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What type of dictionary are the following entries taken from? Russian Language Olympiad (school stage)

It is quite difficult to navigate the world of reference literature on the Russian language, but it is necessary. Dictionaries, as reference books containing a systematic description of linguistic units, become our assistants, to whom we turn for advice constantly: when composing a document, solving a test, coming up with a congratulation...

Let's look at the dictionary system. Despite the fact that they all belong to the scientific reference substyle of the scientific style (and therefore must be consistent in the same style and must contain the most concentrated information about something necessary for the reader), the differences between dictionaries can still be significant .

First of all, all dictionaries need to be divided into encyclopedic And linguistic. These are indeed completely different types of special books, which have different units and methods of description from each other. Encyclopedic dictionaries provide a description of a certain field of knowledge in a condensed form. They present to our attention not words, but objects, phenomena, concepts, persons. Take, for example, the dictionary entry “ DESERT"in the encyclopedic dictionary.

DESERT , a type of biome in areas with a constantly dry and hot climate, which prevents the development of vegetation that does not form a closed cover in P. P. Cover approx. 20% of the Earth's land surface and occupy vast spaces in the North. and South-West. Africa, Center and South-West. Asia, Australia, on the West Coast of the South. America. Depending on the underlying rocks, rocky, sandy, clayey, saline and other types of P. are distinguished. Typical plants are ephedra, saxaul, solyanka, cacti, kendyr; many ephemera and ephemeroids. Fauna: antelopes, kulans, jerboas, gophers, gerbils, lizards and many others. insects.

The description given in the encyclopedic dictionary gives us an idea of the desert, which is in a narrow special scientific picture of the world. With the help of non-linguistic (!) terms and symbols, we are “painted” a full-fledged picture of this phenomenon, such as it can be briefly presented to us by geographers. The phenomenon “desert” itself becomes a unit of description in the encyclopedic dictionary.

In a linguistic dictionary, the unit of description becomes a word, a lexical group, a nest of words, a morpheme, i.e. linguistic unit and its characteristics. For example, in the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, written by S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova, the word “ DESERT"is interpreted completely differently than in the encyclopedic dictionary.

DESERT, -And, and. 1. A large space uninhabited by people, devoid of vegetation or with sparse vegetation. Bezvodnaya village Ledyanaya, snow village (transfer.: about large expanses of ice, snow). 2. Deserted or sparsely populated area (obsolete). Get away from rumors in a rustic wilderness. Abandoned cities turned into deserts // adj. empty, oh, oh. Desert areas, zones. desert plants.

This dictionary entry already contains linguistic information: interpretation of the meaning of the word, brief information about its grammatical and stylistic properties in the form of special abbreviated characteristics - marks and symbols, examples of use (illustrations), derivative words. Please note that there is no strict scientific definition of what a “desert” is here. Here is a reflection of this phenomenon in a naive everyday picture of the world, which, although not always fully realized, is present in every native speaker. This is an approach to the phenomenon not from the point of view of science, from the point of view of practical consciousness. Of course, some characteristics of the desert are presented in both definitions: first of all, the key feature is the absence of vegetation. But otherwise the interpretations in the encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries differ.

Exercise 1. Determine what type of dictionaries these dictionary entries are extracted from. Trace the similarities and differences in the interpretations of encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries, explain the reasons for the coincidences and discrepancies. List the types of abbreviations used in different dictionary entries.

SURPRISE(French surprise), unexpected gift; surprise.

SURPRISE, -A, m. 1. Same as surprise. His arrival is a pleasant one. That's it s.!(expression of surprise). 2. An unexpected gift. Present with. For birthday. || adj. surprise, -th, -oe (to 2 meanings).

FAZOTRO'N(from phase And … throne) (synchrocyclotron), heavy charge accelerator. particles (protons, deuterons, etc.), in which magnetic. the field is constant in time, and the frequency of the accelerating electric fields changes. In modern F. receive protons with energies up to 1 GeV.

FAZOTRO'N, -A, m. (special) Accelerator of heavy charged particles.

MANUSCRIPT, 1) in a broad sense - text written by hand or retyped on a typewriter. 2) A work of writing; Paleography is the study of ancient R. 3) In the publishing house. in fact - the author's text presented in the publishing house.

MANUSCRIPT, -i, w. 1. The original or a copy of the text, written by hand or transcribed on a typewriter. Chekhov's manuscripts. Typewritten r. Pass R. to the publishing house. Manuscripts don't burn(aphorism; it is said in the meaning: a work of creative labor cannot disappear, perish; high). 2. A monument of writing, primarily related to. to the time before the advent of printing. Ancient Russian manuscripts. II adj. handwritten,-oh,-oh. R. text. R. fund.

CAIN, in biblical mythology, the eldest son of Adam and Eve, a farmer. Out of envy, he killed his brother Abel, the “shepherd of the sheep.” Cursed by God for fratricide and marked with a special sign (“Seal of Cain”).

CAIN, -A, m. (old) Monster, criminal [named after Cain - fratricide, according to the biblical legend, cursed by God]. || adj. Ka'insky, -th, -oh and ka'inov, -a, -o. Cain's seal on someone. (about a traitor rejected by everyone; book).

Linguistic dictionaries are heterogeneous. The target setting of the directory's compilers, its recipient, and the number of languages represented allow us to classify such publications.

Highlight dictionaries monolingual(dictionaries of the native language that do not imply translation of material into another language) and dictionaries bilingual(created specifically for translation).

Task 2. Give examples of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries known to you. Try to formulate the purpose of each publication and characterize its specifics.

When studying the Russian language, we first of all come across monolingual dictionaries. Let's try to systematize our knowledge about dictionaries in several classifications.

Depending on the main purpose and object of description, linguistic dictionaries can be divided into several main groups:

1) dictionaries characterizing the semantic content of common linguistic units. This group includes explanatory, phraseological, dialect dictionaries, dictionaries of foreign words and neologisms;

2) dictionaries describing the functioning of proper names. These are the so-called onomastic dictionaries;

3) dictionaries characterizing systemic relations in the vocabulary of the Russian language. This group contains dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms;

4) dictionaries demonstrating the results of diachronic analysis of linguistic phenomena. This includes etymological and historical dictionaries;

5) dictionaries describing the grammatical system of the Russian word. These are grammatical, word-formation dictionaries, dictionaries of morphemes;

6) dictionaries reflecting the norms of oral speech. This includes orthoepic, accentological and other dictionaries of difficulties that focus on correct speech use;

7) dictionaries reflecting the norms of written speech - spelling dictionaries;

8) dictionaries describing the individual style characteristics of the largest Russian writers. These are the so-called dictionaries of the writer’s language.

Task 3. Get acquainted with dictionary entries from dictionaries that differ in purpose and object of description. Identify key differentiators.

HOPE,-s, and. 1. Belief in the possibility of something happening. joyful, favorable. There is n. for recovery. Hoping for a favorable outcome(experiencing hope for something). Feed hope(hope for something). Someone is showing hope.(you can expect that he will grow and acquire necessary or valuable qualities). hope dies last(aphorism). 2. The one (or that) on whom (what) they hope, who should (what should) bring success, joy, prosperity. Son - n. families. ♦ All hope on someone or something(colloquial) - only someone can help, help out. I'm late, all hope is for a taxi.(Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, written by S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova).

hope, -ы (Spelling dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. p/r R.I.Avanesova. M., 2001).

HOPE,-s, and. Slav. Derivatives: Nadezhdushka; Nadia; Hope; put on; Nadekha; Nadyukha; Nadyusha; Nadyunya; Nadura; I hope; Nadina; Dina; Dinusya; Nadisha. [Borrowed from Art.-Sl. language, where it appeared as a tracing paper from Greek. Wed. Greek elpis - hope. Old Russian the form of the name is Nadezha.] (Petrovsky N.A. Dictionary of Russian names. M., 2000).

Hope, expectation, hope, aspiration, faith; anticipation, assumption, premonition, views of what, prospect, chance (chances); dream, illusion, chimera. Wed.<Призрак>. Hope burst, did not come true, did not come true, was broken, disintegrated; hope deceived me. To lose hope, to despair, to be disappointed in something; be deceived in your expectations. He is full of rosy hopes, he sees everything in a rosy light. This young man shows great (brilliant) promise. Ray of hope. Anchor of salvation (last hope). Then everyone had hope for reform. Something to hold on to, like an anchor of salvation. God is my anchor. The crop prospects are unfavorable. Beyond expectations, beyond expectations. Destroy all hope, cut off the path to retreat, burn your ships. Wed.<Мечта>.|| in hope, to have hopes, to caress oneself with hope, to lose hope, to flatter oneself with hope, to nourish hope, to give hope, to lose hope (Abramov N. Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. M., 1999).

hope. Borrowing from Tslav.; Wed folk reliability, blgr. nadziozha, other Russian hope(Nestor, Zhit. Feodos.), old glory. CLOTHESέλπίς (Supr.), Bulgarian. hope. From *na-dedįa from on And children, dĕti, old glory DEJJ "I put it down." (Fasmer M. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language. T. III. M., 1971).

HOPE, and. Belief that what you want will come true. > Raise hopes. Somov. I don’t notice any toxicity, but “self-criticism” is growing greatly. Well, of course, the Shakhty affair cannot be forgotten. In addition, there is discord in the Kremlin... Yaropegov. Does it raise hopes? ( iron.) C 15. > Arousing unfounded hopes. Mokrousov. - now, due to the arousal of unfounded hopes, the mob has calmed down somewhat - . B 118. > Give up hope. See Leave. From 63. || Waiting for something. what you want combined with confidence in its implementation. > With hope. Somov (with hope, almost with joy) [about Bogomolov]. Died? P. 77. (Dictionary of Drama by M. Gorky. Issue 2. Saratov, 1994).

Linguistic dictionaries that present a variety of information about a word are called general or complex. For example, explanatory dictionaries traditionally not only explain the meaning of a word, but also describe its grammatical and stylistic properties, present typical phrases and phraseological units in which it is used, give its correct spelling, stress and pronunciation.

Those dictionaries that provide information only about individual properties of a word are called private, or aspectual. Aspect dictionaries include dictionaries of antonyms, synonyms, paronyms, homonyms (they help to avoid lexical inaccuracies in speech), all orthological dictionaries containing characteristics of the word from the point of view of correct use (for example, “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language” and “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language ).

The classification of dictionaries according to their addressee requires special mention, in accordance with which dictionaries are allocated are common(having an unlimited addressee), educational(intended, for example, for schoolchildren, for foreigners studying Russian) and specialized(for example, for politicians, television and radio workers).

The ability to work with dictionaries on the Russian language and speech culture is necessary for us not only in educational, but also in professional activities, so we invite you to learn how to read a dictionary entry and extract from it the information you need. To work on correct speech, you will definitely have to use explanatory dictionaries as comprehensive reference publications that provide a wide range of information about language units.

Let’s consider, for example, a dictionary entry from the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova, let’s find out what information can be gleaned from this source, how to interpret the conventions and abbreviations adopted in the dictionary.

The dictionary entry looks like this:

FORPO"ST, -A, m. 1 . Forward post, fortified point, outpost. 2 . transfer. An advanced point, a support for something. (high). F. Science.çç adj. outpost, -aya, -oe (to 1 value).

To interpret a dictionary entry, you need to understand some key terms (denoted in bold).

So, headword dictionary entry – FORPOST. From the very title word we learn spelling help, the way the word is spelled. Obviously, the word is complex from the point of view of spelling; it contains the unstressed vowel O. The head word also contains accent certificate– the stress in this word is placed on the second syllable. Followed by grammar help– the stress of the genitive singular form (the form closest to the initial) and the gender of the given noun (masculine) are indicated. After grammar help is presented interpretation of the meaning of the head word dictionary entry. We see that this lexical unit is polysemantic, has two meanings, of which the first is direct, and the second is figurative. The interpretation presented in the dictionary is descriptive. The dictionary entry has illustrative material– phrase Outpost of science– to the second value. The dictionary entry indicates stylistic characteristic second meaning - the word in this meaning refers to high style. The following is indicated word-formation help– a word derived from the capital is given: adjective outpost, in which you can also describe spelling, accentology, and grammatical information, as well as comment on its meaning.

!!! Please note the following difficulties:

1) The dictionary entry may indicate spelling help: in square brackets the transcription of a letter combination that is difficult to pronounce is indicated. For example, in the dictionary entry for the word KOPE"ECHNY the transcription will be given [ shn ].

2) Grammar references words belonging to different parts of speech will differ from each other. It should be remembered that usually for noun the genitive singular form and information about the gender of the word are given: PERSONALITY, -i, and. A typical mistake that is made when interpreting this fragment of a dictionary entry is that the ending of the genitive singular is mistaken for the ending of the nominative plural. Be correct! Typical grammar help for verb will consist of indicating the 1st and 2nd person forms, singular present/future tense, as well as information about the form of the verb: POSITION, -ruyu, -ruesh; nesov. In the dictionary entry to adjective will contain masculine, feminine and neuter singular forms of the nominative case: BOYUDOO"STRY, -aya, -oe. These are typical grammatical references. Optional The dictionary entry may also contain other forms of the word, which primarily cause difficulties in education. For example, the following dictionary entry STRY, -a, about the stable, in the stable, pl. -a", -o"v, m., in addition to basic grammatical information, contains information on the formation of variant forms of the prepositional case in the singular, as well as forms of the nominative and genitive case in the plural. In a fragment of a dictionary entry (RESEARCH, -blowing, -blowing; -blowing; -any; owls. And nesov., What), in addition to the obligatory aspect characteristics and forms of the 1st and 2nd person, singular present/future tense, forms of the imperative mood of the singular and forms of the passive past participle formed from this verb are given. In addition, the dictionary entry contains information about syntactic control: relative pronoun What suggests that the noun dependent on a given verb must be in the accusative case and must be inanimate. Another example: IMMORTABLE, -aya, -oe; -zhen, -zhna. In addition to the traditional full forms of this adjective, the dictionary also indicates short forms of the masculine and feminine gender.

3) About the presence of a homonym signaled by the index next to the title word of the title article: PALA "TA 1, -ы, and. Homonyms are words that sound the same, but have different meanings. It is necessary to distinguish ambiguous words from homonyms. The semantics of homonyms are absolutely unrelated to each other, while the meanings of a polysemantic word are usually derived from each other.

4) The dictionary contains several ways to interpret a word: descriptive (through a descriptive construction), synonymous (using a construction Same as...), through a generating word with the same root (using a conditional abbreviation Cm.)

5) Learn to interpret special litters, used in the dictionary. Please note that the absence of litter is significant!

Special notes in dictionaries:

1. Functional and stylistic (book, colloquial, scientific, newspaper, publ., stationery, office, art). If there is no such marking, the word is interstyle;

2. Limiting the scope of use ( Territorial restriction: region, dial., south, Ural. and so on.; professional restriction: specialization, mathematics, linguistics, grammar, maritime, geodesy, etc.; social restriction: slang, argotic, simple). If there is no such marking, the word is in common use;

3. Indicating that the words are assigned to the passive stock (New, Neol., Arch., Historical, Obsolete). If there is no such mark, the word belongs to the active vocabulary;

4. Words indicating an emotionally expressive connotation (Poetic, sublime, rude, diminutive, affectionate, etc.). If there is no such marking, the word is neutral in its emotional and expressive connotation.

Each meaning of a word can be commented on in the four positions below. Take, for example, this dictionary entry:

ANECDO'T, -a, m. 1. A very short story with funny, funny content and an unexpected sharp end. Tell a. Scabrous A. Political a. 2. transfer Funny incident (colloquial). A. happened to someone. || decrease anecdo’tets, -ttsa, m. (to 1 value). || adj. anecdotal, oh, oh.

When interpreting the word in the first meaning, not a single special mark was used; therefore, it can be argued that in this meaning the word ANECDOTE is cross-style, commonly used, emotionally expressively neutral and is included in the active stock of the language. In the second meaning, the functional-stylistic mark colloquial appears, therefore, in the second meaning, this word is described as a colloquial, commonly used, neutral unit from the active stock of the dictionary.

Task 4. Work on the analysis of grammatical, spelling, accentological and word-formation references using the example of these dictionary entries from the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova.

ANDANTE[te] (special). 1. adv.. About the tempo of performing musical works: slowly, smoothly. 2. uncl., Wed. A piece of music or part of it at that tempo.

ORANGE, -A, genus. pl.–s, m. A citrus tree, as well as its juicy, aromatic, sweet and sour fruit with a soft orange peel. ¨ How does a pig in oranges understandWho(colloquial irony) - about someone who doesn’t understand anything at all, doesn’t understand anything about anything. êê adj. orange, -th, -oh and orange, oh, oh. Orange peel.

HAND IT IN,-chu’, -chi’sh; -chenny (-yon, -ena’); owls, someone-what-to-whom. 1 . Give it into your hands, directly. B. subpoena. V. personally. 2. Entrust, entrust (book). B. your destiny to someone. || nesov. hand over, -a’yu, -a’eat. || noun. delivery, -I, Wed.

DECLARATIVE 1 . full f D. tone. 2 . Purely verbal, external. Promises are of a d nature. êê noun. declarative"ness, -And, and.

JERSEY" And JERSEY. 1. uncl., cf. Thick knitted material, as well as clothing made from such material. Silk, wool, cotton etc. 2. unism. About clothes: made of this material. Suit d. || adj. Jersey, -th, -oe (to 1 value).

NOON, half a day And afternoon, m. 1 . Midday, the time of the sun's highest position above the horizon, usually corresponding to 12 o'clock. Exactly in Zharkiy village. After noon. 3a’ noon and after noon(afternoon). Before noon. By noon. 2 . Same as south (1 digit) (old high). The messenger turned right. || adj. midday, -th, -oh and midday, oh, oh. P. heat. P. edge.

SALT, salt’, salt’sh And so’only; salted; unsurprisingly, that. 1 . Put it in something. salt for taste. S. food. 2. Cook and preserve in salty solution. S. mushrooms, cucumbers. Why do you need so many things, s. whether?(i.e. why do you need so much; colloquial irony). || owls. salt, -olyu’, -o’only And–oli’sh; -o’lented And salt, -olyu’, -o’only And–oli’sh; -o’lenny (to 2 meanings). || nounsalting, -I, Wed., so’lka, -i, and. (to 2 digits), salting, -A, m. (to 2 digits) And pickling, -And, and. (to 2 digits). || adj. salty-aya, -oe (to 2 meanings; special), salting, -th, -oe (to 2 meanings) And pickled, oh, oh.

Task 5. Comment on what types of litter are used in the dictionary entries below. What do these marks mean? What does the absence of a particular type of litter indicate?

REALLY(simple and regional). 1 . adv.. Really, really, really. You're in. is ill. 2 . particle. Expresses confidence: this is so, in fact. V. has gone crazy. ¨ Indeed- the same as really. It's really time to rest. It's morning already. - It really is dawning.

KNOW, -ay, -ay; -anny; Sov., that(high). Learn by experience. I. woe, misfortune. I have experienced a lot in my lifetime.|| nesov. explore, -ay, -ay.

MONSTER, -A, m. A cruel person, a torturer. ♦ Monster of the human race(colloquial, usually abusive) - the same as monster.

LO"VCHIY, -aya, -ee. 1 . Intended, accustomed to fishing and hunting. Hunting dog. Birds of prey(falcons, golden eagles, hawks). L. organ(in insectivorous plants). 2 . Designed for catching animals (special). L. ditch Trap pit.

OZADA"READ, -chu, -chish; -honed; Sov., whom (what). 1 . To confuse, to confuse, to confuse. O. someone question. 2 . Give a task, task (colloquial joke). êê nesov. be surprised, -ay, -ay.

PROPAEDEUTICS, [de’], -i, and. (book). A preliminary range of knowledge about something. || adj. propaedeutic, oh, oh. P. course(brief).

SIR, -I, m. (obsolete). A form of polite, courteous, sometimes ironic. address, sir (in 4 characters). || and. madam, -And.

LEGISLATION, -I, Wed. 1 . cm. legitimize 2. A resolution having the force of law (obsolete official). Meeting of government legislation.

Task 6. Complete a test on the topic “Analysis of a dictionary entry in an explanatory dictionary”: analyze according to plan one of the proposed dictionary entries for a polysemantic word from the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova. Pay attention to the comments on the assignment.

BLISSFUL, -th, -oe; -zhe’n, -zhe’nna. 1 . Extremely happy. Blissful state. B. moment. Blessed is he who believes(aphorism). 2 . full f. Not quite normal [ original holy fool] (colloquial). 3 . Same as saint (1 meaning) (obsolete). St Basil's Church. ♦ Blissfully unaware(iron.) - in complete ignorance (about something bad, unfavorable). || noun. bliss, -And, and. (to 1 value).

BOB 1, -A', m. 1. pl. An annual herbaceous plant of the family. legumes with oval seeds enclosed in pods. 2. The fruit of a plant of the family. legumes ♦ Beans to breed(colloquial) - engage in idle chatter, talk nonsense [ original. about fortune telling by beans]. On the beans(stay, sit) (colloquial) - nothing to do with it. II adj. legume, oh, oh.

FRATERNIZE, -a"yus, -a"you're; notsov., with whom. 1 . To enter into close friendship, into brotherly relations (colloquial). 2 . About soldiers of warring armies: to stop hostilities, mutually showing feelings of camaraderie. êê owls. fraternize, -I guess, -you say. êê noun. fraternization, -I, Wed. (to 2 digits). B. in the trenches.

DECLARATIVE, -th, -oe; -ven, -vna (book). 1 . full f. Having the form of a declaration (in 2 meanings), solemn. D. tone. 2 . Purely verbal, external. Promises are of a d nature. êê noun. declarative"ness, -And, and.

ZACHI"N, -A, m. 1 . The same as initiative (in 2 meanings) (simple). 2 . In folk literature: traditional beginning. Epic Z. Z. fairy tales. çç adj. conceived, oh, oh.

CANONIZE, -zu’yu, -zu’esh; -ova’ny And CANONIZE, -ruyu, -ruesh; -anny; owls. And nesov. 1 . What. Recognize (-to be) a canon (in 1 meaning), such that it should be a canon (book). K. position of some kind. teachings. 2 . whom (what). In religion: to canonize (-five) saints, to recognize (-avat) as church-legitimate. K. the great righteous man. K. to sainthood. || noun canonization, -And, and.

SMELL, -A, m.. 1. The same as the sense of smell (in animals). Dogs have good n. 2. trans. Intelligence, flair (colloquial joke). He has n. for everything new.

REST, -a’yu, -a’eat; nesov. 1 . Rest to restore strength; spend your holidays somewhere. Athletes rest after training. The family is on vacation in Crimea. Check-in of vacationers(noun) to the holiday home. 2 . Restore your strength with sleep (simple). Don't wake him: he's resting after lunch. ♦ The eye is resting on someone or something- about a pleasant, calming sight. || owls. rest, -well, -you say. O. soul(calm down). We'll rest!(it is said in the meaning: someday it will be easier, better for us).

PARTE'R[te’], -a, m. 1 . The lower floor of the auditorium (floor plane) with seats for spectators. Ticket to p. Seats in the stalls.2 . Flat open part of a garden, park with lawns, flower beds (special). Flower p. || adj. parterial, oh, oh.

RA'KURS, -A, And RA'KURS, -A, m. 1 . The position of the depicted object in perspective, with a sharp shortening of parts distant from the foreground (special). 2 . In photography and filming: an unusual perspective obtained by sharply tilting the lens axis. 3 . (perspective), transfer. Point of view, angle of view (book). See something. from a new perspective. || adj. perspective, -th, -oh And perspective, -th, -th (to 1 and 2 values).

REMA'RKA, -And, and. 1 . Mark, note (obsolete). Notes on the margins of the book. 2 . In the play: the author’s explanation of the text regarding the setting, the behavior of the characters, their appearance. || adj. renovation, -th, -oe (to 2 meanings).

TO RISK, -ku"yu, -ku"eat; nesov. 1. Act knowing about the existing risk and danger. Not afraid of R. whoever 2. by whom or what. To expose someone to something. risk (1 value). R. with your health.3. with undef. Expose yourself to risk, put yourself in front of possible trouble. We risk being late. || one-time I'll take the risk, -well", -nosh (to 1 and 2 meanings).

TEARY,-oh, -oh. 1. cm. a tear. 2. Complaining, with the goal of pitying (colloquial). Tearful request. Tearfully(adv.) beg. 3. lacrimal glands(special) - paired complex glands that secrete tear fluid, located at the upper outer edge of the orbit, as well as in the outer shell of the eye.

SING YOURSELF, I’ll sing, I’ll sing; owls. 1 . Achieve consistency in singing together. The choir sang. 2 . transfer, with whom. Reach complete agreement on something. (colloquial disapproval). || nesov. sing along, -yes, -yes.

THESAURUS [te], -a, m. (special). 1. A dictionary of a language that aims to fully reflect all its vocabulary. 2. A dictionary or body of data that fully covers terms and concepts of some kind. special field. || adj. Teza"urusny, oh, oh.

FLY AWAY, I’ll fly away’, you’ll fly away; owls 1 . Flying, move away, head somewhere. The plane took off. The birds flew south.2 . (1 and 2 l. not used). Disappear, pass by. Hope has flown away. Happy time has flown away.|| nesov. fly away, -a’yu, -a’eat.

THINGY, -th, -oe; -den. -bottom (obsolete). 1 . Poor family, humble origin (about nobles). X. landowner. 2 . Same as infertile. Fertile land. || noun artistry, -A, Wed. (to 1 value) and artlessness, -And, and. (to 2 digits).

SO(colloquial). 1 . places adv.. The same as this (in 1 value). E. nothing will work out. Tried this and that.(in every way). 2 .introductory sl. Approximately, approximately. Kilometers, e., twenty or thirty.

Plan for analyzing a dictionary entry in an explanatory dictionary:

1. The title word of a dictionary entry.

2. Spelling help.

3. Accentological and orthoepic certificates.

4. Grammar help.

5. Lexico-semantic information:

· Reflection of polysemy and homonymy;

· Type of interpretation;

· Sufficiency/inadequacy of interpretation.

6. Illustrative material.

7. Litters.

8. Word formation information.

Structure of the dictionary and dictionary entry

The dictionary consists of two parts: explanatory-ideographic (semantic-classification), which is a description of the semantics of synonymous series, and an alphabetical index. Each part is structured differently.

First part represents the basis of the Dictionary. In it, all synonymous series are distributed into semantic (ideographic) groups that have their own rubrication, and the main unit of description is a separate synonymous series, the subject of the description is the general, typical semantics of the synonymous series.

In the second part an alphabetical list of all synonyms described in the explanatory and ideographic part is provided, indicating the group number in the general heading of the Dictionary. This part facilitates the search for that synonymous series and similar in meaning synonymous series of the same semantic group, which includes this or that word.

The presence of these two parts will allow you to use the Dictionary in different ways and search for the necessary synonymous series: from a concept, meaning - to the search for a synonymous series of words expressing this meaning (Part 1) or from a separate word - to the search for a synonymous series in which this word is included along with other synonyms and expresses a meaning similar to them (part 2).

The dictionary is built on the conceptual principle of arranging synonymous rows. In the first part of the dictionary, all 5010 synonymous rows of words are distributed, taking into account the expressed meaning, into semantic groups of different sizes. These groups are organized hierarchically. The top of the classification, its basis, is made up of the largest groups, which we call semantic spheres (the first highest level of the hierarchy). In total, 15 such voluminous semantic spheres are identified: “Inanimate nature” (1), “Living nature” (2), “Man as a living being” (3), “Emotions” (4), “Evaluation” (5), “Speech” "(6), "Intelligence" (7), "Supernatural" (8), "Specific physical activity" (9), "Social activity" (10), "Social sphere of human life" (11), "Life" ( 12), “Settlement” (13), “Perception of the surrounding world” (14), “Universal ideas, meanings and relationships” (15). Within these semantic spheres - super-voluminous associations of synonymous series - semantic classes (2nd level of hierarchy) are first identified, and within them - semantic groups (3rd level of hierarchy) and semantic subgroups (4th level of hierarchy). In total, 84 classes, 255 groups and 185 subgroups were consistently identified in this way.

It should be noted that all these semantic associations of synonymous series have their own quantitative, structural and content features. Thus, the most synonymous rows are in such areas as “Emotions”, “Speech”, “Intelligence”. They make up more than thirty percent of the total volume of synonymous series presented in the Dictionary. In turn, there are very few synonymous series in such areas as “Life”, “Settlement”, “Quantity”. Features of the structural organization of spheres are manifested in the degree and parameters of concretization of the general concept and meaning expressed by synonyms, which determine the different number of fields, groups, subgroups in their composition, which leads to the fact that the semantic spheres according to the set of their constituent groups and subgroups of synonyms do not coincide. On the one hand, there are very simple semantic spheres in terms of their structural organization, when they contain a small number of groups of the same hierarchy level. Thus, in the sphere of “Settlement” there are only four semantic groups: 1. Type of settlement; 2. Location of the settlement; 3. Part of a populated area; 4. A person by place of residence, in relation to a populated area. These groups specify the concept of “Settlement” in various aspects. As we can see, this sphere is very simply organized structurally (see also the spheres “Inanimate Nature”, “Supernatural”). On the other hand, there are spheres that are very structurally complex (see “Wildlife”, “Emotions”, “Specific physical activity”, “Social activity”, “The social sphere of human life”. “Perception of the surrounding world”, “Universal ideas , meanings and relationships"). In such areas there are usually several semantic fields, groups and subgroups that clarify each other. Let's take, for example, the sphere “Social activity” (10), which includes 15 semantic fields: 10.1. Science and education; 10.2. Religion; 10.3. Art; 10.4. Economy; 10.5. Right; 10.6. Military service; 10.7. Hunting and fishing; 10.8. Agriculture; 10.9. Construction; 10.10 Medicine; 10.11. Service sector; 10.12. Transport; 10.13. Technique; 10.14. Sport; 10.15. Entertainment and relaxation. All of the above semantic fields, in turn, contain semantic groups and subgroups. For example, in the semantic field 10.10 “Medicine” 11 groups are identified (10.10.1. Disease process; 10.10.2. Name of the disease; 10.10.3. Characteristics of the disease and infection; 10.10.4. Symptoms of the disease; 10.10.5. Disease state, its causes and manifestations; 10. 10.6. Treatment process; 10.10.7. Methods of treatment, medicines and their qualities; 10.10.8. Devices and instruments; 10.10.9. Preventive actions; 10.10.10. Institutions; 10.10.11. Man), many of which have subgroups. For example, in the last group 10.10.11. these are subgroups 10.10.11.1. Healing person; 10.10.11.2. A sick person.

As we can see from the above examples, the hierarchy of the above associations of synonyms of different ranks is reflected in the corresponding rubrics. Thus, semantic spheres are initially identified based on 15 basic categories, which are designated by Arabic numerals. Further, within the spheres, semantic classes are clarified by the introduction of new headings, the indicators of which are the second additional digits in the heading. Accordingly, groups and subgroups of synonyms are identified by additional numbers in the general heading.

Within a semantic group, synonymous rows of words are arranged taking into account their grammatical nature by parts of speech: first, nouns are given, then adjectives, verbs and adverbs.

Let us give as an example the arrangement of synonymous rows of words in group 4.1.13.1. Kindness:

From the book English-Russian and Russian-English Dictionary PC author Mizinina Irina

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN AND RUSSIAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY OF COMPUTER VOCABULARY Construction of the dictionary Dictionary entries are arranged strictly in alphabetical order: even if you need to find a term that is a combination of words, then in this case you must follow the order

From the book Woman. Textbook for Men [Second Edition] author Novoselov Oleg Olegovich

From the book Dictionary of modern jargon of Russian politicians and journalists author Mochenov A V

From the book Modern Russian Language. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

Material and structure of the dictionary This dictionary consists of three parts. The first part is represented by stable lexical units - neologisms and slang expressions characteristic of Russia during the period under study (1990s - early 2000s). Expressions are given in alphabetical order

From the book Help for the AlReader 2.5 program by the author olimo

1.25. The concept of the active and passive composition of the dictionary Changes in the life of society (political, social, economic, cultural) are reflected in the language, primarily in its vocabulary. Changes in the lexical system are due to the fact that the emergence of new things in life

From the book Fiction Book Designer 3.2. Book Creation Guide by Izekbis

Using an alternative dictionary In addition to the main dictionary specified in the dictionary settings, you can use additional dictionaries. For example, you usually need a quick translation of a word using QDictionary Mobile, but sometimes you need a more detailed dictionary

From the book Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language author Team of authors

From the book New faces on the labor market: a dictionary-reference book author Isaeva Natalya Vasilievna

Composition of the vocabulary of the dictionary The vocabulary of the Dictionary is made up of vocabulary identified from the composition of the synonymous series presented in it. The dictionary is focused primarily on the current vocabulary of the modern Russian language. Considering that the users of this dictionary are

From the book School of Literary Excellence. From concept to publication: stories, novels, articles, non-fiction, screenplays, new media by Wolf Jurgen

Construction of a dictionary entry Words in the reference dictionary are arranged in alphabetical order. The structure of a dictionary entry includes the following parts: 1. HEADING word or phrase in its original form, equipped with an accent mark (Aja?ster, Anim?tor, Bari?st). When,

From the book Woman. Guide for men author Novoselov Oleg Olegovich

Articles The demand for articles is very good. Most magazines use at least a few freelance writers, and some have no staff writers at all. Therefore, you will probably be able to find orders. Take a look at different publications and you will see that the topics of articles can be

From the book Dictionary of Aphorisms of Russian Writers author Tikhonov Alexander Nikolaevich

From the book Woman. A manual for men. author Novoselov Oleg Olegovich

From the book Survival Manual for Military Scouts [Combat Experience] author Ardashev Alexey Nikolaevich

FEATURES OF THE “DICTIONARY OF APHORISMS OF RUSSIAN WRITERS” (How to use the dictionary) § 1. The dictionary includes aphorisms and aphoristic statements (which differ from aphorisms in greater volume) of Russian writers, poets, playwrights, literary critics, historiographers,

From the book The newest explanatory dictionary of the Russian language of the 21st century author Shagalova Ekaterina Nikolaevna

1.5 Primitive tribe. Functional structure. Hierarchy structure. The structure of intersexual relations Even the most primitive peoples live in conditions of a culture different from the primary one, in temporal terms as old as ours, and also corresponding to a later one,

From the author's book

Structure of a dictionary entry 1. Heading words or phrases are arranged in alphabetical order, they are given in their original form and are provided with an accent mark. For nouns, this is the nominative singular form; for words that have only the form

Lexicography (from the Greek lexikos - related to the word and ... graphy), a branch of linguistics dealing with the practice and theory of compiling dictionaries.

Here they highlight:

1) pre-dictionary period.

The main function is to explain obscure words: glosses (in Sumer, 25th century BC, in China, 20th century BC, in Western Europe, 8th century AD, in Russia, 13th century

2.Early vocabulary period.

The main function is the study of a literary language that is different from spoken language in many nations: for example, monolingual Sanskrit lexicons

3.The period of developed literature, associated with the development of national literary languages.

The main function is to describe and normalize the vocabulary of the language, increasing the linguistic culture of society.

Highlight:

Practical lexicography performs socially important functions, providing language teaching, description and normalization of language, interlingual communication, and scientific study of language. Lexicography strives to find the most optimal and perceptible ways of dictionary representation of the entire body of knowledge about a language.

Theoretical lexicography covers a complex of problems related to the development of the macrostructure (selection of vocabulary, volume and nature of the dictionary, principles of arrangement of material) and microstructure of the dictionary (structure of a dictionary entry, types of dictionary definitions, correlation of different types of information about a word, types of language illustrations, etc.), creation of a typology of dictionaries, with the history of lexicography.

The task of lexicography:

Record a description of vocabulary and its use. The lexicographer knows that his duty is to record in writing the language he observes, that continuous change is a property of every living organism, and that living language includes, in particular, forms resulting from erroneous assumptions and associations .

The types of dictionaries are very diverse, determined by the basic information it contains and its general purpose. First of all, there are two main types of dictionaries: linguistic (or philological) and encyclopedic dictionaries. An encyclopedic dictionary describes a reality (that is, an object, phenomenon, historical fact), and a linguistic dictionary explains and describes the word that names this reality.

There are also intermediate varieties of dictionaries. In addition, any dictionary can be classified as either “general” or “special”.

Encyclopedic, in which a description of a particular phenomenon, concept, event, etc. is given. (depending on the volume and recipient of the dictionary, more or less detailed scientific information is given). There are many dictionary entries in encyclopedic dictionaries in which the heading word is proper nouns. Encyclopedic dictionaries include encyclopedias, scientific reference books that provide information on any branch of knowledge, and terminological dictionaries.

In addition, encyclopedic dictionaries are divided into universal (for example, “Concise Russian Encyclopedia”, “Children’s Encyclopedia”, “Big Encyclopedic Dictionary for Schoolchildren”) and sectoral (for example, “Russian Language” encyclopedia, “Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Philologist”, encyclopedic dictionary “ Linguistics"). Encyclopedic dictionaries include: “Great Soviet Encyclopedia”; "Medical Encyclopedia"; “Concise Literary Encyclopedia”, etc.

Linguistic - primarily explanatory, in which linguistic meanings are described. Linguistic dictionaries contain interpretations of words (basic meanings, direct and figurative, are indicated), grammatical, stylistic and other notes are given. An example of a dictionary entry from a linguistic dictionary: marmot, - r k a, m. - a small rodent of the family. squirrels, living in burrows and hibernating in winter.

There are various and numerous types of linguistic dictionaries: explanatory dictionaries; synonym dictionaries; dictionaries of foreign words; dictionaries of correct speech; phraseological dictionaries; spelling dictionaries; spelling dictionaries; dialect dictionaries; etymological dictionaries; word-formation dictionaries, etc.

Linguistic (philological) dictionaries are divided into multilingual, bilingual and monolingual. Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries are translation dictionaries, in which the meanings of words in one language are explained by comparison with another language (for example, dictionaries English-Russian, Russian-English, Russian-English-Arabic, etc.).

In monolingual dictionaries, words are explained using words of the same language. Monolingual dictionaries can be complex or aspectual. Explanatory dictionaries are complex. Such dictionaries provide the information necessary to understand a word, its use in speech, etc. Aspect dictionaries reflect one or another aspect of the language. These include: dictionaries of foreign words, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms, phraseological, orthoepic, spelling, word-formation, morphemic, etymological, reverse, abbreviations and other types of dictionaries.

The most important type of monolingual linguistic dictionary is the Explanatory Dictionary.

The task of explanatory dictionaries is primarily to reflect the active vocabulary of a language of a certain period. Explanatory dictionaries explain the meaning of words and their shades, give grammatical characteristics of words, provide stylistic notes, give instructions on the pronunciation of words and spelling, and also illustrate the use of words in both free and phraseological phrases.

Dictionary entry:

An entry in a dictionary that characterizes a particular word and includes various zones.

1. First comes the headword, formatted in such a way that we can get information about its spelling, pronunciation, and stress. The zone structure of a dictionary entry varies depending on the type of dictionary. It is most fully presented in explanatory dictionaries.

2. One of the main zones here is the zone of meaning: interpretation of lexical meaning involves establishing the number of meanings of a word and determining each meaning separately. The explanatory dictionary distinguishes several types of meaning of a word: figurative, terminological (special), phraseological.

Modern dictionaries use different ways to interpret the meaning of words:

a) semantic (descriptive) definition (definition);

b) synonymous definition;

c) word-formation definition;

d) reference definition.

3. One of the mandatory components of a dictionary entry is the zone of forms: indication of grammatical categories (part of speech, gender, type, etc.), supporting word forms; possible options.

4. A special component of a dictionary entry is stylistic notes indicating the types of book and colloquial vocabulary.

5. The next component of a dictionary entry is phraseological units, stable combinations of words, isolated forms that are separated by a paragraph, a diamond, or some other way.

6. An obligatory component of a dictionary entry is illustrations (illustrative material): phrases, quotations from works that provide additional characteristics of the semantic and grammatical features of words, reveal the scope of their use, emphasizing their normativity, and serve as a guide for modern word usage.

For example:

GOODS, a (y), m. 1. (plural meaning different types, varieties). A product of labor that has value and is distributed in society through purchase and sale (economics); in general, everything that is an item of trade. We must finally understand that goods are ultimately produced not for production, but for consumption (Stalin). My ship, anchored in the bay, is full of rare goods (Zhukovsky). Red t. (see red). There are a lot of goods in the stores. Hot t. Lying t. Colonial t. 2. (units only). Tanned finished leather (boots). Opoikovy v. 3. (units only). Ore mixture ready for smelting (forge). ◊ Live goods. See live in 6 digits. To show a product face to face - to show something from the best, most advantageous side. An auditor is coming from St. Petersburg... You could hear that everyone was cowardly, fussing, wanting to show off the goods (Dostoevsky).

§ 17. LEXICOGRAPHY

Indicate the origin of the term lexicography.
What ancient types of dictionaries do you know?
What social functions does vocabulary perform?
List the types of dictionaries, name the features of each type.
Tell us about the most famous dictionaries of the Russian language.
What are the objective reasons for the inaccuracy of dictionaries?
List the stages of lexicographic activity.
What are the requirements for dictionary definitions?
Describe the ways of interpreting the meanings of words.

Exercise 129.

Determine what type of dictionary the entry is taken from.

Bowls This type includes a wide variety of vessels, from huge goblets with four handles (these were used at feasts) to small cups (usually without handles at all). Bowls were used to mix wine, serve food, store coal, cook, etc. The home stove was usually an upside-down bowl without a bottom. The outside of the stove was covered with broken shards, which helped soften the heat coming from the stove. The lamps were made in the same way as the bowls. When the clay was still damp, the edges of the bowl were pressed together to form a lamp. Over the course of history, the appearance of lamps has undergone significant changes, but the design basically remains the same. This allows archaeologists to use the lamps to date their finds.

Pocket, oh, oh. 1. Small format, designed to be carried in a pocket. 2. Transfer. Obediently carrying out someone else's will, dependent in material, political, etc. respect.

Gifted,-aya, -oh, short form. –yon, -yonna, compare. Art. –ee: more gifted

/n'n'/.

They meet you by their clothes, they see them off by their intelligence. - I know our dacha and the andardachka = I don’t know, then I’m trying = I don’t know how to make a man, but I don’t measure the man’s chins = not everything that looks like a hat = not a look at a galave, but a look at a galave.

Gorny//mountain

Gorny(poet., obsolete). On high, heavenly. The heavenly world, the heavenly monastery.* And I heard the trembling of the sky And the flight of the heavenly angels (A. Pushkin. Prophet).

Mountain 1. Associated with mountains, relating to them. Mountain pass, air, climate, mountain lake. * I saw mountain ranges, whimsical, like dreams (M. Lermontov). 2. Mineral, extracted from the bowels of the earth, related to the development of subsoil. Rock crystal, mining, mining industry, mining institute.

Wubі ts 1. Allure, attract. 2. (hunting) To lure, to lure.

Zakrasa, -y, w. That's what I eat for relish; right.

Exercise 130.

Indicate the ways in which the meanings of words are interpreted.

1.Cowberry, and, well. A forest plant with leathery evergreen leaves, a type of heather. 2. Boundless, -oh, oh, wife, wife. So wide that the shores are not visible, stretching over an immense space. 3. Ticketless, oh, oh. Without a ticket. 4. Burners, -loc. A Russian folk game in which one of the participants catches the others running away from him one by one in pairs. 5. Hurricane, ohm. An unusually powerful storm. 6. Guest,m. One who visits visits someone. 7. Competition,-and, well. Rivalry, struggle. 8. Laziness, -and, f. Lack of desire to act. 9. Sharpat(simple) Rip, scrape, scratch. 10. Food,-and, f. What they eat, what they eat. eleven. Sweatshirt, -and,and. Loose long men's blouse with a belt. 12. Inconvenient,-oh, -oh. Deprived of convenience. 13. Now,adv.. Very soon, immediately. 14. Solono see salty. 15. Build,nesov. Create, create, organize. 16. Languid,-oh, oh. Filled with languor, wearily tender. 17. Moderate,-oh, oh. The middle between extremes is neither big nor small, neither strong nor weak.

● Find your examples in the explanatory dictionary of different ways of interpreting the meanings of words.

Exercise 131.

Read an excerpt from V. Ryazantsev’s article “Discrediting Authority.” Do you agree with the author's conclusions?

The world of dictionaries is large and diverse. They are an indispensable attribute of the culture of a civilized society. Their information is trusted, it must be normative. Thanks to dictionaries, readers - of different ages, education, social status - discover a large and diverse world that surrounds a person.

A special and honorable place among dictionaries is occupied by linguistic ones, and above all explanatory ones, which, giving a holistic picture of the language, are designed to interpret, explain accurately and completely the content, meaning and meaning of words in a form understandable to every reader. The greatest and most well-deserved authority among them over the past almost half a century has been enjoyed by S.I. Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language, which has been reprinted over twenty times in multi-million copies.

In 1997, the Moscow publishing house "Azbukovitsa" under the stamp of the Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences published the fourth edition of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova. It would seem that the publication of an updated, necessary, authoritative normative dictionary can only be welcomed. And when contacting him, completely trust the information. The preface to the dictionary states that this dictionary reflects changes in vocabulary over the past decades and the reader will find in it updated information on a variety of fields of knowledge.

However, these promises, in fact, to a large extent remained good intentions. Moreover, the dictionary suffers from numerous and unacceptable omissions and shortcomings that were present in its previous editions. This is especially true for scientific and technical terminology.

Thus, a student studying electricity will be misled by an erroneous interpretation of the term volt. The dictionary defines a volt as “a unit of electrical voltage and electrical force.” In his physics textbook, a schoolchild will read that “a volt is a unit of electrical voltage and electromotive force.” The teacher will reduce the student's grade for not knowing such things.

The same is true with the interpretation of the word gyroscope - “a device with a disk and a free axis that always maintains a constant position.” Such a truncated and inaccurate interpretation of the meaning raises a large number of questions, that is, its definition is far from flawless. What is a gyroscope? This is “a device with several degrees of freedom and a heavy disk rapidly rotating in it, the axis of rotation of which tends to maintain its original direction in space unchanged.” It is impossible to profane technical terms in an explanatory dictionary! One should be careful about the exact, scientific definition and borrow it without distortion and correction, and even more so one should not distort and deform special interpretations.

Exercise 132.

What methods of interpretation of words do the narrators resort to in the passages below? Compose dictionary entries for the highlighted words.

1. Our Christmas comes quietly, from afar. The snow is deep, the frosts are getting stronger... The frost is foggy and smoky. And the carts are stretching - for Christmas. Convoy? Well, like a train... only not those carriages, but sleighs, wide in the snow, from distant places. They pull the goose, one after another. Steppe horses for sale. And the men there are healthy. In samovars, on long arms, there is sbiten. Sbiten? And so hot, better than tea. With honey, with ginger - fragrant, sweet (I. Shmelev). 2. “The wolves are traveling with the star!..” Volsvi?.. So, sages, magicians. And little I thought - wolves. Do you find it funny? Yes, such good wolves, I thought the Star was leading them, but they walked, became silent. Little Christ was born, and even the wolves are good now (I. Shmelev). 3. This museum was called the Garbage Barn, because any thing that had nowhere to go, and would be a pity to throw away, was called by the hobbits musom. They accumulated a fair amount of such waste in their homes, and many gifts passing from hand to hand were of the same nature (D. Tolkien). 4. I’m no stranger to forest giants...really, oh malornach– gigantic ash trees - I heard only in ancient legends (D. Tolkien). 5. – In our country they are called not biscuits, but putlibs, or, translated into common language, road bread,” the elves explained. – If you don't break them, they will be fresh even after several weeks of travel, so store them for a rainy day. A traveler, even a huge human being, only needs one meal a day to feel neither hunger nor fatigue (D. Tolkien).6. And this Arion had, I tell you, such a wonderful gift, such a talent was given to him by God, well, he had such a talent, understand? He knew how to speak and sing so beautifully that your heart either jumped for joy or cried when he sang - he was such a musician (K. Chapek). 7. – In general, what is it? party? – It’s hard to say: these are both the people themselves and a gathering place for people. A kind of club of interests (“Pioneer”). 8. Acrostic- this is when you write, write a poem, and then squint your eyes to the left and read the name, surname, title, word in the first left column, from top to bottom. For example:

R fish in our ocean

AND was interesting:

T danced on the accordion,

A I couldn’t play the tambourine. ("Pioneer").

Exercise 133.

Write an essay about any dictionary using the outline:

What chronological period does the dictionary describe;
Does it strive to reflect the language as a whole or individual sublanguages (social, territorial dialects), a subsystem of the language (synonyms, antonyms, etc.);
What grammatical information is given about the units described;
What stylistic marks are used;
What types of definitions are given in the dictionary;
Is encyclopedic information included;
Is the motivation behind the words explained?
Are the systemic relationships of words taken into account;
Is the implementation of words shown in context;
Is the origin of words indicated (history);
What is the order of words in the dictionary (by formal or semantic basis);
Are quantitative characteristics of units involved;
What indexes are there in the dictionary;
Is there a history of studying the issue, different interpretations of it;
Whether comparisons are made with other languages.

● Determine the type of dictionary you choose. Select those questions that relate to its description.

You will rarely meet a person who has not looked into a dictionary at least once in his life. With their help, we not only learn the meaning of certain words, select synonyms or antonyms, but also learn a lot of new things.

Let's talk about what kinds of dictionaries there are, what their classification is and remember the main "linguistic reference books" of the Russian language.

The Science of Dictionaries

Lexicography is one of the branches of linguistics that deals with the problems of studying and compiling dictionaries. It is she who deals with classification and puts forward requirements for the design of articles and their content.

Scientists who compile dictionaries call themselves lexicographers. It is important to note that dictionaries do not have authors, only compilers. This is due to the fact that they are compiled using special cards on which the meanings of words and their forms are recorded. In this case, the compiler can use both cards collected by him personally, and cards collected by an entire staff of linguists.

Classification of modern dictionaries

All dictionaries are divided into encyclopedic and philological, or linguistic.

Encyclopedic dictionaries provide information about various events. A striking example of such a dictionary is BES - Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. Encyclopedic ones include

What types of linguistic dictionaries are there? This group of dictionaries deals directly with words and their interpretation. They are also divided into bilingual and monolingual.

Bilingual dictionaries contain languages and their equivalent in a foreign language.

Monolingual dictionaries are divided into groups depending on their purpose.

The most used types of dictionaries

What types of dictionaries are there? Among the monolingual dictionaries, the following should be highlighted:

Famous dictionaries of the Russian language

Let's now discuss what kinds of Russian language dictionaries there are.

The most famous is the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language,” compiled by the famous scientist V. I. Dahl. This reference book contains about 200 thousand words. Despite the fact that it is already more than a century old, it is one of the most complete and widely used in our time.
The second no less important “Explanatory Dictionary”, compiled by another famous linguist S.I. Ozhegov.
The “Spelling Dictionary” was published by two different linguists - R. I. Avanesov and I. L. Reznichenko. Both dictionaries are impressive and will be useful not only for schoolchildren and students.
We also note the “Dictionary of Synonyms” by Z. E. Aleksandrova and the “Dictionary of Antonyms” edited by L. A. Vvedenskaya.

What other dictionaries are there? You can find out the history of many familiar words by turning to N. M. Shansky’s work “A Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language,” and A. I. Molotkov’s “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” will help you become familiar with phraseological units and their meaning.

It is also worth noting the “Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language,” edited by the famous Russian philologist, author of many monographs and a collection of rules of the Russian language D. E. Rosenthal and M. A. Telenkova.

Structure of a dictionary entry

In conclusion, I would like to add a few words about the structure of the dictionary entry.

Any dictionary entry begins with a heading word, which is often written in capital letters and highlighted in bold.

Let us note right away that the words used in dictionaries are always spelled correctly, so if you doubt the correct spelling of a particular word, it is not necessary to consult a spelling dictionary. It is enough to open any one you have at hand.

Most dictionaries also indicate the correct accent. Almost all Russian dictionaries will contain this information. What other notes are there?

After the heading word there is information about which part of speech it belongs to. Then its meaning is described or there is a list of synonyms, antonyms - it all depends on the type of dictionary. The dictionary entry ends with examples of use - quotes from books and magazines. If a given word has peculiarities in its use, this information is also indicated at the end of the article.

conclusions

We have discussed what lexicography is, what dictionaries are and their meaning, listed the main types, and also provided a list of the most useful for any educated person.

Remember, if you have difficulty writing or pronouncing a word, you can’t find the most suitable one, you just need to open one of the books we listed.

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