The subject expressed by the phrase. Subject The subject is expressed by the infinitive form of the verb

Subject- this is the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting the subject of speech. A general question to the subject is a question that allows you to identify the subject of speech: What does the sentence say? You may also have questions: Who? What?

One of the striking features of the subject is the way of its expression, i.e., the morphological categories of words that can perform the function of the subject.

Ways to Express Subject

This member of a sentence can be either a single word or a phrase.

Subject- one word:

1) words of different parts of speech in objective meaning :

Noun in the nominative case. For example: It's raining.
- pronoun-noun in the nominative case. For example: I like autumn.
- an adjective in the function of a noun (substantivized) in the nominative case. For example: The bearded man looked around.
- participle in the function of a noun (substantivized) in the nominative case. For example: The man sitting raised his head.
- adverb: I'm tired of your tomorrows.
- interjection: “Aw” echoed through the forest.

2) Cardinal numbers in quantitative (non-objective) meaning: Ten is not divisible by three without a remainder.

3) infinitive with an action or state value: Studying is a necessary thing.

The location of the subject expressed by the infinitive in the sentence is not fixed (for example, at the absolute beginning of the sentence);

compare: The right thing is to study. If in a sentence one of the main members is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the other by an infinitive, then the infinitive will act as the subject.

4) a word of any part of speech in any grammatical form, if in a sentence a judgment is made about it as a linguistic unit.

For example: Go - form of the imperative mood of the verb; Not - negative particle.

Subject - phrase:

1. Subject- phraseologically free, but syntactically related phrase:

a) construction of structure A with B (nominative case of a noun (pronoun) + c + instrumental case of another noun) with the meaning of compatibility if the predicate is in the plural:

Brother and sister returned separately- compare: Mother I went to the doctor with my child.

b) a word with a quantitative meaning (cardinal numeral, noun, adverb) + noun in the genitive case.

For example: Passed three years. A bunch of things piled up in the corner. I have a lot of work.

c) when indicating an approximate quantity, the subject can be expressed by a phrase without the nominative case.

For example: About / up to a thousand people can be accommodated in this hall. Between five and ten percent of students pass the session early.

d) construction of structure A from B (word of the nominal part of speech in the nominative case + from + noun in the genitive case) with an emphatic meaning:

Any of them could do it.
Three of the graduates received gold medals.
The smartest student couldn't solve this problem.

e) infinitive + infinitive / name (the volume of such a subject coincides with the volume of a compound verbal or compound nominal predicate):

Be literate prestigious.
Want to become literate naturally.

2. Subject - phraseological unit :Him skillful fingers .

Morphological analysis of the verb

Parsing order
I. Part of speech. General meaning. Initial form (infinitive).
II. Morphological characteristics.
Permanent characteristics: a) type; b) transitivity; c) repayment; d) conjugation.
Non-constant features: a) mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive); b) time (if any); c) number; d) face (if any); e) gender (if any).
III. Syntactic role.

Verb initial form

Remember: infinitive May be any member of the proposal .

However, determining the syntactic function of the infinitive is often difficult.

In order not to make a mistake in determining the syntactic function of the infinitive, it is necessary to carefully study the theoretical material on this issue.

Infinitive as the main members of a sentence

v Independent infinitive standing at the first place in a sentence and intonationally separated from the predicate, is subject to . He names the action, the characteristics of which are contained in the predicate. Moreover, as a rule, it contains a definable concept about which some kind of judgment is made:

Live - means to work.

Play Hockey is his main hobby.

Create happiness is hard work.

All exaggerate was his passion.

v The infinitive subject can also occupy post position, if the second main term at the beginning of the sentence has explicit evaluative value:

The worst thing about our work is stay in its growth.

His business was patronize younger and take care about elders.

Wasted work - fish without hook and study without a book.

v The presence of one of the main members of the connective THIS indicates that we have a predicate, and infinitive - subject :

This is against our law - commemorate old.

This is the most accessible way to elevate yourself in your eyes - another humiliate .

What happiness is this - respect parents.

v Sometimes, when defining the main terms, the word order is decisive:

Become a sailor - his dream . His dream – become a sailor .

v The subject infinitive, like the predicate infinitive, can include words dependent on it if one verb does not convey the meaning of the statement. This is often found in proverbs and aphorisms:

To steal from a thief - only time to waste .

teach a fool – what to treat the dead .

play a song – it's not a field to yell .

Nothing to do – hard work .

House to lead – don't shake your beard .

Talk about what has been decided - only confuse .

To drink a tea – don't chop wood .

v Difficulty may arise when the infinitive is combined with words in – ABOUT .

Remember:

if the infinitive is at the first place in a sentence, and next comes the word on – ABOUT , in front of us two-part offer with subject - infinitive :

Argue with him useless .

Tell jokes with liberalism dangerous .

Infinitive reversal in second place after the word on - ABOUT , which is a category of state, turns the sentence into the impersonal :

It's no use arguing with him.

It wasn't easy to get there before work that day due to a snowstorm.

It's dangerous to joke with liberalism.

The presence of the category of state in the infinitive of words necessary, necessary, necessary, impossible, possible, etc. says that this is the predicate of impersonal sentences (regardless of word order):

You have here you can get lost .

Ask about it it was impossible .

Need to find another solution.

v Independent infinitive can act as predicate in so-called one-piece infinitives sentences (a type of impersonal constructions):

Not in sight better luck to you!

Raise sail!

Everyone get ready ! Be silent ! Raise no objection commander!

Who be in love ? Who should believe ?

Such constructions are most often of an order nature and are distinguished by the categorical nature of the statement.

v The infinitive is most often used in a compound verb predicate, which has two parts : auxiliary And main. First conveys the grammatical meaning of mood, tense, person, number or gender, second (infinitive) – the main lexical meaning.

An auxiliary verb can have phasic value (start, continuation, end of action ( started getting ready, started arguing, continued talking, stopped nagging ) and is used with the infinitive only imperfect form:

At my sister's began to stick together eyes.

Welcoming host started me treat .

Other meanings – modal: possibilities/impossibility of action ( didn't dare admit it ), ought ( forced to endure, must go ), expressions of will (desirability, determination, readiness) – changed my mind about buying ; subjective-emotional nature ( loved to eat ); assessment of the degree of normality of an action ( used to commanding ).

If there are two verbs (conjugated and infinitive), both are part of the verbal predicate, If actions relate to one person - the subject of the action:

Ranks are given by people, but People may be deceived . (Griboyedov)

If actions are performed different faces, then infinitive is not part of a compound verbal predicate, but acts as a minor member:

Brother asked Pavku come through thick and thin. (N. Ostrovsky)

Strictly b banned I'm a shot at these gentlemen drive up to the capitals. (Griboyedov)

Infinitives as secondary members of a sentence

Ø The infinitive can perform the function inconsistent definitions . In this case he explains nouns with modal meaning possibilities, necessity, desirability, expression of will, etc. :

× noun which? × noun which?

solution refuse fear make a mistake

× noun which? × noun which?

necessity meet wish help .

Less commonly, the infinitive defines abstract nouns with a different meaning: manner argue, pleasure go hunting, thought go, refusal submit and etc.:

× noun

Only hope ( which?) save her son supported her.

× noun

He was driven by desire ( which?) to figure out the truth.

× noun

Grushenka made him promise ( which?) come behind her at twelve o'clock.

Suddenly an opportunity arose which?) quickly leave from this city.

Ø The infinitive is addition , if the conjugated verb has a full lexical meaning, and the actions of the verbs relate to different persons :

I ask you ( about what?) speak on the merits of the matter.

My father taught me ( what?) walk on a boat with a pole.

The king deigned to order ( What?) we take you to him call . (P. Ershov)

In these examples the action verbs are to different people (I beg I , A will speak companion ; learned father , A will go on a boat son ; ordered tsar , A they came to call him subjects ).

ü Cases are much less common when an infinitive object denotes an action the same subject:

Yesterday we agreed ( about what?) go to the dacha.

In a week he learned ( what?) ride on skates.

My sister quickly got used to it ( for what?) care for a sick mother.

Ø The infinitive can also be circumstance of purpose . At the same time he joins only to the verb . Mainly verbs have the ability to carry an infinitive adverbial adverb. movement in space ( lay down relax , sat down read , walked walk , ran catching up). If the infinitive refers to a verb of movement, then the subject of the action called the infinitive and the subject of the action called the supporting verb are required match :

Summer and autumn we're traveling for Kama ( for what purpose?) gather mushrooms.

Travelers settled down by the stream ( for what purpose?) rest And feed horses.

Syntactic role of the infinitive

Sentence Member	Examples
Subject	Repeat Yes learn - sharpen the mind. Amazing and enjoyable activity lie on your back in the forest and look up. Laugh healthy.
Predicate(or part of the predicate)	To you not in sight such battles! Argue I've never been with him could not . Lisa decided definitely her accompany . Hurry with answer No need .
Addition	Having crossed himself, He important sat down and the prisoner let down ordered. General Muravyov ordered fire .
Inconsistent definition	He had a treasured dream – move over to the capital.
Circumstance goals	To Pavlysh school drive study from different countries.

To be continued…

Related information.

Any sentence, if it is not a set of words, contains at its core a grammatical core. It is represented by a predicate and a subject, or one of them. Regardless of which part of speech the subject belongs to and its methods of expression, it always has the form of the nominative case. This allows you to quickly determine whether this main member is present in the sentence or not.

Grammatical core

This concept includes the predicate and subject as the main part of the syntactic structure. They are the semantic core of the phrase, explaining what it is talking about, who or what is performing the action.

The predicate is represented by some form of the verb and can be either a simple verbal or a compound, as well as a compound nominal, for example:

• The forest stood like a dense wall, as if it didn’t want to let in uninvited guests. Subject “forest” (who? what?). Predicates: 1) “stood” - single, 2) “didn’t want to let in” - a compound construction consisting of two verb forms.
• He became a doctor by vocation. (A compound nominal predicate is represented by a linking verb and a nominal part of speech).

If the grammatical basis is represented by both main parts of the sentence, different ways of expressing the subject are possible: both as separate parts of speech and as whole phrases. To find out which word in a syntactic structure it is, you should ask the question “who?” What?".

Important: the accusative case also contains the question “what?”, so you need to remember that the main morphological ways of expressing the subject are represented by the nominative case. For example:

• The apple rolled right to my feet. (“Who? What?” apple is the subject in the nominative case).
• Picking up the apple that rolled right to my feet, I ate it. (“Who? What?” apple - accusative case).

In Russian, the subject can be represented by nominal or auxiliary parts of speech, an infinitive or a whole phrase.

Noun

This part of speech indicates the subject, revealing the meaning of what it is or who it is. A noun can refer to living or inanimate nature, denote abstract or material concepts, be collective, animate or inanimate, proper or common noun.

If we consider the subject and its methods of expression, then the noun is one of the most common techniques. As a rule, objectified words with both a concrete and abstract concept can act as the subject. Nouns that have an evaluative meaning, for example, hoarder, mischief maker, fool, dunce and others, act as subjects extremely rarely.

The way of expressing the subject of a sentence through a noun is one of the most common.

Pronoun

In second place in terms of frequency of use is the pronoun. It indicates objects, their characteristics or quantity, without naming them. The morphological indicators of pronouns are determined by what part of speech they replace in the text.

Which way of expressing the subject in sentences as a pronoun depends on its type:

• It can be presented in a personal form, for example: I missed Professor Ivantsov's lecture for the first time. (The subject can be expressed either as a singular or plural personal pronoun). For example: We (you, you, they, she, he) missed Professor Ivantsov’s lecture for the first time.
• Indefinite pronouns as a way of expressing the subject. Examples: Someone knocked on the door. Someone was calling on the phone and breathing into the receiver.
• Negative forms of pronouns: Nothing brings people closer together than a common mortal danger.
• The subject and its methods of expression in the form of interrogative-relative pronouns are less common. For example: Who doesn't like snow on New Year and Christmas?

The remaining categories of pronouns can act as subjects in a sentence only if they replace nouns, for example:

• It's good that the rain stopped falling. (Demonstrative pronoun “that”).
• It was so long ago. (Indicative "it").
• Everyone wants to gain recognition from others. (The attributive pronoun is “everyone”).

Noun and pronoun are the main ways of expressing the subject. Other nominative parts of speech are less common.

Adjective

This part of speech conveys the characteristics of objects, answering the questions “whose?” and which?". An adjective can only be used as a subject if it replaces a noun in a sentence, for example:

Important: no matter what way of expressing the subject in a sentence, it always answers the questions “who?” what?”, except when using a noun in the oblique case with a preposition, indicating the approximate amount of something, for example: Over a dozen fishing boats went to sea. (Subject "over a dozen").

In some sentences it is difficult to determine the subject, since it is expressed by parts of speech that are rarely used as such.

Participle as subject

This independent part of speech conveys the attribute of an object by its action and answers the questions “which?”, “Which?”. Po combines the properties of a verb and an adjective.

The subject and its modes of expression through participles are possible only when they replace a noun. As a rule, this is the actual form (it denotes a sign of the action that the subject performs) of this part of speech.

For example:

• Anyone who has lost their passport must report this to the passport office employee. (The subject “lost” acts as a noun and answers the question “who?”).
• The speaker seemed to falter, and there was a pause.
• The runners stopped to catch their breath and drink water.

In all sentences, participles, both present and past tense, singular or plural, acted as a noun.

Numeral

This is an independent part of speech that indicates the number of objects. The following are used as subjects:

• Quantitative (answer the question “how much?”), for example: Three is a sacred number in many religions. One was different from her friends.
• Collective numbers indicate the presence of several objects combined together, for example: Two people entered a bar, and for a second the eyes of the customers turned to them. Both were worthy of winning, but only one will make it to the finals.
• Ordinal numbers indicate the place of an object when counting, for example: The first one has the hardest time, since the rest follow him. The second turned out to be tastier than lean soup.

In all the examples given, the numerals answered the question “who?” What?" and played the role of a noun.

Functional parts of speech as subject

Such as interjections, conjunctions, particles and adverbs rarely become subjects in sentences. As a rule, they also replace nouns, for example:

• Will there be a new tomorrow? (the adverb “tomorrow” answers the question “what?”).
• "And" is a connecting conjunction.
• “Let” is used to form the imperative form of the verb.

Since these are not independent parts of speech, they are used as a subject mainly as explanations in the rules of the Russian language.

Phrases as subjects

Often, complete phrases are used as a way of expressing the subject. The table below shows in which cases they are used:

Type of combination	What does it mean
Numeral or adverb + noun in the genitive case	Number of items	Three guys entered the classroom. Some of the students separated from the group.
Names: numeral and pronoun in the nominative case + pronoun with the preposition “of” in the genitive case	Indicates selectivity of objects	Only three of us will receive the scholarship. Many of us will go to competitions.
Noun or pronoun in the nominative case + noun in the instrumental case with the preposition “s” or “so” and a plural verb	Indicates item compatibility	Brother and brother will always agree. They share everything with them in half.
Words beginning, middle or end + noun in the genitive case	Stage or development	The end of the year has arrived. The beginning of spring was gloomy and winter-like cold.
A combination of a noun with a name or name that agrees with it	Have an indivisible concept	The entire sky was occupied by the shining Milky Way.
Indefinite pronoun with stem “who” or “what” + agreeable adjective or participle	Uncertainty value	There was something indescribable in this moment. It was as if someone invisible was watching us.

Important: the subjects are also stable phrases (terms, formulations, botanical, geographical or other names) or catchphrases. For example:

• Aesopian language means fable.
• Red currants were born this year.
• was on course.

These and similar ones are therefore a single whole as a subject.

Conclusion

To determine the subject, you should ask the question, “who?” or “what?” performs the action in this sentence. The above methods of expressing it will help with this.

The subject is expressed by a phrase if one word is not enough to denote a predicatively defined subject, or when it is necessary to express additional. Shades of meaning. Subject meaning and grammatical independence are expressed by different word forms. The dominant member of the phrase in the form of the nominative case creates an independent form of the subject, but does not name the subject; this meaning is expressed by the independent infinitive. The lexical meaning of the dominant member of the phrase introduces into the semantics of the subject those elements that cannot be expressed by the subject-word.

The following phrases act as subjects:

1) phrases with quantitative meaning. The main component serves as a means of expressing grammatical dependence, and the dependent component expresses the subject meaning.

A) numeral in Im.p. + noun in R.p. (TWO FRIENDS walked; FOUR FRIENDS went on a hike, SEVERAL FRIENDS wanted to dance)

B) noun with quantitative value in Im.p. + noun in R.p. (MANY BIRDS are found in our forests; A HUNDRED HORSEMAN galloped through the village)

B) noun with the meaning of measure, volume, totality in Im.p. + noun in R.p. (A BUNCH OF GUYS sat in the boat, a GLASS OF WATER was drunk)

D) a noun with a quantitative value or number. With prepositions (C, DO, ABOUT), pointing. For approximate counting + noun in R.p. (there are a DOZEN HOUSES on the shore; ABOUT TWO WEEKS have passed)

All phrases are the productive form of the nominative subject.

2) phrases with the meaning of selectivity. the main component is a numeral or pronoun in Imp., and the dependent component is a noun, or pronoun in R.p. with the preposition IZ (each of us, two of the students). The dominant member introduces shades of quantity, generalization, uncertainty, interrogative, etc. into the meaning of the subject-word combination. EXAMPLE: EACH OF THEM killed his time in his own way.

3) phrases with the meaning of compatibility. The main and dependent components are nouns. Noun in Im.p. + noun in Tv.p. with the preposition C. The subject denotes two objects that jointly produce an action or have the same attribute. This meaning is reinforced by the plural form of the predicate. If the predicate is singular, then the subject is only one noun in the nominative case. (BAZAROV AND ARKADY left the next day)

4) phrases with phase meaning. They are formed on the basis of the semantics of nouns. “beginning, middle, end” is the main component in Im.p. + noun in R.p., denoted. Segments of time (it was MID-APRIL)

5) phrases with metaphorical meaning. These phrases have a unique semantic structure. The main component is characterized by weakened nominativity, the dependent component has full nominativity. (A HAT of light brown CURLS fluttered on his big head)

6) phrases with an uncertain meaning. They are built on the basis of an indefinite pronoun. Indefinite pronoun in Im.p. + adjective or participle in Im.p. (I hear SOMETHING FAMILY)

INFINITIVE SUBJECT

The infinitive as a subject does not acquire an objective meaning, but remains a verb form. With infin.sub. there can be no definition. With an infinitive subject, a compound nominal predicate is used. The infinitive cannot denote the doer, i.e. producer of the action. Does not enter into a relationship of homogeneity with the nominative subject.

The infinitive denotes an independent attribute or potential action, the characteristic of which is contained in the predicate.

Structural varieties of the infinitive subject:

1) the actual infinitive subject

2) compound subject (infinitive - nominal subject) (the infinitive of the auxiliary verb performs a formal function - expresses the independence of the attribute that is indicated by the name).

The actual infinitive subject:

1) infinitive of a full verb (Here THINK means to rage)

2) infinitive of a verbal phraseological unit (LAYING HANDS ON YOURSELF is a terrible sin)

3) infinitive of descriptive-verbal noun phrase (OGIO) (MAKING A DECISION is a great thing)

Compound subject

The infinitive indicates the independent nature of the predicatively defined feature contained in the subject and expresses the grammatically independent position of the subject in the sentence (BEING STRONG is good, BEING SMART is twice as good)

The nominal component can be represented:

Noun in Tv.p

Adjective in Tv.p.

Communion in Tv.p.

Pronoun in Tv.p.

TYPES AND FORMS OF PREDICATE

PREDICATE is the main member of a two-part sentence, grammatically dependent on the subject and denoting a sign, action, state, property, quality of the object that expresses the subject. Predicative categories find support in the forms of the predicate: modularity, time, person.

The predicate is a predicative-defining member of a sentence.

The predicate is the support of the grammatical meaning of a sentence. The predicate expresses the predicative attribute of the subject.

In the syntactic meaning of the predicate, two elements are distinguished:

Grammatical meaning;

Lexical (material) meaning.

Real – content, semantics of the predicate. The specific name of the characteristic prescribed to the subject.

Grammatical meaning is a formal grammatical aspect (modality, tense, person). An indicator of grammatical meaning is the verb in its conjugated form or its significant absence (zero form).

EXAMPLE: The steamer was approaching the pier. The dog PRICKED EARS.

In speech, the relationships between features are different. The relationship between an object and a feature can be established by the speaker. A predicative feature includes means of modal-temporal characterization of the relationship of the feature to the subject.

Essential elements

The real meaning is specific, it is based on the lexical meaning of the corresponding word and depends on the form of the word.

The grammatical meaning includes several elements:

1) the attribution of the characteristic to the subject. The content of the attribute is expressed and perceived as a characteristic of the subject.

2) the meaning of time, which is formalized by indicating the attribution of the attribute to the moment of speech.

3) a complex of modal meanings (assessment of the relationship of the sign to the subject as real and unreal, or assessment of the sign on the part of the subject as possibility/impossibility).

Grammatical means:

Conjugated verb forms

Zero verb form

The types of the predicate must be contrasted according to the grammatical way of expressing the predicative feature.

The material and grammatical meaning can be expressed by one lexical unit, i.e. One word can express both real and grammatical meaning, but this unit must have 2 properties:

1) semantically meaningful;

2) it must contain indicators of the conjugated form of the verb.

Substantial and grammatical meaning can be expressed separately.

There are two main structural types of predicate - simple and complex.

A SIMPLE predicate can ONLY be verbal, because only a conjugated full-valued verb (or a lexicalized combination of a verbal component with another) contains both the name of the attribute (action) and indicators of the grammatical meanings of the predicate.

A COMPLEX predicate consists of two components, the functions of which are clearly demarcated: the main component expresses only the real meaning, the auxiliary - only the grammatical one.

The complex predicate is divided into:

Compound Verbal Predicate (CVS)

Compound nominal predicate (CIS)

Related information.

2. Predicative basis of a two-part sentence

The predicative basis of a two-part sentence is made up of a subject and a predicate.

1) subject

The subject is a grammatically independent member of a sentence, denoting an object (in the broad sense of the word), the attribute (action, state, property, quality) of which is determined by the predicate. The subject can be nominative and infinitive.

The nominative subject has an objective meaning. Most often it is expressed:

1) Nominative case of a noun: Autumn has arrived. dried up flowers. (A.T.).

2) Nominative case pronoun: You remember You remember everything, of course (Ec.); She sat on the floor and sorted through a pile of letters (Tut.); This it won't be in vain; love you any not averse (Nekr.).

The subject may include words alone, all, alone and under. Type combinations me myself, all of him are entirely subject. For example: myself I'll tell him everything; only I could no longer approach him (P.).

3) Much less often substantivized parts of speech act as the subject:

A) numeral in I.p., often collective: Seven they don’t expect one thing (last); Both looked around.

Cardinal and ordinal numbers are rarely used as subjects: Five- excellent mark; Third was the youngest.

B) adjective in I.p.: The most difficult behind; Waiting for us new, unknown.

C) participle in I.p.: Reading raised his head from the newspaper; Greeters were waiting on the platform.

D) unchangeable words - interjections, adverbs: It thundered in the distance hooray... (P.); There was a merry sound in the forest aw(N.); I'm tired of your constant Tomorrow.

D) substantivized non-nominal words - prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, etc.: WELL- interjection; IN is a preposition; WITH- voiceless consonant.

E) predicative units occupying the position of subject in relation to the predicate: "The Rooks Have Arrived"- famous painting by A. Savrasov; "Question everything" was his motto.

4) The nominative subject can be expressed by phrases:

A) with quantitative meaning. In such phrases, the main component is informationally insufficient words: numerals or pronouns, adverbs, nouns denoting an indefinite quantity, measure, volume, totality (so many, many, few, several, multitude, pile, heap, flock, half, hundred, ten and etc.)

Eg: There were lights on the table two candles; Three girls sat on the porch; Several people came closer; It grew in the forest a lot of mushrooms; flock of starlings rose into the air; Decades have passed since then (P.);

B) with the meaning of selectivity: these are phrases like each of us, one of you, any of the group, any of you and under.

Eg. :  One of us went to check the road; One of the boys whistled;

B) with the meaning of compatibility. These are phrases built according to the scheme "someone with someone": In the sun Polkan with Barbos, lying down, warming up(Kr.). The syntactic indivisibility of this kind of subject is emphasized by the plural form of the predicate. Wed: Father with Misha let's go fishing - Father went fishing with Misha;

D) with a phase value. These are combinations of nouns beginning, end, middle with a dependent word. Eg. :  Was mid March; The end of the novel has been reworked and modified; Beginning of autumn- the most beautiful time of the year;

D) with an undetermined meaning. In such phrases, the main word is an indefinite pronoun that can be omitted.

Eg. :  Someone unfamiliar stood at the gate; What happened to Shchukar something's wrong(Sh.); Something strange his behavior haunted me;

E) with metaphorical meaning. In such phrases, the main name of the subject is contained in a dependent word, or the subject meaning is expressed by a combination of two components.

Eg: ...on the pale sky stars disappears round dance(P.); Spinning waltz whirlwind noisy... (P.); Stars eye yours crumbled, withered... (Es.).

5) The nominative subject can be expressed by an indivisible phraseological combination like rest house, Lower Volga region, pansies, Ministry of Health, pile of mala, feast on the mountain, etc.

Eg: formed on the floor a lot; Western Siberia- a vast region rich in minerals; Today selection committee works until lunch.

Infinitive subject expressed by an unchangeable form of the verb - an independent infinitive. The infinitive is not substantivized, that is, it retains its inherent meaning of action and denotes an independent attribute, therefore, it cannot denote the actor, the producer of the action. The characteristics of the infinitive subject are contained in the predicate, most often the nominal. Eg: Jump it was scary to go into the water; Smoking- harmful. About the decision speak- only to confuse.

There are two types of infinitive subjects:

1) The proper infinitive is expressed by the independent infinitive of a full verb. Eg: Dissuade it's difficult for him to do anything, argue- impossible.

2) the infinitive-nominal (compound) subject is two-component and consists of the infinitive of an incomplete verb ( to become, to be, to become, to seem etc.) and name. Eg: Become hereby teacher not easy. Be an actress seemed to her the greatest happiness.

PRACTICAL TASK

1) Underline the subject, determine its type and method of expression.

Example : Passion game We knew both; tormented life both of us; in both heart heat faded...(P.) - in this complex sentence the subjects both of us(nominative, expressed by ip. pronouns with numeral both); life(nominative, expressed by IP noun); heart heat(nominative, expressed by a phrase with a metaphorical meaning);

But, my God, what boredom with a patient sit both day and night... (P.) - subject sit infinitive, expressed by the independent infinitive of a full verb (in this sentence the word boredom is a predicate and not a subject, since it has an evaluative meaning).

1. The fat man had just had lunch at the station, and his lips were shiny like ripe cherries (Ch.).

2. It is forbidden for anyone to sneeze anywhere (Ch.).

3. His wife was crazy about Richardson (P.).

4. A greedy regiment of lenders (P.) gathered in front of Onegin.

5. O people! You are all like the ancestor Eva: what is given to you does not attract you, the serpent constantly calls you to himself, to the mysterious tree... (P.).

6. Three sisters were spinning under the window late in the evening (P.).

7. Those born in deaf years do not remember their own ways (Bl.).

8. And the gates are dully locked, and on the wall - and on the wall someone motionless, a black someone is counting people in silence (Bl.).

9. The red wings of the sunset are extinguishing (Es.).

10. She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony, when the round dance disappears on the pale horizon of stars and the edge of the earth quietly brightens... (P.).

11. An old man lived with his old woman by the very blue sea (P.).

12. What low deceit to amuse a half-dead... (P.).

13. Only a cobweb of thin hair glitters on an idle furrow (Tut.).

14. Three hundred won - three! Only the dead did not rise from the ground (Color).

15. Yes, none of you have loved like our blood for a long time! (Bl.).

16. Have you forgotten that there is love in the world that both burns and destroys! (Bl.).

17. It’s no wonder to look at you (Nekr.).

2) predicate

Predicate- the second main member of a two-part sentence, the main carrier of predicativity. The predicate is grammatically related to the subject and denotes a feature (action, state, property, quality) of the subject.

There are two types of predicates: verbal and nominal.

1. Verb predicate there is simple and compound.

Simple verb predicate expressed by personal (conjugated) forms of a full-valued verb or verbal phraseological units. For such a predicate, one can determine the person, number, tense, mood and gender in the past tense. Eg. : Tomorrow will come Brother; Children are coming to school; Son left to the dacha; We we will study this topic in the next lesson; I'll I'll bring it out into the open!; All comments he went unnoticed. Such forms are called productive or compatible (since the predicate agrees with the subject in number, and in the past tense - in gender). In addition to them, there are unproductive (inconsistent) forms of the simple verbal predicate, which do not have formal indicators of grammatical categories:

1) truncated verb forms like BAM, GRAB, JUMP, DAC and under. Eg: ... faster than the shadow Tatyana jump to the other entrance(P.); The monkey, seeing his image in the mirror, quietly a bear sense foot(Kr.);

2) they are adjacent to interjection forms like AH, ONCE and under. For example .: And he oh-ho-ho!; Dog once me by the finger!; The virgins are just from afar Oh on slender riders(A.N.T.);

3) infinitive in the indicative mood. Eg. : Here he is - scold me; And they run!

A special place among simple verbal predicates is occupied by the verb BE. It is usually used as a connective in a compound predicate, but can also act as an independent predicate in the meanings “to be” or “to exist, to exist.” For example .: We were (=were) in the forest; I have (=have, exists) a cat; Masha will (=have, will have) a child. In the present tense, such a predicate can be presented in zero form: We are in the forest; And we have gas in our apartment. We consider such a sentence to be elliptically incomplete, two-part, with an omitted predicate.

A simple verbal predicate can be complicated by various elements, the elimination of which does not change the meaning of the sentence. For example .: And he screams; And he takes it and screams; Be careful not to break!; He went and came back; Working doesn't work; I wrote and wrote, but to no avail.(P.).

Compound verb predicate has an analytical structure and consists of two parts: the main component, expressed by the infinitive, and the auxiliary component, expressed by the conjugated verb form or modal words. A compound verbal predicate always denotes an active attribute - an action: We let's continue to study all life. I I want to help to you. He should come in the morning.

The forms of the compound verbal predicate differ in auxiliary components that have additional meanings - phase or modal.

Phasic meanings are expressed by two rows of verbs:

1) verbs indicating the beginning, continuation or end of an action ( start, continue, finish, stop and under.).

2) 1 verb indicating the manifestation of a characteristic - become.

Eg. : On the same day began to reign he... /P./.

Modal The following words have meanings:

1) verbs denoting ability/inability, possibility/impossibility, predisposition to perform any actions. These are verbs like be able, be able to, learn, manage, get tired and under.

Eg. : I tired of writing; He can help you; I learned simple, wise live (Ahm.);

2) verbs denoting expression of will ( want, wish, intend, try, try, refuse, undertake and under.).

Eg: He refused to go with us; Want in the sea fly behind the ship?(P.); I'd like to know, what is he wondering about?(P.);

3) verbs denoting thought processes, internal experiences (sometimes they are called emotional and are classified as a separate group). These are verbs like think, take it into your head, start, prepare, fear, hesitate, hope, etc.)

Eg: He was going to call mom; I hope to see you with you; I I'm thinking of starting repair; Monkey I decided to work (Kr.).

The group of verbs with a modal meaning includes modal adjectives and adverbs (words of the state category): ready, glad, must, agree, good, necessary, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult and under.

Eg: I glad to see you you; Here impossible to pass; To him it's hard to talk; But sad to think that youth was given to us in vain...(P.).

A compound verbal predicate can have a complicated form, in which the auxiliary component contains 2 or more members.

Eg: He wanted to start working; He had to decide to start working.

Sometimes such a predicate is called complex.

It should be noted that not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate. These are not predicates:

1) combinations of a conjugated verb with an objective infinitive.

For example .: I recommend you read this book(in this sentence there are two subjects of action: one recommends, and the others will read; therefore, here the simple verbal predicate “recommend”, and the objective infinitive “read” is an object). Wed. Also : I asked my brother to close the window; She advised me to cut my hair;

2) a combination of a verb of motion with a target infinitive.

Eg: We went to relax(“let’s go” is a verb that is not phaseic and not modal, it denotes movement; from it to the infinitive we ask the target question: let’s go (why? for what purpose?) to rest; therefore, in this sentence the simple verbal predicate is “let’s go”, and the target infinitive is “to rest "is a circumstance of the goal). Wed. Also: I came back specifically to talk to you; He got off at the station to have lunch.

2. Nominal predicate always compound: is a combination of an auxiliary component (link) and a main component (nominal part). The main component expresses the material content of the predicate, namely the passive attribute of the subject: quality, property, state. The copula expresses grammatical meanings: mood, tense, person, number, etc. tense. genus.

Types of ligaments:

1) abstract link. These are two conjugated verbs TO BE and TO BE, which do not carry any additional lexical meanings and serve only to express grammatical meanings. For example .: The day was clear; The circle is a symbol of the sun.

Since abstract connectives only indicate the presence or existence of some attribute, they can be omitted in the present tense of the indicative mood: The day is clear; The circle is a symbol of the sun. In such a situation one speaks of zero copula;

2) semi-nominal copula. These are incomplete verbs containing additional lexical meanings: a) manifestation, detection of a sign ( seem, appear, appear etc.) and b) the emergence of a new or preservation of the previous state ( become, become, stay and under .).
For example .: He seemed younger; The sky turned gray; We will remain friends. This connective cannot be omitted, and without a nominal part, an informatively insufficient verb in a full sentence is rarely used (cf.: We'll stay home- verb stay used in a different meaning: “to be, to remain”);

3) significant connection. This is a full-valued verb denoting a specific activity, mainly movement: lie, sit, work, come, return,- or being in any state: live.

Eg: He sat quiet, subdued; He lived as a hermit; Valya returned tired.

These verbs in other contexts can act as independent simple verbal predicates, therefore such a predicate is also called double nominal : we can break it down into simple components: Valya returned + Valya (was) tired.

Nominal partconveys the basic lexical meaning and can be represented by the following parts of speech:

1) an adjective. The short form is most often used. Eg: The taiga is huge; He was rich and noble.

But adjectives are used in the full form, as well as in the comparative and superlative forms.

Eg: The hour was late; This bank is steeper; She seemed the best to him;

2) a noun. Usually used I. and TV. n. noun.

Eg: He is a teacher; Cyclamen is an alpine violet; It was a storm; He worked as a mechanic; I will be a pilot.

However, the noun can appear in other cases.

Eg: The trees were already without leaves; The month was drawing to a close; Some ant had exorbitant strength(Kr.);

3) the numeral in the function of the nominal part is rare.

Eg: He was the first at the cash register window; Five five is twenty five;

4) in addition to names, participles can act as the nominal part. The participle is very common in the short form.

Eg: The exam was passed on time; The book will be published in the fall; The abstracts were written on time.

It is extremely rare that the nominal part is represented by full participles.

Eg: He returned alarmed; The girl was serious, reading scientific magazines;

5) the pronoun also occurs infrequently.

Eg: It's not my fault; He is such a!; But what a grandmother she was!; This is what you wanted to know;

6) adverbs and words of the state category are quite common, especially in impersonal constructions.

Eg: Masha has been married for a long time; We were ready; It's already light; It was quiet; You can't do this.

7) infinitives (with zero connective or special connectives this means).

Eg: Teaching others means first of all learning yourself; Smoking is harmful to health.

A compound nominal predicate can also be complicated, consisting of 3 or more elements.

Eg: He tried to be like his father.; She should have been happy.

PRACTICAL TASK

1. Determine the way to express a simple verbal predicate.

Example: He waits and waits from morning until night, looks into the field, and sometimes his eyes hurt, looking from the white dawn until night...(P.) - this sentence has 3 predicates: wait and wait- a simple verbal predicate with a complication, expressed by a consonant verb in the indicative mood, in the present tense, in the 3rd person singular; looks- a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a consonant verb in an indent. incl., present vr., in 3 l., in units. h.; got sick- a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a consonant verb in the past tense, in the plural;

The cat jumped on the table - in this sentence there is a simple verb predicate jump expressed by an inconsistent truncated verb form.

And the queen laughed, and shrugged her shoulders, and winked her eyes, and clicked her fingers... (P.); Somewhere, in the distant kingdom, in the thirtieth state, there lived the glorious King Dodon... (P.); He doesn’t hit, he doesn’t let me hit (N.); So sometimes a crafty cat opens his cunning paws and suddenly scratches the poor thing (Kr.); There is a princess beyond the sea that you can’t take your eyes off (P.); But the princess grabbed it with both hands and caught it (P.); Don't cry, poor birch, don't complain! The wound is not fatal, it will be cured by summer, you will show off, you will be covered with leaves... Only a sick heart will not heal the wounds! (ACT.).

2. Underline the simple or compound verb predicate. Indicate the meaning of the auxiliary part in a compound verb predicate. Determine the syntactic function of the infinitive adjacent to a simple verbal predicate.

Example: The caravels continued to sail(Hum.) - in a compound verb predicate continued to swim the main part is expressed by an infinitive, and the auxiliary part is represented by a verb with a phase meaning;

And the weaver with the cook, with the matchmaker Babarikha, they want to inform her, they order to take over the messenger (P). - in this sentence there is a compound verb predicate they want lime(the main part is the infinitive, the auxiliary part is a verb with a modal meaning indicating the expression of will) and a simple verbal predicate they say, to which the objective infinitive adjoins adopt - addition ( they say the weaver with the cook, and the action adopt will be performed by another subject);

I will go behind the road mound to meet my dear guest (Es.) - in this sentence there is a simple verbal predicate I'll go, to which the target infinitive adjoins meet- circumstance ( I'll go- verb of movement; I'll go (For what? for what purpose?) meet);

Glad and happy to take out my soul (Es.) - in a compound verbal predicate glad and happy to take out my soul the auxiliary part is expressed by modal adjectives glad And happy, and the main one is a verbal phraseological unit take out the soul.

1. In anger, he began to perform miracles and wanted to hang the messenger (P.).

2. I am glad to serve you in friendship (P.)

3. ... and, moreover, the clerk was forced to strictly count the nuts... (P.).

4. The smart guests are silent: they don’t want to argue with the woman (P.).

5. The swan sent us to you and ordered us to guard your wonderful city and patrol it (P.).

6. I didn’t dare take a ransom from her (P.).

7. The old woman shouted at him and sent him to serve in the stable (P.).

8. You can neither step nor speak, you will make the whole kingdom laugh (P.).

9. The old woman did not look at him, she only ordered him to be driven away (P.).

10. Before dawn, the brothers go out for a walk in a friendly crowd (P.).

11. Finally, something began to turn black to the side (P.).

12. Don’t look for me in God, don’t call me to love and live... (E.).

13. I will go along that road and lay down my head (Es.).

3. Determine the way to express a compound nominal predicate.

Example: Mud everywhere up to your knees- compound nominal predicate knee-deep formed using a zero copula and a nominal part expressed by a noun in V.p.;

The roads became impassable became impassable formed by the semi-nominal copula have become and the nominal part expressed by the participle;

We left unsatisfied - compound nominal predicate left unsatisfied formed using the nominative copula and the nominal part expressed by the participle.

1. Her house was the most fashionable (P.).

2. My lesson is difficult for me today (Hum.).

3. But I was given to another, I will be faithful to him forever (P.).

4. They say that I will soon become a famous Russian poet (Es.).

5. The owner was extremely in spirit (P.).

6. ...he responded to my epigrams with epigrams that always seemed more unexpected and sharper than mine and which, of course, were far more fun... (P.).

7. She was considered a rich bride (P.).

8. Such were the noble amusements of the Russian master! (P.).

9. Vladimir has not been seen in the house of Gavrila Gavrilovich (P.) for a long time.

10. His memory seemed sacred to Masha (P.).

11. He was the first to appear before us, gloomy and disappointed... (P.).

12. The prim Englishwoman (P.) was not amused.

13. ... we got up from the table like perfect friends (P.).

14. His face became darker than the night (P.).

15. This apparently seemed strange to him (P.).

16. I lived as a teenager, chasing pigeons and playing leapfrog with the yard boys (P.).

17. He immediately took the letter to the post office, to the hollow, and went to bed, very pleased with himself (P.)

18..He presented Kiril Petrovich with his certificates and a letter from one of Troekurov’s relatives, with whom he lived as a tutor (P.) for four years.

4. Determine the type of predicate and the way it is expressed (see examples above).

1. I will not curse you, I am saddened by the sadness of separation, but now I want to kiss your leading hands (Hum.).

2. I’m tired of living in my native land, longing for the buckwheat expanses, I’ll leave my hut, go as a vagabond and a thief (Es.).

3. The arrival of a rich neighbor is an important era for the villagers (P.).

4. And they will lead me along the wind, along that sand, with a rope around my neck, to love melancholy (Es.).

5. The horse began to get tired, and sweat rolled off him like a hail (P.).

6. ... there was no end to the field (P.).

7. Countess D. ordered to call you without fail, and here is a letter from her to you (P.).

8. And the prince has a wife that you can’t take your eyes off (P.).

9. And the month will float and float, dropping its oars on the lakes, and Rus' will still live, dance and cry at the fence (Es.).

10. I am the sophistication of Russian slow speech (Bruce).

11. I’m on my way to introduce myself to the sovereign (P.).

12. You ordered a reminder of the demoted Dolokhov in this regiment (L.T.).

13. And that same night we went to fight (P.).

14. His smile was different from other people... (L.T.).

15. Be at peace (L.T.).

16. The papers were to be delivered to the sovereign after his death (L.T.).

17. Since then, I have stopped interfering with his economic orders (P.).

18. I was ashamed to look at him (P.).

19. ...lighter than the shadow, Tatyana jumped into another canopy (P.).

20. My dear, you are a benefactor! (L.T.)

21. Anna Pavlovna’s living room began to gradually fill up (L.T.).

22. But influence in the world is capital, which must be protected so that it does not disappear (L.T.).

23.....the guests began to leave (L.T.).

24. The police came running to calm them down (L.T.).

25. Mom told me to ask you to dance (L.T.).

26. ...it’s hard for you to talk and think about such things (L.T.).

27. ...although he was allowed entry into the capitals, he also continued to live in the countryside without a break... (L.T.).

28. Princess Marya still silently looked at her brother, and in her beautiful eyes there was both love and sadness (L.T.).

29. I’m glad to see her (L.T.).

30. ...we must all feel sorry for the young man in misfortune. (L.T.).

5. Determine the type of subject and predicate.

1. The humble girl’s love (P.) was nothing new to you.

2. And at that hour the last of all the crazy songs was given to me (Ahm.).

3. Being an enthusiast became her social position (L.T.).

4. He himself told me that all the Moscow ladies agreed to give him all their children as adjutants (L.T.).

5. Our duty, my dear, is to correct his mistake... (L.T.).

6. It was a dark autumn night outside (L.T.).

7. After midnight, the tired owner ordered the guests to be fed dinner, and he himself went to bed (P.).

8. Princess Marya could not decide to leave him (L.T.).

9. We all look at Napoleons; Millions of two-legged creatures are one weapon for us; We feel wild and funny (P.).

10. It’s not surprising to look at you, anyone wouldn’t mind falling in love with you (Nekr.).