Questions and tasks based on the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". Game-journey "Lucky accident What is the reason for saving Grinev

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1 Questions and tasks based on the story by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". 1-2 chapter "Sergeant of the Guard", "Counsellor". 1. What is the meaning of the main character's name? 2. Under what conditions was Petrusha brought up? What environment did he grow up in? 3. Can we assume that Petrusha fully adopted his father's views on military service and strict ideas about filial duty? 4. From the moment of departure from his native home, the second stage of the formation of the personality of Peter Grinev begins. How do you think the character has changed? 5. What is Savelich's attitude towards the counselor? Find words that express this attitude. 6. How does the tramp react to the "master's gift"? 7. Why does the counselor say such kind words for an unsuitable sheepskin coat? 8. What is mercy? 9. Why did Grinev find a snowstorm in the steppe? 10. What is the symbolic meaning of the snowstorm? 11. What is the meaning of Grinev's dream? Chapter 3 "Fortress" 1. How did the general, an old friend of Grinev's father Andrei Karlovich, characterize Captain Mironov? 2. How does the commandant of the fortress, captain Mironov, appear before Grinev (and the reader) for the first time? 3. What are Grinev's first impressions of being in the fortress? 4. What impression did Shvabrin make on Grinev when they met? 5. Why did Grinev look at Masha "with prejudice" at the Mironovs' dinner?

2 6. Comment on the epigraphs of the chapter. Chapter 4 "Duel" 1. Who and why disposes of the fortress? 2. How and why did Grinev's opinion about the captain's family change? 3. What does Grinev do in the fortress? 4. Do you think Grinev's "rhymes" are good? Is Shvabrin right in mocking him? Chapter 5 "Love" 1. Why did Grinev reconcile with Shvabrin? 2. Why did Andrey Petrovich Grinev refuse his son's blessing for marriage with Masha Mironova7 3. How did Grinev's father find out about his son's adventures? 4. Why did Masha refuse to marry Grinev? 5. How does the epigraph to chapter 5 relate to the character of Masha Mironova? 6. How do you understand the last phrase of the chapter: “Unexpected events that had an important impact on my whole life suddenly gave my soul a strong and good shock”? Chapter 6 "Pugachevshchina" 1. Why is the author as an epigraph to Ch. 6 chose the words from a folk song? 2. How is the impression of the authenticity of what is depicted created? 3. How did the fortress learn about the impending threat of Pugachev's attack? 4. For what purpose does the author introduce the episode with the mutilated Bashkir? 5. What essential detail in the appearance of the mutilated Bashkir does the author note? 6. How does the scene of interrogation of a Bashkirian affect moral maturity

3 heroes of Peter Grinev? Chapter 7 "Attack" 1. What feelings do the heroes experience and how do they behave before the battle with the Pugachevites: Grinev, Captain Mironov, Vasilisa Egorovna, Masha? 2. To which of the heroes of the novel does the epigraph of chapter 7 refer? 3. What character traits of Captain Mironov reveals the scene of his death? 4. The chapter ends with Vasilisa Yegorovna crying for her husband. 5. Which words from the cry of the wife of the commandant Vasilisa Yegorovna echo the epigraph of the 7th chapter, and which ones anger Pugachev? 6. How is Shvabrin described in the execution scene? 7. What is the reason for Grinev's miraculous rescue? 8. How does Pugachev behave in the scene of Grinev's release? 9. How do people behave in the chapter "Attack"? Whose side is he on? 10. What are the reasons for the fall of the Belogorsk fortress and the victory of the Pugachevites? Chapter 8 "The Uninvited Guest" 1. Why does Grinev run to the priest's house without hesitation, where Pugachev is feasting? 2. What scenes of robbery of the rebels cause disgust for them? 3. How to explain the "strange set of circumstances" leading to Grinev's pardon and Pugachev's elevation? 4. What feelings are struggling in Grinev's soul? 5. What surprises Grinev with Pugachev's "assembly"? 6. Why does Grinev submit to Pugachev's "unfeigned gaiety", but does not agree to serve him?

4 7. How does Pugachev's conversation with Grinev continue the song and how does it oppose its meaning? Chapter 9 "Separation" 1. Why does Pugachev send Grinev to Orenburg? 2. Why couldn't Shvabrin withstand Grinev's gaze? 3. Why does Pugachev patiently listen to Savelich's register and what angered him? 4. Can Pugachev's behavior be called a "fit of generosity", as Grinev did? 5. How does Grinev want to help Masha? 6. Why does Pugachev send a horse and a sheepskin coat after Grinev with a constable? Chapter 10 "The siege of the city" 1. To which of the heroes does the epigraph refer and what attitude does it cause? 2. What is the attitude of the general in the garden? 3. Why is the council of war described ironically? 4. Why didn't the council accept Grinev's proposal? 5. What explains the successes of Pugachev and the severity of the siege? 6. Why did the constable and Grinev not meet as enemies? 7. Why does the general refuse Grinev's request? Chapters 11 "Rebellious Sloboda" 1. What is the irony of the epigraph from Sumarokov's fable? 2. Why does Grinev take Savelich with him on a risky trip? 3. Why did Grinev return for Savelich, risking his life and the purpose of his trip? 4. Why Pugachev does not obey suspicious arguments

5 Beloborodov? How is he superior to his peers? 5. Why is Pugachev going to the Belogorsk fortress and what sincere confessions does he make in a road conversation with Grinev? 6. What audacity does Grinev allow in this conversation? 7. Why is Pugachev not afraid, but inspired by the fate of Grishka Otrepiev? Chapter 12 "The Orphan" 1. Describe Shvabrin, Grinev and Pugachev when they go to Masha's room. 2. Why does Pugachev release an orphan? 3. Why is he so overshadowed by the news that she is the daughter of Captain Mironov? 4. How did Grinev touch Pugachev's "severe soul"? 5. Prepare on behalf of Masha a story about her misadventures in the fortress after Grinev's departure. 6. What feelings do Grinev and Pugachev part with? 7. Why did Grinev, leaving, take his eyes off Shvabrin? Chapter 13 "Arrest" 1. How do you understand the phrase: "We were silent. Our hearts were too tired”? 2. How do they accept Grinev and Masha "their"? 3. Is it by chance that Zurin behaves so unceremoniously with Masha and Grinev? 4. Why does Grinev, who is alien to Zurin's views on life, remain with him in the army of the Empress? 5. Why does Savelich agree to accompany Masha to the Grinev estate? 6. Does Grinev explain events or record them by talking about victories

6 government troops and the resurrection of the successes of the impostor? 7. In what does Grinev see the misfortunes of the war and why does he call the Russian rebellion "senseless and merciless"? 8. Why is Grinev's joy at the end of the war poisoned by the persistent thought of Pugachev? Chapter 14 "Judgment" 1. What is the meaning of the epigraph? 2. What helps Grinev to endure new trials of fate? 3. Why couldn't Grinev fully reveal the reasons for his "strange friendship" with Pugachev? 4. How does Grinev explain Shvabrin's evil slander? 5. Why did the news of the arrest of his son "almost kill" Andrey Petrovich Grinev? 6. Why did Masha decide to go to Petersburg? 7. What feeling pervades the landscape of the Tsarskoye Selo park? 8. Is there a difference between a "lady in the garden" and an empress? 9. Who found it harder to make Grinev and Masha happy: Pugachev or the Empress? 10. Tell us about your meetings with the Empress on behalf of Masha. 11. Why was Grinev present at the execution of Pugachev and did he nod his head before his death?

Korotkova G.A. teacher, gymnasium JSC "Talap" STUDYING THE STORY "THE CAPTAIN'S DAUGHTER" BY A.S.

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o Let's pay attention to the stroke of his biography: descended from the children of soldiers. In those days, it was incredibly difficult for a soldier's son to rise to the post of commandant of the fortress. So, Ivan Kuzmich was a military officer, a man of great courage and courage, who participated in many battles.

o What does Ivan Kuzmich feel when 2 young officers, his subordinates, stop to watch how he conducts exercises with the disabled? What caused his phrase addressed to them: “ And there's nothing to see here"? Understands that he ridiculous in his Chinese robe at military exercises, that his invalids are ridiculous from a military point of view. It is not easy for Ivan Kuzmich, probably bitterly, to be a laughingstock in the eyes of young officers. However, the old commandant busy with service»: « teaches soldiers. And is it possible to call his words that he " will put a guard on the Kirghiz and Bashkirs"? On duty Ivan Kuzmich must resist the rumours. and gossip, to prevent panic, which is why he cuts Grinev off.

o We were convinced more than once, which was destined to take the blow of the rebels, was abandoned, poorly equipped, infinitely peaceful.

o Who and why disposed of the fortress? On behalf of her husband, she looked at the affairs of the service as if they were her master's, and ruled the fortress as precisely as her own house ”- p. 123, ch. 4

o In the wooden house of the Mironovs, life goes on as usual, a small circle gathers, they have lunch, dinner, gossip. “In the God-saved fortress there were no reviews, no guards” - 123 pages, Grinev recalls. No one controls the actions of the commandant, no one thinks about the military equipment of the fortress. General R in Orenburg is more busy with his apple orchard than with military affairs. Meanwhile, events of great importance are brewing in the area of ​​the Belogorsk fortress. Even during the snowstorm, Grinev heard how the roadman was talking to the owner of the umyot ... They, of course, did not speak directly, but it is felt that big things are brewing. The counselor assures the owner of the inn that the time will come, strength will accumulate, then there will be success. And now it's still early.

o Grinev arrived at the fortress in 1773 in the late autumn.

o Are there any hints in the story that the general excitement of the local regions reaches the log fence of the Belogorsk fortress?

§ Vasilisa Yegorovna asks the constable, the Cossack Maksimych: “ Well, Maksimych, is everything all right? - everything, thank God, is quiet"- answered the Cossack - p. 119.

§ Why do you think V.E. turned to Maksimych with this question? He is a Cossack. Apparently connected with the Cossacks and knew more than others where the danger could come from. But he is trusted in the fortress.

§ And how is the appearance of the constable portrayed? " young and stately Cossack» (119). In the garrison, we know, there were both soldiers and Cossacks. What kind of comparison suggests itself? Ivan Kuzmich has only disabled people, and among the Cossacks there were strong and young people who could fight well.

§ V. E. says that she is used to the fact that large crowds appear in the steppe " lynx hats". They have appeared now, prowling around the fortress» - 122 pages.

§ What conclusion can we draw about life in the Belogorsk fortress, about the actual state of things? The Belogorsk fortress only seemed to be a calm, quiet place where life flows peacefully. The surroundings were restless.

§ The commandant with his family, officers, living in a fortress remote and cut off from the life of the country, could not imagine the impending danger, although they felt it.

§ And now a new stage has begun in events: among the Cossacks. Peasants, Bashkirs, Kirghizians appeared leader. But his name, his identity were unknown in the Belogorsk fortress, as, probably, in other fortresses.

1. What impression did he make on Grinev Shvabrin? G. already knew that Sh. had been sent to the fortress for homicide"- for the duel. " Sh. was very intelligent". His conversation was sharp and entertaining. 120.

2. Why at dinner I looked at Masha with prejudice ? Masha " didn't like it very much"Grinev because Sh. has already managed to describe her" complete fool».

3. Comments in epigraphs chapters.

4. How and why did Grinev's opinion about the captain's family change? ? The kindness and simplicity of the Mironovs may have reminded Grinev of life with his parents. In the captain's house he was " accepted as native"and felt like in his own family:" Invisibly with. 123»

5. G. stopped trusting Shvabrin's slander and formed his own opinion about the Mironovs. commandant He turned out to be uneducated and simple, but an honest and kind person. The general, Andrei Karlovich, spoke about Mironov in the same words, which makes this impression reliable. Masha turned out prudent and sensitive girl"- 123. All this made Grinev's life in the fortress" not only tolerable, but also pleasant» - 123.

6. What did G. do in the fortress? Promoted to officer, but his service is not " weighed down" He began to read, in it " awakened the desire for literature”- he translated and even composed poetry.

7. Do you think Grinev's poems are good? Is Shvabrin right in mocking him? Grinev's poems, of course, were weak, but sincere, frankly expressed his feelings. Shvabrin mocked not so much the "rhymes" as Grinev's feelings.

8. Episode reading« I already said... to the words " proud poet…

9. What was the reason, and what was the reason for the quarrel between G . and Sh? Cause - Grinev did not like « the usual jokes» Shvabrin about the commandant’s family, he began to understand that Shvabrin is a dishonest and unkind person. Shvabrin, on the other hand, irritated Grinev with his openness and simplicity, with the fact that he loves Masha, to whom Shvabrin unsuccessfully wooed. Cause for a quarrel and the duel served not just " rough and malicious mockery”, and Shvabrin’s “deliberate slander” that Masha can be bought for a pair of earrings. The quarrel had been brewing for a long time and was inevitable.

10. How Grinev was wounded ? Shvabrin took advantage of the fact that Grinev was distracted by Savelich's call, and dealt him a vile blow.

11. What Grinev defended in a duel ? What are his qualities manifested in the history of the duel? Honor and dignity of their own and their beloved. He showed nobility by not mentioning Masha's name.

12. What did Grinev say to Vasilisa Egorovna? Grinev, without giving the real reasons, explained that they had a falling out " for a song».

13. Grinev acted bravely and courageously, because Shvabrin was older and more experienced than him, including in the ability to fight with swords.

14. Vchapter

1) Why did Grinev reconcile with Shvabrin? « I'm too…” “Generous! about the style of his "unfortunate rival".

2) Grinev refused his son a blessing for marriage with Masha Mironova ? Andrei Petrovich decided that his son was behaving unworthily, that instead of serving he was fighting duels. with the same tomboys " that one should not marry him, but beat him out of him " dope».

3) How Grinev the father found out about the adventures of his son? Grinev " was indignant at Savelich”, but it turned out that Shvabrin informed his father. His remorse turned out to be insincere. He only hid and again, as in a duel, struck a blow on the sly, writing to the father of his opponent.

4) What moment in the development of the love relationship between Masha and Peter can be considered the climax?

Explanation after receiving a letter from Grinev's father, in which he forbids his son to marry.

(Students prepared in advance read the dialogue between Masha and Grinev in the chapter "Love" by roles. You can stage this episode.)

5) Why do you think Masha, after posting this letter, refuses to marry her beloved? Who does she care about at this moment?

She believed that without the blessing of parents, happiness is impossible. She sincerely loves Grinev and wishes him happiness, at least with " another". Masha is a girl with a strong character.

Pushkin has a wonderful poem written back in 1829. Listen to it and tell me if it resonates with this scene from the novel?

(The student reads by heart Pushkin's poem "I loved you ..".)

I loved you: love still, perhaps,
In my soul it has not completely died out;
But don't let it bother you anymore;
I don't want to sadden you with anything.
I loved you silently, hopelessly,
Either timidity or jealousy languish;
I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,
How God forbid you loved to be different.

What lines of dialogue resonate with the poem?

- Masha from the very first lines appeared before us timid and shy, but this does not mean that she is spineless.

The refusal of Shvabrin testifies to a firm character and steadfast principles. She does not want to marry an unloved person, even at the risk of remaining an old maid for life.

Yes, you need to understand this: imagine a girl living in a remote village where no one comes. The girl also has no dowry. An officer like Shvabrin, according to the then ideas, was her only chance to arrange her fate. But she rejects him because she doesn't love him. This speaks not only of a strong character, but also of courage, because in the 18th century a woman had the only purpose: to get married and take care of her husband, children, and housekeeping. There were no other fields.

5) As an epigraph to Vchapter correlates with the character of Masha Mironova?

6) How do you understand the last phrase of the chapter: « good"The shock that influenced Grinev's fate is in the sense that it cleansed and uplifted his soul. Grinev had to go through many trials, go through a lot and understand, grow up.

ChapterVІ

I. How events grew in the Belogorsk fortress. Enemy actions have intensified. A great force is approaching the fortress. This is evidenced by rumors, information, facts, anxious moods that gripped the population of the fortress.

1) The commandant of the fortress received secret letter from the general demanding to accept appropriate measures» to reflection « villain and impostor". Let us pay attention to the reservation that the captain made at the meeting of officers: “... And we only have one hundred and thirty people. Apart from the Cossacks". The army of rebels far outnumbered the defenders and inhabitants of the fortress.

"Secret order” can be assessed as formal. In this order, it is important that it is reported about the large forces of the rebels, that they have a leader. " Appropriate measures» it is impossible to accept the commandant; it was necessary to think about this earlier, it was necessary to give the fortress tools and strengthen it. This was not understood or did not want to be understood by General R., who was imprisoned in Orenburg. was unmanageable: even when the Belogorsk fortress was taken by Pugachev, even then he became calm, and Pugachev was already threatening Orenburg. Almost Orenburg did not pass, to say nothing of the Belogorsk fortress.

2) How Captain Mironov behaved at this difficult moment, what new features of captain Mironov appeared in new circumstances. He showed firmness, did not allow Vasilisa Egorovna to be at the meeting, because a secret order was discussed there, and sent her to the priest, and locked Palashka in a closet.

· Establish guards and night watch

· In the event of an attack, lock the gates and withdraw the soldiers

· Maksimych keep a close eye on his Cossacks

· Cannon inspect and clean

· Keep it all a secret

3) Intelligence officer, penultimate paragraph.

4) The popularity of Pugachev among the Cossacks - " In a fortress between soldiers…»

5) The Cossacks were already openly speaking out against Yulaia, appointed to the place of the officer, whom they considered a traitor, scolded in the eyes Ivan Ignatievich, called " garrison rat»

In the fortress formed 2 camps. The Cossacks will undoubtedly join the rebels, they are already connected with them, and the garrison, as we know, is not strong. The conflict between these camps deepens inside the fortress. We seem to hear the distant peals of the uprising, they are approaching, they are reflected in the minds of people.

5) Captured Bashkirian

6) Vasilisa Egorovna found out about the threat of Pugachev’s attack and “ shared" news with a hit. " Soon everyone was talking about Pugachev"Realizing that it was impossible to hide anything from his wife, the captain read with her at a meeting of officers" Pugachev's appeal » with an offer « don't resist».

7) Torture of a Bashkir . How can this episode explain the cruelty of the commandant, who is usually so good-natured and gentle?

· Pushkin stressed that the reprisals against the rebels were incredibly cruel. Ivan Kuzmich immediately recognized in the Bashkirs " according to the terrible signs of one of the rebels punished in 1741.". He had no nose or ears. Pay attention to how mercilessly Ivan Kuzmich gives the order to torture the Bashkir, how dutifully perform its terrible orders two disabled people and Yulai. After all, the torture was stopped only because the Bashkir's tongue was cut off, he could not speak and was, therefore, not needed by Ivan Kuzmich.

· An essential detail in the appearance of a mutilated, maimed Bashkir. The expression of his eyes: « his narrow eyes sparkled with fire». Why does Pushkin force the reader to look into the eyes of a man who has fallen into the trap of the commandant ? We see in them the fire of hatred, the fire of struggle, something undefeated, unreconciled. After all, the Bashkirian was caught up with outrageous sheets”, i.e. with appeals that Pugachev distributed when he approached the fortresses. This man, who seemed like 70 years, boldly embarked on a dangerous task.

· Capturing him increased the commandant's anxiety, he even re-assembled the officers - these appeals were so terrible, appeals " peasant king”, the belief in which, as we know, was widespread among the people.

· This scene is also reason for the direct appeal of the narrator to the readers: « Young man! If my notes get caught...»

· Pushkin once again confronts the reader with the Bashkir. After the attack we see him on the crossbar of the gallows with a rope in hand; on this gallows the unsurrendered commandant of the Belogorsk fortress was hanged.

Conclusion: in small episodes, the participants of which were people of 2 hostile camps, a conflict was reflected, which excluded reconciliation.

· Can we say that both these people - both the Bashkir and Captain Mironov - are bloodthirsty by nature ? Of course not. But for the Bashkir captain Mironov is a symbol of the state he hates oppressors, and for Ivan Kuzmich, the Bashkirian is one of the “ villains», « old wolf", "rebel”, undermining the foundations of the state to which he swore allegiance and served all his life. Hence the brutality on both sides. Ivan Kuzmich does not think about the reasons for the rebellion - the order that he guards seems indisputable to him.

8) We cannot but be interested in what how the narrator looks at everything that happens, Pyotr Andreevich Grinev.

· For Grinev Pugachev - robber, and his army - " gang» .

· The order of the commandant to subject the Bashkir to torture " none of us were surprised or alarmed". However, Grinev remembered the face of the Bashkir for the rest of his life, he calls him " unfortunate- describes his mental turmoil. " He looked around in all directions, like an animal hunted by children.”, - says Pyotr Andreevich, recalling this terrible scene, he again seems to hear how“ groaned in a weak, pleading voice» Bashkirian, seeing Yulai with a whip raised above him.

· The interrogation scene served as a kind of impetus to the moral maturity of the hero, since what he saw aroused in him an aversion to cruelty and inhumanity. Subsequently, denying any violence in general, Grinev condemns " Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless» - (ΧІІІ).

· Many years later, Grinev, already an elderly man, recalls with horror the tortures of Catherine's time, contrasting him with other times " the meek reign of Emperor Alexander". But he is wrong. " enlightenment and humanity" Not " made progress". The terrible and shameful custom of torture has existed for a very long time. Catherine II more than once gave unspoken orders not to use torture, but nevertheless, torture flourished in her reign. Grandson of Catherine Alexander Decree of 01.01.01 prohibited torture. However, terrible torture continued to be used both in the courts and in the estates of the feudal lords. Officials and landowners did not bear any punishment for this.

And in the army, corporal punishment was a constant occurrence. So, the commander of the Semyonovsky Guards Regiment Schwartz constantly punished dozens of soldiers, assigning them thousands of blows with gauntlets. This was one of the reasons for the uprising of the regiment in 1820. Schwartz's bullying of the soldiers aroused their furious indignation. The soldiers were supported by many officers, among whom were members of the first Decembrist organizations. An uprising began, in which the Semyonovites showed courage and inflexibility. The uprising was crushed, but the rumor about it swept through all of Russia and echoed in many hearts.

Pushkin clearly disagrees co their hero in assessing the reign of Alexander. In 10 ch. "Eugene Onegin", which was burned by the poet and of which only fragments remain, he writes:

The ruler is weak and cunning,

Bald dandy, enemy of labor,

Inadvertently warmed by fame

Reigned over us then .

1) Conclusions on the chapter "Pugachevshchina »:

· Why Pushkin chose for this chapter as epigraph folk song lyrics:

You young guys listen

What are we old old people going to say .

o Knowledge of history, from the point of view of Pushkin, helps to understand the present, the present.

o Pushkin creates a story in the 30s. ΧІΧ century, in a difficult and troubled time, the time of peasant and cholera riots, which were an echo of the grandiose Pugachev uprising of 1773-1774. Analyzing the past, Pushkin, as it were, invites his contemporaries, " young guys”, to listen to this past, not only to understand the present, but also, if possible, think about the future. After all, the chapter “Pugachevshchina” tells about how people with a limited outlook, preoccupied only with their own personal interests, suddenly find themselves in the face of great events, are drawn into their whirlpool.

· In ch. "Pugachevshchina" Pushkin depicts the 1st period of the uprising, the period of its growth and rapid accumulation of forces. We see it getting worse conflict m / d camps inside the fortress. What happened in the Belogorsk fortress - typically. On the one side, - undoubted sympathy for Pugachev of the Cossacks, the population of the fortress, with another, - the irreconcilable position of the officers with their loyalty to the throne. The cruelty of the rebels is generated by the cruelty of the authorities, the government. And the Belogorsk fortress is doomed to fall to the enemy.

ChapterVII"Attack"

1. This chapter is a logical continuation of the previous one. The conflict reached its highest point: Pugachev attacked the fortress. This chapter has its own characteristics - its hero is the people ready to rush into battle. Before us are 2 camps, openly facing each other. Let's see what happens in each of the camps...

2. The command of the fortress did everything to meet the enemy as worthy as possible. The garrison stood at gunpoint on the ramparts. The cannon was dragged there the day before.

3. And how is the other camp depicted ? It is given through the eyes of the narrator, for the first time in his life observing what is happening in the camp of an extraordinary enemy. Pugachev's forces are growing rapidly.

· At first " across the steppe, not far from the fortress, 20 people rode on horseback". Grinev sees that these are Cossacks and Bashkirs, " which could be easily recognized by their lynx hats and quivers».

· But here " new cavalry crowds appeared: the steppe: the steppe was dotted with a multitude of people armed with spears and tails". A great force was advancing on the fortress

4. Who gets our special attention?

· On the one hand, this is the modest captain Mironov,

· with another, - " a man on a white horse in a red caftan with a naked saber in his hand» - Pugachev. " At his command, 4 people separated and galloped at full speed under the very fortress”and threw the bloodied head of Yulai and a letter with a proposal to surrender behind the palisade. This man is brave and steadfast. When, after the 3rd cannon shot, the Pugachevites retreated in both directions and backed away, Pugachev alone remained in front. " He waved his saber and, it seemed, persuaded them with fervor ... The scream and squeal, which had ceased for a minute, immediately resumed again…».

· Is not Captain Mironov courageous and bold? " The proximity of danger animated the old warrior with unusual vivacity."- writes Grinev. He walks around the army, encourages his soldiers, affectionately calling them "children", he appeals to their military honor: "... we will prove to the whole world that we are brave and jurymen» An experienced warrior is not lost for a minute. When, for example, the rebels gathered near their leader and suddenly began to dismount from their horses, the commandant warned: “ Now stand strong: there will be an attack»

· But TV what is the weakness of the courageous Mironov and the strength of Pugachev? Pushkin, through the mouth of Grinev, speaks of the power of the rebels and the weakness of rebuffing them from the side of government troops. The indiscipline and mediocrity of the higher authorities, who abandoned the Belogorsk fortress to the mercy of fate.

· The attitude of the people to Pugachev:

o « residents came out of their houses with bread and salt».

o « the bell rang»

o « The people poured into the square»

o « father Gerasim, pale and trembling, stood at the porch with a cross in his hands»,

o Began taking an oath: the inhabitants approached one by one, kissing the crucifix and then bowing to the impostor,

o Garrison soldiers with their braids cut off and cropped in a circle approached Pugachev's hand"(the same soldiers a few hours ago" expressed their zeal to Ivan Kuzmich»)

· The people standing in the square were about to experience another shock. Officers of the Belogorsk fortress, led by commandant Mironov, were brought to the square, bleeding.

o Pugachev with a formidable question: “ Which commandant?»

o Who pointed to the commandant ? Officer Maksimych

o How does Mironov behave? ? This is the implacable enemy of Pugachev, although now defeated and exhausted from the wound, but boldly throwing the most unbearable words to the leader of the uprising: “ You are not my sovereign, you are a thief and an impostor, you hear!" Last words " Hey you!"- Ivan Kuzmich's favorite saying, they give his hard words a touch of simplicity, ordinariness. Ivan Kuzmich is the same as always in his dying moment. You involuntarily recall his other phrase, uttered to the soldiers during the attack: “ To die like this to die: a service business».

o Boldly repeats the dying words of his commander Ivan Ignatievich, calling Pugachev " uncle". The appeal sounds kindly, but, accompanied by the words " thief and impostor”, speaks of the non-recognition of the royal dignity of Pugachev, gives the whole phrase a mocking connotation.

o Execution of Captain Mironov and Ivan Ig. will shock readers.

o As described by Shvabrin in the execution scene ? What is the role of this description? Shvabrin is described in a few precise strokes: he managed not only to go over to Pugachev's side, but also to cut his hair "in a circle" and dress in a Cossack caftan. In addition, he managed to whisper something to Pugachev, after which Grinev was dragged to the gallows.

o What is the reason for the miraculous salvation of Grinev ? If not for the devotion, courage and self-sacrifice of Savelich, Grinev would have expected the fate of the executed defenders of the fortress. Pugachev recognized his former fellow travelers and remembered the granted hare sheepskin coat.

o How Pugachev behaves in the scene of the release of Grinev ? Pugachev shows sharpness, cunning, resourcefulness. He justifies Grinev's refusal to kiss his hand so as not to drop himself in the eyes of others: “ His nobility, to know, is stupefied with joy».

o Episode reprisals against the commandant. cruel Pugachev. Laconism of Pushkin in the scene of the death of Vasilisa Yegorovna is limiting: Grinev conveys only the facts. Vasilisa Yegorovna, while the events unfolded on the square (execution of officers, taking the oath), ended up in the hands of the Pugachevites. Robbed, unaware of what happened, she asks for only one thing: take her to Ivan Kuzmich. But here she is looked at the gallows and saw her husband. Of course, her words of sorrowful crying, addressed to the dead Ivan Kuzmich, reached Pugachev’s ears: “ perished by a runaway convict". Pugachev's reaction. Pugachev's reaction was expressed in 3 words: “ Take down the old witch". Word " appease”was understood by the young Cossack in one sense - to kill.

History of creation. Subject

In the 1830s, Pushkin's interest in Russian history increased. The writer was especially interested question of popular uprising. This was greatly facilitated by Pushkin's contemporary events - peasant "cholera" riots, soldier uprisings. In the light of these events, the historical lessons of the Pugachev rebellion received sharp political meaning.

Throughout the 1830s, Pushkin was intensively engaged in historical research. Work in the archives, meetings with surviving witnesses of the Pugachev uprising allowed the writer to prepare a lot of material and draw important conclusions. The writer was convinced that the social interests of the landlords and peasants, the nobility and the people were in many respects opposite. Hence Pushkin's conclusions about the historical conditionality of the uprising of the oppressed against the oppressors.

IN 1833 Pushkin writes the novel " Dubrovsky". Its theme is a peasant revolt. The novel was left unfinished. Pushkin was not satisfied with the image of Dubrovsky. According to Pushkin, the leader of the popular uprising was to be not a romantic hero - a noble robber, but a man from the people, depicted from a realistic position.

At the same time, in 1833, Pushkin was working on a historical essay - " The history of the Pugachev rebellion". This work became, as a result, the documentary basis of The Captain's Daughter.

By 1833, Pushkin's plan of the novel about Schwanwich- an officer who went over to the side of Pugachev. Subsequently, however, the writer abandoned the plan to make Shvanvich the main character of the new novel. In The Captain's Daughter, instead of Shvanvich, Shvabrin appears - a negative character. According to Pushkin, the traitor could not be the central character of the work, as well as the narrator. Only an honest, worthy person could act as a narrator - a "confidant" of the author himself. This is how the image of Grinev arises.

As a result, Pushkin managed to write a work of art that was fundamentally new both in content and in form - "The Captain's Daughter" (1836). The main theme of Pushkin's creation was Pugachev uprising. At the same time, the writer draws wide pictures of the life of the nobility and the people in the 1770s.

Main problems

In The Captain's Daughter, two circles can be conditionally distinguished problems: socio-historical and moral.

We will refer to the socio-historical problem of the people and related the problem of the Russian national character. Moral issues include the problem of cruelty and mercy, the problem of honor and duty and other problems.

Pushkin comprehends the problem of the people through the correlation of the images of Pugachev and Savelyich, through the description of the characters of the inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress - Captain Mironov and his wife Vasilisa Yegorovna, father Gerasim and the priest Akulina Pamfilovna, police officer Maksimych, the serf maid Palashka, other characters - representatives of the people or people from it.

The writer's comprehension of the problem of the Russian national character is also connected with these same characters; here the ratio of the images of Pugachev and the Orenburg general German Andrey Karlovich, Savelich and Monsieur Beaupré is also important.

To study the problem of cruelty and mercy, the image of Pugachev, the images of his associates - Khlopushi and Beloborodov, as well as the image of Empress Catherine II are especially important.

The problem of honor and duty is revealed mainly through the opposition of such characters as Grinev and Shvabrin. The figure of Father Grinev is also important here. In addition, different facets of this problem are comprehended on the example of Captain Mironov, Vasilisa Yegorovna, Masha Mironova, Ivan Zurin, and other characters.

Ideological orientation

In the ideological orientation of the novel, two sides can be distinguished. Consider, first, Pushkin's attitude to the popular uprisingand to his leader; Secondly, Pushkin's attitude to Grinev and other characters.

On the one hand, Pushkin could not have a positive attitude towards the destructive power of rebellion, its cruelty. “God forbid to see a Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless!” Grinev exclaims. The position of the narrator reflects the position of the author here.

At the same time, Pushkin, unlike Grinev, understood that the indestructible freedom of the people.

Ambiguous attitude of Pushkin and Pugachev- a cruel rebel and at the same time a man of a broad soul, full of prowess, courage, not devoid of a sense of mercy. Pugachev in the image of Pushkin calls not only rejection, but also sympathy.

Depicting Grinev and Masha and opposing Grinev to Shvabrin, the writer claims such moral values, How honor and fidelity to duty. At the same time, the writer is aware the historical limitations of Grinev's worldview, misunderstanding by the hero of the love of freedom of the people.

Depicting Catherine II, Pushkin claims the ideals of mercy. It is no coincidence that Ekaterina Grinev's forgiveness was seen as a covert appeal by the writer to the tsar with a request to pardon his Decembrist friends. Thus, in the depiction of Pushkin, both the cruel robber and the imperious empress are capable of mercy.

In addition, in the images of Grinev and Masha, Pushkin sought to capture the ideal of selfless love and service to one's neighbor: first, Grinev rescues Masha from trouble, then Masha saves her fiancé from the royal wrath.

The meaning of the title

The title of the work draws the reader's attention to character of the main character. Undoubtedly, the spiritual image of Masha Mironova influenced the author's choice of title for the novel. A simple girl from the people, a noblewoman in the second generation, Masha combined the best features of the Russian national character - a living faith in God, the ability for deep, sincere love, courage, selflessness. Like Tatyana Larina from "Eugene Onegin", Masha Mironova is a bright, memorable Pushkin image, "sweet ideal" of the author.

Thanks to Masha, the characters of other characters in the novel are also revealed: driven by sincere love for Masha, Grinev defends noble honor and human dignity in severe life trials; in relation to the main character, meanness, meanness of Shvabrin's soul is fully revealed; risking their own lives, Father Gerasim and Akulina Pamfilovna save Masha from both Pugachev and Shvabrin; Helping an orphan, the cruel impostor and imperious Empress Catherine II show mercy. Masha, thus it turns out at the center of the most important events and moral conflicts of the novel.

creative method

"Captain's daughter" - realistic work with some features of romanticism.

Pushkin's novel is distinguished by a deep historicism, which manifests itself primarily in the fact that the writer showed objective meaning depicted by him historical events. In particular, Pushkin showed that the reasons for the uprising are objectively historical in nature. The writer argues that the popular indignation was not caused by the personal qualities of the tyrant ruler, as often portrayed in the works of romantics. It is no coincidence that Catherine II in the image of Pushkin does not look like a tyrant-tyrant; she is shown as an imperious, but at the same time gracious ruler.

Pushkin tried to convey to the reader the idea that the cause of the riot was cruelty of the authorities in relation to the peasants, Cossacks, non-Russian peoples who inhabited Russia, the whole system of oppression of the people. Pushkin writes about this, for example, in a historical excursus placed at the beginning of the chapter "Pugachevshchina", where the writer mentions "strict measures" by the government in relation to the Yaik Cossacks. This is also evidenced by the terrifying view of the mutilated Bashkir, who was interrogated by Captain Mironov. One more example - view of the convicts with "faces disfigured by the executioner's tongs", at the beginning of the Siege of the City chapter.

The objectivity of the reasons for the uprising is also confirmed by the fact that the common people invariably supported Pugachev.

Rebellion leader in "The Captain's Daughter" not a romantic "noble robber", A man of the people endowed with bright character traits, but by no means not idealized. Pushkin does not hide Pugachev's rudeness, his ignorance. At the same time, Pushkin notes such character traits of the leader of the uprising as lively mind, people's ingenuity, sense of justice, ability to mercy.

The realism of The Captain's Daughter also manifested itself in Pushkin's portrayal of typical characters in typical circumstances. The writer has created wonderful types of ancient nobles(Grinev's parents), types of ordinary Russian people(Captain Mironov, his wife Vasilisa Egorovna, serf servant Savelich, many others).

Researchers note in The Captain's Daughter and some traits of romanticism. This, in particular, entertaining plot, which includes extraordinary situations, incredible events (Grinev's miraculous deliverance from death, his "heartfelt" conversations with Pugachev, transmission of a letter from Masha to Grinev through the constable Maksimych, Masha's rescue from Shvabrin's hands with the help of Pugachev, Grinev's second meeting with Zurin, Masha's fateful meeting with the Empress in the garden; others episodes); romantic features in the guise of Pugachev.

Genre originality

The genre of The Captain's Daughter can be defined as historical novel in memoir form.

An important feature of The Captain's Daughter as a historical novel is documentation. The accuracy of historical descriptions brings The Captain's Daughter closer to works of scientific and historical prose, in particular, to Pushkin's The History of the Pugachev Riot. Indeed, in The Captain's Daughter, the writer sought to recreate real events Pugachev uprising- unrest of the Cossacks on the Yaik River, the capture of fortresses by the rebels, the siege of Orenburg.

In The Captain's Daughter we meet a series real historical persons. This is Catherine II, Pugachev, his associates Khlopusha and Beloborodov.

At the same time, The Captain's Daughter, in contrast to The History of the Pugachev Rebellion, not a historical work, but a novel. Historical events in the work are refracted through the prism personal destinies of fictional characters, connected not only with historical events, but also love affair.

In addition, Pushkin's novel was created in memoir form. The story is told on behalf of the fifty-year-old father of the family, Pyotr Andreevich Grinev. He writes his memoirs during the "mild reign of Emperor Alexander." The memoirist talks about his youth, which coincided with the era of the reign of Catherine II, with the events of the Pugachev rebellion.

The choice of the memoir by the writer is not accidental. First of all, it was important for Pushkin show events Pugachev rebellion from the standpoint of an eyewitness. The writer needed a witness who could truthfully tell about the participants in the uprising, about Pugachev and his associates.

Besides, writing memoirs is a characteristic feature of the spiritual life of educated people of the 18th century. The memoir form gave Pushkin's work a special color of the era.

Finally, it was also important Pushkin's desire to avoid censorship difficulties. The memoirs were supposed to be written by a convinced opponent of the uprising, but at the same time an objective, impartial witness to its events.

Characters

Grinev - hero and narrator

So, a nobleman who did not share the position of the rebels, but at the same time maintained objectivity in covering their actions, had to act as a witness to the Pugachev rebellion.

An honest and decent person could become such a narrator. It is for this reason that Pushkin did not want to make a nobleman a narrator who betrayed his duty and went over to the side of Pugachev: Shvanvich (the prototype of Shvabrin), originally intended by Pushkin to be a memoirist, eventually took the place of a negative hero - Grinev's antagonist, but not the narrator. As a result, the narrator became Petr Andreevich Grinev.

Grinev the hero, who is also the narrator, appears before us in young age And in adulthood And – respectively - in two roles.

Pyotr Grinev acting as hero and participant of the described events, - This young officer, representative of the ancient nobility. He grew up in a family that was highly regarded human honor and dignity.

The Pushkin hero is distinguished by such traits of worldview and character as sincere faith in God, in His good providence, fidelity to duty, self-esteem, courage and courage in life's trials, kindness, sincere generosity, the ability to sincere feelings, fidelity in love and at the same time frivolity,inexperience, sometimes irascibility.

Concerning Grinev the narrator, then this is no longer an ardent young man, but wise by life experience fifty year old man,father numerous families.

Grinev the narrator is distinguished by undoubted literary ability, manifested in youth a sense of humor, a gift for irony, a penchant for philosophical generalizations.

The most important means of disclosure Grinev's character is character system and story. In addition, extremely important epigraphs to individual chapters, conveying the author's position in relation to the hero.

IN character system and in the plot of the work Grinev is opposed to Shvabrin. Grinev is a representative of the ancient patriarchal nobility, connected with the people by moral ties. Shvabrin, on the other hand, comes from St. Petersburg secular circles, an adventurer, an egoist, an atheist who has nothing sacred in his soul. In this regard, the betrayal of Shvabrin, and then his denunciation of Grinev, is natural. The meanness, moral uncleanliness of Shvabrin is opposed to Grinev's high moral qualities, which are most fully revealed in the story of his love for Masha Mironova.

In ideological terms, Pugachev is also opposed to Grinev. On the one hand, Grinev and Pugachev are brought together by the ability to appreciate goodness, a sense of gratitude for good deeds. On the other hand, Grinev is unable to understand Pugachev's love of freedom. In Grinev's view, a popular revolt is associated only with robbery, disasters and destruction. This position of Grinev is evidenced by his perception of the Kalmyk fairy tale about the eagle and the raven, told by Pugachev. “To live by murder and robbery means, for me, pecking at carrion,” says the narrator.

Grinev's character is also revealed in plot works. The hero passes love test.

At the same time, the story of love is closely intertwined in The Captain's Daughter with the story of a popular uprising. Grinev passes tested not only by love, but also by the tragic events of the Pugachev rebellion.

Other characters

Andrey Petrovich Grinev- the father of the protagonist and narrator Pyotr Grinev.

Grinev father - representative old nobility, Human honor and duty. The high moral principles of the hero are manifested in the following situations.

In the first chapter (“Sergeant of the Guard”) Andrei Grinev gives his son a blessing to serve faithfully, appreciating noble honor and loyalty to the oath above all. This is most clearly expressed by the proverb that the father uttered as parting words to his son: "Take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age." Grinev, the father, is against his son serving in the guards regiment in St. Petersburg, where he can only learn to "wind and hang out." Andrei Petrovich sends his son to the army so that he "smells the gunpowder" and becomes a real defender of the fatherland.

Compassion, kindness and hospitality shows Grinev-father in relation to the orphan Masha Mironova - the bride of his son.

At the same time, the novel reveals such qualities of the hero as irascible temper and arrogance landowner-serf. This is evidenced primarily by Grinev's father's insulting letter to Savelich (chapter "Love"), where he calls the faithful servant an old dog and threatens to send him to pasture pigs because he could not prevent Petrusha's duel with Shvabrin and did not report this incident to the old master.

Avdotya Vasilievna- the mother of Petrusha Grinev, a woman extremely good, infinitely loving son. Avdotya Vasilievna, like her husband Andrei Petrovich Grinev, personifies patriarchal world of the ancient nobility with his high moral principles, cordiality, hospitality.

Savelich(Arkhip Savelyev) - Grinev's serf, aspirant, connoisseur of hunting dogs and at the same time caring uncle (serf tutor) Petrusha Grinev, the narrator's constant companion in all his adventures. It is significant that it was Savelyich who was Petrusha's mentor, taught him Russian literacy.

Savelich, a man of the people, personifies such character traits as selflessness, loyalty to duty. At the same time, it distinguishes thrift, even avarice.

Savelich, unlike Pugachev the rebel, to whom he is opposed in the novel, does not think about the will. For him bethe slave of his masters is the state of nature. He can't even imagine his life without his owners. At the same time the hero not devoid of human dignity. This is especially evident at the moment when Savelich adequately responds to the angry, insulting letter from Grinev the father addressed to him (chapter "Love").

Pushkin depicts Savelich with irony, noting some of the funny aspects of his character and behavior.

We note the most striking episodes with the participation of Savelich. In the first chapter ("Sergeant of the Guard") the hero acts as Petrusha's zealous mentor, speaking indignantly about the French tutor Monsieur Beaupré, a drunkard and libertine. The expulsion of Monsieur Beaupré from the house causes Savelich "an indescribable joy." In the Simbirsk episode, when Petrusha lost a hundred rubles to Zurin, the god servant manifests himself as a selfless defender of the lord's money and property. We see Savelich in the same way in the chapter “The Counselor”: the old servant refuses to give money to Pugachev for vodka and, reluctantly, gives him a hare sheepskin coat by order of the owner. At the moment of the duel (chapter "Duel") Savelich is trying with all his might to stop the duel, and his cry becomes an involuntary cause of the master's injury; then a faithful servant selflessly cares for the wounded (chapter "Love"). Having received an insulting letter from Grinev's father, a faithful servant writes a response to the master, full of human dignity.

Courage and courage are shown by Savelich, standing up for the master at the time of the execution of the defenders of the fortress (chapter "Attack"). Meanwhile, the faithful servant's selfless concern for the lord's goods looks comical in the episode of reading, in the presence of Pugachev, the register of Grinev's belongings compiled by Savelich, plundered by the rebels (chapter "Separation"). Savelich refuses to be left alone in Orenburg and accompanies Peter on a trip full of dangers to the Belogorsk fortress (chapter "Rebellious Sloboda").

Thus, in the character of a servant dedication And courage connect with slavish loyalty to the masters and also with some stinginess.

Monsieur Beaupré- Petrusha's teacher - type of alien adventurer. The hero came to Russia in search of a prosperous life. Such "teachers" literally flooded the country, satisfying the huge demand from the Russian landowners, who, in the words of Griboyedov, were striving to recruit for their children "teachers of the regiment, more in number, at a cheaper price."

An adventurer who was "in his own country" a hairdresser, then a soldier in Prussia, Beaupre vaguely imagined even the meaning of the word "teacher." Pushkin's hero personifies drunkenness And debauchery.Beaupre contrasted in the novel Savelich, a man of strict rules.

However, later it turns out that the fencing lessons Petrusha received from Beaupré were useful to him in the fight with Shvabrin. In addition, it turns out that Petrusha could still read French: he read French books borrowed from Shvabrin in the fortress.

Ivan Ivanovich Zurin– typical army officer, which combines addiction to wine, gambling with good nature and camaraderie. The character's character is revealed mainly in two episodes.

In the Simbirsk episode (the head of the Sergeant of the Guards), Zurin made Grinev drunk with wine and won a hundred rubles from him in billiards, taking advantage of his inexperience. However, in the episodes described in the chapter "Arrest", Zurin acts nobly, assisting his friend in a difficult situation for that.

General Andrey Karlovich R., a former colleague and old comrade of Grinev's father, Peter's boss, is type of pedantic, limited and stingy German, in Russian military service. The general is characterized by obsolete ideas about the world around him: he is all in the previous era.

The portrait of Andrei Karlovich was drawn by the writer in contrast to the description of Pugachev's appearance. The appearance of the general, dressed in an “old faded uniform”, which “resembled a warrior from the time of Anna Ioannovna”, testifies to the ironic attitude towards him on the part of the narrator.

Two episodes characterize the general most fully. The first (so-called Orenburg) episode, which concludes the second chapter, takes place during Peter's acquaintance with the new boss, at the moment the general reads a letter from Grinev's father. The general's speech is conveyed in a comic vein. Andrei Karlovich's German accent emphasizes the narrator's irony in relation to the incompetent Orenburg boss. Particularly comical is the episode with the interpretation of the Russian turnover “keep in tight fist”, which the German does not immediately understand.

No less comical are other episodes related to the general, described in the tenth chapter entitled "The siege of the city."

In the system of characters, the German general is opposed to Pugachev. General's Limitation sets off outstanding personality traits of the leader of the uprising.

Captain Ivan Kuzmich Mironov- commandant of the Belogorsk fortress. This is a bright folk character.

Ivan Kuzmich is not of a noble family: he came from soldier's children and was promoted to officer and received hereditary nobility for courage and bravery shown in military campaigns.

Captain Mironov is a man honest and kind, modest, devoid of ambition, ambition. In everyday life, described in the chapter "Fortress", Ivan Kuzmich manifests himself as an eccentric who is entirely "under the heel" of his wife. With humor, Pushkin describes the useless activities of Ivan Kuzmich with the "soldiers".

However, at the moment of danger, Ivan Kuzmich shows courage, heroism, loyalty to the oath(chapter "Attack"). Ivan Kuzmich is distinguished living faith in God. He blesses Masha, asks for forgiveness from his wife, anticipating an imminent death. He boldly leads the small garrison of the fortress, protecting it from a large crowd of rebels, he decides to make a daring sortie. Being taken prisoner, he does not agree to swear allegiance to the impostor, boldly denounces him, courageously faces death.

The story about the tragic fate of Captain Mironov in the chapter "Attack" is preceded by an epigraph from the folk song "My head, little head ...", emphasizing the connection of the hero's character with deep national roots.

crooked lieutenant Ivan Ignatich, seemingly the same simple-hearted and limited person as Ivan Kuzmich, in a moment of danger he also shows courage and courage, refuses to serve Pugachev and accepts death.

Vasilisa Egorovna, the wife of Ivan Kuzmich, is a wonderful type of Russian woman. It is power-hungry, but at the same time hospitable mother commander, who took over not only the household, but the entire garrison of the fortress. “Vasilisa Yegorovna looked at the affairs of the service as if they were her master’s and managed the fortress as precisely as she did her house,” the narrator notes.

Vasilisa Egorovna is distinguished warmth, cordiality, hospitality, which is especially evident in her attitude towards Grinev.

The story about the traditional way of life of the Mironov family in the chapter "Fortress" is preceded by an epigraph from Fonvizin: "Old people, my father." The words of the epigraph emphasize patriarchal foundations the life of Vasilisa Egorovna and her entire family.

In a moment of danger, Vasilisa Egorovna shows courage, courage, deep faith in God, in His providence.“In the stomach and in death, God is free,” says Vasilisa Yegorovna at the moment of parting with her husband before the fight. After the execution of the defenders of the fortress, Vasilisa Yegorovna, mourning her husband, boldly denounces Pugachev and fearlessly meets death.

Masha Mironova–bright female character, comparable in its significance in Pushkin's work with the character of Tatyana Larina from the novel "Eugene Onegin".

Unlike Tatyana, Masha is a simple girl, a noblewoman in the second generation.

Like Tatyana, she is distinguished by such qualities as sincere faith in God, selflessness, fidelity in love and at the same time modesty, the deepest humility.

We find the exposition of the image of Masha in the third chapter called "Fortress". The narrator draws a portrait of Masha, emphasizing her simplicity and naturalness. It was "a girl of about eighteen, chubby, ruddy, with light blond hair, combed smoothly behind her ears, which were on fire with her."

Consider the most significant episodes associated with Masha Mironova. Masha selflessly cares for the wounded Grinev (chapter "Love"). Although the heroine likes Petrusha and she has a mutual feeling for him, she does not agree to marry him without the blessing of his parents. Here Masha shows the deepest humility before the will of God, as well as firmness of character. The heroine behaves courageously and steadfastly, remaining in the Belogorsk fortress under the rule of Shvabrin. Masha categorically refuses to marry Shvabrin, despite the fact that he kept her imprisoned in a half-starved state.

Masha's character is most clearly revealed in her noble deed at the end of the novel. Masha goes to Empress Catherine II to intercede for her fiancé. The heroine amazes the queen with her modesty, sincerity, fidelity to the groom. Masha asks Catherine not for justice, but for mercy (Grinev, although he was not a traitor, nevertheless arbitrarily left Orenburg and used the help of Pugachev, for which he had to be punished). Masha's sincere intercession contributed to the fact that her fiancé was released from custody and pardoned; in addition, the queen granted Masha a dowry.

Family happiness and many children Masha and Grinev, which we learn from the words of the publisher at the end of the work, become a reward for the feat of selfless service of heroes to each other.

An important role in creating the image of Masha is played by epigraphs to the chapters “Love” and “Orphan” (“Oh, you girl, red girl! ..”, “If you find me better, you will forget ...”, “Like our apple tree ...”). Borrowed by Pushkin from folk songs, they emphasize live the connection of Masha's character with the folk-poetic element.

broadsword–faithful maid Mironov, agile and sly, who did not leave Masha in trouble at a difficult moment.

Father Gerasim- a priest who showed courage and was not afraid to shelter Masha at a moment of mortal danger. Like his wife Akulina Pamfilovna, "the first news-keeper in the whole neighborhood", Father Gerasim is distinguished by cordiality, hospitality, sincere compassion for one's neighbor.

Cossack constable Maksimych- folk character type of rogue Cossack. On the eve of the capture of the Belogorsk fortress by the rebels, Maksimych defected to the side of Pugachev and began to serve him. The hero showed his cunning at the moment when he handed Grinev a fur coat and a horse from Pugachev, having appropriated “half of the money”, allegedly losing it on the way ... Grinev forgave him this fifty, and Maksimych subsequently repaid good for good: exposing himself to danger, he gave Grinev a letter from Masha.

Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin- a native of St. Petersburg secular circles. He was dismissed from the guard and sent to the Belogorsk fortress for "murder" in a duel.

Pushkin did not accidentally decide to oppose Grinev to Shvabrin. Grinev is a representative of the ancient patriarchal nobility, whose spiritual values ​​are close to the people. Shvabrin - a secular adventurer, an egoist, an atheist who has nothing sacred in his soul. In this regard, the betrayal of Shvabrin, and then his denunciation of Grinev, is natural.

The meanness, moral uncleanliness of Shvabrin is manifested in all the episodes associated with him. At the first meeting with Grinev, Shvabrin allows himself to speak disrespectfully about the family of Captain Mironov, about Vasilisa Yegorovna and Masha, while taking advantage of their hospitality.

Shvabrin mocks Grinev's poems, while allowing himself offensive remarks about Masha. Having provoked Grinev to a duel, he vilely strikes his opponent at the moment when Petrusha turns around at Savelich's cry.

Apparently, it is Shvabrin who informs old Grinev about the duel, hoping that Petrusha, at the request of his father, will be transferred from the Belogorsk fortress to another place.

Shvabrin acts like a traitor, going over to Pugachev's side at the moment of the capture of the fortress. Having been appointed commandant of the fortress by Pugachev, Shvabrin keeps Masha by force, keeps her imprisoned, trying to force her to marry him.

He is trying to deceive Pugachev at the moment when he and Grinev arrive at the fortress to free Masha.

Finally, being arrested for his service to Pugachev, Shvabrin slanders Grinev, and his slander becomes the main reason for Petrusha's arrest.

Some episodic and mentioned persons

In Pushkin's novel there are a large number of episodic and simply mentioned persons. Let's name some of them.

Prince B., major of the guard, a St. Petersburg relative and patron of the Grinevs, personifies Petrusha's dreams of serving in the capital. It should be noted that Prince B. is not only ready to provide protection to Petrusha upon entering the service in the Semenovsky regiment (as we know, Grinev the father refused this patronage), but also takes care of the Grinevs at a difficult moment for them: he informs his parents of information about Petrush when he is under arrest.

master of the mind(of a small inn), the Yaitsky Cossack "of about sixty, still fresh and vigorous", who sheltered Grinev and Savelich during a snowstorm, Pugachev's interlocutor in allegorical conversations, is a vivid folk character.

Mutilated Bashkirian, who was going to be tortured by Captain Mironov (the head of "Pugachevshchina"), reminds the reader of the cruelty of the authorities towards the people. It is no coincidence that this particular character becomes the executioner at the time of the execution of the defenders of the fortress in the chapter "The Attack".

On the contrary, baptized KalmykYulai, personifying fidelity to duty, turned out to be a victim of the rebels.

Anna Vlasevna, the wife of the stationmaster, an unusually kind woman, sincerely striving to help Masha at the time of her arrival in Tsarskoye Selo, turns out to be at the same time a peddler of all kinds of gossip and gossip, an expert on "all the mysteries of court life."

historical persons

In the novel, historical figures also act and are mentioned. Let's give some examples.

Catherine II- Russian empress. Pushkin draws her majestic, imperious, but at the same time simple, gracious and cordial. The image of Catherine is correlated with the image of Pugachev. With all the differences in the appearances of these two historical figures, they are united in the author's view by one common feature - the ability to be merciful.

Afanasy Sokolov (Hlopusha) and corporal Beloborodov- Companions of Pugachev. Each of Pugachev's associates in his own way sets off the character of the leader of the uprising. Beloborodov personifies the cruelty, uncompromisingness, ruthlessness of the rebels in relation to the enemies; Khlopusha - generosity and folk wisdom.

Count Munnich- a military and statesman who served at the court of the Russian Empress Anna Ioannovna and, in particular, commanded the army in the Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739. In 1742 he was exiled by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna to Siberia. The mention of Count Munnich in the first chapter allows us to judge that Grinev's father at the time of sending his son to the army was already in his mature years: he was at least fifty years old.

Sumarokov And Trediakovsky- authors of the XVIII century, mentioned by Grinev and Shvabrin. The names of these writers, as well as the authors of the epigraphs prefixed to individual chapters ( Knyazhnin,Kheraskov,Fonvizin), help Pushkin to recreate the flavor of the era.

Prince Golitsyn And Ivan Ivanovich Michelson- military leaders who took part in the suppression of the Pugachev rebellion.

Pugachev

leader of the popular uprising Emelyan Pugachev- the most striking image in "The Captain's Daughter". Pugachev - one of the central in the work (along with Grinev and Masha).

Pugachev is a real historical person who appears before the reader in the artistic interpretation of Pushkin. The writer interprets his personality in his own way, showing the hero in fictional situations, in a collision with fictional characters. This is the originality of the disclosure of the character of the hero in the genre framework of the historical novel.

It is also significant that it is not Pushkin himself who tells about Pugachev, but a fictional character and at the same time the narrator Pyotr Andreevich Grinev. The memoir form thus helps Pushkin to show Pugachev as an eyewitness to the events of the popular uprising.

A distinctive feature of Pugachev's personality is inconsistency, contrast of spiritual qualities.

The hero is distinguished by a number of opposite character traits. This capacity for mercy, gratitude and extreme cruelty, indomitable freedom-loving and at the same time ruthlessness to all who stand in his way, cunning and the same time spiritual simplicity,military talent And impotence in relation to his own associates, love of life and consciousness of his own doom.

The character of Pugachev is revealed in comparison with other characters, in numerous episodes works, in the narrator's mind, as well as in chapter titles, V epigraphs to individual chapters and in works of folk art used by Pushkin not only in epigraphs, but also in the main text of the work. This, in particular, song“Don’t make noise, mother green oak tree ...”, as well as Kalmyk fairy tale about the eagle and the raven. In addition, the narrator draws portrait Pugachev, characterizes him speech. The novel also uses other means of revealing the character of the leader of the uprising. This, for example, scenery- description of the storm, dream Grinev.

Consider a few proverbs used by the writer when creating the image of Pugachev. They emphasize the liveliness of the hero's mind, his ingenuity, the people's view of the world. For example, releasing Grinev on all four sides (chapter "The Uninvited Guest"), Pugachev says: "Execute like this, execute like that, have mercy like that." The proverb emphasizes the breadth of Pugachev's soul and at the same time the polarity of his character, the combination of cruelty and mercy in his nature. It is significant that in the chapter "The Orphan" the hero again utters a similar proverb: "Execute so execute, favor so favor." It turns out that Pugachev is able not only to pardon Grinev and Masha, but also to help them from the bottom of his heart.

Pugachev's ability to be grateful for kindness is also marked by a proverb. “Debt in payment is red,” Pugachev says to Grinev in the chapter “Rebellious Sloboda,” apparently recalling the hare sheepskin coat.

Plot and compositional features. Brief analysis of the work by chapters

In "The Captain's Daughter" fourteen chapters.

The novel as a whole and each individual chapter are preceded by epigraphs. Total in the work seventeen epigraphs. Sixteen precede the fourteen chapters of the novel, one the entire work.

Pushkin borrowed the texts of the epigraphs from two sources:from the works of Russian writers of the 18th century and from the works of folk art. The writer sought thereby, firstly, to recreate color of the era, secondly, to convey the elements of people's life, worldview of the people.

Sometimes the writer resorted to hoaxes: so, the epigraph to the chapter "Rebellious Sloboda" was invented by Pushkin, and not taken from Sumarokov, as indicated in the text. The epigraph to the chapter "Orphan" was also written by the poet himself based on a folk song.

Before analyzing the novel chapter by chapter, let's pay attention to the epigraph to the whole work: "Take care of honor from a young age." This epigraph (part of the proverb) focuses the reader's attention on the most important moral problem of the novel - the issue of human honor and dignity.

At the heart of the plot works - the love story of Petrusha Grinev and Masha Mironova.

First chapter entitled "Sergeant of the Guard" can be considered as exposition of the image of Grinev.

Samo chapter title contains irony: the reader will soon learn that Petrusha received the rank of sergeant while still in the womb. Chapter precedes epigraph from Knyazhin. This epigraph, like the title, sets the story of Grinev's adolescence ironic tone:

- If he were a guard, he would be captain tomorrow.

- That is not necessary; let him serve in the army.

- Pretty well said! Let him push...

.......................................

Who is his father?

In the first chapter, Pushkin gives a laconic, but very bright a picture of the provincial landlord life, picture education of a noble youth. Unlike Onegin, Grinev was hardly touched by education in the French manner. The French tutor Monsieur Beaupre turned out to be a drunkard and red tape, for which he was expelled from the house by Grinev's father. Monsieur Beaupré is opposed by Savelyich, Grinev's serf uncle, a man of firm moral rules.

Despite the irony of the first chapter, the author emphasizes a very serious fact: Grinev comes from an old noble family. His family is highly regarded honor,nobility. From this point of view, Grinev's father's decision to send his son to serve not in the guards, but in the army is important. symbolic parting words from Grinev Sr.: "Take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age." This proverb in a truncated form became the epigraph to the entire novel.

Ends the first chapter Simbirsk episode. For the first time, Grinev had to defend noble honor in a very comical situation. Grinev demands money from Savelich's servant to pay for the loss in billiards to Zurin.

Second chapter called " counselor". This word is used by Pushkin in an obsolete sense: "a guide who shows the way." However, the word "counselor" has another, symbolic meaning: in the leader, the reader guesses the future leader of the popular uprising.

To the chapter "Counselor" epigraph taken from an old recruit song; Pushkin made minor changes to its text. Let's quote it in full:

Is it my side, side,

Unfamiliar side!

Why didn't I come to you myself,

Is it not a good horse that brought me:

Brought me, good fellow,

Agility, gallant vivacity

And khmelinushka tavern.

It is difficult to say unequivocally to which of the characters the words of the folk song refer. Ironically - partly to Grinev. After drinking with Zurin, losing in billiards, a quarrel with Savelich and an “inglorious” departure from Simbirsk, the hero ended up in a “side” that was really unfamiliar to him. For Pugachev, this "side" was not unfamiliar. This becomes obvious from Grinev's conversation with the "counselor" during a snowstorm. “The side is familiar to me,” answered the roadman, “thank God, it is well-trodden and traveled far and wide.” The epigraph also opposes the title of this chapter - "The Leader". After all, the "counselor" can only be in the "little side", familiar to him.

And yet in the second chapter, which is an exposition of the image of Pugachev, the content of the epigraph is connected primarily with the character of the future leader of the uprising. The epigraph predicts the most important features of Pugachev: the breadth of nature, valiant prowess, blood connection with the people.

Next, consider the well-known description of the blizzard, preceding the meeting of Grinev with the counselor - Pugachev: “The wind, meanwhile, grew stronger from hour to hour. The cloud turned into a white cloud, which rose heavily, grew and gradually enveloped the sky. A fine snow began to fall and suddenly fell in flakes. The wind howled; there was a blizzard. In an instant, the dark sky merged with the snowy sea. Everything is gone."

It is important to emphasize symbolic meaning images of a storm. Buran personifies popular anger, popular indignation, element of rebellion the participants and witnesses of which will be the heroes of the novel. It is no coincidence that from the snowstorm for the first time in front of the reader the figure of Pugachev looms, still shrouded in mystery.

The central compositional element of the second chapter is Grinev's dream. As you know, the role of sleep in the composition of the work is twofold.

First, it contains "something prophetic", in the words of the narrator. Indeed: in this dream, the most important events in the life of Grinev, his bride, and also Pugachev are predicted; the inseparable connection between the fates of these heroes is revealed. It should be noted that Pushkin repeatedly uses the method of "prophetic" sleep (remember Tatyana's dream in "Eugene Onegin").

Secondly, in a dream the most essential are revealed, and polar facets of Pugachev's character: cruelty and mercy.

The paradox of the situation recreated in Grinev's dream lies in the fact that the hero's mother asks her son to receive a blessing from a peasant with a black beard, who strongly reminds us of a counselor; the man himself in Grinev's dream acts as a "planted father", that is, a person who plays the role of the parent of the bride or groom at the wedding. As we learn from the further narrative, it is Pugachev who will play a decisive role in rescuing Masha from captivity and “bless” Grinev and his bride for marriage.

An important compositional element of the second chapter is the description of appearance, portrait of Pugachev. Details such as "hair cut in a circle", "army", "harem pants" emphasize that Pugachev looks here like a poor Cossack, even a "tramp". The main thing in his appearance is not clothes, but the expression on his face, his eyes: “...his lively big eyes just ran around. His face had a rather pleasant, but roguish expression. Analysis of the portrait of Pugachev helps us to identify originality his personality.

The analysis of the next episode (the conversation of the counselor with the owner of the mind) allows us to get acquainted with such a form of allegory used by Pushkin in his work, as conversation using proverbs and sayings(“They began to call for evening, but the priest does not order: the priest is visiting, the devil is in the churchyard”; “It will rain, there will be fungi; and there will be fungi, there will be a body”).

Next important episode second chapter - scene with a hare sheepskin coat. Grinev's generosity, as it turned out later, served him in good stead. The significance of this episode is not only that it characterizes Grinev as a person in whose soul a feeling of gratitude is alive. Subsequently, we will see that Pugachev also knows how to appreciate the good. " Strange "friendship of Pugachev and Grinev, thanks to which Grinev's life was saved at the tragic moment of the capture of the fortress by the rebels and thanks to which he was able to free his bride, it began with the "hare sheepskin coat".

Ends the chapter Orenburg episode- Grinev's meeting with the general. The appearance of Andrei Karlovich is outlined by the writer in contrast with the appearance of Pugachev. The general's description testifies to ironic attitude towards him from the narrator.

General's insignificance sets off natural mind, ingenuity, the breadth of Pugachev's nature.

So, we see how compositional elements of different nature (the title of the chapter, the epigraph to it, the description of the snowstorm, Grinev's dream, the portrait of the "counselor", the "thieves' conversation, the episode with the hare's sheepskin coat, the Orenburg episode) are subordinated to the main goal - to identify significant features of the leader of the popular uprising Pugachev.

third chapter novel called "Kr e post" can also be considered as exposition.

Chapter prefaced two epigraphs. The first is taken from a soldier's song:

We live in a fort

We eat bread and drink water...

He sets the reader to the perception of the garrison life of the "fortress" lost in the steppes.

The second epigraph is taken from D.I. Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth": "Old people, my father." The epigraph prepares us for a meeting with the family of Captain Mironov.

In the third chapter, Pushkin introduces a number of new characters into the narrative. This is Ivan Kuzmich Mironov - the commandant of the fortress, his wife Vasilisa Yegorovna, their daughter Masha, the serf servant of the Mironovs Palashka. In addition, these are the crooked lieutenant Ivan Ignatich, the Cossack officer Maksimych, the priest father Gerasim, the priest Akulina Pamfilovna, who appears in subsequent chapters, and other characters.

Highly appreciating the "Captain's Daughter", N.V. Gogol claimed that in the novel "truly Russian characters appeared for the first time: a simple commandant of the fortress, a captain, a lieutenant ... the simple majesty of ordinary people."

In the third chapter, we get acquainted with a negative character - Shvabrin.

The third chapter also contains exposition of love affair, in which they will participate three characters: Grinev, Masha and Shvabrin. Honest and simple-hearted Grinev is opposed to the two-faced, hypocritical, selfish Shvabrin.

Chapters four and five contains development of a love affair before the events of the Pugachev rebellion The fourth chapter entitled " Duel"contains an important episode in the development of a love affair - duel scene.Epigraph from Knyazhnin, preceding the fourth chapter, performed irony:

- Ying if you please, and stand in positura.

Look, I'll pierce your figure!

Although the chapter as a whole is written in an ironic vein, for the first time Pushkin's hero really has to follow his father's commandments: in a duel with Shvabrin, he defends the girl's good name. Being wounded, Grinev gains moral victory over your opponent.

chapter five entitled "Love" precede two epigraphs. Both taken from folk songs. Let's quote the first paragraph:

Oh, girl, red girl!

Do not go, girl, young married;

You ask, girl, father, mother,

Father, mother, kind of tribe;

Save up, girl, mind-reason,

Uma-reason, dowry.

The second epigraph reads as follows:

If you find me better, forget me,

If you find worse than me, you will remember.

These epigraphs were used by Pushkin not by chance. They stress the connection of the image of Masha Mironova with the folk-poetic element.The love motive of Masha and Peter sounds in folk poetry. The author of the novel seeks to emphasize that the character of the heroine, which is most fully revealed in her selfless feeling for Grinev, is closely connected with folk roots.

play an important role in the novel letters. In particular, in the fifth chapter we get acquainted with the letter of the old man Grinev to his son, his own letter to Savelich and Savelich's answer to the master.

The fifth chapter reveals another facet of Masha Mironova's personality - her sincere faith in God and the deepest humility before His will. Masha refuses to marry Grinev against the wishes of his parents.

As a result, in the fifth chapter the love story comes to a standstill. It is at this critical moment historical events invade the personal destinies of the heroes and change everything. Here is what Grinev writes about this in his memoirs: “Unexpected incidents that had important influences on my whole life suddenly gave my soul a strong and good shock.” It is here, at this moment, that it becomes apparent that the plot, limited by the relationship of a narrow circle of people, is interrupted. Starts to develop the main, "main" storyline, in which historical events are intertwined.

Thus, personal and general, man and history find themselves at Pushkin's bound by inextricable bonds.

The story of the events of the popular uprising opens sixth chapter a novel called Pugachevshchina". Chapter precedes epigraph from a folk song:

You young guys listen

What are we, old people, going to say.

The epigraph sets the reader in a serious, solemn mood. It feels tragic reflection of the events of the Pugachev rebellion.

Central episode chapters - the scene of the interrogation of the mutilated Bashkir. Pushkin notes the unconscious cruelty of Captain Mironov, who without hesitation gives the order to torture the Bashkir (we note, however, that it did not come to torture).

Significantly the judgment of Grinev the narrator on this score, reflecting the author's position: “Young man! If my notes fall into your hands, remember that the best and most lasting changes are those that come from the improvement of morals, without any violent upheavals.

Central episodes chapter "Attack" - heroic death of the defenders of the fortress And Grinev's miraculous deliverance from execution.

The chapter "Attack" is prefaced epigraph from a folk song "My head, little head..." In the epigraph the tragic death of Captain Mironov is predicted- a man from the people who laid down his head in the public service. Having shown courage and heroism in the defense of the fortress, Captain Mironov dies, preferring death to Pugachev's oath. Lieutenant Ivan Ignatievich repeats the feat of his commander.

From a compositional point of view, it is important that execution of the defenders of the fortress going on after described in the previous chapter interrogation of a mutilated Bashkir and that it is the Bashkirian who takes an active part in the execution. The author seeks to emphasize what is hidden from the view of Grinev the narrator: the cruelty of the people is a response to the cruelty of the authorities.

In the chapter "Attack" Pugachev appears as talented leader rebels, who took the fortress with a swift assault almost without loss, and as a capable politician who managed to quickly win over not only the Cossacks, but also other inhabitants of the fortress - representatives of the common people.

In addition, in this chapter, Pugachev first appears before the reader in the role of " king". There is a significant contrast between Pugachev the tramp in the chapter "Counselor" and Pugachev the "sovereign" in the chapter "Attack". Note that this role, the role of the impostor king, is revealed in The Captain's Daughter. not only in a tragic, but also in a comic way, which becomes apparent in later chapters.

In the chapter "Attack" for the first time, Pugachev's mercy towards Grinev is also shown. Pugachev goes against his own principles (in fact, Grinev refuses to kiss Pugachev's hand and swear allegiance to him) and pardons Grinev.

However mercy coexists in Pugachev's nature with cruelty. Immediately after the scene of pardoning Grinev, the scene of the brutal murder of Vasilisa Yegorovna follows.

In the eighth chapter entitled "Uninvited guest" revealed to the reader the tragic meaning of the popular uprising. Himself name In the chapter, the author emphasizes that Pugachev brought death and human suffering to the Belogorsk fortress.

epigraph to the chapter "The Uninvited Guest" becomes proverb "An uninvited guest is worse than a Tatar." Pugachev, finding himself in the fortress in the role of an "intruder", sows death and destruction here.

The central episode of the chapter is Pugachev's "military council". Grinev talks about how the rebels sing burlatskaya song "Don't make noise, mother green dubrovushka ...". Grinev did not understand the meaning of the "song about the gallows, sung by people doomed to the gallows." However, both the author and the reader understand that the participants in the uprising sing about their own doom. Pugachev and his comrades-in-arms are aware that a fierce execution awaits them. However, they are ready to continue the fight. This is the tragic meaning of the song. Thus, in the chapter "The Uninvited Guest" the tragic meaning of the figure of Pugachev and the entire popular uprising.

The same chapter tells about Pugachev's mercy towards Grinev. Pugachev releases Grinev on all four sides. “Execute so execute, pardon so pardon,” Pugachev declares. The proverb reveals the breadth of Pugachev's soul and at the same time the "polarity" of his character: cruelty in his soul coexists with mercy.

In the ninth chapter entitled " Parting» love story Grinev and Masha, moving off the ground, gets further development. Love for Masha, anxiety about the orphan and the need to urgently go to Orenburg put Grinev before a painful choice: Grinev decides to go to Orenburg, obeying his duty and at the same time hoping to achieve the speedy release of the Belogorsk fortress and save Masha.

Chapter "Separation" is preceded by epigraph from Kheraskov, reflecting Grinev's inner state at the moment of separation from Masha:

It was sweet to recognize

Me, beautiful, with you;

Sad, sad to leave

Sad, as if from the heart.

Grinev's departure to Orenburg is accompanied by two comic episodes. First episode - Savelich's reading compiled by him registry» Grinev's belongings plundered by the Pugachevites. Here the figure of Pugachev appears before us in a comic way: it also appears illiteracy"sovereign"(“Our bright eyes cannot make out anything here”), and his craftiness, and a “fit of generosity”: the “king” does not punish the “old grunt” for a daring act.

Second comic episode Grinev's meeting with Maksimych, who gave Grinev a horse and a fur coat from Pugachev, but "lost half a buck on the way." Grinev complacently reacted to Maksimych's cunning, and he would later render a service to Grinev by handing him a letter from Masha.

In the tenth chapter entitled "Siege of the City" tells about the events connected with the siege of Orenburg. At the same time, the love affair gets an unexpected continuation. Chapter prefaced epigraph, taken from Kheraskov, in ironic tones describing the plans of Pugachev:

Having occupied meadows and mountains,

From the top, like an eagle, he cast his eyes on the hail.

Behind the camp he ordered to build a peal

And, hiding the thunderbolts in it, bring it under the hail at night.

At first tenthchapters Pushkin draws terrifying picture confirming the author's idea that the cruelty of the rebels is a reaction to the cruelty of the authorities. “Approaching Orenburg, we saw a crowd of convicts, with faces disfigured by the executioner's tongs, the narrator writes.

Next Pushkin draws "military council" in Orenburg. Compositionally, it is clear contrasting advice from the general and advice from Pugachev(note here the author's use of principle of antithesis). The narrator conveys the limitations of the general and officials, who are unable to oppose anything to Pugachev's ingenuity and military skill.

The next episode is extremely important for the development of the plot of the work: Grinev receives letter from Masha. Grinev's unauthorized absence from Orenburg becomes a turning point in the action of the novel.

Letter fromMasha sheds light on the true essence of Pugachev's nature. The letter mentions a real, and not invented by Pushkin, episode from the life of the leader of the uprising: it contains an indication of the terrible reprisal of Pugachev with the family of officer Kharlov - the murder of Kharlov himself, the abuse and subsequent reprisal of his wife, the murder of her little brother. This fact is described in detail by Pushkin in The History of the Pugachev Rebellion. Here the author thus simply reminds the reader of the cruelty of the rebellion and its leader.

Eleventh chapter is culminating in disclosure Pugachev's character and, perhaps, in the understanding of the author the fate of the whole popular uprising. Chapter precedes epigraph, which composed by Pushkin himself, although he attributed it to Sumarokov. The epigraph is not without irony:

At that time, the lion was full, even though he was ferocious from birth.

“Why did you deign to come to my den?” -

he asked kindly.

In the eleventh chapter the reader is introduced to associates of Pugachev, corporal Beloborodov and Afanasy Sokolov, nicknamed Khlopushy. Each of Pugachev's associates in his own way sets off the character of the leader of the uprising. Beloborodov personifies the cruelty, uncompromisingness, ruthlessness of the rebels in relation to the enemies; Khlopusha - generosity and folk wisdom.

key role in the composition of not only the eleventh chapter, but the whole work, the story told by Pugachev to Grinev plays Kalmyk fairy tale about an eagle and a crow. The fairy tale reveals the main thing in the character of Pugachev, namely, his indestructible love of freedom. “Than to eat carrion for three hundred years, it’s better to drink living blood once, and then what God will give!” the hero exclaims. These words contain the life principle of Pugachev, denied by the narrator.“To live by murder and robbery means, for me, pecking at carrion,” Grinev says in response.

If the eleventh chapter is the climax in revealing the character of Pugachev, then twelfth chapter entitled "Orphan" contains climax in the development of the love storyline. Grinev, with the assistance of Pugachev, frees Masha from the power of Shvabrin. Pugachev releases Grinev and Masha. "Execute so execute, favor so favor", Pugachev says. Peter and Masha are going to get married.

Chapter precedes epigraph,written by ourselves Pushkin based on a folk wedding song"Like our apple tree ...". The choice of such an epigraph (as well as the epigraph to the chapter "Love") is not accidental: as already noted, the image of Masha Mironova invariably correlates with Pushkin's folk poetic images and motifs.

The release of Masha becomes turning point in development plot. Peter and his bride go to his parents' estate; the hero is going to continue his service.

main event thirteenth chapter indicated in its title. This Grinev's arrest. However, the content of this chapter is not limited to this episode. In the thirteenth chapter, Pushkin tells the reader about results of the Pugachev uprising.

Chapter "Arrest" is preceded by epigraph from Knyazhnin, anticipating the story of Grinev's arrest:

- Do not be angry, sir: according to my duty

I must send you to prison this very hour.

- Excuse me, I'm ready; but I'm so hopeful

Let me first explain what the matter is.

IN historical digression at the beginning of the thirteenth chapter, the narrator, making a brief overview of the events of the Pugachev rebellion, tells about the dire consequences- fires, destruction, robberies, general ruin, impoverishment of the people. Grinev completes the story of the events of the Pugachev rebellion with the famous maxim: "God forbid to see a Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless." The narrator's point of view is apparently shared by Pushkin himself.

Here, in the thirteenth chapter, Pushkin tries from the position of Grinev to reveal the ambiguity of Pugachev's personality. Grinev’s deeply personal confessions regarding Pugachev are extremely important here: “The thought of him was inseparable in me with the thought of the mercy he gave me in one of the terrible moments of his life, and of the deliverance of my bride from the hands of the vile Shvabrin.” Thus, in Grinev's mind, Pugachev's cruelty and mercy are inextricably linked. It seems that this view of the hero is shared by the author of the work.

Fourteenth chapter entitled " Court» contains the final plot of the work is the story of Masha's meeting with Catherine II, about how the heroine asked the empress to have mercy on her fiancé. Here we also find a peculiar epilogue–publisher's words ending the novel.

The last chapter of the novel, titled The Judgment, is preceded by epigraph, which Pushkin used proverb:

Worldly rumor -

Sea wave.

In fact, the rumor about Grinev's alleged betrayal turns out to be unusually strong, like a wave of the sea. However, a wave will pass - and it is not. The same can be said about the rumor.

The chapter "Court" is extremely important for understanding Grinev's character. Being arrested on the slander of Shvabrin, Grinev, however, retains good spirits,does not lose hope. Here he is especially helpful. living faith in God, in His good providence. “I resorted to the consolation of all those who mourn, and, for the first time, I tasted the sweetness of prayer, poured out from a pure but torn heart, calmly fell asleep, not caring about what would happen to me, ”Grinev writes in his memoirs.

During the interrogation, Grinev decides to tell the whole truth, but, not wanting to “entangle” Masha’s name “between the vile tales of the villains and bring her to face-to-face confrontation with them,” the hero cannot tell everything. Having shown selflessness, Grinev is forced to become a victim of a false accusation and wait for severe punishment.

In the center of the fourteenth chapter image of Catherine II. Pushkin draws the Empress majestic, domineering, but at the same time simple, gracious and cordial. Her image is correlated with the image of Pugachev. With all the differences in the appearances of these two historical figures, they are united in the author's view by one common feature - the ability to be merciful.

Although Grinev was not a traitor, his actions demanded punishment. Catherine, on the other hand, showed mercy towards Grinev. In Catherine's merciful gesture, Pushkin's contemporaries rightly saw the fact of Pushkin's intercession before Nicholas I for his Decembrist friends.

The act of Masha Mironova, who fearlessly fussed about her fiancé, who did not leave him in the hour of trial, is admirable. In the image of the main character of the novel, Pushkin continued his own tradition of depicting a Russian woman, which he began in Eugene Onegin. The image of Masha Mironova reveals the most important facet of Pushkin's ideal of a selfless Russian woman.

publisher”, Behind which is no longer Grinev, but Pushkin himself. The final words of the "publisher" can be seen as a kind of epilogue to the novel.

It talks about execution of Pugachev, which was attended by Grinev. Pugachev "recognized him in the crowd and nodded his head, which a minute later, dead and bloody, was shown to the people." This is how Pugachev's last meeting with Grinev took place. The execution of Pugachev is the tragic finale of a storyline that tells about a popular uprising and its leader.

Further, the "publisher" tells about Grinev's marriage and his offspring. Family happiness and many children of Masha and Grinev, which we learn from the words of the publisher at the end of the work, become a reward for the feat of selfless service of heroes to each other.

So, we see that in the plot construction of the novel, both love affair, and historical events,closely intertwined.

epigraphs, preceding each chapter of the work, as a rule, focus the reader's attention on the most significant episodes,identifying wherein author's position.

The plot-compositional structure of the work allows Pushkin to most fully reveal the personality of Pugachev, to reveal the tragic meaning of the popular uprising, and also, using the example of Pyotr Grinev, Masha, and other characters, to comprehend such moral problems as mercy and cruelty, honor and dishonor, to highlight the essential aspects of the Russian national character .

On the one side, author"The Captain's Daughter" largely agrees with the memoirist in the assessment of the Pugachev uprising. So, Pushkin could not help but realize the cruelty of the rebels, the destructive power of the uprising. The narrator's view of the "senseless and merciless" Russian rebellion (chapter "Arrest"), apparently, coincides with the author's position, as well as Grinev's point of view that "the best and most lasting changes are those that come from the improvement of morals, without any violent upheavals” (chapter “Pugachevshchina”).

On the other side, Pushkin, unlike Grinev, understands the meaning of the uprising much deeper. So the writer shows objective historical reasons for the uprising, its inevitability. He is aware that the cruelty of the rebels is a response to the cruelty of the authorities. Pushkin sees in the uprising not only a destructive force, but also the desire of the people for freedom. At the same time, the writer is clear the tragic doom of the rebels. Finally, Pushkin reveals to the reader poetic element that accompanies the people in their freedom-loving aspirations.

The most important means of expressing the author's position is plot works. The love story of Grinev and Masha, crowned with a happy marriage, confirms the author's idea that severe trials hardened the souls of heroes and preceded them prosperous life and abundance as a reward for their courage and fidelity in love, manifested in the tragic time of the Pugachev rebellion.

In revealing the author's position, Pushkin's composition skill. Not by chance episodes of violence by the authorities precede episodes of violence by the insurgents. So, for example, in the sixth chapter, the reader sees for the first time a mutilated Bashkir. Then the same Bashkirian becomes one of the main arbiters of the execution of the defenders of the fortress.

The author expresses his position through character system. So, for example, the writer contrasts the noble Grinev with the vile Shvabrin. The image of Pugachev is set off by the images of his associates - Khlopushi and Beloborodov.

The position of the author was especially pronounced in works of folk art, that the writer used in the novel. So, the song "Don't make a noise, mother green oak tree ..." causes Grinev "piitic horror." The author, however, sees a deep meaning in this song: it reveals the tragic essence of the uprising.

Grinev rejected the main idea of ​​the Kalmyk fairy tale about the eagle and the raven, told by Pugachev. “To live by murder and robbery means, for me, pecking at carrion,” says Grinev. Meanwhile, it is clear to both the author and the reader that this tale reveals the indestructible love of freedom of the people.

Proverbs, used by Pugachev (“Execute like this, execute like that, have mercy like that”, “Execute like that, like that, favor like that”) also testify to the author's position in relation to Pugachev. These proverbs emphasize the breadth of Pugachev's soul and at the same time the polarity of his character, the combination of cruelty and mercy in his nature. It turns out that Pugachev is able not only to pardon Grinev and Masha, but also to help them wholeheartedly.

The author's position is also expressed through chapter titles. So, for example, in the title "Sergeant of the Guard" there is irony. The name of the second chapter - "Guide" - along with the outdated meaning ("guide") has another, symbolic meaning: the author hints to the reader that the story will be about the leader of the popular uprising.

As is known, epigraphs for each chapter of the novel picked up not a storyteller "publisher", behind which the author himself is hiding. Thus, the author's position is also expressed in the epigraphs.

At the end of the last chapter, the word takes " publisher”, Behind which is no longer Grinev, but Pushkin himself. The final words of the "publisher" can be regarded as a kind of author's epilogue to the novel.

Thus, we see that in The Captain's Daughter, a historical novel written in memoir form, the author was able to express his a position different from that of the narrator. To express his position, the author uses various compositional means, works of folk art, epigraphs, as well as an appeal to the reader at the end of the work on behalf of the publisher.

Questions and tasks

1. Why in the 1830s did Pushkin show particular interest in the topic of popular revolt? What Pushkin's writings on this topic prepared the writing of The Captain's Daughter? Briefly describe its topic.

2. What problems did Pushkin raise in The Captain's Daughter? Formulate and comment on them.

3. Describe the ideological orientation of Pushkin's novel. What is the writer's ambiguous attitude towards the popular uprising, its leader, and other heroes of the work?

4. Comment on the title of the novel.

5. Why can "The Captain's Daughter" be called a realistic work? What is the historicism of the novel? What specific historical types does Pushkin recreate here? What are the traits of romanticism?

6. Describe the genre specifics of The Captain's Daughter. Why can we say that it has the features of a historical novel? What goals did the author pursue by choosing a memoir form of narration?

7. What can you say about Grinev, the central character of The Captain's Daughter and the narrator? How do the two hero roles compare? What artistic means does the author use when creating the image of Grinev?

8. Briefly describe the images of Andrei Petrovich and Avdotya Vasilievna Grinev. What traits did Petrusha inherit from his parents?

9. Compare the characters of Savelich and Monsieur Beaupré. What qualities of the serf uncle Petrusha are set off with the help of the image of a French teacher? What are the most important episodes of the work that characterize Savelich. How is the image of Savelich correlated with the image of Pugachev?

11. Tell us about the commandant of Orenburg, General Andrei Karlovich R. In what episodes is his character revealed? From which side the image of the general sets off the image of Pugachev.

12. Tell us about the Mironov family and its environment. What features of the Russian national character are revealed in the images of Ivan Kuzmich, Vasilisa Yegorovna, Ivan Ignatich, Father Gerasim and Akulina Pamfilovna? What is interesting about the image of the constable Maksimych?

13. Describe Masha Mironova as the main female character in the novel. What features of a Russian woman are combined in the spiritual appearance of Masha? What is the similarity between the daughter of Captain Mironov and Tatyana Larina? What distinguishes the two heroines? What is the role of Masha Mironova in the plot of the work? What artistic techniques does the author use to create her image? Note also the character traits of the maid Broadsword - Masha's faithful companion.

13. Consider the image of Shvabrin - Grinev's antagonist. What qualities of this character make him the opposite of the main character? What, from the point of view of the author, are the reasons for Shvabrin's spiritual baseness?

14. List the episodic persons known to you in the novel and briefly describe them.

15. What real historical figures act or are mentioned in the work? Give them a brief description. Tell us more about Catherine II. What features does the empress show in relation to Masha and Pyotr Grinev? What was Pushkin's goal in creating the image of the gracious Empress?

16. Consider in detail the image of Pugachev. What contradictions in the character of this hero does Pushkin reveal? What artistic means are used to create the image of the leader of the uprising?

17. Consider the general construction of the "Captain's Daughter". How many chapters does it have? How many epigraphs? Where did the epigraphs come from and what is their role in the work? What is the basis of the plot of Pushkin's novel?

18. Name the exposition chapters of the novel and briefly describe them. What do we learn about Petrush Grinev, his parents and educators from the first chapter? What life principles did Petrusha take out of his parental home?

20. How are the characters and customs of the inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress revealed in the third chapter?

21. Describe the compositional role of the fourth and fifth chapters. How does the duel situation reveal the characters of Grinev, Shvabrin, Savelich, and other characters? What is the role of letters in the chapter "Love" and in the novel as a whole? Why is this chapter a turning point in the development of the plot?

22. Consider the main scenes of the sixth and seventh chapters of the novel, reveal their ideological meaning and compositional role. How does the scene of the interrogation of the Bashkir prepare the reader for the perception of the episode of the execution of the defenders of the fortress? How are the personalities of Captain Mironov, Vasilisa Yegorovna, Ivan Ignatievich, Shvabrin, Grinev revealed in the chapter "The Attack"? What does Pugachev look like in the seventh chapter?

23. Why is the song "Don't make a noise, mother green oak tree ...", which sounds in the eighth chapter of the novel, is called one of the ideological centers of the "Captain's Daughter"? What is the attitude of Grinev and the author of the work to this song?

24. Briefly describe the compositional role of the ninth chapter. What episodes of her can be called comic? Why can we say that The Captain's Daughter is sometimes distinguished by tragicomic pathos?

25. What plot-compositional role does the chapter "Siege of the City" play? Briefly consider its main episodes.

26. Why is the eleventh chapter usually regarded as the culmination in the depiction of the popular uprising and in the disclosure of the character of Pugachev? Reveal the ideological meaning of the tale of the eagle and the raven and the attitude of Pugachev, Grinev and the author towards it.

27. For what reason is the twelfth chapter considered to be the climax in the development of a love affair? What turn is taking place here in the fate of the main characters?

28. Comment on the ideological meaning of the final chapters of the novel. How do Grinev, and after him, Pushkin comprehend the results of the Pugachev uprising? What qualities does Peter show while under arrest? What is the role of the episode of Masha's meeting with Catherine in the novel? What is the meaning of the original epilogue of the work - the words "from the publisher"?

30. Outline and prepare oral presentation

The story "The Captain's Daughter" can be attributed to one of the top works of A. S. Pushkin, made in prose. More than once, even the author of this work himself said that it was historical, since it was based on peasant uprisings led by Pugachev. The author managed to recreate the atmosphere that was typical for those times. He amazingly portrayed the characters of the main characters and ordinary people who lived in that difficult time.

The work is a kind of narration, which is conducted on behalf of the protagonist - P. Grinev. He became a witness and participant in all the events described by the author. But the work would be incomplete if it did not find a place for a hero who is the complete opposite of Grinev. We are talking, of course, about Shvabrin. With the help of it, the author managed to make the plot of the story more vivid and exciting. This is probably why the image of Shvabrin and Grinev are considered only together. But in this review, we should consider in more detail the main anti-hero of the story.

What is hidden in the image of Shvabrin?

The image of Shvabrin demonstrated how petty, selfish and cowardly people can be in their desires. With Grinev in the story "The Captain's Daughter" Shvabrina has only one thing in common - strong feelings for M. Mironova. Under the image of the anti-hero is an aristocrat who has already once served in the guard. He got into it because of his not very easy nature. Namely, after the moment when a lieutenant was killed by him at the next duel.

The author of the story pointed out that there was a moment when Shvabrin was already wooing Masha. But the answer, of course, was negative. That is why it was often possible to hear insults addressed to her from him. These impartial expressions became the reason for the duel between him and Grinev. But the image of Shvabrin in the story "The Captain's Daughter" is not endowed with such a quality as honesty. At that moment, when Grinev turned away at the shout of the servant, Shvabrin managed to seriously injure him.

Among the shortcomings that the anti-hero of the story was endowed with, the absence of such concepts as honor and duty stands out especially well. At that moment, when the fortress fell under the onslaught of Pugachev, Shvabrin, without thinking twice, goes over to his side, while receiving the position of one of the commanders. The reason for the transition to the rebellious side was the hatred of Grinev and the desire for Masha to become his wife.

The attitude of the author to the image that was revealed in the face of Shvabrin

Aleksey Ivanovich Shvabrin, devoid of any moral principles, is shown in the story as a guards officer corrupted by intrigues and conspiracies, court morals. He quite strongly despised domestic reality and even spoke exclusively in French. But Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin did not deprive the image of Shvabrin in the story "The Captain's Daughter" and positive qualities. The author endowed him with a sharp mind, resourcefulness and a good education.

On the part of the author, a negative attitude is manifested towards this hero. If you look at his assessment, we can say with great accuracy that it is quite negative. This can be seen at least in the fact that in the story he is mentioned only by his last name. Also, in some places of the work, only the initials of this anti-hero are indicated.

What did Shvabrin eventually lead to his meanness?

And what is the result? Pugachev, to whom Grinev told that Shvabrin was holding Masha by force, became angry. The image of Shvabrin in the story "The Captain's Daughter" has become an excellent demonstration of what can happen to a person if he forgets about honor, courage and courage. But to say that it teaches something is impossible. When Shvabrin got into government troops, he singled out Peter among the traitors. He did this in the first place in order to remove suspicion from himself. Naturally, Grinev was able to get out of a difficult situation without losing his honor and officer courage.

The fate of Shvabrin remained a mystery, since A. S. Pushkin did not write anything definite about this. But most likely, he was simply executed. And it is impossible to call such punishment unfair.

What did A. S. Pushkin try to show readers with the help of the image of Shvabrin?

Probably, the author tried to show that people should not be condemned for their actions, using for this purpose the image of Shvabrin in the story "The Captain's Daughter". It is better to pity them and sympathize with them. Shvabrina can be attributed to those people who cannot get rid of their fears. He sees nothing but what is directly related to him. Not even an aristocratic origin made him so, but the absence of any spiritual qualities.

Unfortunately, there are a lot of people like Shvabrin around. They harm other people who at least somewhat resemble such characters as Grinev and Masha. But, as in the story of A. S. Pushkin, all their atrocities always act against their masters. That is the problem with these people. Thus, fear can only give rise to hypocrisy and lies, which, in turn, lead to failure.

What is hidden in the image of Shvabrin?

But after all, the image of Shvabrin was created for a reason. With his help, the author showed that meanness can only lead to failure and failure. Almost every action we take leads to a certain result. So it is necessary to sum up the following result: once forgetting about your honor, you can doom yourself to further failures.

Municipal educational institution

Evening shift secondary school No. 5 in Kungur

Methodical development

open extracurricular activities

game-journey "Lucky case"

Prepared by:

teacher of Russian language and literature

Shavyrin Sergey Nikolaevich

Kungur, 2010

Form of extracurricular activities:travel game

Participants of the event: class students.

Target: verification, generalization and systematization of knowledge on the work of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Tasks:

Develop teamwork skills; the ability to quickly and concisely answer the question.


To develop the intellectual abilities of students by involving each member of the team in the discussion of the proposed task of the game.


To cultivate a sense of responsibility of students for the final result of the team in the game; compliance with the rules of the game and discipline throughout the event.

Equipment: a playing field, a game cube, a chip, 2 sheets for marking the points scored and summing up the game, prizes for team members.

Preparatory work:

For the teacher- development of a summary of the event; preparation of the audience, visibility and prizes.

For students- repetition of material on the workA.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

PROGRESS OF THE EVENT

Introductory part.

Introductory word of the teacher.

We welcome you to the game "Lucky chance" based on the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

The task, of course, is not too simple,

Playing teach and learn playing.

But if you add entertainment to study,

That holidays will be any learning!

T ema m e n s u c t i o n t o m e n t e r o n s .


Confucius once said: “Studying and repeating what you have learned from time to time, isn’t it pleasant ?!” We will agree with him and start our game. Good luck!


1. Main part.
   

A b y c o n n e n t i o n i g r i g r y.

Two teams "Belogortsy" and "Orenburgers" participate in the game. Each team in turn rolls a game die and makes a chip the number of moves, the number of which fell on the die. If a team stands on a circle with a number, it answers the question and earns the number of points indicated in the circle. If a team cannot answer, the second team gets the right to answer. The team that answered correctly earns points to their table. As a result of the game, the total number of points is calculated. The team with the most points is considered the winner. For a single violation of the rules of the game and discipline, the team loses 1 point.

H o d i g r y.


Teams take turns throwing the dice, making moves and answering questions from the playing field, the teacher notes the number of points scored in the table. See Appendix 1 for questions. The game is considered over when the chip is at the finish line.


1. Final part.
   

The teacher counts the total number of points for each team, announces and awards the winners.

Application

1. What genre does the work "The Captain's Daughter" belong to?

a) romance

b) comedy

c) tragedy

d) story

2. How do the epigraphs and content in the story relate.

a) The epigraph reveals the content of the chapter.

B) The epigraph precedes the appearance of the hero.

C) The epigraph serves to reveal the character of the hero and his fate.

D) The epigraph ironically interprets subsequent events.

3. What is the epigraph to The Captain's Daughter?

a) "There is nothing to blame on the mirror, if the face is crooked."

b) "When I eat, I taste a little honey, and now I die."

c) "Take care of honor from a young age."

d) "We were shooting."

4. At what time did the events in the story "The Captain's Daughter" take place?

a) 1773 - 1774

b) 1873 - 1874

c) 1678 - 1674

d) 1573 - 1574

5. Mark the main scene in the story "The Captain's Daughter".

A) Orenburg province.

B) St. Petersburg.

c) Belogorsk fortress.

Moscow city.

6. In what family was Petr Grinev ("The Captain's Daughter") born?

a) in a peasant family

b) in the doctor's family

c) in a military family

d) in the family of the mayor

7. What is the most important parting word the father said to his son Peter before parting (A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter")?

a) "Serve faithfully to whom you swear an oath"

b) "Listen to your bosses"

c) "Serve in the army, pull the strap"

d) "Take care of the dress again, and the honor of the mold"

8. Mark the correct judgment.

a) The image of Pugachev is the central image of the story.

b) The image of Pugachev is not central, but important for the author's intention - the image of the Russian rebellion

9. Indicate the name of the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress, executed by Pugachev (A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter")

a) Alexey Shvabrin

b) Captain Mironov

c) Petr Grinev

d) Savelich

• 10. What was the name of Savelich?

a) Osip

b) Ivan

c) Semyon

d) Arkhip

11. The name of which king did Pugachev, the hero of the story "The Captain's Daughter" appropriate for himself?

a) Peter I b) Peter III

c) Ivan IV d) Paul I

12. Indicate the name of the hero of the story "The Captain's Daughter", who went over to the side of Pugachev

a) Alexey Shvabrin

b) Captain Mironov

c) Petr Grinev

d) Savelich

13. For what reason was Petrusha Grinev's teacher Monsieur Beaupre expelled by the boy's father (A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter")?

a) he opened his arms

b) he was very fond of the female sex

c) he liked to drink and instead of teaching Peter, he slept like a dead man

d) he did not have a teaching diploma

14. What was the name of the daughter of the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress (“The Captain's Daughter”)?

a) Masha Mironova

b) Tatyana Larina

c) Olga Ilinskaya

d) Masha Pugacheva

15. What is the reason for the quarrel and duel between Grinev and Shvabrin?

a) Shvabrin did not like Grinev's poems

b) Shvabrin insulted Masha Mironova

c) Grinev denounced Shvabrin

d) Savelich quarreled them

16. What gift does Pugachev make to Peter Grinev?

a) fur coat c) power

b) does not give a gift d) life

17. Which chapter in the work corresponds to the epigraph “Secular rumor - sea wave”?

a) Sergeant of the Guard

b) Court

c) an uninvited guest

d) Seizure

18. Indicate the title of the chapter of the story "The Captain's Daughter", in which Pyotr Grinev meets Pugachev:

a) "Guardian"

b) "Uninvited guest"

c) "Pugachevshchina"

d) "Sergeant of the Guard"

19. Under what circumstances does the first meeting between Pyotr Grinev and Pugachev take place?

a) during the capture of the fortress

b) during the execution of Pugachev

c) when Grinev goes to the fortress to save Masha from Shvabrin

d) When Grinev got lost in the steppe during a snowstorm

20. Whom did Pugachev appoint as the new commandant of the fortress?

a) Grineva

b) Mop

c) his associate Corporal Beloborodov

d) Ivan Mironov

21. Why did Catherine II pardon Grinev?

a) received a letter from Father Grinev

b) Shvabrin confessed everything

c) believed the story of Masha Mironova

d) Pugachev asked to pardon Grinev

22. Who pronounces these words in the story: “... it will rain, there will be fungi; and there will be fungi, there will be a body”?

a) Pugachev

b) Shvabrin

c) Grinev

d) Savelich

23. Complete the portrait of Pugachev by inserting the missing word: “... he was about forty, medium height, thin and broad-shouldered. There was gray in his black beard; living large eyes and ran. His face had a rather pleasant expression, but…”:

a) angry

b) sad

c) picaresque

d) exhausted

24. For what reason did A.S. Pushkin choose Grinev as the narrator?

a) Grinev belonged to an old noble family, where the concepts of "honor" and "service" are inseparable.

c) Grinev's youth allows him to forget about class affiliation and be guided by common sense.

25. Mark the military rank of Grinev.

a) cornet.

b) Ensign.

c) Lieutenant.

d) Private.

26. Mark the correct judgment.

a) In the center of the story "The Captain's Daughter" is the fate of the heroes in the tragic time of the Pugachev rebellion.

b) In the center of the story "The Captain's Daughter" is the life story of Pyotr Grinev.

27. How old are Petrusha Grinev and Masha Mironova

(Grinev is 16-17 years old. Masha is 18 years old)

28. Who is a disabled person in the tsarist army

(old in the service of a soldier).

29. About whom is it said in the story: “he was a hairdresser, then a soldier in Prussia ... He was a kind fellow, but windy and dissolute to the extreme”? (Beaupre)

30. How Petrusha Grinev used the geographical map ? (made a kite out of it)

31. What was the name of the constable in the Belogorsk fortress? (Maksimych)

32. What advice did father give to Pyotr Grinev when he was sent to the service?

(Serve faithfully to whom you swear. Obey your superiors. Do not chase after their affection. Do not ask for service. Do not dissuade from service. Remember the proverb: take care of your dress again, and honor from a young age).

33. What is the name of the Yaik River now? Why was its name changed?

(This is the Ural River. After the Pugachev rebellion, in which the Yaik Cossacks took part, Yaik was renamed the Ural in 1775 by decree of Empress Catherine II. After the suppression of the Pugachev uprising, many geographical names were changed so that nothing reminded of the rebellion).

34. Who and why disposes of the fortress? (Acts on behalf of her husband Vasilisa Yegorovna, captain. She “looked at the affairs of the service as if they were her master’s, and ruled as accurately as her own house).

35. What did Grinev do in the fortress?(Grinev was promoted to officer, but his service "did not burden him." He began to read, he "awakened a desire for literature": he translated and even composed poetry).

36. What was the reason, and what was the reason for the quarrel between Grinev and Shvabrin?

(The reason was that Grinev did not like Shvabrin’s “always-on jokes” about the commandant’s family, he began to understand that Shvabrin was a dishonest and unkind person. Grinev irritated Shvabrin with his openness and simplicity, by the fact that he loves Masha, to whom Shvabrin but the reason for the quarrel and duel was not "just a rude and evil mockery", but "deliberate slander". The quarrel had been brewing for a long time and was inevitable).

37. How was Grinev wounded?

(Shvabrin took advantage of the fact that Grinev distracted Savelich's call and dealt him a vile blow).

38. What did Grinev defend in a duel?

(He defended the honor and dignity of himself and his beloved. And Vasilisa Yegorovna, without naming the true reasons, explained that he and Shvabrin quarreled “over a song”).

39. Why did Grinev reconcile with Shvabrin?

(“I was too happy to keep a feeling of hostility in my heart.” Grinev decided that Shvabrin sincerely repented, believed that he slandered out of a feeling of “insulted pride and rejected love”, and “generously” forgave his “unfortunate rival”).

40. Why did Andrey Petrovich Grinev refuse his son's blessing to marry Masha Mironova?

(The father decided that his son was behaving unworthily, that instead of serving he fought duels "with the same tomboys", that he should not marry him, but beat "nonsense" out of him).

41. How did Grinev's father find out about his son's relationship with Masha?

(Shvabrin informed his father by writing him a letter).

42. Why did Masha refuse to marry Grinev?

(Masha believed that happiness was impossible without the blessing of her parents. She sincerely loves Grinev and wishes him happiness “at least on the other side”).

43. How did the fortress learn about the impending threat of Pugachev's attack?

(The commandant of the fortress received a secret letter from the general demanding that he take "appropriate measures" to repulse the "villain and impostor." Let's pay attention to the reservation that the captain made at a meeting of officers: "... and we have only one hundred and thirty people, not counting the Cossacks" The army of rebels far outnumbered the defenders and inhabitants of the fortress).

44. What character traits of Captain Mironov reveals the scene of his death?

(disinterestedness, honesty, loyalty to the oath to the empress. He lived honestly, modestly, and met his death with dignity. The last words of the captain: “You are not my sovereign, you are a thief and an impostor, you hear!”)

45. How is Shvabrin described in the execution scene?

(He managed not only to defect to Pugachev's side, but also cut his hair "in a circle" and put on a Cossack caftan. In addition, he managed to whisper something to Pugachev, after which Grinev was dragged to the gallows).

46. ​​What is the reason for the miraculous salvation of Grinev?

(Pugachev recognized his former fellow travelers and remembered the hare sheepskin coat he had been granted).

47. How does Pugachev behave in the scene of Grinev's release?

(Pugachev shows sharpness, cunning, resourcefulness. He justifies Grinev's refusal to kiss his hand like this: “His honor, to know, is stupefied with joy”).

48. How do people behave in the chapter "Attack"? Whose side is he on?

(the people showed themselves as a dumb crowd, taking the side of the force, submitting to the force. When Pugachev left, "the people rushed after him").

49. What is the reason for the fall of the Belogorsk fortress and the victory of the Pugachevites?

(Pugachev met with great support among the people. Despite the spontaneous nature of the uprising, its social orientation was clear to each participant: it was aimed against the landowners, the government and the military authorities, against serfdom and any oppression of the people).

50. Comment on the scene with Savelich. Why did Pugachev order Savelich's paper to be read to the "Chief Secretary"?

(Pugachev was illiterate, but did not want to admit it, so he cheated: “Our bright eyes cannot make out anything here.” The scene with Savelich is humorous: the faithful servant decided on the plundered master's goods, narrowly avoiding death. creates a humorous effect).