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Serfdom in the story of Turgenev Mumu. "The theme of serfdom in the work of I.S

Turgenev I. S.

Composition based on the work on the topic: Depiction of the cruelty of the masters towards serfs in the story of I. S. Turgenev "Mumu"

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is not only a great Russian writer, but also an active defender of the weak, humiliated and destitute. As a small boy, he observed the cruel and unfair treatment of serfs by his imperious landowning mother, and there were plenty of other examples around. Having become an adult and received a good education, I. S. Turgenev devoted himself entirely to literature and, on the pages of his works, tried to express his attitude to serfdom as honestly and openly as possible.

Reading the story "Mumu", we get to know many people - the heroes of the events described. This is the "glorious man" Gerasim,

and the timid washerwoman Tatyana, and the quick-witted butler Gavrila, and the downcast shoemaker Kapiton Klimov, and many others. Each of them learned a lot of grief and resentment in his life, but the most amazing thing is that the fate of all these people is completely given into the hands of a capricious, touchy, domineering and stupid lady, any change in mood of which can even cost the life of a serf. Surrounded by flattering and cowardly hangers-on, the lady never thinks about the fact that a bonded person can have pride and dignity. Treating the serfs as if they were toys, she, according to her own understanding, marries them, moves them from place to place, executes and pardons them. Adapting to the absurd character of the lady, the servants become cunning, dodgy, deceitful or intimidated, cowardly, unresponsive. The worst thing is that no one is trying to change anything, because this state of affairs is the norm accepted by everyone. And if the life of serfs is gray and monotonous, then the life of a mistress is "joyless and rainy." She didn't have, doesn't have, and never will have friends, loved ones, and even truly loved ones, because she doesn't need honesty and frankness, she doesn't know what it is.

Reading the story "Mumu", we get to know many people - the heroes of the events described. This is the "glorious man" Gerasim,

When you read works that tell about the cruelty of serfdom, it seems incredible that it was abolished only some 150 years ago. And it was the writers who fearlessly opposed serfdom that did a lot for this. Such as Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.

Gerasim is the protagonist of I. S. Turgenev's story "Mumu". I would even say that he is the only hero of this work. The deaf-mute tall hero not only outwardly differs from those around him. Economic and hardworking, Gerasim retains the good, ...

Gerasim is a janitor who lived with a mistress. This is a tall man, very strong, but in addition to these good qualities, he had his own ailment that prevented him from living - he was deaf and mute. Gerasim is unsociable, hardworking. He didn't like drunks. As I said, Gerasim...

The story of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Mumu" struck me very much. When Gerasim killed the dog, I could not hold back my tears. And how hard it was for him! After all, he raised Mumu from a small puppy. This is the only creature that loved Gerasim, and he ...

New!
Is it possible to talk about the speech characteristics of Gerasim? How did he communicate with others? Gerasim did not have oral speech in our usual sense. But he communicated with others, and they understood him. Gestures, facial expressions, sounds served for communication. Even Mumu is fine...

Gerasim is a man who belonged to an old lady. He lived in the village, but then he was taken to the city. He looked gloomy: big, healthy, strong. But he had one very big flaw: he was deaf and dumb. Gerasim worked as a janitor and was very...

Subject: The theme of serfdom in the work of Turgenev (based on the story "Mumu")

Goals:

Show the irreconcilable attitude of the writer to despotism in any form;

Help children identify social evil, fight it;

Awaken good feelings, form the personality of a humane and benevolent person.

Equipment: multimedia projector, cards.

Lesson structure:

I organizational moment

II Checking homework

III New theme

Brief biography of I.S. Turgenev.

a) place of birth

B) parents (mother)

C) an episode about the yard girl Lusha, as a prerequisite for writing the story "Mumu"

2. Introduction to Chapter 1

3. Talk about chapter 1

IV Generalization

V Homework

During the classes:

I Announcement of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Reading the epigraph on the slide.

… his images are not only alive

and snatched from life

but these are the types that imitated

youth and who

they created life.

P. Yakubovich

II Before embarking on a new topic, I would like to check how you completed the d\z.

You had to learn an excerpt from the work of M.Yu. Lermontov "Borodino" and know the meanings of new words. Pay attention to the slide. It reflects the words, the meanings of which you should know. While some of you will write to me the meanings of these words on pieces of paper, I will ask one of you to read a passage by heart.

III Today we are starting to study the work of I.S. Turgenev's story "Mumu".

Open your notebooks and write down the date and topic of the lesson.

Before talking about a work, we need to know what kind of person wrote it.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born in 1818 into a wealthy noble family. His childhood was spent in the village estate of his parents, Spassky-Lutovinovo.

The main person in the family was the writer's mother, Varvara Petrovna. She was a very wealthy woman, had several estates and thousands of serfs.

Here, guys, I want to draw your attention to new and incomprehensible words (on the slide).

serfdom - the right or permission of a serf-owner to own serfs and their property.

serf owner - landowner who owns serfs.

FORTRESS - forced peasant or slave.

Write these words down in your notebook.

These words will help you understand the essence of the work.

Varvara Petrovna, who grew up as an orphan in the house of wealthy relatives who offended and humiliated her, becoming a rich heiress, began to take out her anger on her forced peasants, for which she was known throughout the district as a very cruel and masterful lady.

But Ivan Sergeevich, despite the fact that his mother was such a wayward woman, was a gentle, honest and fair person.

When I.S. Turgenev was a student at St. Petersburg University, he came home for the Christmas holidays, and found out that his mother decided to sell her serf Lukerya, who was a childhood friend of the writer, and whom he taught to read and write. Lusha, as a literate person, understood that the landowners used the serfs, oppressed and humiliated them, and set the peasants up against the arbitrariness of the landowners.

Ivan Sergeevich could not allow this. He hid Lusha.

The police intervened in this matter, but Turgenev, with a gun in his hands, stood his ground until his mother agreed to keep Lusha with her.

The fact that the writer himself stood up for the serf girl only proves that he was against the oppression of the poor peasants and fought as best he could for the peasants to gain freedom; fought with his actions, protecting the serfs; fought against the arbitrariness of the masters in his works. Many of his works are autobiographical; the basics of the plots are taken from his real, real life.

Let's return to the epigraph of our lesson.

The images of his heroes are the prototypes of the people who lived next to him, i.e. it was they who prompted the writing of many of his works, including Mumu.

This work is permeated with hatred for serfdom, for injustice, which was personified by the Lady; imbued with a desire to evoke sympathy for the Russian people, admiration for its strength and spiritual beauty. An example of this is the main character, Gerasim.

Fixing keywords on the slide.

Lady - serf

(fortress)

Serfdom

Gerasim - serf

The story "Mumu" was written by Turgenev in 1852, when the question of the abolition of serfdom through the decree of the tsar was acute. People expected that the right would be abolished after the war with Napoleon (1812), p.ch. it was believed that the Russian people won the war. But serfdom was officially abolished only in 1861. Those. it took about 50 years before the peasants gained freedom.

With his work Mumu, Turgenev expressed the act of protest of the serfs against the lawlessness of cruel masters.

And now, open the textbook on p.133.

I read chapter 1 of the story, and you listen carefully and follow the text.

Reading 1 chapter.

Reading session:.

Let's give a title to this chapter. (Gerasim's Moving, Gerasim's Nice Man.)

Who is this chapter about? (about the mistress and Gerasim)

Find the description of Gerasim in the text. (p.133)

How did Gerasim work in the city and in the countryside? Where did he find it hardest to work?

How did Gerasim feel? In the city first? How does the author describe the longing and loneliness of the hero, with whom does he compare him?

Where did Gerasim live? Describe. In what words does the author convey his attitude towards the hero? What does "glorious" mean?

Another feature of the writer is that he immediately introduces us to all the characters at the beginning of the story.

literature

Kargasok

1. Introduction p.3

2. Main body

2.1. Time of writing the story "Mumu" p.4

2.2. Turgenev's attitude to serfdom page 5

2.3. Writing a story and appearing in print page 7

2.4. Turgenev's childhood in connection with the biography of his mother p.8

2.5. Real events underlying the story p.12

3. Conclusion p.14

4. Information resources p.15

1. Introduction

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is one of the children's favorite writers, although he never wrote specifically for children. The ideological nature of his stories, the simplicity and elegance of his language, the liveliness and brightness of the pictures of nature he painted, and the deep sense of lyricism that permeates every work of the writer, are very attractive not only to adults, but also to children.

My acquaintance with Turgenev began at a literature lesson with reading the story "Mumu". He struck me with the drama of the events described, the tragedy of Gerasim's position, the sad fate of the dog.

The purpose of this work is to learn more about Turgenev's childhood, about the real events underlying the story, about the reasons for its appearance in the press, to find out the role and significance of Turgenev for his time as a fighter against serfdom.

Relevance of the work: this work can be used in literature lessons in grade 5.

2.1. Time of writing "Mumu"

The main issue of the era of the 40-50s of the 19th century was the question of serfdom.

The entire population of Russia was divided into several groups called estates: the nobility, the clergy, the merchants, the bourgeoisie, and the peasants. A person could move from one class to another in very rare cases. The nobility and clergy were considered privileged estates. The nobles had the right to own land and people - serfs. The nobleman who owned the peasants could impose any punishment on them, he could sell the peasants, for example, sell his mother to one landowner, and her children to another. Serfs were considered by law the full property of the master. The peasants had to work for the landowner in his field or give him part of the money they earned.

Articles began to appear in newspapers and magazines of that time stating that the feudal system of economy was unprofitable.

Talk about the government's work to abolish serfdom spread throughout society. The ruling circles supported such rumors by setting up secret committees and minor events. There was even a decree "On obligated peasants" issued. This document allowed the landlords to give the peasants plots of land for use for "agreed duties." But the landowner still remained the owner of these plots and could assign "duties" which he wanted. Naturally, this decree did not actually alleviate the position of the serfs.

2.2 Turgenev's attitude to serfdom

Advanced people advocated the liberation of the peasants from serfdom. Hopes for resolving the peasant question were pinned on the Minister of the Interior.

also decided to take part in resolving the peasant question. He enters the service of the ministry, which he heads. Turgenev sincerely wished and believed that something could be corrected and the life and fate of the serfs could be made easier.

At the end of December 1842, he writes a "note". It was called "A Few Remarks on the Russian Economy and the Russian Peasant". This note was a document for admission to the service, was of an official nature. Turgenev relied on knowledge of the Russian countryside, pointed out imperfections in relations between landowners and peasants, and shortcomings in the law on land ownership. At the same time, he spoke about the natural mind of the Russian peasant, his ingenuity, good nature.

Turgenev lasted from June 1843 to February 1845. He served under the command of the famous author of the Explanatory Dictionary, whose work he greatly appreciated.

The issue of serfdom has become one of the main themes of fiction. Turgenev in his stories depicted the collapse of serfdom. The writer showed that the Russian people are smart, gifted, talented, and such a people cannot be kept in slavery. This reflected the progressive views of the author on serfdom.

In the 1940s and 1950s, Turgenev was one of the most advanced writers. The entire advanced public of that time listened to his voice. The "Notes of a Hunter" published by him in 1852 were a damning document directed against serfdom.

“In my eyes, this enemy had a certain image, bore a well-known name: this enemy was serfdom. Under this name, I gathered and concentrated everything against which I decided to fight to the end - with which I swore never to be reconciled. It was my Annibal oath…”

The writer has never, since childhood, looked at the people around him from the people as property. He saw in the serfs, first of all, people, often friends and even teachers. It was the serf who first instilled in him a taste for Russian literature.

recalled: “The teacher who first interested me in the work of Russian literature was a courtyard man. He often took me to the garden and here he read to me - what would you think? - Kheraskov's "Rossiada". At first he read each verse of his poem, so to speak, in rough outline, quickly, and then he read the same verse in a clear, loud voice, with extraordinary enthusiasm.

When the writer inherited half of his mother's estate, every serf family wanted to get into the possession of Ivan Sergeevich. He released the yard servants and transferred from corvée to quitrent everyone who wished it.

2.3. Writingthe story "Mumu" and its appearance in print

1852 He died this year. Turgenev took the death of the writer hard. He wrote to Pauline Viardot: "For us, he (Gogol) was more than just a writer: he revealed ourselves to us."

Impressed, Turgenev published an article about Gogol in Moskovskie Vedomosti, which was banned. For violating censorship rules, the tsar ordered Turgenev to be arrested for a month, and then sent to Spasskoye under supervision.

On April 16, 1852, Turgenev was put on the "moving out" - in a special room for those arrested by the police. Next to the cell where the writer was, there was an execution room, where the landowners sent their serfs for punishment. The serfs were flogged there. This neighborhood for Turgenev was painful. The whipping of rods and the cries of the peasants probably evoked the corresponding impressions of childhood. He did not stop thinking about the plight of the common people.

It was here, in such conditions, that the author of the "Notes of a Hunter" wrote his famous story "Mumu". By this, Turgenev proved that he was not going to deviate from his main theme - the fight against serfdom, but would further develop and deepen it in his work. From the conclusion, Turgenev wrote to friends about his future plans: "... I will continue my essays about the Russian people, the strangest and most amazing people that there is in the world."

After serving a month in prison and having received an order to go to live in his village, Turgenev read Mumu to his friends before leaving. “A truly touching impression,” wrote one of the listeners, “was made by this story, which he brought out of the moving house, both in its content and in the calm, albeit sad, tone of presentation.”

With the help of friends, Turgenev managed to print the story. It was placed in the third book of the Sovremennik magazine for 1854. The police caught on after the story was published.

2.4. Turgenev's childhood in connection with the biography of his mother

Why did Turgenev, a nobleman by birth and upbringing, rebel against serfdom? It seems that the answer must be sought in the biography of the writer, in his childhood years. It was they who left an indelible mark on the horrors of violence and arbitrariness.

Born October 28, 1818 in the city of Orel, in a wealthy noble family. His childhood passed among the amazing and unique beauty of central Russia in the estate of Spassky - Lutovinovo, Oryol province.

The writer's parents were the richest landowners of the region. They had over five thousand serfs. Sixty families served the master's house. Among them were locksmiths, blacksmiths, carpenters, gardeners, clerks, tailors, shoemakers, painters, musicians.

Father - Sergei Nikolaevich, in his youth an officer of the cuirassier regiment, handsome, spoiled, lived the way he wanted, did not care about his family or his vast household. Mother - Varvara Petrovna, nee Lutovinova, a domineering, intelligent and sufficiently educated woman did not shine with beauty. She was small, squat, with a broad face, spoiled by smallpox. And only the eyes were beautiful: large, dark and shiny.

In childhood and youth, she suffered many injustices, and from this her character was very hardened. To understand this, you need to tell a little of her story.

Varvara Petrovna was an orphan. Her mother, the writer's grandmother, after the death of her husband was left without any means of subsistence and was forced to remarry a widower. He already had children. Varvara Petrovna's mother devoted her whole life to taking care of other people's children and completely forgot about her own daughter.

Varvara Petrovna recalled: “It’s hard to be an orphan without a father and mother, but being an orphan with your own mother is terrible, but I experienced it, my mother hated me.” In the family, the girl was powerless. Her stepfather beat her, her sisters also did not like.

After the death of her mother, her situation became even worse. Unable to bear the humiliation and resentment, the fifteen-year-old girl decided to run away from her stepfather's family in order to find shelter with her uncle, Ivan Ivanovich Lutovinov, a stern and unsociable man, the owner of the rich Spasskoye estate. She walked more than seventy kilometers. But even with her uncle herself, she did not feel better.

was a cruel landowner. He oppressed his serfs to no end. He paid little attention to his niece, but demanded slavish submission from her. For the slightest disobedience, he threatened to kick him out of the house.

For fifteen years, the niece endured the humiliation and abuse of her uncle. The girl decided to run.

But the sudden death of her uncle unexpectedly made Varvara Petrovna the owner of numerous estates, several thousand serfs, and a huge financial fortune.

Varvara Petrovna became one of the richest brides in the region. married Sergei Nikolaevich. It would seem that resentment, harassment, humiliation suffered in childhood and youth should make a person more gentle, compassionate, but everything can be different. A person can become hardened and become a despot himself. This is exactly what happened to Varvara Petrovna. She turned into an evil and cruel landowner. All the courtyards were afraid of her, she brought fear to those around her with her appearance.

Turgenev's mother was a very unbalanced and controversial nature. The main features of her nature were selfishness, despotism, contempt for the poor. And at the same time, she possessed traits of a gifted personality and a peculiar charm. When she spoke to the peasants, she sniffed the cologne, because she was annoyed by the "manly smell". She crippled the lives of many of her serfs: she drove some to hard labor, others to remote villages for settlement, and others to soldiers. She brutally dealt with the servants with the help of a rod. For the slightest offense they were flogged in the stable. Many memories of both her son and his contemporaries have been preserved about the cruelty of Varvara Petrovna. The writer Pavel Vasilievich Annenkov, close to Turgenev, recalled: “As a developed woman, she did not stoop to personal reprisals, but subject to persecution and insults in her youth, which embittered her character, she was not at all averse to domestic radical measures to correct the recalcitrant or not loved by her subjects. ... No one could equal her in the art of insulting, humiliating, making a person unhappy, while maintaining decency, calmness and dignity.

The fate of the serf girls was also terrible. Varvara Petrovna did not allow them to marry, insulted them.

At home, the landowner tried to imitate the crowned persons. Serfs differed among themselves by court ranks: she had a minister of the court, a minister of post. Correspondence to Varvara Petrovna was presented on a silver tray. If the lady was pleased with the letters received, everyone was happy, but if it was the other way around, then everyone was silent with bated breath. The guests were in a hurry to leave the house.

Varvara Petrovna was terrible in anger, she could get angry over the slightest trifle. The writer, as a boy, recalled such an incident. Once, while the mistress was walking in the garden, two serf gardeners, busy with business, did not notice her and did not bow to her when she passed by. The landowner was terribly indignant, and the next day the guilty were exiled to Siberia.

Another case was recalled by Turgenev. Varvara Petrovna was very fond of flowers, especially tulips. However, her passion for flowers was very expensive for the serf gardeners. Once, somehow, someone pulled an expensive tulip out of a flower bed. The culprit was not found, and for this they flogged all the gardeners in the stable.

Another case. The writer's mother had one serf talented boy. He was very fond of drawing. Varvara Petrovna gave him to study painting in Moscow. Soon he was ordered to paint the ceiling in a Moscow theater. When the landowner found out about this, she returned the artist to the village and forced him to paint flowers from nature.

“He wrote them,” Turgenev himself said, “thousands - both garden and forest, wrote with hatred, with tears ... they disgusted me too. The poor fellow was torn, he gnashed his teeth - he drank himself and died.

The cruelty of Varvara Petrovna extended to her beloved son. Therefore, Turgenev did not recall his childhood years with kindness. His mother knew only one educational means - a rod. She had no idea how to bring up without her.

Little Turgenev was flogged very often in childhood. Turgenev later admitted: "They fought me for all sorts of trifles, almost every day."

One day some old hanger-on gossiped something to Varvara Petrovna about her son. Turgenev recalled that his mother, without any trial or questioning, immediately began to flog him. She whipped with her own hands, and to all his pleas to tell him why he was being punished, she said: you know, guess yourself, guess for yourself why I’m cutting.

The boy did not know why he was being flogged, did not know what to confess, so the flogging continued for three days. The boy was ready to run away from home, but his German tutor rescued him. He talked to his mother, the boy was left alone.

As a child, Turgenev was a sincere, ingenuous child. For this, he often had to pay the price. Turgenev was seven years old when a well-known poet and fabulist came to visit Varvara Petrovna. The boy was asked to read one of the guest's fables. He willingly did this, but in conclusion, to the great horror of those around him, he said that his fables were good, but much better. According to some sources, for this, his mother personally flogged him with a rod, according to others, this time the boy was not punished.

Turgenev admitted more than once that in his childhood he was kept in an iron fist and he was afraid of his mother like fire. He bitterly said that he had nothing to commemorate his childhood, not a single bright memory.

From childhood, Turgenev hated serfdom and swore to himself never, under any circumstances, to raise his hand against a person who was in any way dependent on him.

“Hatred of serfdom - even then lived in me,” wrote Turgenev, “by the way, it was the reason that I, who grew up among beatings and tortures, did not desecrate my hand with a single blow - but before the “Notes of a Hunter” it was far. I was just a boy—almost a child.”

Later, having survived the harsh years of childhood, having received an education and becoming a writer, Turgenev directed all his literary and social activities against the oppression and violence that reigned in Russia. Evidence of this was the remarkable anti-serf stories. Most of them were included in the book "Notes of a hunter".

2.5. Real events underlying the story

The story "Mumu" is close to them in content. The material for writing was a real incident that occurred in Moscow on Ostozhenka in house number 37.

The prototypes of the main characters of the story are people well known to Turgenev: his mother and the janitor Andrei, who once lived in their house.

One day, while touring her estates, Varvara Petrovna noticed a peasant of a heroic build, who could not answer anything to the questions of the lady: he was mute. She liked the original figure, and Andrei was taken to Spasskoe as a janitor. Since that time, he received a new name - Mute.

“Varvara Petrovna flaunted her giant janitor,” she said. “He was always beautifully dressed and, except for red calico shirts, he didn’t wear any and didn’t like; in winter a beautiful short fur coat, and in summer a plush undershirt or a blue coat. In Moscow, a green shiny barrel and a beautiful dappled gray factory horse, with which Andrei rode for water, were very popular at the fountain near the Alexander Garden. There everyone recognized Turgenev's Mute, greeted him cordially and made signs to him.

The mute janitor Andrei, like Gerasim, found and adopted a homeless dog. Get used to it. But the lady did not like the dog, and she ordered her to be drowned. The mute carried out the order of the mistress and continued to live quietly and work with the mistress. No matter how bitter Andrei was, he remained faithful to his mistress, until his death he served her and, except for her, none of his

I didn't want to recognize my ladyship. An eyewitness said that after the tragic end of his favorite, Andrei never caressed a single dog.

In the story "Mumu" Gerasim is shown as a rebel. He does not put up with the offense caused to him by the lady. In protest, he leaves the cruel mistress in the village to plow his native land.

A report from a tsarist official from the secret correspondence of the censorship department of that time has been preserved. In it, the official says that readers, after reading the story, will be filled with compassion for the peasant, who is oppressed by the landowner's waywardness.

This document confirms the great artistic expressiveness and ideological power of Turgenev's work.

I saw in Gerasim a kind of symbol - it is the personification of the Russian people, their terrible strength and incomprehensible meekness ... The writer was sure that he (Gerasim) would speak with time. This thought turned out to be prophetic.

3. Conclusion

Let's draw the following conclusions:

1. A person who endured suffering and pain in childhood, entering adulthood, behaves differently: someone, like Varvara Petrovna, becomes angry and vengeful, and someone, like Turgenev, is sensitive to human suffering, ready to help people not only in word but also in deed.

2. The humiliations seen in childhood, insults to the human person and dignity formed in the future writer an aversion to serfdom. Although Turgenev was not a political fighter, but with the help of his literary talent, social activities, he fought against feudal arbitrariness.

3. In "Mumu" two forces collide: the Russian people, straightforward and strong, and the feudal world in the face of a capricious old woman out of her mind. But Turgenev gives this conflict a new twist: his hero makes a kind of protest, expressed in his unauthorized departure from the city to the countryside. The question arises, what is serfdom based on, why do the bogatyr men forgive the masters for any whims?

4. Information resources

1. Great educational guide. Russian writers of the nineteenth century. Moscow: Bustard, 2000

2. Life and work: Materials for an exhibition at the school of the children's library comp. and introductory article, M.: Children's literature, 1988

3. From the memories of the family. Literature grade 5, ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2010

4. . Biography. Student aid. L .: "Enlightenment", 1976

5. The story of the story "Mumu" Change No. 000 November 1947 [Electronic resource] / Access mode: Smena - *****> storiya-Rasskaza-mumu

6. Turgenev collected works and letters in 28 volumes. Letters. M.-L., 1961 V.2

7. Turgenev at school: A guide for teachers / comp. .- M.: Enlightenment, 19s.

8. Sher about Russian writers. Photos. M.: Children's literature, 1982, 511s.

9. Encyclopedia. What's happened. Who it. in 3t. v. 3. M.: Pedagogy - Press, 1999

Biography. Student aid. - L: "Enlightenment", 1976

N. Biography. A guide for students.- L .: "Enlightenment", 1976

Biography. Student aid. L .: "Enlightenment", 1976

Turgenev collected works and letters in 28 volumes. Letters. M.-L., 1961, T 2 p.323

There - with. 389

Life and creativity: materials for an exhibition at school and children's library comp. and introductory article, M .: Children's literature, 1988

From family memories. Literature grade 5, ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2010, p.58

MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

KARGASOK SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL № 2

ABSTRACT
CREATIVE HISTORY OF CREATION

THE STORY OF I.S. TURGENEV

"MU MU"
Performed:

Bragin Sveta,

5th grade student
Supervisor:

Bragina G.A., teacher

Russian language and

literature

Kargasok

2011
Content

Introduction page 3
Main part
1. Time of writing the story "Mumu" p.4
2. Turgenev's attitude to serfdom page 5
3. Writing a story and appearing in print page 7
4. Turgenev's childhood in connection with the biography of his mother p.8
5. Real events underlying the story p.12
Conclusion p.14
Information resources p.15

1. Introduction

The purpose of this work is to learn more about Turgenev's childhood, about the real events underlying the story, about the reasons for his appearance in print, to find out the role and significance of Turgenev for his time as a fighter against serfdom.

Relevance of the work: this work can be used in literature lessons in grade 5.

3.
2.1. Time of writing "Mumu"

The main issue of the era of the 40-50s of the 19th century was the question of serfdom.

With the help of friends, Turgenev managed to print the story. It was placed in the third book of N.A. Nekrasov's magazine Sovremennik for 1854. The police caught on after the story was published.

7.
2.4. Turgenev's childhood in connection with the biography of his mother
Why did Turgenev, a nobleman by birth and upbringing, rebel against serfdom? It seems that the answer must be sought in the biography of the writer, in his childhood years. It was they who left an indelible mark on the horrors of violence and arbitrariness.

I.S. was born Turgenev October 28, 1818 in the city of Orel, in a wealthy noble family. His childhood passed among the amazing and unique beauty of central Russia in the estate of Spassky - Lutovinovo, Oryol province.

In childhood and youth, she suffered many injustices, and from this her character was very hardened. To understand this, you need to tell a little of her story.

After the death of her mother, her situation became even worse. Unable to bear the humiliation and resentment, a fifteen-year-old girl decided to run away from her stepfather's family in order to find shelter with her uncle, Ivan Ivanovich Lutovinov, a stern and unsociable man, the owner of the rich Spasskoye estate. She walked more than seventy kilometers. But even with her uncle herself, she did not feel better.

8.
I.I. Lutovinov was a cruel landowner. He oppressed his serfs to no end. He paid little attention to his niece, but demanded slavish submission from her. For the slightest disobedience, he threatened to kick him out of the house.

For fifteen years, the niece endured the humiliation and abuse of her uncle. The girl decided to run.

But the sudden death of her uncle unexpectedly made Varvara Petrovna the owner of numerous estates, several thousand serfs, and a huge financial fortune.

Varvara Petrovna became one of the richest brides in the region. Soon Varvara Petrovna married Sergei Nikolaevich. It would seem that resentment, harassment, humiliation suffered in childhood and youth should make a person more gentle, compassionate, but everything can be different. A person can become hardened and become a despot himself. This is exactly what happened to Varvara Petrovna. She turned into an evil and cruel landowner. All the courtyards were afraid of her, she brought fear to those around her with her appearance.

“He wrote them,” Turgenev himself said, “by the thousands, both garden and forest, he wrote with hatred, with tears ... they disgusted me too. The poor fellow was torn, he gnashed his teeth - he drank himself and died. 4

The cruelty of Varvara Petrovna extended to her beloved son. Therefore, Turgenev did not recall his childhood years with kindness. His mother knew only one educational tool - the rod. She had no idea how to bring up without her.

Little Turgenev was flogged very often in childhood. Turgenev later admitted: "They fought me for all sorts of trifles, almost every day." 5

As a child, Turgenev was a sincere, ingenuous child. He often had to pay for this. Turgenev was seven years old when the well-known poet and fabulist I.I. Dmitriev came to visit Varvara Petrovna. The boy was asked to read one of the guest's fables. He willingly did this, but in conclusion, to the great horror of those around him, he said that his fables were good, and I.A. Krylov’s were much better. According to some sources, for this, his mother personally flogged him with a rod, according to others, this time the boy was not punished.

From childhood, Turgenev hated serfdom and swore to himself never, under any circumstances, to raise his hand against a person who was in any way dependent on him.

2.5. Real events underlying the story
The story "Mumu" is close to them in content. The material for writing was a real incident that occurred in Moscow on Ostozhenka in house number 37.

The prototypes of the main characters of the story are people well known to Turgenev: his mother and the janitor Andrei, who once lived in their house.

“Varvara Petrovna flaunted her giant janitor,” V.N. Zhitova said. “He was always beautifully dressed and, apart from red calico shirts, he did not wear and did not like any; in winter a beautiful short fur coat, and in summer a plush undershirt or a blue coat. In Moscow, a green shiny barrel and a beautiful dappled gray factory horse, with which Andrei rode for water, were very popular at the fountain near the Alexander Garden. There everyone recognized Turgenev's Mute, greeted him cordially and made signs to him. 7

I didn't want to recognize my ladyship. An eyewitness said that after the tragic end of his favorite, Andrei never caressed a single dog.

In the story "Mumu" Gerasim is shown as a rebel. He does not put up with the offense caused to him by the lady. In protest, he leaves the cruel mistress in the village to plow his native land.

This document confirms the great artistic expressiveness and ideological power of Turgenev's work.

I.A. Aksakov saw in Gerasim a kind of symbol - it is the personification of the Russian people, their terrible strength and incomprehensible meekness ... The writer was sure that he (Gerasim) would speak with time. This thought turned out to be prophetic.

3. Conclusion

Let's draw the following conclusions:

A person who has endured suffering and pain in childhood, entering adulthood, behaves differently: someone, like Varvara Petrovna, becomes evil and vindictive, and someone, like Turgenev, is sensitive to human suffering, ready to help people not only in word, but also in deed.
The humiliations seen in childhood, insults to the human person and dignity formed in the future writer an aversion to serfdom. Although Turgenev was not a political fighter, but with the help of his literary talent, social activities, he fought against feudal arbitrariness.
In "Mumu" two forces collide: the Russian people, straightforward and strong, and the feudal world in the person of a capricious, out of her mind old woman. But Turgenev gives this conflict a new twist: his hero makes a kind of protest, expressed in his unauthorized departure from the city to the countryside. The question arises, what is serfdom based on, why do the bogatyr men forgive the masters for any whims?

4. Information resources

Great educational guide. Russian writers of the nineteenth century. Moscow: Bustard, 2000
Life and work of Turgenev I.S .: Materials for an exhibition at the school of the children's library comp. and introductory article by N.I. Yakunin, M.: Children's literature, 1988
Zhitova V.N. From the memories of the family of I.S. Turgenev. Literature grade 5, ed. G.I. Belenky - M.: Mnemozina, 2010
Naumova N.N. I.S. Turgenev. Biography. Student aid. L .: "Enlightenment", 1976
Oreshin K. History of the story "Mumu" Change No. 491 November 1947 [Electronic resource] / Access mode: Smena- online. en> storiya-Rasskaza-mumu
Turgenev I.S. Complete collection of works and letters in 28 volumes. Letters. M.-L., 1961 V.2
Turgenev at school: A guide for teachers / comp. T.F.Kurdyumova.- M.: Enlightenment, 1981- 175p.
Sher N.S. Stories about Russian writers. Photos. M.: Children's literature, 1982, 511s.

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