-Sevastopol-Moscow flight; Yakovlev's cars turned out to be the best in speed.
By 1939, the design bureau had already designed the Yak-4 bomber with two water-cooled engines.
About 600 aircraft of this type were produced.
Later it turned out that the twin-engine Yak-4, after being converted into a bomber and installing defensive weapons, lost its advantages and participated only at the beginning of the war, until it was replaced by the Pe-2 dive bomber.
By January 1, 1940, Alexander Sergeevich introduced the new I-26 (Yak-1) fighter. Later, on the basis of this aircraft, UTI-26 was mass-produced.
Stalin respected Yakovlev. On his instructions, the aircraft designer was first installed with a regular telephone and then a Kremlin telephone in his new apartment.
On January 11, 1940, Yakovlev was appointed deputy for science and experimental construction to the new People's Commissar of the aviation industry A.I. Shakhurin.
On the initiative of Alexander Sergeevich, the Summer Research Institute (LII) was created, headed by test pilot M.M. Gromov.
In 1940, Yakovlev led an aviation group as part of a trade delegation to Germany.
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Alexander Sergeevich organized the transfer of enterprises to the Urals. When German troops approached Moscow, Yakovlev organized the evacuation of aircraft designers, and then he himself, on Stalin’s instructions, went to the Volga, where production of the Yak-1 was being established at the plant. Then he was sent to Siberia, where the production of fighter aircraft was being prepared at a machine-building plant.
Taking on the duties of a representative of the State Defense Committee, Yakovlev created a single one from four teams of evacuated factories and organized the production of two types of fighters. In January 1942, an order was received to transfer the entire plant to the production of the Yak-1. By February 20, the plant was producing 3 Yak-1s per day. This was a great success, because the production of everything necessary for aviation was just being established beyond the Urals.
In March 1942, for the first time in the newspapers, a message appeared that 7 Soviet pilots on the Yak-1 won a battle with 25 enemy aircraft.
In 1942, the Yak-6 night bomber and transport aircraft were tested. This aircraft was produced during the war mainly as a headquarters communications aircraft.
The development of the first fighter made it possible to develop the Yak-3 with a flight weight of 2650 kg with a range of 900 km. The Yak-3 is considered the lightest and most maneuverable aircraft of World War II. The Yak-3 was preferred by many pilots, in particular from the Normandy-Niemen squadron.
To provide reliable cover for the bombers, the Yak-9 escort fighter was created.
During the battles for Stalingrad, Yakovlev received information about Yakov's heavy losses. It turned out that a group of German aces had appeared at the front. However, when regiments of the best Soviet pilots on the Yak-9 were formed, the Messerschmitts were already defeated, and the Nazi command had to transfer planes even from Sicily.
When the question of increasing the flight range of fighters again arose in view of the need for a rapid offensive by Soviet troops, Yakovlev, summoned to Stalin along with Lavochkin, promised to double the range to 2000 km when adopting the Yak-9DD. The aircraft designer solved the problem of increasing fuel reserves by placing tanks on the wings.
At the beginning of 1944, a group of Yak-9DDs flew non-stop from the USSR to Italy through Romania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia, which were occupied by the enemy.
By the end of the war, 36,000 Yak fighters were built; Only more Il-2 attack aircraft were produced.
In 1945, the Yakovlev Design Bureau began to engage in jet aviation.
General information, part 1
In 1945, the Yakovlev Design Bureau began to engage in jet aviation. Initially, a liquid jet engine was installed on the Yak-3. The speed increased to 800 km per hour. However, the car turned out to be dangerous and was lost during preparations for the 1945 air parade.
The design bureau was developing the Yak-15 single-engine fighter.
In April 1946, the Yak-15 successfully made its first flight.
Factory tests of the Yak-15 ended on June 22. During their course, the aircraft with a take-off weight of 2570 kg managed to reach a maximum speed at the ground of 770 km/h, and at an altitude of 5000 m - 800 km/h. With a fuel reserve of 472 kg, the flight range was 575 km. The fighter reached an altitude of 5 km in 4.1 minutes.
In the summer of 1946, Yakovlev, in a conversation with Stalin, asked to be relieved of his duties as deputy minister in order to devote himself entirely to design work. Stalin agreed. On July 9, Yakovlev received documents conferring on him the rank of colonel general and his release from office with an announcement of gratitude for six years of leadership work.
Alexander Sergeevich devoted himself entirely to design. During 1946-1949, his design bureau created and launched into serial production the Yak-15, Yak-17 jet aircraft, the Yak-14 heavy landing glider, the Yak-11 training fighter, the initial training aircraft, and the Yak-23 jet fighter.
The Yak-25 fighter was equipped with a swept tail and retained the straight wing. Despite successful tests completed in September 1948, the aircraft remained experimental; The main aircraft was the Mig-15.
By the beginning of the 50s, domestic jet engines appeared. One of the first vehicles was equipped with the Yak-25 two-seat all-weather interceptor. the resolution on its creation was adopted in August 1951. The first production cars appeared in 1954. Subsequently, on the basis of the Yak-25 design, a family of supersonic Yak-28s for various purposes (bombers, fighters, reconnaissance aircraft) with weapons inside the fuselage was created.
Alexander Sergeevich was involved in the design of light aircraft and helicopters. At the beginning of the winter of 1953, the Yak-24 helicopter was presented for state testing. In 1956, records were set with this helicopter.
Yakovlev did not abandon the design of sports aircraft with which he began. He led the development of a sports car with retractable landing gear and an enclosed cabin, the Yak-18.
In 1955, a resolution was adopted by the USSR Council of Ministers on the creation of a supersonic interceptor. Reconnaissance and bomber aircraft, which over time received the indices Yak-27, Yak-27R and Yak-26
A designer from God, Alexander Sergeevich became one of the pioneers of the creation of combat jet aircraft in the USSR. However, along with combat aircraft, the Yakovlev Design Bureau was the only one that produced equipment for civilian use. The flight of the first civilian aircraft, the Yak-40 jet, became a notable world event. The pride of the USSR, it visited air shows in Paris, Tokyo, Stockholm, Hannover, performed demonstration flights in 75 countries, and was the first domestic aircraft to be certified in the West. At the same time, work was underway at the Yakovlev Design Bureau to create training and sports aircraft, and the short-haul Yak-42 appeared, which is successfully operated today.
Alexander Sergeevich paid great attention to the development of aircraft with short or vertical takeoff and landing. A separate page in the history of the Design Bureau is dedicated to these unique machines, which have no equal in their technical characteristics: in 1972, the Yak-38, based on aircraft-carrying cruisers, was adopted by the USSR Navy.
In total, under the leadership of Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev, over 200 types of aircraft were created, of which more than 100 were serial, on which 86 world records were set at different times. A laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes of the USSR, winner of many medals and diplomas, prizes and titles, he served his Fatherland, and the Fatherland rewards him according to his deserts.
Alexander Sergeevich died on August 20, 1989 and was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. The monument to the aircraft designer was designed by sculptor M. Anikushin.
Yakovlev’s name was given to the design bureau he created, whose employees continue to develop aircraft.
(1906-1989) Soviet aircraft designer
Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev was born in Moscow, his father was an employee of the Nobel company. While still at school, Alexander became interested in aviation and organized first a modeling and then a gliding club. In 1923, the young man began working as a carpenter in the aviation workshops of the Air Force Academy. He helped make gliders, so he was included in the group of mechanics that worked at the competitions in Koktebel. There Yakovlev met and became friends with the future aircraft designer Sergei Ilyushin, who was then a student at the Academy.
Ilyushin advised him to build his own glider, helped him make the design and the necessary calculations. In 1924, at the same competition in Koktebel, the design created by Alexander Yakovlev already received a prize.
After graduating from high school, he wanted to enter the Air Force Academy. But this required at least some military experience. With the help of Ilyushin, the young man managed to get a job in the training workshops of the Academy. At the same time, he begins to work at the Central Aerodrome in Moscow, preparing aircraft for training flights. Alexander liked sports airplanes most of all; soon he passed the exam to become a motor mechanic and, together with a group of like-minded people, began to build his own car. Ilyushin and V. Pyshnov again help him in this.
The aircraft was built in 1927 and successfully passed flight tests. In the same year, Alexander Yakovlev made a sports flight along the route Moscow - Sevastopol - Moscow, setting a world record for flight distance and duration.
Now he received the necessary experience and could enter the Military Engineering Academy named after Nikolai Zhukovsky. In parallel with his studies, Yakovlev continued to design aircraft. In 1929, he built a two-seat sports plane AIR-3 and named it “Pionerskaya Pravda”, since the plane was built with money raised by young aviation enthusiasts.
Soon, Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev's plane took part in the flight Moscow - Mineralnye Vody, during which two world records were set for two-seater aircraft - for non-stop flight range and average speed.
From that time on, Alexander Yakovlev completely focused on designing small aircraft. As a thesis, he proposed the design of an “air car” - a four-seater aircraft with a short range.
After graduating from the Academy in 1931, Yakovlev began working as an engineer at the V. Menzhinsky plant and continued to design light aircraft for Osoaviakhim.
A team of like-minded people rallies around the designer. In 1933, Alexander Yakovlev’s group was given a factory for the production of beds. In this building he organized his own design bureau for the design of light and training aircraft.
The models he developed became the main training aircraft in flying clubs and military pilot schools. The planes of the talented designer take part in flights almost every year, setting new records. They are distinguished by their ease of maintenance and high flight performance.
In 1935, Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev participated in the international aviation exhibition in Milan, where the successful design of his AIR aircraft was noted.
The next year he went abroad again, this time to France. He was included in a group of engineers who were supposed to participate in the purchase of sports aircraft from Renault. During this trip, Yakovlev visited the factories of famous French designers Bleriot, Renault and Messier.
Returning to Moscow, he learned that aircraft designers should restructure their work to design military aircraft. He immediately got to work and, based on his developments, created a reconnaissance aircraft.
Alexander Yakovlev constantly met with test pilots and among them he found his destiny. In 1938, he met pilot E. Mednikova, and they soon got married. After the war, their son Sergei was born, who later also became an aircraft designer.
In the spring of 1939, Alexander Yakovlev began designing his first fighter, and already in 1940, the Yak-1 fighter successfully passed tests and was put into service.
As a specialist, Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev enjoyed such enormous authority that even Joseph Stalin listened to his advice. Since 1938, he appointed him as his consultant on military issues. At the beginning of 1940, he was appointed Deputy People's Commissar of the Aviation Industry for Science and Experimental Construction. At the same time, on Yakovlev’s initiative, a decision was made to organize a flight test institute in the city of Zhukovsky.
In the pre-war years, Yakovlev, as part of a group of engineers, traveled to Germany more than once to familiarize himself with German aviation technology. He visited the factories of various German designers and observed the organization of design work and production.
During the war he continued to design fighter aircraft. The Yak-3 aircraft he created was recognized as the lightest and most maneuverable aircraft of this time.
Along with this work, in 1942, Alexander Yakovlev began developing an aircraft with a jet engine. In May of the same year, an experimental model of the Yak-3 fighter with a liquid jet engine went for testing. But the plane was unsuccessful; the engine was too difficult to control and inconvenient to maintain.
Already at the end of the war, when Alexander Yakovlev had the opportunity to use a turbojet engine, he created the Yak-15 fighter, which for the first time in the history of aircraft construction underwent full-scale tests in a wind tunnel. In April 1946, the state commission accepted the aircraft, and its mass production soon began.
In parallel with jet aircraft, Yakovlev was engaged in the design of aerobatic machines. On one of these Yak-15 aircraft, test pilot P. Stefanovsky performed a series of aerobatic maneuvers, thereby proving that jet aircraft can be used for aerial acrobatics and flights in extreme conditions.
In the spring of 1946, Alexander Yakovlev left the post of Deputy People's Commissar and devoted himself entirely to design work. Based on his previous developments, he creates the Yak-25, an all-weather interceptor fighter.
Soon after the end of the tests, the designer had to significantly change the direction of his work. The government commissioned him to develop a utility helicopter.
Using the expertise of Russian-born American designer Igor Sikorsky, Alexander Yakovlev created the Yak-24 twin-rotor cargo helicopter, which could carry forty passengers or approximately four tons of cargo. But the helicopter carriage turned out to be Yakovlev’s only such development. After Stalin's death, his design bureau was refocused on creating light aerobatic aircraft.
In 1957, Yakovlev tested the Yak-18A aircraft, on the basis of which the world's first special aerobatic aircraft was created. He could fly both in a normal and inverted position. These machines were used by the majority of participants in the World Aerobatics Championship, held in August 1966 at the Tushinsky airfield in Moscow. Currently, this aircraft remains the best aerobatic machine in the world. It is used by professional athletes in 63 countries.
At the same time, Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev led the development of new models of high-speed fighters. He created the Yak-28 supersonic fighter with variable sweep wings and a vertical take-off and landing aircraft.
In the early sixties, Yakovlev Design Bureau was once again reoriented: it began to design passenger aircraft. Already in 1966, the first sample of the Yak-40 was tested, which, unlike the larger models of passenger airliners Tu-104 and Il-62, was intended to operate on short airlines.
Thanks to its light weight, the Yak-40 could take off from both concrete and dirt airfields. It became the prototype for a family of small passenger aircraft. In February 1972, Alexander Yakovlev's aircraft made a demonstration flight around the globe. It captivated many and was immediately purchased by many countries.
Yakovlev is releasing a new version of the Yak-42 aircraft, which could operate on both short- and long-haul airlines.
In 1976, Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev became an academician and soon retired.
General designer of the Yakovlev Design Bureau (-). Laureate of Lenin, State and six Stalin Prizes. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
| Yakovlev Alexander Sergeevich |
|
|---|---|
| Date of Birth | March 19 (April 1)(1906-04-01 ) |
| Place of Birth | Moscow, Russian Empire |
| Date of death | August 22(1989-08-22 ) (83 years old) |
| A place of death | Moscow, USSR |
| Affiliation | USSR USSR |
| Type of army | Air Force |
| Years of service | - |
| Rank |
 Colonel General of Aviation
|
| Battles/wars |
|
| Awards and prizes | |
| Retired | Member of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces |
| Autograph |
|
Biography
Family
Wife - Mednikova Ekaterina Matveevna. The youngest son is Yakovlev Alexander Alexandrovich (daughter is Yakovleva Ekaterina Alexandrovna). The eldest son is Yakovlev Sergei Alexandrovich (he has two sons from different wives).
Career
In 1927 he was enrolled in the Academy named after N. E. Zhukovsky, which he graduated in 1931. In 1931 he entered the aircraft plant No. 39 named after him as an engineer. Menzhinsky, where in August 1932 he organized a light aviation group.
In total, the Design Bureau created over 200 types and modifications of aircraft, including more than 100 production ones:
- light aircraft for various purposes: sports, multi-purpose, including jets
- fighters of the Great Patriotic War
- first Soviet jet fighters and interceptors
- landing gliders and helicopters, including the world's largest helicopter in the 1950s, the Yak-24
- family of supersonic aircraft, including the first Soviet supersonic bombers, reconnaissance aircraft and interceptors
- the first short and vertical take-off and landing aircraft in the USSR, including a supersonic one, which has no analogues
- jet passenger aircraft
Since 1934, OKB aircraft have been continuously in large-scale production and operation. In total, more than 70 thousand Yak aircraft were built, including more than 40 thousand aircraft during the Great Patriotic War, in particular, 2/3 of all fighters were Yakovlev aircraft. The OKB's aircraft were awarded the Lenin, State and six Stalin Prizes. They have become widespread in our country and abroad. A. S. Yakovlev donated the Stalin Prize of the first degree (150,000 rubles) in March 1943 to the Defense Fund for the construction of a fighter for the best pilot of the Soviet Air Force.
“We were all tormented by the question, who contributed to the arrest of Tupolev? This question still worries many aviation workers... There is no doubt that the arrest could not have happened without Stalin’s sanction, but in order to obtain it, the authorities needed to accumulate materials... The most active informant about the “dubious” aspects of Tupolev’s activities was A. S. Yakovlev. He had his own original method: denunciations were generously scattered throughout the pages of his books. Further facts are borrowed from them. Absent-minded - they do not convince of Tupolev’s malicious intentions. Put together, they look different.”
It should be noted that Kerber is clearly mistaken in this case, since Tupolev was arrested on October 21, 1937, and Yakovlev began to be summoned to the Kremlin only in 1939; Yakovlev began writing books only in the post-war years. Therefore, denunciations could not be “scattered” on their pages.
Yakovlev understood that in the position of Deputy People's Commissar for Experimental Aircraft Manufacturing he could become the object of accusations of bias and “overwriting” other aircraft designers.
This is what happened later. It was argued (in more detail below) that Yakovlev, fearing competition, “curtailed” some possibly promising works of other aircraft designers, among which are mentioned SK-1 and SK-2 M.R. Bisnovat, RK-800 (Sliding wing 800 km/h) G.I. Bakshaev (1939, since during this period he had nothing to do with the leadership of the aviation industry of the USSR and served as the chief designer of the small design bureau of plant No. 115. The version about Yakovlev’s opposition to work on the I-185 also does not find documentary evidence; more In addition, Yakovlev’s letter to A.I. Shakhurin dated March 4, 1943 is known with a recommendation to urgently begin mass production of this aircraft:
“The situation with our fighter aircraft is very alarming. Our production fighters, which have advantages in flight performance over the enemy fighters known to us up to an altitude of 3000 meters, at all altitudes above 3000 meters, and the higher, the more, they are inferior to enemy fighters.
It should be expected that by the beginning of summer the enemy will be able to create small groups of lightweight Messerschmitt-109-G2 and Focke-Wulf-190 fighters, with which our serial fighters will find it difficult to fight at altitudes from the ground to 3000 meters. The experience of the air war for Stalingrad shows that the appearance of even two dozen Messerschmitts with superior qualities compared to our serial fighters had an extremely severe impact on the combat effectiveness of our fighter units; Therefore, I believe that it is necessary to immediately, without wasting a minute, report this issue to the State Defense Committee and obtain permission to build by the beginning of summer two to three dozen fighters with flight and combat qualities that are obviously superior to those of possible improved enemy fighters, for parrying the actions of enemy strike fighter units.
For this purpose, it is necessary to immediately begin mass production of I-185 fighters, as well as Yak aircraft with M-107-A engines, in such a way as to provide the front with at least 20-30 aircraft of each type by May. The I-185 and Yak aircraft with the M-107A engine, having approximately the same speed of 570-590 km/h at the ground and 680 km/h at an altitude of 6000 m, should provide unconditional superiority over possible modifications of improved enemy fighters.
Apparently, this issue has not yet acquired the necessary urgency for the reason that the Air Force has not apparently realized the seriousness of the current situation with fighter aircraft and does not require a specific resolution. In particular, the possibility cannot be ruled out that at any moment enemy bombers accompanied by Messerschmitt-109-G fighters will appear over any of our cities located within 200 km from the front, which will bomb in broad daylight from an altitude of 6000 meters with complete impunity, and we will not be able to provide any resistance, due to the significant superiority of enemy fighters at this altitude over our serial fighters in service.
Aircraft designer Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev
Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev is among the most famous aircraft designers V world aviation. Under him management more than 200 types And modifications reliable, convenient in machine control. He was the creator of some of the best light-engine aircraft in the world. But he designed aviation technology in ANY CLASS cars, from helicopters before bombers. Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev By- present lived in aviation. He invested in aviation all yours strength, knowledge, talent And time. Creation airplanes and other aircraft became his main purpose of life. He once wrote about this book, which is called that "The purpose of life". This book became desktop for many people lovers V aviation.
Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev was born April 1, 1906 year in Moscow. His father worked in oil companies, and mother was studying home And children. Family Yakovlevs had the title "HERERANDY HONORABLE CITIZENS", which he gave personally emperor However, after revolution of 1917 years about this award it was better DO NOT remember. because of him NON-PROLETARIAN origin and without mentioning this title was not easy. Then there was NO ACCESS system V Universities children, the so-called "exploiting classes" so theoretically he could never don't get a higher education. At that time in Universities mainly included the so-called "appointees" - these are candidates from workers families directed Komsomol And party organs.
It was born in school dream enroll in Air Fleet Academy. However straightaway he should enter it Failed because it required availability army service.
Then Yakovlev voluntarily He joined army and got a job at carpentry workshops at Air Academy. There he did the work garbage collector, was listed owner of the hangar, whose responsibilities included carry out In the box sawdust. Despite his intelligent origin, he has no hesitation carried out diligently everything entrusted to him work, which did not correspond his status intellectual. For the guy who graduated gymnasium, it seemed like such a job not suitable but he saw certain things in her possibilities. He learned to do a lot from it with my own hands, and also studied the basic production processes and figured it out nuances production. Next for admission to University Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev I had to go through another one stage in life.
Try to design flying devices Yakovlev started back in school. There he made wooden slats covered with paper, small model glider This model was tested in gym schools, and they produced Yakovleva huge impression! Later Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev remembered : « In the large hall, during the ceremonial silence in the presence of many curious I launched your first flying apparatus, and it flew meters 15. Joy knew no bounds ! Excitement gripped everyone. Model flew, I felt it movement, life ! And here was born my passion To aviation."
IN March 1923 years on the wave mass passion for aviation V USSR is being created "Society of Friends of the Air Fleet". Through six months aged 17 years Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev organized first V Moscow school cell "Friends of Aviation" At all Yakovlev was one of ancestors Soviet MASS aircraft modeling, gliding And sports aviation !!! And this was not only thanks to the talent of an aircraft designer, but also thanks to him organizational abilities. Yakovlev then decided to build a real glider. He had familiar, student Air Academy Sergei Vladimirovich Ilyushin ( see article "Sergey Vladimirovich Ilyushin"), from whom he took notes, with which calculated mine own glider.
After the glider was ready, Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev decided without delay experience him in air on the next competitions on gliding in Crimea. The glider was named "AVF." The abbreviation stood for "Air Fleet Academy". She reflected Yakovlev's dream about admission to higher education institution. On this glider passed a lot of flights. Many pilots, became real glider pilots flying on a glider Yakovleva. Everyone really appreciates the planner liked it received prize and became one of the best! After school Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev two difficult years followed carpentry workshops and then promoted to assistant mechanic V flight squad academy. Soon the young to an enthusiast a new one came to mind idea.
IN mid 1920s years, in USSR aviation, including light engine, developed record at a pace !!! More and more began to appear not imported A domestic cars Squadron Leader Air Academy, Julian Piontkovsky, summer 1927 completed nonstop flight from Sevastopol V Moscow. Amazing at that time it turned out that fact, what a flight to distance almost 1 500 km was carried out on lung on an airplane - airplane. On this flight on board except Piontkovsky and then unknown to anyone, its designer was Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev. It was first airplane designs Yakovleva. Machine creator didn't worry behind safety flight because he designed it based on the previous experience construction gliders.
In fact Yakovlev was banned make this flight because before airplanes, that is lungs airplanes like this no distances were flown. Accordingly, he had a long time seek permission make this flight. As a result, it is airplane "AIR" opened Yakovlev way to Air Academy. Subsequently date first flight AIR, May 12, 1927 years will be taken as a date birth The plane is named "AIR" in honor of famous then the person Alexey Ivanovich Rykov. His fate turned out to be tragic. Rykov held the position Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars And head society "Friends of the Air Fleet" IN mid 1930s years he was repressed And shot. Due to this abbreviation "AIR" began to pronounce it like English word « Air» ( Air ), which translates as "air".
During studies in Academy Yakovlev continued build airplanes, By alone V year. Then it was very productive, especially for inexperienced then still an aircraft designer ! After receiving diploma he gets a job at a factory N39 engineer This plant had Central Design Bureau. There Yakovlev immediately organizes a group of designers light aviation, which was developing new airplanes Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev after the main working day, during extracurricular time. One of these machines was "AIR-6" which one is for convenience nicknamed "air car" This car received very wide application. AIR-6 flew as sanitary aircraft and as propaganda aircraft in a squadron named after M. Gorky. Airline USSR, Aeroflot bought it for passenger transportation to local airlines. He also flew as polar airplane. In the army AIR-6 performed functions liaison airplane and etc. And etc.
IN September 1933 year for Central airfield in Moscow there was a meeting French Minister of Aviation. Then they lined up at the airport French airplane, brightly colored and attracted attention. Next came propaganda squadron named after M. Gorky, and the number of presented aircraft included AIR-6, Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev, who was also beautifully decorated. Appearance AIR-6 even entered into delusion head of the aviation industry USSR, Georgy Korolev. Korolev told his retinue : « You see how necessary build airplanes ! Immediately visible abroad work ! Whose plane is this, what company? ?» They answered him : « Designer Yakovlev." Then he wilted and went search on the field French airplane. An integral character trait Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev were accuracy and commitment to cleanliness, which he saved, despite his experience work. This always showed in him not proletarian origin.
IN early 1930s years in the world press photographs began to appear rapidly one after another American sports airplanes monoplanes. On such machines it was possible to develop unprecedented at that time speed - more 300 km/h ! Then in global the aircraft industry was going crazy race behind speed. Mostly speed increase was achieved due to increasing power engine. At this time, a young Soviet aircraft designer Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev decided increase a speed airplane Not due to increase power engine, and due to improvement aerodynamic shape airplane. Later Yakovlev remembered : « I managed to infect my closest assistants with the dream of creating a completely new By scheme and himself high-speed in our aviation aircraft ». Such a plane could only be monoplane With streamlined fuselage and very thin wing This scheme dramatically reduced drag air. After entering the tests "AIR-7" he showed sensational speed V 332 km/h It was almost on 10 km/h more than Americans. Also AIR-7 surpassed in speed And most fast at that time Soviet fighter I-5. Such success while creating AIR-7 played decisive role that it was decided to organize separate design bureau headed by Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev, who at that time turned 29 years.
But in the profession aircraft designer not anything happens smooth. On one of the flights AIR-7 barely didn't crash. Pilot Yulian Ivanovich Piontkovsky miraculously remained alive. On Yakovleva immediately fell down accusations. He's big labor smog save yours KB, but at the same time with factory had to breake down. Aviation Yakovlev Design Bureau moved to one of the rooms BED workshop. He is there began work with guidance, primarily elementary order. The premises allocated for production planes, released from unnecessary sludge and put it in it machines! The territory, which at that time was simply landfill, was cleared and on this site it was built exemplary aviation factory, distinctive feature which was a high level production culture.
Project Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev, done in the former bed workshop, "AIR-9" was submitted to the competition safe airplanes . IN AIR-9 the designer used a lot technical innovations! One of these new products became combined for both pilots, flashlight cabins Everything in the future educational and the majority supersonic combat fighters will be equipped like this a lantern. IN 1937 year July 4th on AIR-9 Was installed women's world altitude record flight. This record was set Ekaterina Matveevna Mednikova. Her photo splashed across the pages newspapers. To this moment Mednikova as test pilot experienced more 10 types of aircraft Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev And Vladislav Konstantinovich Gribovsky, and also installed several aircraft world records.
She was sincere devoted to aviation. Only like this beautiful, charming And brave How Ekaterina Mednikova could become Yakovlev's wife. Besides, she was like that girl, in which impossible was don't fall in love. AND Ekaterina Mednikova And Alexander Sergeevich were like-minded people they are both loved aviation! In family Yakovlevs were born two sons. They both went along in my father's footsteps and became aircraft designers. Senior son Sergey became the head of the department sports aircraft in Design Bureau of Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev.
IN 1935 year Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev received the title MAIN designer. In the same year he created his famous training airplane "UT-2" intended for original training flight matter in flight schools And flying clubs. Instructors Chuguevsky military aviation schools responded so much about UT-2: "UT-2 for schools and colleges extremely important airplane. As a transitional with U-2 on I-16, makes it possible to more lungs conditions to train all aerobatics". Educational and training UT-2 became ancestor the whole families educational and sports "Yakov." One of the aircraft of this family was single educational " UT-1", who had technical flight characteristics loved ones To fighter I-16.
IN 1939 year April 27th Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev nervously walked up the stairs to Kremlin to the office Stalin. It was already second meeting with Stalin. Behind 4 years before they had already met at air parade V Tushino. There Stalin With interest listened to the young man's ideas aircraft designer and, being impressed, even planted him near With yourself during taking pictures! But in Kremlin cause Not For general conversations, and for personal conversations on specific topic. Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev I guessed that it would be about him first battle airplane. This plane at that time had advanced aerodynamic form, thanks to which he could accelerate to 567 km/h, which was highest speed among Soviet bombers. This technical specification interested Stalin. New twin-engine the car was named "BB-22". This plane hit their possibilities! He flew on 130 km/h faster than the one then in service "SB" designs A.N. Tupolev ( see article "Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev"). If you compare it with SB, then the engines are on BB-22 were about the same power, but at the expense compactness and correspondingly less weight, and improved aerodynamics some parts of the plane Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev it turned out like this speed. True, after installing it defensive machine guns his flight characteristics worsened but the car was being built serially under the names "Yak-2" And "Yak-4".
During civil war in Spain Germans applied new fighters superior according to technical characteristics Soviet ( see article "German fighters of the Second World War"). Lag in the aircraft industry was surprise For THE USSR. Country leadership forced was correct the current state of affairs. The government realized that it was necessary to create fighter jets new generation. They decided to commission the creation of such fighters young aircraft designers – Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev, S.A. Lavochkin ( see article "Semyon Alekseevich Lavochkin"), A.I. Mikoyan ( see article "Artyom Ivanovich Mikoyan") and others . More before the Great Patriotic War wars fighters young aircraft designers "MiG", "LaGG" And "Yak" launched in serial production. Among these fighters, the most light And maneuverable turned out to be "Yak-1". It successfully combined speed And maneuverability. Aerobatics characteristics Yak-1 were higher. The pilots liked it "Yak" however, mainly because he had better technical characteristics By comparison with fighters previous generations. For example, the famous Soviet pilot ass. A.I. Pokryshkin ( see article "Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin") got mine the first Hero Star, flying a fighter Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev, Yak-1.
First Yak-1 took off January 13, 1940 of the year. Piloted it permanent test pilot KB Yakovleva, Yulian Ivanovich Piontkovsky. Design Yak-1 became basis to create all the rest fighter brand "Yak" period Great Patriotic War war. For this Yakovlev design among first received the title Hero of Socialist Labor and laureate State Prize! In general, in terms of the number of awards it was unique record holder. Alone only Stalin Yakovlev Prizes awarded 6 once ! Just before the war Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev appointed to the position Deputy People's Commissar of Aviation industry by Experienced aircraft construction. His duties included track in order to production only the most best projects.
The aircraft designer had the ability determine what projects have prospects and which ones No. Yakovlev attributed to the expression : « Need to give to the customer not like him asks but what to him really necessary." That is why principle Alexander Sergeevich designed his own airplanes. His ability trap, What exactly necessary At the moment especially came in handy during war. Fighters Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev besides their own combat qualities had one more quality, they were very simple V production. The point is that at the beginning Great Patriotic War war, many enterprises, including aviation, evacuated deep into the country, so there was not enough production premises, qualified specialists.
Here we came at a perfect time, by the way, simple "Yaki". Mostly "Yak" was made from TREES. In its production we used low-skilled workers. In design "Yaka" went a lot hand gluing wooden details. It was even possible to use carpentry And furniture workshops, which practiced. In the autumn of 1942 year in USSR unit arrived French pilots in order to together to fight against Soviet pilots fascist German invaders. To the French on choice provided several types Soviet fighters, and they chose easy And maneuverable airplane Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev.
In October 1941, Yakovlev had to urgently go as Deputy People's Commissar to Novosibirsk because there, at the aircraft plant, a catastrophic situation had developed. He later recalled about this trip: “By the time we arrived, the plant was filled with unfinished aircraft. Not only assembly, but almost all workshops have turned into a “swamp”. There have been no delivery of battle-ready vehicles at all in recent months. The director and chief engineer were confused, and although I asked only general questions, there was a sense of complete helplessness in their answers.” Thanks to his determination and organizational skills, Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev managed to improve the situation. Soon the plant began to produce up to 20 cars per day!
IN late 1942 of the year Red Army released Part territories THE USSR. Factories located in released territories, resumed work. At the same time increased supply aluminum because of borders. IN Soviet airplanes the share has increased parts from aluminum alloys, including "Yakah". Respectively improved technical characteristics airplanes. During all this time Great Patriotic War war fighter "Yak-9" became one of the most massive airplanes ! Applied aluminum alloys reduced weight cars. This in turn made it possible to increase amount of fuel and increase weapon caliber fighter.
Yak-9 had one more very important quality. It could have been modify in very different ways combat purpose and many applications types airplanes. Yak-9, Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev had 22 modifications, 15 from which they were built serially! First, instead of a gun "SHVAK" they began to install a cannon in the collapse of the cylinders caliber 37 mm. Then instead 2 fuel tanks in the wings began to be installed 4 tank, which led to the emergence Yak-9D ( long-range option ). Then they appeared, and other modifications may not be as widespread as Yak-9T And Yak-9D, but also quite massive aircraft. For example, modification with internal bomb load, as well as ultra-long fighter. concept "Yak-3" was easy And maneuverable fighter. The design was originally taken Yak-1, which Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev made it easier and significantly improved aerodynamics. Famous French regiment "Normandie-Niemen" at the end World War II war fought precisely on Yak-3.
Any aircraft designer, even the most talented, cannot create new planes without their own team, without your own like-minded people. Any new airplane - this is the result of labor KB team, in which it exists, including mutual assistance. In the middle Great Patriotic War war deputy Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev became Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov, who was very active in design fighter brand "Yak" ( see article " Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov"). In the process of collaboration Antonov offered idea creation transport biplane With short takeoff and landing. After the war Deputy People's Commissar Yakovlev in his conclusion he wrote about this project : « This interesting airplane ! Need it build." Six words Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev decided not only the fate of the new aircraft "An-2" but in fact led to creation new aviation KB under the direction of Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov.
IN end of World War II wars in service Germany And Great Britain appeared REACTIVE aircraft ( see article "German fighters of the Second World War). There was also an active Creation similar machines and USA. Application reactive engine significantly increased flight characteristics airplanes, especially SPEED. IN USSR work on the use reactive engines started in 1945 year. To save time Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev decided to put turbojet fighter engine Yak-3. Plus of such a decision it turned out that pilot got into the cockpit Yak-3 V familiar surroundings. This allowed with less effort master new type fighter.
IN 1951 year August 6th V Kremlin a meeting was held at which the issue was discussed strategic meanings about creation fighter capable of carrying out long patrol in the air along borders of the USSR. I decided to take on the creation of such a fighter Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev. Just in year there is a new all-weather interceptor "Yak-25". The interceptor was equipped powerful at that time radar, which discovered air goals up to 30 km. Scheme of the Yak-25 turned out to be like this successful, that later she used while creating sets combat vehicles of various types purpose. IN 1953 died Stalin. After that in the office Yakovleva portrait Stalin will hang Always even despite change of leaders government. Yakovlev Very respected Stalin and this was traced in his book "The purpose of life".
With the one who replaced Stalin, N.S. Khrushchev at Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev relationship Not formed, they had too different stock character. One day an unpleasant incident happened between them. incident. At one of the exhibitions aviation technology Khrushchev threw out the phrase that the job of an aircraft designer design airplanes, A don't write books! At that time Yakovlev and published autobiographical stories. He Not began to object Khrushchev, but especially from this moment between them forever arose dislike And the book Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev spread across the country large editions and they tried to acquire it and read All aviation lovers. Later poet and writer Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky remembered : “Talented aircraft designer ended up in literature talented. His syllable, completely free from newspaper-state templates, simple, picturesque And accurate One cannot help but admire a man who is so passionate in love to your superhuman work !»
IN 1967 year at the air parade in Domodedovo performed for the first time indicative flying first soviet plane vertical take-off And landings ( VTOL ) "Yak-36". First he completed freezing in the air like helicopter, and then moved to horizontal flight and quickly gained speed! The appearance of the airplane vertical takeoff and landing Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev it became completely necessary because they appeared strategic problems that could only be solved VTOL. Main incentive aircraft creation vertical takeoff and landing has become an intensive development of means destruction of runways airfields. When destruction of runways even if you yourself aircraft will remain whole They Not will be able take off and complete the combat mission.
For the first time since subject matter airplanes vertical takeoff and landing Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev got acquainted in detail with 1960 year at the air show in Farnborough. Big impression produced on him English experimental VTOL companies « Short» ( Shot ). Then it was complex task exceed the thrust engines weight machine and at the same time provide it controllability. On that moment USSR in this matter lagged behind from countries NATO but none KB does not took on the development VTOL. I just decided to do this Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev. The point is that in THE USSR, including in Yakovlev Design Bureau was going on overseas tracking developments VTOL And Soviet aircraft designers knew what in progress creation such the cars were quite large losses And airplanes And pilots. That's why make up your mind to create VTOL meant that General constructor beret on take responsibility for future possible disasters.
On that moment experience creation VTOL V USSR simply was absent, And Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev had to start almost from zero. To design such an aircraft in Yakovlev Design Bureau many were built laboratories and test stands. The system was redesigned management by plane at zero speed. The main problem was creating the engine. The fact is that at this point the designers aviation more engines just-just approached the creation of the engine power necessary for VTOL at relatively light weight himself engine. IN 1966 year March 24th test pilot KB Yakovleva, Valentin Grigorievich Mukhin for the first time completed vertical takeoff and landing on an experimental VTOL aircraft, Yak-36. This date can be considered Happy Birthday domestic VTOL.
Soon the creation began new aircraft, which is light attack aircraft vertical takeoff and landing. By this time, a machine like this type Very got interested And Navy. IN 1976 year into service aircraft carriers class cruisers "Kyiv" started to arrive VTOL "Yak-38". It was first V world DECK VTOL aircraft. On Yak-38 the following was applied new how, system AUTOMATIC pilot ejection. She was first And the only one V world on airplanes vertical takeoff. Her fundamentally purposefully implemented it myself Yakovlev. While the system automatic ejection has not been fully worked out and installed on a plane, starting from Yak-36, Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev didn't allow flight by full profile. Yak-38 was in service Navy aviation during 15 years. Further continuation of the topic VTOL became first V world SUPERSONIC combat VTOL "Yak-141" ( see article "Yak-141"). Flight tests of an experienced Yak-141 started in March 1987 of the year. However, the collapse USSR NOT allowed finish work on this unique then to the plane.
The main difference Design Bureau of Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev was the coverage completely different those flying devices. Aircraft designers his KB were real generalists. For example, in late 1940s years Yakovlev designed a landing glider "Yak-14". Issued serially so-called flying carriage, helicopter " Yak-24". At the moment of its appearance Yak-24 was the most powerful by helicopter. It was installed the first Soviet helicopter world records. IN Yakovlev Design Bureau developed and completely unusual the so-called project "jet car" true, he Not flew and drove around railway. It was railway locomotive with installed on its roof reactive engines.
Although Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev I have been creating for a long time combat cars, he doesn't care remained faithful that class the planes from which he started its design activities, light engine aviation.
One of the most famous educational and training aircraft became "Yak-18". He came to shift outdated UT-2. Thousands of Soviet pilots made their own first steps to the sky on "flying desk" Yak-18. The plane was very reliable And easy V management. His design allowed further modernize the Yak-18. On Yak-18 base, design bureau Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev created excellent aerobatic sports machines such as Yak-18P, Yak-18PM And Yak-50. Thanks to these planes Soviet athletes stayed on FIRST PLACE V international competitions in aerobatics more 20 years !!!
IN mid 1960s years there was a need replacements outdated aviation parka local airlines. Before that it was piston cars with cruising speed flight up 350 km/h From memories Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev: “ Our design team for many years there was famous their fighters, trainers And sports by planes. Many doubted Is it on your shoulder? in general to our KB modern jet passenger car. It turned out that on the shoulder." Yakovlev determined concept your future passenger cars. She must combine in itself speed And comfort large liners.
IN 1966 year a famous one appeared passenger airplane "Yak-40". It was first V world passenger JET plane for LOCAL airlines. This car successfully was exploited not only in the only Soviet Aeroflot airlines, but also in several foreign airlines. Reactive airplane Yak-40, Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev became FIRST SOVIET aircraft that corresponded standards AMERICAN AIRWORTHINESS. Due to the fact that then in USSR more NOT existed Aviation Register, certification was held in such developed aviation countries like Germany, Italy. AND FOR THE FIRST TIME SOVIET PASSENGER the planes were sold in such highly developed countries !
After the collapse USSR, Design Bureau of Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev managed to maintain the main highly qualified aviation footage! It is at this difficult time Yakovlev Design Bureau created a great combat training airplane "Yak-130" - airplane 21st century ( see article "Yak-130"). Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev passed away August 22, 1989 of the year. His planes are equipped with 74 world records!!! It was produced about 70 000 car brand "Yak." And also Yakovlev entered aviation history how gorgeous narrator, who described not only own way designer, but also chronicle development Soviet aviation. Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev played one of the main roles, choosing at the right time completely exactly the PURPOSE OF LIFE.
