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Types of foundations used in the construction of multi-storey buildings. The main types of foundations and their designs

Allows construction on any type of site. When making a choice, proceed from the design features of the future home, the state of the soil and financial capabilities. All this plays an important role, because the foundation of housing must be reliable and durable - the convenience of operation and living in it depends on it. In addition, the renewal of the foundation is a long and expensive process, so it is worth paying attention to its competent construction.

Where does the foundation begin?

Any foundation is based on a project - it is in it that all the necessary data is displayed, from the calculation of the load and the depth of the foundation to the materials with which the foundation will be built. All design stages consist of the following steps:

Geodetic measurements are being carried out. The depth of the foundation depends on how deep the soil lies, what is the condition of the groundwater.
Markup in progress. It is needed in order to mark the boundaries of the future structure.
Earth-related procedures are being carried out: a trench for a strip base is being thought out or holes are being drilled for piles. A granite or sand cushion is being prepared, which affects the uniform distribution of the load on the base and its strength.
The main load-bearing elements are installed, that is, piles, concrete is poured or other work is performed, which depends on the type of foundation chosen. At the same stage, heat and moisture insulation is performed, and a ventilation system is installed.

Features of a monolithic foundation

A monolithic foundation is built on the basis of slabs. It is advisable to lay this foundation in several cases:

If the soil at the construction site is weak, and the building has a significant load.
If the foundation soil is destroyed.
If there is a need for protection from a high level of ground or melt water.

Various types of monolithic foundations are valued for their ability to level vertical and horizontal soil movements, as well as resistance to groundwater. In addition, the construction of the foundation is distinguished by the simplicity of both design and execution. The distinctive features of the monolithic base include:

high bearing capacity;
resistance to displacement and swelling of the soil;
simplicity of design;
resistance to ground and melt water;
the possibility of erecting a basement floor, which will be protected from melt water.

A monolithic foundation is good for soil on a sand cushion and soil that is highly compressed. Since the slab covers the entire perimeter of the building, the foundation is not threatened with displacement. The disadvantages of such a foundation include high cost.

How is a monolithic foundation built?

In terms of its bearing capacity, this foundation is superior to other types of foundation for the house. It is no coincidence that most multi-storey structures are built on this basis. The process of preparation for construction is carried out as follows:

The thickness of the slab should be chosen depending on how massive the house is, what materials are used to build the walls and what the condition of the soil is. Most often, a monolithic slab with a thickness of 15-35 cm is used for the construction of cottages, and in brick and block houses - at least 20 cm. After laying engineering communications, the gaps between the foundation walls and the pipes themselves are sealed.

Column foundation: when to choose?

Modern types of foundations are designed for the use of various building materials. For example, it is advisable to use a columnar base in the construction of light buildings: outbuildings, garages, outbuildings, greenhouses, flyovers. They can be erected on simple and fairly economical grounds. The columnar foundation has supports in the form of pillars that are buried in the ground and protrude outward. The top level of the pillars should be the same. A grillage is also arranged there, which is needed to connect the supports and distribute the load evenly. The main types of columnar foundations can be built on their own.

The distinctive features of columnar bases include:

simplicity and economy of construction;
a wide range of materials that can be used for construction;
the possibility of erection on heaving soil, as well as on soils with a high level of groundwater.

On the other hand, the peculiarity of the columnar base lies in capsizing on horizontally moving ground. In addition, this type of foundation is impossible if the soil has a low bearing capacity. The column base can be of several types:

concrete;
from buta flagstone;
brick;
rubble concrete;
from natural stone.

Sometimes wood is also used, however, it will need to be treated with special means to protect the material from decay and the effects of negative natural factors. Most often, a columnar foundation is built using brick and concrete. Brick is the best option, since such a base, with proper care, will last a long time. On the other hand, the construction will be difficult and costly.

Column foundation: varieties and features

The wooden foundation on the supports is built on the basis of the so-called wooden chairs made of logs. Before installation, the wood is treated with an antiseptic composition, and for maximum accuracy a small pit is dug. A concrete slab or stones are laid on its bottom, chair legs are installed in them. After installing the chairs, the pit is covered with sand and rammed, after which the first crown or grillage can be installed - it depends on the design of the house.

Rubble foundations involve layer-by-layer laying of rubble stone (boulders or granite with a diameter of about 15 cm) in a liquid solution, with each layer of the solution carefully rammed. The essence of the process is to clothe all the stones in the shell of the solution. Sometimes burnt red brick is used instead of buta. To protect the base from moisture, you can cover the walls of the pit with a thick film.

The bored base involves the use of a special hand drill, which allows you to get a formless form already in the ground, which expands to the bottom like a pillow. A reinforced frame is mounted in the form and ready-mixed concrete is poured. All of these types of foundations are suitable for the construction process, but each type requires a project to be laid.

Foundation on piles: what is special?

Screw piles are the best solution for extreme conditions, that is, for the construction of objects in confined spaces or in areas with a large slope, frozen ground or swampy terrain. Various types of pile foundations are widely used today in civil engineering. In addition, piles are used in the installation of bridges, power lines, lighthouses and moorings. According to the method of deepening into the ground, the following types of piles are distinguished:

driven piles made of reinforced concrete, wood, steel, which are driven into the ground without excavating it with special tools - hammers, vibratory pile drivers;
piles-shells made of reinforced concrete, which are buried using excavation and filled with a concrete mixture (partially or completely);
stuffed piles made of concrete, reinforced concrete, which are mounted by laying the concrete mixture in wells after forced displacement of the soil;
drilled piles made of reinforced concrete, the installation of which is carried out by filling the drilled wells with a concrete mixture or installing reinforced concrete elements in them;
screw.

Depending on the characteristics of the interaction of elements with the soil, piles can be in the form of racks or hanging. The first type involves reliance on rocky and low-compressibility soils. Hanging elements rest on compressible soils, which transfer the load to the foundation. We should talk more about this type of supports.

Installation and advantages of pile foundation

To begin with, it should be understood that the pile elements must be laid below the level of weak soil rocks. Secondly, it is important to consider the depth of freezing. The construction of the base begins with the fact that the contour of the supporting structure is marked, then the vegetation layer of the soil is removed. The depth of digging the soil depends on what will be the depth of the future grillage. The height of the grillage depends on what level of snow falls in winter. Concrete should be chosen with a thickness of up to 50 cm - this size is sufficient for high-quality reinforcement and fastening to pile elements. After the trench is ready, along the perimeter of the foundation, additional pits are made with a depth below the ground freezing level.

Pile types of foundation differ:

constructive reliability;
long service life - up to 100 years;
environmental friendliness and safety;
ease of installation: performed within a few days;
economical construction (about 30-70% cheaper than other options);
installation work is carried out without disturbing the landscape and topography of the site;
waterproofing of supports is not required;
the pile foundation, if necessary, can be dismantled.

Strip foundation: reliable and functional

Various types of strip foundations are distinguished by ease of installation, but high consumption of materials. Such bases are well suited for individual construction of residential buildings. The strip foundation is a reinforced concrete strip that runs around the entire perimeter of the house. Its laying is carried out under the outer and inner walls of the building, while maintaining the same cross-sectional shape.

If you choose the types of foundations for a private house, the strip base is suitable for any type of cottages, made of concrete, stone or brick. In addition, such a foundation will be an ideal solution for the construction of a garage or basement.

Types and device

The strip foundation is laid to a depth of approximately 20 cm below the level of the freezing boundary of the soil. The thickness of the tape is chosen in accordance with the thickness of the walls and the material used in construction, as well as the degree of load on the building as a whole. The strip foundation is of two types: shallow, deep, and also prefabricated. The first is good for building houses made of wood or stone of a small area, and its laying can also be carried out on the ground of weak heaving. The laying depth is approximately 50-70 cm. To achieve the strength and reliability of this type of foundation, several points must be taken into account:

A shallow foundation must be ready for winter, otherwise a temporary heat-insulating coating in the form of sawdust, expanded clay, slag wool will be needed around the base - this will protect the soil from freezing.
The side surfaces of the base must be coated with waterproofing in a couple of layers.
Under this type of foundation, you can dig a trench to enter communication systems.
With this type, the construction of basements is possible, but they will be small in size.

A recessed foundation is suitable for larger houses equipped with heavy floors. Such a base is also suitable for houses that will have a built-in garage or basement. The recessed types of foundations for a private house are durable and stable, since they are located below the freezing level of the soil. The laying of both types of foundation should be carried out in the warm season, when you can do without the use of special equipment.

When building cottages, a prefabricated strip foundation is often used. This type allows you to significantly reduce construction time, but the cost will be more expensive. Yes, and without the involvement of technology and skilled workers can not do. A foundation based on prefabricated blocks will not be as rigid as a monolithic one, since it is assembled from individual elements, but reinforcement can be achieved through reinforcement.

Foundation for a house made of foam blocks

Modern builders use various types of foundations for a foam block house. The choice depends on which brand of foam blocks in terms of density will be used during construction. The higher the density of the block, the greater the load it can withstand. It should be remembered that thermal insulation properties may be lost, so you should not initially give preference to installation from a lightweight version of the foundation. The most common type of foundation for foam block cottages is tape: this option is ideal both for arranging buildings with load-bearing foam block walls and for building a frame structure.

Popular types of foundations for a foam block house based on a reinforced concrete slab, which is buried in the ground at a distance of up to three meters. First, the foundation is placed in a pit, then drainage based on sand and gravel is laid there. The drainage layers are first carefully compacted, only after that it is possible to pour a concrete slab, which is additionally reinforced with a large diameter mesh. When installing the vertical reinforced part of the foundation, formwork is installed. The thickness of the outer walls must be at least 40 cm thick. If the soil has good bearing capacity, a column foundation can be used. However, the disadvantage of this type of foundation is the lack of a basement.

When choosing a foundation for a house made of foam blocks, several factors should be considered:

Soil features (composition, freezing depth, groundwater level).
The weight of the future design.
The presence or absence of a basement.
Construction timeline.
Do-it-yourself foundation construction or with the involvement of specialists.

How to waterproof?

Types of foundation waterproofing can be very different. Most often, insulation is laid horizontally and vertically. Horizontal waterproofing is carried out using roofing felt, fiberglass, rubitex, hydrostekloizol. The main requirement for materials is resistance to decay. The installation methods are as follows:

Laying along the very bottom of the basement floor (if it will be equipped).
If the basement is not provided, then the waterproofing is laid in several layers along the edge of the base.

Vertical waterproofing can be done in several ways. With this option, the laying of materials is most often carried out on the inside and outside of the foundation. Be sure to use a special protection based on a cement mixture, to which active ingredients and quartz sand are added. Mixtures react with concrete, due to which the material crystallizes on the surface of the base. This method is good because it allows you to make the base solid and airtight.

Vertical waterproofing can be done with coating mixtures or a mastic base mixed with bitumen. Polymers and rubber components are often used. All these materials must be elastic so that the surface does not crack after hardening. If the soil is difficult, screen-type insulation is used. In this case, panels based on concrete clay, geotextile membranes or a pressure wall made of bricks are used. Good insulation prevents moisture from reaching the base of the cottage.

Effective and reliable is glued waterproofing, which involves the use of roll or film materials. They are attached to the outside of the base.

conclusions

Installing a quality foundation is a complex process that needs to be thought through at each stage of work. Depending on the type of building object and the materials to be used, different types of foundations are used. The photo allows you to see the features of laying each type of foundation, as well as evaluate your capabilities. And remember that any foundation should be built on the basis of a well-thought-out project.

The construction of any building, whether it is a private cottage, a bathhouse or a garage, begins with laying the foundation. We will talk about what foundations are in this article. And also consider which type is more suitable for a particular design and what else you can’t do without when laying the foundation.

What types of foundations are there and how to make the right choice?

The foundation is the underground part of the structure. Although it is not visible, it is this part that accounts for the main load during operation. The foundation has to withstand the weight of load-bearing walls, ceilings, and equipment inside. It is not surprising that the term of "life" of the house directly depends on its strength and durability.

Choosing the right foundation is not an easy task. Many different factors must be taken into account. Among them are the relief and type of soil, the level of groundwater, the depth of freezing, and others. Also, when designing, it is important to take into account the weight of all elements, from building materials to furniture and equipment that will be used in the building. and their description - all this is presented below in the review.

Pile foundations

This option is perhaps one of the simplest and most cost-effective. Piles are suitable even for weak soils, since the load will be made on denser and deeper layers. The bearing capacity of this type of foundation is quite large, and excavation is not difficult. They are used mainly in private low-rise and high-rise construction.

There are different. The piles themselves can be located both vertically to the surface, and at an angle. The degree of immersion in the ground is also different. What are foundation piles? They can be wood, metal or reinforced concrete. And according to the degree of location - single, tape or in the form of whole. Everything depends on the number of storeys, weight and dimensions of the future structure.

Strip foundations

This foundation is the most versatile of all. Strip foundations are used on any type of soil and for any type of buildings. Moreover, if the future building provides for the construction of a basement or garage, experts recommend laying this particular type of foundation.

Strip foundations are built to different depths, depending on the severity of the load-bearing walls and the structure of the house itself. In this case, various materials are used: brick, or rubble concrete, which is popular today. Of course, when choosing, you need to take into account the type of soil, the level of groundwater and the potential danger of destruction of the base.

Pillar foundations

As the name implies, this is a base of pillars, which are located with a certain frequency in the corners and around the entire perimeter of the house. It is on these pillars that the main load subsequently falls. Speaking about what foundations are for building in a cold climate, most often the choice is in favor of columnar ones - since they are not afraid of even deep freezing. Heaving soils are another reason for using this base.

Pillars for the foundation are made of different materials, including concrete and reinforced concrete, brick, natural stone, wood, rubble concrete and others. Their disadvantages include the risk of capsizing on soft soils.

Monolithic (slab) foundations

For areas with a high level of groundwater, as well as weak soils, a monolithic slab is the best choice. The laying of such a foundation is carried out over the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe building, and for additional reliability it is reinforced with a reinforced concrete frame. That is, the base is located under the area of \u200b\u200bthe entire structure. Such unity with the main structure provides a minimum likelihood of further subsidence and destruction of the building.

The slab foundation will be the best solution for construction in seismically active zones. Although this type is the most expensive and time-consuming to implement, the cost is worth it. In addition, no matter what monolithic foundations are, it is quite easy to calculate and design them.

Shallow foundations

If the main task in building a house is to save time and money, then this foundation is the best fit. After all, their arrangement will be cheap and carried out quite quickly. Of course, they are unacceptable for multi-storey and heavy structures, but they will be ideal for light structures. An additional advantage of shallow foundations is the ability to use them in cold climatic zones, as well as areas where there is a high risk of soil heaving.

Every house has its own foundation!

When you have decided on the type of soil and terrain, it's time to decide what kind of building it is supposed to build. After all, the number of storeys, dimensions, design characteristics also directly affect the type of foundation.

Wooden housing construction, widespread in our country from time immemorial, today is again gaining its former popularity. Of course, for buildings made of wood, a high-quality foundation is also needed. What are the foundations for a wooden house, depends primarily on the weight. After all, wooden buildings can be built from a bar or a solid log, be one- or multi-storey, lined with heavy materials, etc. And yet the main types of foundations for a private house made of wood are pile, columnar and tape with a shallow depth. They are inexpensive, easy to implement and suitable specifically for light buildings, which are wooden houses.

For small cottages of seasonal residence, baths and outbuildings made of wood, a columnar foundation will be the best choice. Be careful: his choice will not allow the arrangement of the basement in the house, so take this into account when designing.

An advantageous solution for the foundation for a wooden building will be the use of bored piles. They are asbestos-cement pipes, the structure of which is reinforced with a reinforcing cage and concrete pouring. In this case, the main load from the operation of the house falls on the pipes. When laying such a foundation, it is necessary to drill wells deeper than the soil freezing level, mount the pipes themselves and the reinforcing cage, and then connect it all with concrete.

The bored type foundation is economical and easy to implement, it can be used without problems on weak soil types. At the same time, it is permissible to build on its basis both one- and two-story cottages made of wood.

As for heavy multi-storey buildings made of concrete, brick and reinforced concrete, the strip foundation has proven itself in the best way. During its construction, durable and reliable materials are used, mainly concrete and reinforced concrete, with a reinforcing cage. If a multi-storey building is being built on heaving soil, it is better to use not prefabricated slabs, but a monolithic base that will protect the house from soil movement and freezing.

Reinforcement - an integral part of the foundation

Reinforcement is necessary for almost any foundation. It is also worth understanding its types, classes and varieties better. After all, having carefully studied what foundations are, you can identify factors that affect the choice of reinforcement for a particular type.

In a professional environment, reinforcement can also be found under the names of reinforcing bars or rods, rods or its purpose is to give greater rigidity and strength to the foundation. Reinforcement can be smooth or ribbed, hot or cold rolled, non-stressed and prestressed. It all depends on the technology of its production, the type of profile and the quality of the materials, as well as the conditions of use in concrete.

Speaking about what kind of reinforcement for the foundation is, one cannot help but dwell on its mechanical properties, in other words, classes.

Classes of reinforcement used for laying foundations

A1 - reinforcement with a smooth (not ribbed) surface and high ductility. Indispensable in terms of stretching. Its adhesion to concrete is small, therefore, such reinforcement is not used as the main one when arranging the foundation. But it is well suited for fastening the main frame.
A2 and A3 are the most common types for laying a strip base. This is a corrugated rebar that can be found in both coils and rods. Provides good adhesion to the concrete base after pouring, has good resistance, high compression and tensile characteristics.
A4, A5, A6, varieties similar in their technical characteristics and diameter of the profile, but different in the grade of steel from which they are made. Also very popular in laying foundations of various types.

Metal or fiberglass: what to choose?

Depending on the raw materials used in production, the fittings can be steel or polymer. If you have not yet decided which one to choose for your construction, carefully weigh the pros and cons of both types.

Steel fittings are strong and reliable, resistant to external influences and durable. It withstands high deflection loads, is presented in a wide range of diameter values and any length of the rod. The disadvantages of this type include high weight and susceptibility to corrosion over time.

Fiberglass fittings are devoid of such shortcomings. With a similar diameter, it is four times lighter than metal, easy to transport and easily tolerates moisture. Unlike steel, fiberglass does not conduct heat, so such fittings will eliminate the appearance of the notorious "cold bridges" and increase the thermal insulation characteristics of the entire structure. But it is not without drawbacks in the form of the inability to carry out welding work and bend during the installation process.

Summing up

So, what is the foundation for a house and what is the reinforcement for it, you know. Now it remains only to make the right choice based on specific conditions. You need to rely on the available information about the soil and its features, the depth of groundwater, the climatic conditions of the region, and so on.

Do not forget to take into account the material from which the building itself is being built. For example, stone and concrete buildings require greater depth and width, as well as greater foundation strength. Whereas when building a wooden house, you can get by with lower costs and reduce the labor intensity of the work. Consider the number of floors: even if the walls are as light and thin as possible, a two- or more-story house requires a more careful calculation of the foundation.

No matter what kind of foundations there are and no matter what choice you make, the foundation is still the strongest and most stable part of the building. Therefore, the minimum height of the foundation should be 20 cm. In practice, this figure is from 0.5 to 1 meter - depending on the above criteria. It is also recommended to increase the level of deepening, with an increase in the load on the foundation.

We told you about what foundations are. Comparison of types, advantages and disadvantages of each of them, scope - all this should serve as the basis for the right choice.

The process of building a foundation for a house must be carried out with all rigor and seriousness, because. if you treat this without due attention, then various unpleasant situations will appear during the operation of the house. The most negative option would be the dismantling of the entire structure and the new construction of the foundation. Before proceeding directly to work, you should study the types of foundations that may be suitable for your structure. Below we will consider all the main types that are used in private construction. We offer information with a photo in order to visualize the future foundation.

The main types of foundations

So, depending on the options for supporting the soil, the shape, as well as the design and method of manufacture, all the bases for the house can be divided into the following options:

Tape (the most common type);
Columnar;
Slab;
pile

Strip foundation overview

Tape bases in private construction are used more often than other types. This view can be made simply from concrete or reinforced concrete. It has the same width along its entire perimeter and will repeat the lines of the bearing walls of the building one to one. Similar foundations are laid under houses with fairly heavy brick, stone, concrete or block walls. It is built under all load-bearing walls, and this always requires some amount of excavation and additional use of building materials. is the best option among other options in cases where you are planning to start an underground garage or basement.

Monolithic;
Made.

Monolithic

When a monolithic tape structure is being built, a trench of the required width is dug (usually it is 40-80 cm). The dimensions of the prepared trench should be slightly larger than the width of the base itself (approximately 10 cm on each side of the trench). This is done in order to complete the formwork. Further, a mesh of reinforcement for the foundation (reinforcing mesh) will be knitted inside the formwork and the concrete mixture will be poured.

The main advantage of such monolithic structures, among other types, will be that they are able to withstand significant loads and will be suitable for various types of structures, such as fences. If you are interested, you can see how it happens.

The price of erecting 1 linear meter of such a structure, together with materials and the work of the team, will be about 11,000 rubles, adjusted for a specific region.

Buy or rent foundation formwork can be in MostoStroyEngineering LLC.

Prefabricated belt construction

Prefabricated tape structures are the following design. Reinforced concrete or ordinary concrete building blocks are laid on a concrete mortar and they are pulled together and tied with steel wire. These types of foundations for the house are built quickly enough, they will be strong enough and have a minimum number of defects. The service life of such a prefabricated structure will be approximately 150 years.

The cost of construction is not small - 1 linear meter with materials and work one block wide will cost about 7,000 rubles, again as amended.

Buildings that will have basements will have less attractive prefabricated bases. This is due to the fact that horizontal and vertical seams will reduce the water resistance of the basement, and additional waterproofing, of course, will increase the price of construction. This type is also not suitable for heaving soils that are prone to deep freezing, because. in such soils, the number of earthworks increases.

A prefabricated tape structure is only suitable for structures that have simple shapes, because. for more complex ideas, the building blocks will need to be trimmed.

Column foundation overview

We continue to consider the types of foundations for private construction. The next option would be a columnar base. Its main structural elements are pillars. The consumption of materials and labor costs for the construction of such a structure is two times lower than in the process of constructing a tape analogue. That is why the columnar structure will be ideal for structures that do not have a basement, and the walls are not heavy, for example, cottages made of timber or frame structures.

It refers to pile foundations. Next, we will consider all types of pile foundations.

When such a structure is erected, its piles are formed at all corners of the outer walls of the structure and under the intersections of the walls (internal with external, between themselves). The poles are installed in increments of 1.2 - 2.5 meters along the perimeter of the structure, and the strapping beams are installed on top. The step length is determined depending on the design load of the building on the pillars. If the length between the pillars is chosen more than 2.5 meters, then the laying of reinforced concrete or metal massive beams is required from above.

The minimum section of the piles will depend on the material used in them. So, concrete pillars should be at least 40 cm, from natural stones - 60 cm, brick pillars that protrude above the ground - 38 cm.

It will be a good option when considering the types of foundations for a bath.

This type of foundation can be divided into:

Monolithic;
Made

Monolithic column structures

A monolithic columnar foundation should be used on those soils in which groundwater is more than 1 meter from the surface, i.e. in other words, when there is no water in the drilled well. For its arrangement, pits are either manually dug, or holes are drilled using equipment. Pillars must necessarily contain reinforcing strapping. We will consider the types of reinforcement in one of the articles. It is necessary so that they are not subjected to ruptures during seasonal soil movements. Also, during the construction of a monolithic columnar structure, it is imperative to make formwork (square or round). However, a gap must be made between the walls of the pit and the formwork, into which later, after the formwork has been removed, fine gravel or sand will need to be added. This is done in order to avoid the effect of soil movement on the pile.

Prefabricated column structures

Prefabricated column structures are suitable for construction on marshy and damp soils. This method of building foundations for a private house is prepared in advance at the construction site. They are made of reinforced concrete piles, which are connected by a base plate. For reinforcement, either wire or a suitable reinforcement option is used.

Such a design is not suitable for structures with a basement or basement. You can not use them on uneven areas, because. they are subject to overturning by the lateral pressure of the soil.

Now it is columnar structures that are the cheapest option. They will be especially useful on heaving soils and during deep freezing of the soil. At the same time, the columnar base behaves extremely poorly on mobile soils, because. they do not have the necessary stability in terms of overturning.

All types of pile foundations require the construction of concrete lintels between all pillars. To do this, the soil surface is leveled to the width of the pillars (between them). Next, formwork should be installed, which should be at least 40 cm high from the soil surface. After that, a reinforcing belt is made inside the formwork. After performing these operations, the concrete mixture is poured.

As materials during the manufacture of columnar bases are used:

Rubble stones;
Rubble concrete;
concrete blocks;
Full-bodied ceramic brick-iron ore.

Professionals know for sure that in cases where the foundation is laid in violation of the rules and regulations, the constructed structure will not comply with security measures, because. walls over time have the risk of warping and cracking, and this can lead to the complete destruction of the building. That is why during the construction of foundations, certain rules are observed, in accordance with which reinforced concrete, concrete, and rubble stone are used. These materials have the following characteristics that make them the most popular in construction:

They are highly resistant to temperature changes;
Have high moisture resistance;
Resistant to seasonal ground movements.

Rubble foundations

The rubble foundation is built by laying rubble stones with cement mortar. Since all the stones used during masonry are tightly stacked against each other, this type is highly durable. The service life is approximately 80 years. But despite its merits, this type of construction will be one of the most expensive in arrangement (from 10,000 rubles per ton), because each of the stones must be adjusted in size. The use of such a structure will be advisable on wet soils, because. has high moisture resistance.

concrete foundations

Unlike just rubble, it is erected in a concrete formwork, to which rubble stone is added. Masonry of this type will be an alternation of stones with a concrete layer, to which sand, gravel or crushed stone is still added. The erection excludes the use of reinforcement for this type of foundation.

Concrete is best prepared using cement grade 300 - 400, and for filler clean sand or gravel. Concrete must be prepared according to the following composition: 1 part of cement, 3 sand and 3 crushed stone. Water should be added exactly as much as is required to maintain the concrete in a plastic state, and it could not be poured into the formwork, but laid.

When you study the types of pile foundations, you need to take into account that during long-term storage, cement loses about 25% of its grade in six months, about 40% within a year, and decreases by half in two years.

brick foundations

They are built using ordinary bricks, using concrete mortar. The thickness of this type of foundation should be a multiple of the size of one brick - 30 cm, 51 cm or 64 cm. Under normal construction conditions, the construction of this type does not make sense. This is due to the fact that the brick has a short service life (about 40 years) and low resistance to aggressive environments. It will be an excellent solution for the construction of houses in areas with low groundwater (more than 1 meter). In order to reduce costs during construction, it is possible to use non-new, used material.

Advantages:

Low labor intensity during construction compared to other types;
Economical to build.

Flaws:

Not high stability under horizontal loads;
Limited use on clay-sandy soils and in the presence of heavy walls;
It is required to make a plinth.

Slab foundation overview

Another option for the foundation for home construction, which is often used, is a slab base. It has the appearance of a solid or lattice slab, which is made of reinforced concrete monolith or precast concrete beams with sealed joints. Slab foundations are usually erected over the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe structure. Its use is justified on soils subject to strong and uneven compression, as well as on subsidence and heaving soils. It is sometimes also called "floating". It will also be useful where the groundwater level is less than 1 meter from the surface of the earth, as well as during the construction of multi-storey buildings. Holds both vertical and horizontal movements very well.

Advantages:

Ease of erection;
It can be built on mobile, subsidence and heaving soils.

Flaws:

High cost - has a high consumption of reinforcement and concrete.

Pile foundation overview

Let's move on to the final type - the pile foundation. It structurally consists of individual piles, which are covered with concrete or reinforced concrete slabs or grillage. The construction of such a structure will be a rather laborious operation and, therefore, it is rarely used in individual buildings.

The pile foundation is ideal for construction on soft soils when a large load transfer is required. Thanks to the piles, the load from the structure will be transferred to dense layers located at a depth. Piles can be immersed in finished form or made directly into the ground. All types of piles for construction are divided into:

Concrete;
steel;
Reinforced concrete;
Wooden;
Combined.

According to the type of behavior in the soil, there is a division into piles-racks, they have solid soil under them and pressure is transferred to it and hanging piles, used in the case of dense soils at great depths.

Wooden piles will be the cheapest. However, if wooden piles are installed in damp soils, they will quickly rot. Their service life will be no more than 10 years. And the most durable are reinforced concrete, which will last more than 150 years.

Advantages:

Small shrinkage;
Profitability during construction;
It can be used on soil that has a low bearing capacity.

The main disadvantage of pile foundations for a private house will be the need for special equipment during its construction.

It will not be a secret that the foundation is the basis of the future building and bears the entire load. In this regard, the service life of the entire structure will depend on compliance with the rules and accuracy of construction, as well as on the quality of the materials used. Therefore, study carefully what foundations are and choose the most optimal for yourself.

In order to start any capital construction, it is necessary to determine the type of foundation on which the object will stand. This choice depends on many factors: the type of building, the material of its walls, the number of storeys, the properties of the soil, the depth of groundwater, the volume of project financing. In order to make the right choice, you need to know what types of foundations are and their application.

Even in ancient times, people noticed that the construction of buildings must be carried out on a solid and solid foundation. Depending on the natural conditions of the area, each region has developed its own traditions for the construction of the foundation. To our time, mankind uses several types of foundations, both in private and in large-scale industrial construction. These include:

Columnar.
Tape, which is monolithic and prefabricated.
Slab.
Pile.

All of them have their own characteristics and scope. Each has both advantages and disadvantages, which everyone who plans to start building any capital object needs to know.

Columnar types of foundation

If you plan to build a wooden or frame house with a light structure that does not have a basement, then this type of foundation seems to be the most suitable. Its significant advantage is its low cost compared to other types. After all, it takes the least material, and labor costs are small. For a long time, this foundation has been used to build houses from logs and timber. The first load-bearing row of a log house and floor beams were laid on the pillars.

By design, the columnar foundation is divided into wooden and stone (brick). Wood foundations have been popular for centuries in regions where there are forests with massive trees. Today it can also be used, for example, for the construction of a country house in order to save money. It is not difficult to make such poles. To do this, open pits are dug, in which wooden chairs made of pine or oak butt with a diameter of at least 25 cm are vertically installed. At the same time, the butt should be turned down.

For greater stability, the lower part of the posts often abut against a different solid base or make additional reinforcing elements. This increases the supporting area, which makes such a foundation more reliable. As a support, a concrete slab or a wooden structure in the form of a cross with struts is used. In some cases, this support is made of liquid concrete. To do this, the column is immersed in the solution by 15 cm and fixed vertically. After solidification of the monolith, the column will hold "tightly". A wooden cross is made by fastening two bars 70 cm long crosswise. Connect it to a pole with a spike connection for greater strength.

The number of chairs depends on the area of the structure being built and the mass of the building. In any case, they should be installed at corners and at intersections with load-bearing walls. Additional pillars are made, if necessary, based on each ton of the weight of the building, one column with a support area of \u200b\u200bnot less than 490 mm2, if the bearing capacity of the soil is normal 2 kg / cm2. The pillars in the pit are covered with sand in layers and rammed. For a longer service life, wooden structures are fired and coated with tar or mining.

Wooden poles have a significant drawback - this is their fragility. No measures will allow the wooden foundation to be used for decades. If brick or stone is used for the construction of a columnar foundation, then this disadvantage can be successfully avoided. The device of a stone columnar foundation is carried out using rubble masonry. At the same time, ligation of the sutures is made without fail. As a filler, granite stones, brick breakage or rubble stone are used. The masonry is made of iron bricks. Ordinary red and silicate bricks are not used for this purpose, as they collapse under the influence of moisture. In extreme cases, they make good waterproofing for it.

If you started building on a wetland, then it will be impossible to build on it, neither a wooden nor a stone foundation. In this case, the output will be the installation of a prefabricated columnar foundation. The elements of such a foundation are made in advance by rigidly fastening the column to a concrete flat base. The pillars themselves are made of reinforced concrete with reinforcement. You can also install asbestos pipes, which are filled with reinforcement from scraps of old pipes or wire and poured with concrete. Their surface is coated with bitumen. For pouring, cement grades M300 and M400 are used. In place, such a foundation can be made by drilling wide wells and installing pipes in them, followed by pouring concrete.

It is necessary to arrange columnar types of foundations in dry soils. They are not suitable for areas where there is a significant slope of the surface, as skew may occur. You should not choose this type of foundation if the house is planned to be built with a basement or basement.

Various types of strip foundation

Perhaps this is the most common type of foundation. It is used in the construction of almost any buildings and structures, especially in private construction. The parameters of such a foundation depend on the mass of the structure and the properties of the soil. The convenience lies in the fact that the walls of such foundations are solid and can serve as the walls of basements or basements.

There are several types of strip foundation: prefabricated, rubble, monolithic and panel. All of them are made using different technologies, but the common thing is that they resemble a tape lying on the ground. That is, it is a solid base without gaps. It is worth dwelling on each of them in more detail.

The prefabricated strip foundation is made of reinforced concrete blocks, which are fastened together. They are very heavy, so the construction requires lifting equipment. For these purposes, reinforced concrete structures are produced with a width of 300, 400 and 600 mm. Before the construction of the foundation, a 10 cm concrete preparation is made. Already on it put the first row of blocks. Between themselves, the elements are fastened by pouring the solution into the technological grooves available on each product. The second row is placed on the first one in mortar like brickwork. This dressing is observed in all corners. The joints are coated with a solution.

With insufficient bearing capacity of the soil under such a foundation, a support is made of special foundation blocks, which are from 800 to 2800 mm wide in 200 mm increments. It is not advisable to use a block prefabricated strip foundation in houses where there will be a basement, as the joints will freeze through. Or you need to produce high-quality, and therefore expensive, waterproofing.

Another type of strip foundation is rubble. Its use is permissible for the construction of buildings up to 2 floors. Such a foundation is poured into trenches against the walls. Rubble stones 25–30 cm in size are laid on the rammed bottom. The gaps between them are covered with crushed stone, compacted with a rammer, after which all this is poured with concrete mortar. Above the ground, such a foundation should rise 15 cm and have a width greater than the width of the walls. The sole of such foundations for normal soil is made 60 cm wide. If the soil is loose and has a low density, then the area needs to be increased even more.

A monolithic strip foundation is poured entirely from a cement mortar, which includes cement, sand, crushed stone and water. Usually take three parts of sand to one part of cement. The bottom of the trench is rammed and filled with rubble. After that, pour the solution. A formwork of wooden shields is erected above the above-ground part. The width of such a foundation must also be greater than the width of the walls of the building. The shields are connected with bars to avoid their divergence. Inside the formwork, reinforcement is placed, connected to each other. Then the entire volume of the formwork is poured with mortar to the desired height and the upper plane is leveled along the horizon. All surfaces of such a foundation must be waterproofed.

Today there is another new way to construct a strip foundation. It is applicable for wooden houses with a basement. The construction uses foundation panels with a thickness of only 260 mm. They have a cellular structure filled with insulation. The concrete itself contains water-repellent additives, which makes waterproofing unnecessary. The production of such panels is made to order for any type of building.

In addition, there are foam structures, inside of which concrete is poured. This is the so-called fixed formwork. The foam remains as if put on the foundation, which ensures its thermal protection at a very high level. The advantage of this design is that there is no need to build formwork. It is enough to place the foam molds in the trench and pour them with concrete. From above, such structures are covered with finishing materials. Since the foam is very afraid of sunlight, this must be done as quickly as possible.

slab foundation

This type of foundation is a solid monolithic concrete slab. It is done in the case of a high presence of groundwater and on weak types of soils with uneven compression. The slab is laid ready, made at the factory, or it is poured in place using scrap metal, fittings, wire and similar things. To do this, they remove the soil to the underlying hard rock, tamp the bottom of the pit and fill it with sand by 5–7 cm. Then they tamp again and lay the reinforcement as evenly as possible, so that it does not rise above the upper level. Filling is carried out in one go, preferably from a concrete truck.

The slab foundation is very reliable, but its disadvantage is that it is impossible to arrange even an underground under it, not to mention a basement. The advantage of this type of foundation is that you can lay the floor on it, arranging insulation and screed. There is no need for additional lags.

Pile types of foundations

There are three types of pile foundations. All of them are buried in the ground to a great depth, and from above they are connected to each other by grillages, forming a solid frame. Piles-racks are driven in or pressed into dense mainland rock. In private construction, a depth of 4–6 m is sufficient. Hanging piles do not reach these layers and are driven into compacted soil. Screw piles are made of metal pipes with a screw-shaped auger at the end. They are not driven into the ground, but screwed like a screw. Usually piles are made of reinforced concrete or steel. The main disadvantage of the pile foundation is the need for pile driving equipment. This type of foundation is the only one possible in permafrost and moving soils.

On any type of foundation, a plinth is arranged. Walls are starting to be laid on him. Most often, the plinth is made of brick for waterproofing. The basement is always slightly wider than the walls and narrower than the foundation. The main function of the plinth is to protect the walls from dampness and to provide ventilation in the basement. In addition, this design allows you to build logs for the floor. Waterproofing at the foundation is vertical and horizontal. It provides protection against moisture penetration to the walls from the ground.

Knowing the features of all types of foundations, you can easily decide on the choice of the most suitable for your home. It should be said that the most expensive types are monolithic foundations, as they require a large amount of material. Cheaper than others are columnar and screw piles, but they have restrictions on the type of soil. When choosing one or another type of foundation, you need to remember that it is the basis of the building, and the safety and durability of the entire structure depends on its quality.

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If the foundation is chosen correctly, any structure will last long enough. Knowing the types of foundations for a private house and their distinctive features, it will be possible to choose the appropriate option for a one- or two-story building. We offer you to get acquainted with the most common types, their advantages, selection criteria, as well as do-it-yourself device instructions.

The construction of each private house begins with the foundation

The main purpose of any foundation is to take on the weight of the erected structure with the subsequent transfer of the load to the array of soil located under the base. Therefore, it is very important to determine the type of future foundation at the design stage. The choice is made taking into account the characteristics of the structure being built. Of particular importance is the weight of the house.

The choice in favor of the pile type is made when building a private house on quicksand, sand, loose soils. The special design of the base makes it possible to transfer a significant load to weak soil and makes it possible to build a private house that has a lot of weight.

Piles can be:

Depressed. To deepen these supports into the ground, special hydraulic pumps are required;
Stuffed. Formed directly at the construction site. A well is pre-drilled into which concrete is poured;
Driven. Such supports are driven into the ground using a special hydraulic hammer. Drive-in structures are used when a structure is erected in an open area. If other buildings are located near the construction site, there is a high risk of damage to them by the generated shock wave;
Screw. The most expensive option, allowing use on any soil. During installation, they are screwed into the soil.

Advice! If there are dilapidated buildings near the construction site, it is worth giving preference to stuffed or pressed supports.

The main disadvantage of the foundation on piles for a private house is the high cost. Installation is often performed using specialized equipment.

If the installation of a pile screw foundation is absolutely not for you, we recommend using the services of professionals. For example, a company engaged in the construction and restoration of foundations on screw piles for country houses, baths, piers, piers and any structures that require a strong and durable foundation.

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Column Foundation

The columnar base consists of pillars immersed in prepared wells or directly into the ground. From above, the individual supports are interconnected using reinforced concrete beams. It can be used when building a building on stable ground. It happens prefabricated and monolithic. The advantage of the columnar base is the affordable cost. The disadvantages include low strength and the complexity of building a basement or basement.

Advice! A columnar view should be chosen if a bathhouse or a small outbuilding is to be built.

slab foundation

The slab base includes a reinforced concrete slab, 0.3 - 1 meter thick, laid to a certain depth on pre-poured concrete or a layer of sand. Additional reinforcement ensures sufficient strength characteristics.

This design allows you to evenly distribute the load. It is used in the construction of a private house on soft ground. However, due to the monolithic nature of this type, many refuse to use it.

Attention! If the slab foundation will be poured under a private house of a large area, it is worth taking care of the presence of expansion joints that will prevent cracking of the base due to the resulting stresses.

The characteristics of the base can have a serious impact on the duration of operation and the maintenance procedure of any structure. It is important to know how to choose a foundation for a house, and what factors you should pay attention to. Let's take a look at the main ones.

Analysis of soil conditions on the site

A full assessment of the soil can only be made through appropriate geological studies. Based on their results, the height of the bulk layer can be determined, which should be removed before construction begins.

Given that any soil swells in winter, measures should be taken in advance to evenly raise the foundation. When building a private house on a site with difficult soil, you can prepare a pillow of sand.

The depth depends on the depth of freezing of the soil: the denser it is or the more moisture it contains, the deeper the freezing will be. As a result, in a site with high groundwater, the foundation is poured to a greater depth or makes it wider.

Attention! The anti-heaving sand and gravel cushion makes it possible to build on any soil.

Analysis of hydrological conditions at the site

The hydrological conditions of the site determine the requirements for the depth of laying the foundation and the design features of the drainage system. If the site has an unfavorable hydrological regime, the construction of a private house will be difficult. The water between the particles of the earth, when frozen, will cause the soil to deform, causing it to bulge upward. Heaving is observed on silty sands, loams and clay.

Calculation of the required foundation depth

The depth to which the laying will be made depends on the characteristics of the foundation on the site. With a high heaving index, the depth should be 0.5 - 1 m greater than the freezing depth. If the soil is not heaving, the base is poured to a depth of at least a meter.

What materials can be used to make the foundation for a private house

The characteristics of the materials used to fill the foundation largely determine their advantages and disadvantages. The tape base can be:

Reinforced concrete. Differs in availability and high bearing capacity. If the private house being built will have heavy load-bearing walls, a reinforced concrete foundation will be the best choice. However, it will take some time to form the desired contour;
Buto concrete. Available option. When pouring the foundation into concrete, gravel, boulders, broken bricks are additionally added. Able to withstand a significant load;
Brick. Formed from clay bricks. Raised on dry ground. Relevant if pouring a monolithic view is impossible for some reason.
From blocks or slabs laid in a pre-prepared trench and interconnected with concrete.

The columnar base is made of:

brick if it is necessary to build a two-story private house from a similar material;
Stone. The base is able to withstand the load of a heavy building;
tree. Used in the construction of easy structures;
reinforced concrete. Used in the construction of multi-storey buildings.

Pile foundations can be made using various materials:

tree. Wooden piles are relevant for light buildings of a small area. For their manufacture, mainly pine, processed according to a special technology, is used;
reinforced concrete. A suitable option for any private house, including those built using reinforced concrete;
Metal. The basis, which is resorted to when it is impossible to use reinforced concrete;
Combinations of several types. Assume the joint use of concrete and metal in the construction of a private house on difficult ground, for example, on swampy soil.

What grades of concrete to use when constructing a monolithic foundation

The lower the strength of the solution, the cheaper it costs. However, do not save on the device. When developing for the foundation, a composition is selected whose characteristics will withstand the operational load. What brand of concrete is needed at a particular construction site can be found in the relevant section of the project documentation.

For a strip foundation of a private house, it will be the best option. It has sufficient strength. With it, you can form the walls of the basement of a private house, through which moisture does not penetrate well.

For a monolithic base, concrete with a lower strength should be considered, since such a base experiences a uniform load during operation. For a pile look, you should choose a more durable composition.

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Rules for waterproofing and warming the foundation of a private house

It is not enough just to fill the base, following certain rules. High-quality waterproofing and insulation of the foundation of a private house, carried out four weeks after the completion of construction work, will prevent the penetration of moisture from the outside into the private house.

Waterproofing is performed in various ways. The most popular option is the formation of a special film. Through it, condensate will be discharged to the outside, and moisture will not be able to penetrate inside. To exclude the negative impact of moisture, it should be timely from the foundation of a private house. This can be done by installing a high-quality drainage system and performing drainage work.

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The thermal insulation of the foundation of a private house, performed at the construction stage, is most often carried out outside the building, since in this case it is possible to more rationally dispose of the internal space. For this, a fixed formwork is mounted, to which a heater is attached: expanded clay, polystyrene or mineral wool. When choosing the appropriate option, the features of the soil, the location of the private house and a number of additional factors are taken into account.

How to strengthen the foundation of a private house

If during the operation of the building there was a shrinkage of the base or its deformation. In this case, it will be possible to strengthen the foundation of a private house by choosing one of the following methods:

Installation of additional screw piles, which are located around the entire perimeter of the building at a distance of 1.5 - 2 m from the walls. External beams are used to interface the base and piles. If the building is light, the old foundation can be replaced with new screw supports;

The device of a concrete clip. To do this, the foundation of a private house is completely dug out around the entire perimeter, a fixed formwork made of sheet metal is installed, and concrete is poured. Quite often, in this way, they strengthen the foundation of a private house with their own hands;

The use of bored piles. To do this, pits are drilled directly in the body of the base, followed by the development of a well to a certain depth, depending on the characteristics of the soil. An armoframe is installed in the cavity, then it is filled with concrete. After the solution has completely hardened, the bored piles and the old foundation work as a whole, ensuring uniform distribution of the load and its transfer to the deep layers of the soil.

Attention! Before choosing the optimal method, it is worth performing engineering and geodetic surveys on the site, which will confirm or refute the need to strengthen the foundation.

Instructions for laying foundations for a private house

Those who decide to build a foundation for a private house on their own will definitely need detailed instructions describing the execution procedure. If available, you can familiarize yourself with the list of necessary equipment and tools that will be required to complete the work.

Do-it-yourself strip foundation: step by step instructions

For those who want, who want with their own hands, step-by-step instructions include the following steps:

Photo	Description of works
	A trench of sufficient depth is dug along the contour of the future private house and under the load-bearing walls, inside which a fixed formwork is installed.
	A reinforcing frame is installed to ensure sufficient strength.
	Concrete of the selected brand is being poured. Using a vibrator will provide better concrete shrinkage.
	The solution is poured to the very top and left to dry completely.

Do-it-yourself pile foundation

To perform the installation of a pile foundation with your own hands, you must first mark the site. After that, the work is performed in the following sequence:

Photo	Description of works
	A sufficient number of piles and tools are being prepared that may be required during the work.
	A piling machine is delivered to the place of work.
	Piles are driven into the ground. Their spatial position is carefully controlled.