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Andrei Bolkonsky victory over himself. The life path of Andrei Bolkonsky

Final essay 2017: arguments on the work "War and Peace" for all directions

Honor and dishonor.

Honor: Natasha Rostova, Petya Rostov, Pierre Bezukhoye, Captain Timokhin, Vasily Denisov, Marya Bolkonskaya, Andrey Bolkonsky, Nikolai Rostov

Disgrace: Vasil Kuragin and his children: Helen, Ippolit and Anatole

Argument: The Patriots are ready to fight the French. They want to free the Russian lands. Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, Vasily Denisov and Captain Timokhin strove for this goal. For the sake of her, young Petya Rostov gives his life. Natasha Rostova and Marya Bolkonskaya wish victory over the enemy with all their hearts. There is no reason to doubt the truth of the patriotic feelings that owned both the old prince Bolkonsky and Nikolai Rostov. At the same time, the writer convinces us of the complete lack of patriotism among such people as Prince Vasily Kuragin and his children: Ippolit, Anatole and Helen. By no means love for the Motherland (they do not have this love) is guided by Boris Drubetskoy and Dolokhov, entering the army. The first is studying "unwritten chain of command" to make a career. The second tries to distinguish himself in order to quickly regain his officer rank, and then receive awards and ranks. Military official Berg in Moscow, abandoned by the inhabitants, buys things at a cheap price...

Victory and defeat.

Victory: Shengraben battle. The French army outnumbered the Russian one. One hundred thousand against thirty-five. The Russian army led by Kutuzov won a small victory at Krems and had to move to Znaim to save themselves. Kutuzov no longer trusted his allies. The Austrian army, without waiting for the reinforcements of the Russian troops, launched an attack on the French, but seeing their superiority, capitulated. Kutuzov, on the other hand, had to retreat, because the unevenness of forces did not bode well. The only salvation was to get to Znaim before the French. But the Russian road was longer and more difficult. Then Kutuzov decides to send Bagration's vanguard to cut across the enemy, that he, as best he could, detained the enemy. And here chance saved the Russians. The French envoy Murat, seeing Bagration's detachment, decided that this was the entire Russian army, and proposed a truce for three days. Kutuzov took advantage of this "rest". Of course, Napoleon immediately understood the deception, but while his messenger was driving to the army, Kutuzov had already managed to get to Znaim. When Bagration's vanguard retreated, Tushin's small battery, which stood near the village of Shengraben, was forgotten and abandoned by the Russians.

Defeat: Battle of Austerlitz. The main role in the conduct of this war was assumed by the Austrian military leaders, especially since the battles were fought on the territory of Austria. And the battle near the town of Austerlitz in the novel "War and Peace" was also thought out and planned by the Austrian general Weyrother. Weyrother did not consider it necessary to take into account the opinion of Kutuzov or anyone else.

The military council before the battle of Austerlitz does not resemble advice, but an exhibition of vanities, all disputes were not conducted with the aim of reaching a better and correct solution, but, as Tolstoy writes: “... it was obvious that the goal ... of objections consisted mainly in the desire to make one feel General Weyrother, so self-confidently, as to schoolchildren, who read his disposition, that he dealt not only with fools, but with people who could teach him in military affairs. Having made several futile attempts to change the situation, Kutuzov overslept the entire time the council lasted. Tolstoy makes it clear how much all this pomposity and complacency disgusts Kutuzov, the old general is well aware that the battle will be lost.

Conclusion: The history of mankind consists of victories and defeats in wars. In the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy describes the participation of Russia and Austria in the war against Napoleon. Thanks to the Russian troops, the battle of Shengraben was won, and this gave strength and inspiration to the sovereigns of Russia and Austria. Blinded by victories, preoccupied mainly with narcissism, holding military reviews and balls, these two men led their armies to defeat at Austerlitz. The Battle of Austerlitz in Tolstoy's War and Peace was the decisive battle in the War of the Three Emperors. Tolstoy shows the two emperors at first as pompous and self-satisfied, and after the defeat as confused and unhappy people. Napoleon managed to outwit and defeat the Russian-Austrian army. Emperors fled the battlefield, and after the end of the battle, Emperor Franz decided to submit to Napoleon on his terms.

Mistakes and experience.

Argument: While living in France, Pierre was imbued with the ideas of Freemasonry, it seemed to Pierre that he had found like-minded people, that with their help he could change the world for the better. But he soon became disillusioned with Freemasonry.

Pierre Bezukhov is still very young and inexperienced, he is looking for the purpose of his life, but comes to the conclusion that nothing can be changed in this world and falls under the bad influence of Kuragin and Dolokhov. Pierre begins to "burn through life", spends his time on balls and social evenings. Kuragin marries him to Helen. Bezukhov was inspired by passion for Helen Kuragina, he rejoiced at the happiness of marrying her. But after a while, Pierre noticed that Helen was just a beautiful doll with an icy heart. Marriage with Helen Kuragina brought Pierre Bezukhov only pain and disappointment in the female field. Tired of a wild life, Pierre is eager to work. He begins to carry out reforms in his lands.

Pierre found his happiness in marriage with Natasha Rostova. A long journey of wandering, sometimes erroneous, sometimes funny and ridiculous, nevertheless led Pierre Bezukhov to the truth. We can say that the end of Pierre's life searches is good, because he achieved the goal that he originally pursued. He tried to change this world for the better.

Mind and feelings.

On the pages of world fiction, the problem of the influence of feelings and the mind of a person is raised very often. So, for example, in Leo Tolstoy's epic novel "War and Peace" two types of heroes appear: on the one hand, impetuous Natasha Rostova, sensitive Pierre Bezukhov, fearless Nikolai Rostov, on the other hand, haughty and prudent Helen Kuragina and her brother, callous Anatole. Many conflicts in the novel come precisely from the excess of feelings of the characters, whose ups and downs are very interesting to watch. A vivid example of how a burst of feelings, thoughtlessness, ardor of character, impatient youth influenced the fate of the heroes is the case with Natasha, because for her, laughable and young, it was incredibly long to wait for her wedding with Andrei Bolkonsky, could she subdue her unexpectedly flashed feelings for Anatole the voice of reason? Here we have a real drama of mind and feelings in the soul of the heroine, she faces a difficult choice: to leave her fiancé and leave with Anatole, or not to succumb to a momentary impulse and wait for Andrei. It was in favor of feelings that this difficult choice was made, only chance prevented Natasha. We cannot condemn the girl, knowing her impatient nature and thirst for love. It was feelings that dictated Natasha's impulse, after which she regretted her act when she analyzed it.

Friendship and enmity.

One of the central lines of the novel, one of the greatest values, according to Tolstoy, is, of course, the friendship of Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov. They are both alien to the society in which they find themselves. Both of them are above him in their thoughts and moral values, only Pierre needs time to understand this. Andrey is sure of his own, special destiny, and the empty, unchanging life is not for him. He is trying to convince Pierre, who is the only one whom he respects in that environment due to the contrast with the empty elite, to stay away from this life. But Pierre is nevertheless convinced of this on his own, from his own experience. He, so simple and unpretentious, is difficult to resist the temptation. The friendship between Andrei and Pierre can be considered true, beautiful and immortal, because the soil on which it stood was the most worthy and noble. There was not a drop of self-seeking in this friendship, and neither money nor influence was a guideline for any of them either in their relationships or in the life of each separately. This is what should unite people if they live in a society where all feelings can be bought and sold so coldly.

Fortunately, in Tolstoy's novel, these characters found each other, thereby finding salvation from moral loneliness and finding worthy ground for the development of morality and real ideas that should not be lost even by a minority of people.

Andrei Bolkonsky is burdened by the routine, hypocrisy and lies that reign in secular society. These low, meaningless goals that it pursues.

Bolkonsky's ideal is Napoleon, Andrei wants like him, saving others to achieve fame and recognition. This desire of his is the secret reason why he goes to the war of 1805-1807.

During the battle of Austerlitz, Prince Andrei decides that the hour of his glory has come and rushes headlong under the bullets, although the impetus for this was not only ambitious intentions, but also shame for his army, which began to flee. Bolkonsky was wounded in the head. When he woke up, he began to perceive the world around him in a different way, he finally noticed the beauty of nature. He comes to the conclusion that wars, victories, defeats and glory are nothing, emptiness, vanity of vanities.

After the death of his wife, Prince Andrei experiences a strong emotional shock, he decides for himself that he will live for the closest people, but his living nature does not want to put up with such a boring and ordinary life, and in the end all this leads to a deep mental crisis. But a meeting with a friend and a sincere conversation help partly overcome it. Pierre Bezukhov convinces Bolkonsky that life is not over, that you need to continue to fight, no matter what.

A moonlit night in Otradnoye and a conversation with Natasha, and after meeting with an old oak tree, Bolkonsky returns to life, he begins to realize that he does not want to be such an “old oak tree”. Ambition, a thirst for glory and a desire to live and fight again appear in Prince Andrei, and he goes to serve in St. Petersburg. But, Bolkonsky, participating in the drafting of laws, understands that this is not what the people need.

Natasha Rostova played a very important role in the spiritual development of Prince Andrei. She showed him the purity of thoughts that must be adhered to: love for the people, the desire to live, to do something good for others. Andrei Bolkonsky passionately and tenderly fell in love with Natalya, but could not forgive the betrayal, because he decided that Natasha's feelings were not as sincere and disinterested as he thought before.

Going to the front in 1812, Andrei Bolkonsky does not pursue ambitious intentions, he goes to defend his homeland, to defend his people. And already being in the army, he does not strive for high ranks, but fights next to ordinary people: soldiers and officers.

The behavior of Prince Andrei in the battle of Borodino is a feat, but a feat not in the sense that we usually understand it, but a feat in front of oneself, in front of one's honor, an indicator of a long path of self-improvement.

After a mortal wound, Bolkonsky was imbued with an all-forgiving religious spirit, changed a lot, revised his views on life in general. He gave forgiveness to Natasha and Kuragin, and died with peace in his heart.

In the novel "War and Peace" one can explore and see with one's own eyes the life path and spiritual development of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky from a secular, indifferent and conceited person to a wise, honest and spiritually deep person.

L. N. Tolstoy worked on the novel "War and Peace" from 1863 to 1869. The creation of a large-scale historical and artistic canvas required enormous efforts from the writer. So, in 1869, in the drafts of the Epilogue, Lev Nikolayevich recalled the "painful and joyful perseverance and excitement" experienced by him in the process of work. The manuscripts of "War and Peace" testify to how one of the world's largest creations was created: over 5,200 finely written sheets have been preserved in the writer's archive. They trace the whole history of […]
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"Victory and Defeat"

Official comment:

The direction allows you to think about victory and defeat in different aspects:socio-historical, moral-philosophical, psychological. Reasoning may be relatedboth with external conflict events in the life of a person, country, world, and with the internal struggle of a person with himself, its causes and results. Literary works often show the ambiguity and relativity of the concepts of "victory" and "defeat" in different historical conditions and life situations.

The opposition between the concepts of "victory" and "defeat" is already embedded in their interpretation. We read from Ozhegov: “Victory is success in battle, war, complete defeat of the enemy.” That is, the victory of one implies the complete defeat of the other. However, both history and literature give us examples of how victory turns out to be defeat, and defeat turns out to be victory. It is about the relativity of these concepts that graduates are invited to speculate, based on their reading experience. Of course, it is impossible to confine ourselves to the concept of victory as the defeat of the enemy in battle. Therefore, it is advisable to consider this thematic area in different aspects.

Aphorisms and sayings of famous people:

The greatest victory is victory over yourself. Cicero

The possibility that we may be defeated in battle should not prevent us from fighting for a cause that we consider just. A. Lincoln

Man is not created to suffer defeat... Man can be destroyed, but he cannot be defeated. E. Hemingway

Be proud only of the victories you have won over yourself. Tungsten

List of references in the field of "Victory and defeat"

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

A. S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

M. A. Sholokhov "The fate of man"

V. P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"

Materials for literary arguments.

L. N. Tolstoy novel "War and Peace"

The key battles of the epic novel areShengrabenskoye, Austerlitskoye, Borodino. The author clearly divides the military environment into careerists who want only ranks and awards, and modest war workers, soldiers, peasants, and militias. It is they who decide the outcome of the battle, every minute performing an unknown feat.

First Battle of Shengraben we observe through the eyes of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky. Field Marshal Kutuzov was heading with his troops along the road from Krems to Olmins. Napolen wanted to surround him in the middle of the way, in Znaim. To save the life of the soldiers, Kutuzov makes a wise decision. He sends a detachment of Bagration to Znaim by a roundabout mountain route and gives the order to hold back the huge army of the French. Bagration managed to do the unbelievable. In the morning, his troops approached the village of Shengraben earlier than Napoleon's army. General Murat was frightened and mistook a small detachment of Bagration for the entire Russian army.

The center of the battle itself is Tushin's battery. Before the battle, Prince Andrei drew up a battle plan, pondering the best steps. But at the scene of hostilities, I realized that everything was not going at all as it was intended. During the battle, it is simply impossible to have organized leadership, complete control over events. Therefore, Bagration achieves only one thing - raising the spirit of the army. It is the spirit, the mood of each soldier that determines the entire battle.
Among the general chaos, Prince Andrei sees the battery of the modest Tushin. Until recently, in the tent of a sutler, he looked like an ordinary, peaceful person, standing with his shoes off. And now, occupying the most unfavorable disposition, being under continuous fire, he shows miracles of courage. Tushin himself seems big and strong. But instead of reward or praise, he is reprimanded at the council after the battle for daring to speak out without an order. If not for the words of Prince Andrei, no one would have known about his feat.
The Shengraben victory became the key to victory at Borodino.

On the eve of the Battle of Austerlitz Prince Andrei was looking for laurels, he dreamed of leading an army behind him. The commanders had no doubt that the enemy forces were weakened. But the people were tired of senseless bloodshed, were indifferent to the benefits of the headquarters and the two emperors. They were annoyed at the dominance of the Germans in their ranks. As a result, this resulted in chaos and disorder on the battlefield. Prince Andrey accomplished the long-awaited feat in full view of everyone, with the staff of the banner he led the fleeing soldiers, but this heroism did not bring him happiness. Even Napoleon's praise seemed to him insignificant in comparison with the boundless and calm sky.

Tolstoy succeeded in surprisingly accurately, psychologically reflecting the condition of a wounded person. The last thing that Prince Andrei saw in front of the exploding shell was a fight between a Frenchman and a Russian over a bannik. It seemed to him that the projectile would fly past and not hit him, but that was an illusion. It seemed to the hero that something heavy and soft had been thrust into his body. But the main thing is that Prince Andrei realized the insignificance of war, destruction in comparison with the vast world. On the Borodino field he will tell Pierre the truth that he realized after participating in these events: "The battle is won by the one who firmly decided to win it."

Russian troops won a moral victory in the Battle of Borodino. They could not retreat, only Moscow was further. Napoleon was overwhelmed: usually, if the battle was not won within eight hours, one could speak of its defeat. The French emperor for the first time saw the unprecedented courage of Russian soldiers. Although at least half the army was killed, the remaining warriors continued to fight as firmly as at the beginning.
The "club of the people's war" also fell upon the French.
The whole battle is transmitted through the eyes of Pierre, a non-military man. It is located in the most dangerous place - on the Raevsky battery. An unprecedented upsurge arises in his soul. Pierre sees with his own eyes that people go to their deaths, but they overcome their fear, keep in line, and fulfill their duty to the end.

Prince Andrei performs his main feat. Even being in the reserve, he sets an example of courage to his officers, does not bow his head. Here Prince Andrei is mortally wounded.

In battle, the collective image of the people operates. Each participant in the battle is guided and warmed by that "hidden warmth of patriotism", which is the main feature of the Russian national character. Kutuzov managed to subtly feel the spirit, the strength of the Russian army. He knew the outcome of the battles in many ways, but he never doubted the victory of his soldiers.
In his novel L.N. Tolstoy was able to masterfully combine reviews of large-scale historical battles and a description of the emotional experiences of a person in a war. In this feature, the humanism of the author manifested itself.

A. S. Griboyedov play "Woe from Wit"

The conflict of the play is a unity of two principles: public and personal. Being an honest, noble, progressive-minded, freedom-loving man, the main character Chatsky opposes the Famus society. He condemns the inhumanity of serfdom, recalling "Nestor of noble scoundrels", who exchanged his faithful servants for three greyhounds; he is disgusted by the lack of freedom of thought in the society of the nobility: “And who in Moscow did not shut up lunches, dinners and dances?”. He does not recognize servility and sycophancy: "Who needs it: for those who are arrogant, they lie in the dust, and for those who are higher, flattery, like lace, was woven." Chatsky is full of sincere patriotism: “Will we ever rise again from the foreign power of fashion? So that our smart, peppy people, although by language, do not consider us Germans. He strives to serve the “cause”, and not individuals, he “would be glad to serve, it’s sickening to serve.” Society is offended and, defending itself, declares Chatsky crazy. His drama is aggravated by a feeling of ardent but unrequited love for Famusov's daughter Sofya. Chatsky does not make an attempt to understand Sophia, it is difficult for him to understand why Sophia does not love him, because his love for her speeds up “every heartbeat”, although “the whole world seemed to him dust and vanity.” Chatsky's blindness with passion can justify him: his "mind and heart are out of tune." The psychological conflict turns into a social conflict. Society unanimously comes to the conclusion: "crazy in everything ...". Crazy society is not terrible. Chatsky decides to "search around the world where the offended feeling has a corner."

I.A. Goncharov assessed the finale of the play as follows: "Chatsky is broken by the quantity of the old force, inflicting a mortal blow on it with the quality of the new force." Chatsky does not give up his ideals, he only frees himself from illusions. Chatsky's stay in Famusov's house shook the inviolability of the foundations of Famusov's society. Sophia says: “I am ashamed of myself!”

Therefore, the defeat of Chatsky is only a temporary defeat and only his personal drama. On a public scale, "the victory of the Chatskys is inevitable." The “past century” will be replaced by the “current century”, and the views of the comedy hero Griboyedov will win.

Chatsky did nothing, but he spoke, and for this he was declared insane. The old world is fighting Chatsky's free word, using slander. Chatsky's struggle with accusatory words corresponds to that early period of the Decembrist movement, when they believed that much could be achieved with words, and limited themselves to oral speeches. However, fighting with words does not lead to victory. The old world is still so strong that it defeats Chatsky, who is fleeing from Famusov's house and from Moscow. But Chatsky's flight from Moscow cannot be taken as a defeat. The irreconcilability of views between Chatsky and Famusovsky society puts our hero in a tragic situation. According to Goncharov, his role is "passive": at the same time he is both a "vanguard warrior", a "skirmisher", and at the same time he is "always a victim." "Chatsky is broken by the amount of old strength, inflicting a mortal blow on it with the quality of fresh strength," - this is how I.A. Chatsky defined the meaning. Goncharov.

A. N. Ostrovsky play "Thunderstorm"

Graduates can reflect on the question of whether Katerina's death is a victory or defeat. It is difficult to give an unambiguous answer to this question. Too many reasons led to a terrible ending. The playwright sees the tragedy of Katerina's position in that she comes into conflict not only with Kalinov's family mores, but also with herself. The straightforwardness of Ostrovsky's heroine is one of the sources of her tragedy. Katerina is pure in soul - lies and debauchery are alien and disgusting to her. She understands that, having fallen in love with Boris, she has violated the moral law. “Ah, Varya,” she complains, “I have a sin on my mind! How much I, poor thing, wept, no matter what I did to myself! I can't get away from this sin. Nowhere to go. After all, this is not good, because this is a terrible sin, Varenka, that I love another? Throughout the play, there is a painful struggle in Katerina's mind between understanding her wrong, her sinfulness and a vague, but increasingly powerful sense of her right to human life. But the play ends with Katerina's moral victory over the dark forces that torment her. She expiates her guilt immeasurably, and escapes bondage and humiliation by the only path that has been opened to her. Her decision to die, if only not to remain a slave, expresses, according to Dobrolyubov, "the need for the emerging movement of Russian life." And this decision comes to Katerina along with internal self-justification. She dies because she considers death the only worthy outcome, the only way to preserve the higher that lived in her. The idea that Katerina's death is in fact a moral victory, the triumph of the real Russian soul over the forces of the "dark kingdom" of the Wild and Kabanovs, is also strengthened by the reaction of other heroes of the play to her death. For example, Tikhon, Katerina's husband, for the first time in his life expressed his own opinion, for the first time he decided to protest against the suffocating foundations of his family, joining (if only for a moment) in the fight against the "dark kingdom". “You ruined her, you, you…,” he exclaims, turning to his mother, before whom he has been trembling all his life.

The death of the main character ends Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm", the genre of which could be safely described as a tragedy. The death of Katerina in The Thunderstorm is the denouement of the work and carries a special semantic load. The scene of Katerina's suicide gave rise to many questions and interpretations of this plot twist. For example, Dobrolyubov considered this act noble, and Pisarev was of the opinion that such an outcome was "completely unexpected for her (Katerina) herself." Dostoevsky de believed that Katerina's death in the play "Thunderstorm" would have occurred without despotism: "this is a victim of her own purity and her beliefs." It is easy to see that the opinions of critics differ, but at the same time, each is partly true. What made the girl make such a decision, take a desperate step? What does the death of Katerina, the heroine of the play "Thunderstorm" mean?

However, as mentioned above, there are several different points of view on Katerina's suicide. After all, on the other hand, couldn't Katya just run away without making such desperate decisions? That's the thing, she couldn't. It wasn't for her. To be honest with yourself, to be free - this is what the girl so passionately desired. Unfortunately, all this could be obtained only at the cost of one's own life. Is Katerina's death a defeat or a victory over the "dark kingdom"? Katerina did not win, but she did not remain defeated either.

I. S. Turgenev novel "Fathers and Sons"

The writer shows in his novel the struggle between worldviews of two political trends. The plot of the novel is built on the opposition of the views of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Evgeny Bazarov, who are the brightest representatives of two generations that do not find mutual understanding. Differences on various issues have always existed between the youth and the elders. So here, a representative of the younger generation, Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov, cannot, and does not want to understand the "fathers", their life credo, principles. He is convinced that their views on the world, on life, on relations between people are hopelessly outdated. “Yes, I will spoil them ... After all, this is all pride, lion's habits, foppery ...”. In his opinion, the main purpose of life is to work, to produce something material. That is why Bazarov disrespectfully treats art, sciences that do not have a practical basis. He believes that it is much more useful to deny what, from his point of view, deserves to be denied, than to watch indifferently from the side, not daring to do anything. “At the present time, denial is the most useful - we deny,” says Bazarov. And Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is sure that there are things that cannot be doubted (“Aristocracy ... liberalism, progress, principles ... art ...”). He values habits and traditions more and does not want to notice the changes taking place in society.

Bazarov is a tragic figure. It cannot be said that he defeats Kirsanov in a dispute. Even when Pavel Petrovich is ready to admit his defeat, Bazarov suddenly loses faith in his teaching and doubts his personal need for society. "Does Russia need me? No, apparently, I don't," he reflects.

Of course, most of all a person is manifested not in conversations, but in deeds and in his life. Therefore, Turgenev, as it were, leads his heroes through various trials. And the strongest of them is the test of love. After all, it is in love that the soul of a person is revealed fully and sincerely.

And then the hot and passionate nature of Bazarov swept away all his theories. He fell in love with a woman whom he highly valued. “In conversations with Anna Sergeevna, he showed even more than before his indifferent contempt for everything romantic, and left alone, he indignantly recognized the romance in himself.” The hero is going through a severe mental breakdown. "...Something...was possessed in him, which he never allowed, over which he always mocked, which revolted all his pride." Anna Sergeevna Odintsova rejected him. But Bazarov found the strength to accept defeat with honor, without losing his dignity.

So, did the nihilist Bazarov win or lose?
It seems that in the test of love, Bazarov is defeated. First, his feelings and himself are rejected. Secondly, he falls into the power of the aspects of life he himself denies, loses ground under his feet, begins to doubt his views on life. His position in life turns out to be a position in which, however, he sincerely believed. Bazarov begins to lose the meaning of life, and soon loses life itself. But this is also a victory: love made Bazarov take a different look at himself and the world, he begins to understand that life does not want to fit into a nihilistic scheme in anything.

And Anna Sergeevna formally remains among the winners. She managed to cope with her feelings, which strengthened her self-confidence. In the future, she will build a sister well, and she herself will successfully marry. But will she be happy?

The central figure of the novel is the nihilist Yevgeny Bazarov. On the pages of the novel, he appears as an opponent of all the experience of previous generations. Bazarov denies simple human feelings, moral values, and so on. He recognizes only the natural sciences. We can say that the hero seeks destruction. In this he sees the purpose of his life: to clear the ground for future generations. But, in the course of the novel, the hero is severely disappointed in his life views and values. The main blow for him is love.

Thus, it seems to me that the love of Bazarov and Odintsova was doomed from the very beginning. Bazarov's views on love, his stubborn and proud nature, combined with the views of Anna Sergeevna, created difficulties in their relationship from the very beginning. On the pages of his novel, Turgenev brought these heroes together to show the collapse of Bazarov's views, to prove that every person is capable of love, but not everyone can keep it.

F. M. Dostoevsky novel "Crime and Punishment"

"Crime and Punishment" is an ideological novel in which non-human theory collides with human feelings. Dostoevsky, a great connoisseur of the psychology of people, a sensitive and attentive artist, tried to understand modern reality, to determine the degree of influence on a person of the then popular ideas of the revolutionary reorganization of life and individualistic theories. Entering into polemics with democrats and socialists, the writer sought to show in his novel how the delusion of fragile minds leads to murder, shedding of blood, maiming and breaking young lives.

Raskolnikov's ideas are generated by abnormal, humiliating conditions of life. In addition, the post-reform breakup destroyed the age-old foundations of society, depriving human individuality of connection with the old cultural traditions of society, historical memory. Raskolnikov sees a violation of universal moral norms at every step. It is impossible to feed a family with honest labor, so the petty official Marmeladov finally becomes an inveterate drunkard, and his daughter Sonechka is forced to trade herself, because otherwise her family will die of hunger. If unbearable living conditions push a person to violate moral principles, then these principles are nonsense, that is, they can be ignored. Raskolnikov comes to this conclusion when a theory is born in his inflamed brain, according to which he divides all of humanity into two unequal parts. On the one hand, these are strong personalities, "super-humans" such as Mohammed and Napoleon, and on the other hand, a gray, faceless and submissive crowd, which the hero awards with a contemptuous name - "trembling creature" and "anthill".

The correctness of any theory must be confirmed by practice. And Rodion Raskolnikov conceives and carries out the murder, removing the moral prohibition from himself. His life after the murder turns into a real hell. A painful suspicion develops in Rodion, which gradually turns into a feeling of loneliness, rejection from everyone. The writer finds a surprisingly accurate expression characterizing Raskolnikov's inner state: he "as if cut himself off with scissors from everyone and everything." The hero is disappointed in himself, believing that he did not pass the test for the role of the ruler, which means, alas, he belongs to the "trembling creatures".

Surprisingly, Raskolnikov himself would not want to be the winner now. After all, to win means to perish morally, to remain with your spiritual chaos forever, to lose faith in people, yourself and life. Raskolnikov's defeat was his victory - a victory over himself, over his theory, over the Devil, who took possession of his soul, but could not forever oust God in it.

"The Tale of Igor's Campaign" is a well-known monument. Based on Russians, organized by the prince in. The main idea is an idea. Princely civil strife, weakening the Russian land and leading to ruin by its enemies, make the author bitterly sad and complain; victory over enemies fills his soul with ardent delight. However, this work tells about defeat, and not about victory, because it is defeat that contributes to the rethinking of previous behavior, gaining a new view of the world and oneself. That is, defeat stimulates Russian soldiers to victories and exploits.

The author of the Lay addresses all the Russian princes in turn, as if calling them to account and demandingly reminding them of their duty to their homeland. He calls them to defend the Russian land, "to block the gates of the field" with their sharp arrows. And therefore, although the author writes about defeat, there is not even a shadow of despondency in the Lay. The "Word" is as concise and laconic as Igor's appeals to his squad. This is the call before the fight. The whole poem, as it were, is turned to the future, permeated with concern for this future. A poem about victory would be a poem of triumph and joy. Victory is the end of the battle, while defeat for the author of the Lay is only the beginning of the battle. The battle with the steppe enemy is not yet over. The defeat should unite the Russians. The author of the Lay calls not to a feast of triumph, but to a feast-battle. This is written in the article "The Word about the campaign of Igor Svyatoslavich" D.S. Likhachev.

The "Word" ends happily - with the return of Igor to the Russian land and the singing of glory to him at the entrance to Kyiv. So, despite the fact that the “Word” is dedicated to the defeat of Igor, it is full of confidence in the power of the Russians, full of faith in the glorious future of the Russian land, in victory over the enemy.

V. P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"

Ignatich is the protagonist of the novel. This man is respected by fellow villagers for the fact that he is always happy to help with advice and deed, for his skill in catching fish, for his intelligence and sharpness. This is the most prosperous person in the village, he does everything “okay” and reasonably. Often he helps people, but there is no sincerity in his actions.

In the village Ignatich is known as the most successful and skilled fisherman. It is felt that he has an abundance of fishing flair, the experience of his ancestors and his own, acquired over the years. Greed forced Ignatich to fish more than he needed, greed, greed at any cost. This played a fatal role for him when he met the king-fish.

The fish looked like a "prehistoric lizard", "eyes without eyelids, without eyelashes, naked, looking with snake coldness, concealed something in themselves." Ignatich is struck by the size of the sturgeon, which grew up on the same "goats" and "twits", he is surprised to call it "the mystery of nature." From the very beginning, from the moment Ignatich saw the king-fish, something “sinister” seemed to him in it, and later he realized that “one cannot cope with such a monster.”

The desire to call for help from a brother with a mechanic was replaced by an all-consuming greed: “To share the sturgeon? .. There are two buckets of caviar in the sturgeon, if not more. Caviar for three too?!” Ignatich at that moment was even ashamed of his own feelings. But after a while, “he considered greed to be passion”, and the desire to catch the sturgeon turned out to be stronger than the voice of reason. In addition to the thirst for profit, there was another reason that forced Ignatich to measure his strength with a mysterious creature. This is a fishing prowess. “Ah, there was not! thought the protagonist of the novel. - Tsar-fish comes across once in a lifetime, and even then not “every Jacob”.

Having cast aside doubts, “successfully, with all the fluff, Ignatich slammed the king-fish in the forehead with the butt of an ax ...”. Soon, the unlucky fisherman found himself in the water, entangled in his own hooks with hooks that stuck into the bodies of Ignatich and the fish. “The king of the river and the king of all nature are in the same trap,” the author writes. Then the fisherman realized that the huge sturgeon "is not up to his hand." Yes, he knew this from the very beginning of their struggle, but "because of a sort of reptile, a man was forgotten in a man." Ignatich and the tsar-fish "married in one share." They both face death. A passionate desire to live makes a person tear off the hooks; in desperation, he even speaks to the sturgeon. “Well, what do you think! .. I’m waiting for my brother, and who are you?” - Ignatich prays. The thirst for life pushes the hero to overcome his own pride. He shouts: “Bra-ate-elni-i-i-ik! ..”

Ignatich feels that he is dying. The fish "tightly and carefully pressed against him with a thick and tender belly." The hero of the short story experienced superstitious horror at this almost feminine tenderness of the cold fish. He understood: the sturgeon is clinging to him because death awaits them both. At this moment, a person begins to remember his childhood, youth, maturity. In addition to pleasant memories, thoughts come that his failures in life were associated with poaching. Ignatich begins to realize that brutal fishing will always be a heavy burden on his conscience. The hero of the novel also remembered the old grandfather, who instructed the young fishermen: “And if you, robyaty, have something for your soul, a grave sin, what a shame, varnachestvo - do not mess with the king-fish, you will get codes - send it right away.”

The grandfather's words make Astafiev's hero think about his past. What sin did Ignatitch commit? It turned out that a heavy fault lies on the conscience of the fisherman. Having outraged the feelings of the bride, he committed an offense that has no justification. Ignatich realized that this incident with the king-fish was a punishment for his bad deeds.

Turning to God, Ignatich asks: “Lord! May you separate us! Let this creature go free! She doesn't suit me!" He asks for forgiveness from the girl he once offended: “Sorry-iteeee ... her-eeee ... Gla-a-asha-ah, forgive-and-and.” After that, the king-fish is freed from the hooks and swims away to its native element, carrying "dozens of deadly uds" in its body. Ignatich immediately feels better: the body - because the fish did not hang on it like a dead weight, the soul - because nature forgave him, gave him another chance to atone for all sins and start a new life.

Defeat led to victory, Ignatich rethought his life.

Throughout Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" we meet different characters. Some only appear and immediately leave, while others pass a whole life before our eyes. And together with them we rejoice for their successes, worry about their failures, worry and think about how to proceed. It is no coincidence that L.N. Tolstoy shows us in his novel "War and Peace" the path of search for Andrei Bolkonsky. We see a certain rebirth of a person, a rethinking of the values of life, a moral ascent to the human ideals of life.

Andrei Bolkonsky is one of the most beloved heroes of Leo Tolstoy. We can see his entire life path in the novel "War and Peace", the path of becoming a personality, the path of the quest of the soul.

Andrey's ideals

Andrei Bolkonsky, whom we meet at the beginning of the novel, differs from Andrei Bolkonsky, with whom we part at the beginning of the fourth volume of the work. We see him at a secular evening in the salon of Anna Scherer, proud, arrogant, unwilling to participate in the life of society, considering it unworthy for himself. His ideals include the image of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. In the Bald Mountains, in a conversation with his father, Bolkonsky says: “... how can you judge Bonaparte like that. Laugh as you like, but Bonaparte is still a great commander!

He treated his wife Lisa unkindly, with visible superiority. Leaving for the war, leaving his pregnant wife in the care of the old prince, he asked his father: “If they kill me and if I have a son, don’t let him go away from you ... so that he grows up with you ... please.” Andrei considers his wife unable to raise a worthy son.

Bolkonsky feels sincere feelings of friendship and love for Pierre Bezukhov, his only devoted friend. “You are dear to me, especially because you are the only living person among our entire world,” he told him.

The military life of Bolkonsky is very eventful. He becomes adjutant to Kutuzov, helps decide the outcome of the Shengraben battle, defends Timokhin, goes to an appointment with Emperor Franz with the good news of the Russian victory (so it seems to him), participates in the battle of Austerlitz. Then he takes a significant break in the military campaign - at this time, the rethinking of his life takes place. Then return to military service, infatuation with Speransky, Borodino field, injury and death.

Bolkonsky's disappointments

The first disappointment came to Bolkonsky when he lay under the Austerlitz sky and thought about death. Seeing his idol, Napoleon, standing next to him, for some reason Bolkonsky did not experience from his presence the greatness that he had previously considered possible. “All the interests that occupied Napoleon seemed so insignificant to him at that moment, his hero himself seemed so petty, with this petty vanity and joy of victory, in comparison with that high, fair and kind sky that he saw and understood” - this is what now occupied Bolkonsky.

Returning home after being wounded, Bolkonsky finds his wife Lisa in childbirth. After her death, he realizes that he is partly to blame for what happened, in his attitude towards Lisa. He was too proud, too arrogant, too distant from her, and this brings him suffering.

After all, Bolkonsky promises himself not to fight again. Bezukhov tries to revive him to life, talks about Freemasonry, talks about saving the soul in serving people, but Bolkonsky answers all this: “I know only two real misfortunes in life: remorse and illness. And happiness is only the absence of these two evils.

Preparing for the Battle of Borodino, Prince Andrei painfully went over all the events of his life that had happened to him. Tolstoy describes the state of his hero: “The three main sorrows of his life in particular stopped his attention. His love for a woman, the death of his father and the French invasion that captured half of Russia. Bolkonsky calls "false" images the glory that once so excited him, the love that he once did not take seriously, the fatherland, which was now under threat. Previously, it seemed to him that all this was great, divine, inaccessible, filled with deep meaning. And now it turned out to be so "simple, pale and rude."

Love for Natasha Rostova

True insight into life came to Bolkonsky after meeting with Natasha Rostova. By the nature of his activity, Andrei needed to meet with the district leader, which was Count Ilya Andreevich Rostov. On the way to the Rostovs, Andrei saw a huge old oak tree with broken branches. Everything around was fragrant and enjoyed the breath of spring, only this oak, apparently, did not want to obey the laws of nature. The oak seemed to Bolkonsky gloomy and sad: “Yes, he is right, this oak is a thousand times right, let others, young ones, again succumb to this deception, and we know life, our life is over!” This is exactly what Prince Andrei thought.

But upon returning home, Bolkonsky was surprised to notice that “the old oak tree, all transformed ... No clumsy fingers, no sores, no old grief and distrust - nothing was visible ...” stood in the same place. “No, life is not over at thirty-one,” Bolkonsky decided. The impression that Natasha made on him was so strong that he himself did not yet understand what had really happened. Rostova awakened in him all the previous desires and joys of life, joy from spring, from loved ones, from tender feelings, from love, from life.

Death of Bolkonsky

Many readers wonder why L. Tolstoy prepared such a fate for his favorite hero? Some consider the death of Bolkonsky in the novel "War and Peace" to be a feature of the plot. Yes, Leo Tolstoy loved his hero very much. Bolkonsky's life was not easy. He went through a difficult path of moral quest until he found the eternal truth. The search for peace of mind, spiritual purity, true love - now Bolkonsky's ideals. Andrei lived a worthy life and accepted a worthy death. Dying in the arms of his beloved woman, next to his sister and son, having comprehended all the charm of life, he knew that he would die soon, he felt the breath of death, but the desire to live was great in him. “Natasha, I love you too much. More than anything in the world, ”he said to Rostova, and at that time a smile shone on his face. He died a happy man.

Having written an essay on the topic “The Path of the Searches of Andrei Bolkonsky in the novel“ War and Peace ”, I saw how a person changes under the influence of life’s drinking, events, circumstances, and the fate of other people. Everyone can find the truth of life by going through a difficult path, as Tolstoy's hero did.

Artwork test

Life quest of Andrei Bolkonsky

Andrei Bolkonsky is burdened by the routine, hypocrisy and lies that reign in secular society. These low, meaningless goals that it pursues.

Bolkonsky's ideal is Napoleon, Andrei wants like him, saving others to achieve fame and recognition. This desire of his is the secret reason why he goes to the war of 1805-1807.

In addition to the essay on the life quests of Andrei Bolkonsky, see also: