Poor people lesson summary. F.M lesson development

Publication date: 25.04.2015

Short description: Subject: F.M. Dostoevsky. The novel "Poor people". The originality of the genre of the novel in letters. Innovation in the interpretation of the theme of the “little man”. Lesson objectives: Educational - to continue to introduce students to the work of F.M. Dostoevsky; introduce the novel "Poor People"; show about

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Subject: F.M. Dostoevsky. "Poor people". The originality of the genre of the novel in letters. Innovation in the interpretation of the "little man" theme.

Continue acquaintance of students with the work of F.M. Dostoevsky; introduce the novel "Poor People"; show the features of the genre of the novel in letters;

Develop analytical thinking, speech, memory;

Foster a culture of reading; the ability to understand other people, to empathize and sympathize.

Equipment: portrait of F.M. Dostoevsky, presentation, statement by F.M. Dostoevsky.

During the classes

I. Organizational stage.

II. Knowledge update.

Reception "Brainstorm".

- "Small man". What kind of person is this?

powerless

unhappy

humiliated

Small man

offended

crushed

disadvantaged

offended

Goal setting.

2. Exchange of impressions from the read novel.

What impression did Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky's first novel make on you?

What did you like about this novel?

What did you find new and unusual about it?

What questions did it raise for you?

Now remember, please, what is the name of the trend in art and literature of the 19th century, which is characterized by “the image of a typical person in typical circumstances”:

a) sentimentalism; b) romanticism; c) realism; d) classicism?

III. Formation of new concepts and methods of action.

1. Student's message.

A student who has received a special task makes a report about the life and work of F.M. Dostoevsky (presentation).

2. Conversation.

Board writing:

“Man is a mystery. It must be unraveled, and if you have been unraveling it all your life, then do not say that you have wasted time; I am engaged in this secret, because I want to be a man…” F.M. Dostoevsky.

Read the statement written on the board. This phrase embodies the main life and creative principle of the great writer, in other words, his credo.

Now that you have read the novel "Poor People" and got acquainted with the statement of the great writer about his artistic credo, try to determine what is the main theme of this author's work? Man and his inner world.

This feature will become defining in Dostoevsky and will be called psychologism.

The novel "Poor People" became a high-profile literary debut of the writer. The author depicted a special type of person, discovered at one time by Pushkin and Gogol and indicated in the title of the novel. Sometimes this type is also called the "little man."

The enthusiasm was universal, an unknown young writer became one of the participants in the "natural school", and his work opened her second almanac "Petersburg Collection", published in 1846. Ruler of thoughts V.G. Belinsky, after reading the novel, excitedly asked its author: “Do you understand yourself that you wrote this?” “It was the most delightful minute in my life,” F.M. later admitted. Dostoevsky.

Why do you think the novel gained fame even before it was published?

His theme excited readers with the pressing problems of our time.

What type of hero is depicted in it? Small man.

You're right. This was the reason for the resounding success of the first novel by F.M. Dostoevsky. Here is how V.G. Belinsky: “Honor and glory to the young poet, whose muse loves people in attics and basements and speaks about them to the inhabitants of gilded chambers: “After all, these are also people, your brothers!”

2. Research work. Group work.

Prove or dispute this thesis: “The theme of the “little man” was gained through suffering by Russian literature in the first half of the 19th century.”

Students give examples from the works of A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol dedicated to this topic. Presentation by a speaker from each group. Evaluation.

What features of tradition and innovation are present in the image of Devushkin?

What is the meaning of the title?

vocabulary work

An epistolary novel or a novel in letters is a kind of novel, which is a cycle of letters from one or more characters. The letters express the emotional experiences of the characters, reflect their inner evolution. The genre originated in the 17th century, but became popular in the literature of the 18th century, especially in the work of sentimentalist writers. In the literature of romanticism, the development of the genre continued. The epistolary novel still exists today.

How do the features of the genre convey the ideological content?

What are the main features of the image of Makar Devushkin?

Determine the degree of innovation of the writer in the image of the "little man".

Well-known literary critic M.M. Bakhtin, in his work “Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics”, wrote about the writer’s innovation in depicting the “little man”: “In Gogol’s world, the author of Poor Folk made a “Copernican coup”, making the subject of the image not the reality of the hero, but his self-consciousness as a reality of the second order ".

IV. Application. Formation of skills and abilities.

1. Work in groups.

1 group. The living conditions of the characters in the novel. Compose a syncwine.
Conclusion: the heroes of the novel have poor, beggarly living conditions.
2 group. The people our heroes meet.
Task: Tell about the heroes whose fates are described in letters by the heroes of the novel. Compose a syncwine.
Conclusion: all around poverty, leading people to death. These people evoke pity in Varenka and Devushkin.
3rd group. Description of Petersburg. Scenery.
Task: find a description of nature, St. Petersburg, pay attention to what colors Dostoevsky uses. Compose a syncwine.
Conclusion: the description of the landscape of St. Petersburg is built on contrasts. These descriptions help to understand the inner world of the characters.
4 group. The image of Makar Devushkin and Barbara. Compose a syncwine.
There is a speaker from each group. Evaluation.

Tell me, are there "little people" in our lives?

Dostoevsky's view of the "little man" is that he portrayed the awakening of the human personality, a protest against the depersonalization of man. Dostoevsky is a psychological writer.

2. Test based on the novel "Poor People" by F. Dostoevsky (individually)

1. Dostoevsky in the development of the theme of "the little man" continues the tradition

A) Turgenev and Pushkin; B) Pushkin and Lermontov;

B) Pushkin and Gogol; d) Radishchev and Tolstoy; e) Karamzin and Gogol.

2. Dostoevsky's "Godfather" in literature, having highly appreciated his novel "Poor People", became:

A) V. Belinsky B) N. Gogol C) A. Pushkin d) L. Tolstoy e) N. Chernyshevsky.

3. Name the first work of Dostoevsky.

A) "White Nights" b) "Crime and Punishment" c) "Poor People" d) "Demons" e) "Notes from the Underground"

4. Indicate the form of writing the novel "Poor People"

5. Makar Devushkin

A) 18 years old b) 24 years old c) 35 years old d) 40 years old e) 47 years old

6. About whom Devushkin writes: “So gray-haired, small; walks in such a greasy dress that it hurts to look ... his knees are trembling, his hands are shaking ... His families are his wife and three children ”?

A) Emelyan Ivanovich b) Gorshkov. C) Pokrovsky d) Bykov e) Ratazyaev.

A) Pushkin's The Queen of Spades b) Pushkin's Tale of Belkin c) Gogol's The Government Inspector d) Karamzin's Poor Liza e) Fonvizin's Undergrowth.

8. Who do we learn from Varenka’s letter: “Here he announced to me that he was looking for my hand, that he considered it his duty to return my honor, that he was rich, that he would take me after the wedding to his steppe village”?

A) About Emelyan Ivanovich b) About Pokrovsky C) About Gorshkov d) About Bykov e) About Ratazyaev.

9. Name the novel by F. Dostoevsky.

A) Resurrection b) Anna Karenina c) Fathers and Sons d) Crime and Punishment e) Oblomov.

Self-test. Answers: 1. c 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. e 6. b 7. b 8. d 9. d

Formative assessment of activities in the lesson by an evaluator

Full name of students

Participates in the distribution of responsibilities in the group and fulfills their responsibilities

Suggests ideas

Actively participates in the discussion of the group (develops, generalizes the proposed ideas, information)

Helps group members

Listens carefully and asks questions

Able to lead a discussion (politely objects, seeks agreement on issues that have caused disputes)

Works in a group, focusing on the assigned learning task

Total score

V. The results of the lesson. stage of reflection.

The guys in a circle speak in one sentence, choosing the beginning of the phrase from the reflective screen on the board:

1. today I learned… 2. it was interesting… 3. it was difficult… 4. I completed tasks…

5. I realized that… 6. I can now… 7. I felt that… 8. I acquired…

9. I learned… 10. I succeeded… 11. I could… 12. I will try…

13. surprised me... 14. gave me a lesson for life... 15. I felt like...

VI. Homework information stage.

Creative task.

1. Write a letter to a friend with your impressions of The Poor Folk and the characters in the novel.

2. Create an essay "My favorite letter in Poor People."

3. In what life situation did I feel like a “little person”?

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Class: 10

Target:

• to acquaint students with the life and work of F.M. Dostovevsky;
• to develop the monologue speech of students;
• to continue work on raising interest in Russian literature.

Equipment: exhibition, portrait, presentation, media projector, computer.

Board writing:

• “New Gogol has appeared!” (N.A. Nekrasov)
• “... Let's just say that this is an unusual and original talent, which immediately, even with its first work, sharply separated from the whole crowd of our writers ...” (V. G. Belinsky)
• “In the works of Mr. Dostoevsky, we find one common feature, more or less noticeable in everything he wrote: it is pain about a person ....” (N.A. Dobrolyubov)

Epigraph: Each person must be a person and treat others as a person treats a person.

lesson number on topic: 1.

Lesson type- introductory.

Conduct form- a literary living room with elements of theatricalization.

During the classes

Introductory speech of the teacher:

The whole world reads Dostoevsky, the impression from his novels is huge and ambiguous. Dostoevsky is complex and contradictory. He is the greatest realist writer, connoisseur of life, humanist, passionate exposer of social evil, lies and hypocrisy. Throughout his conscious life, the writer was concerned about the fate of his people and humanity.

He has always stood apart in Russian literature, remaining not fully understood and appreciated.

Dostoevsky is rightly called "the most difficult classic in the world." To understand this writer, one must know the logic of his thinking, the structure of his concepts and terms. Many things in Dostoevsky are “not like in people”. He strove for isolated originality.

From where, from what roots did this genius grow?

What were the writer's childhood and youth like?

1st student:

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born on October 30, 1821, into the family of a doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, in Moscow, on Bozhedomka. The family lived in an outbuilding at the hospital. It was an imposing building of the palace type, but the interior decoration of the official apartment of the collegiate adviser, the head physician, was very modest.

The family eventually grew to 9 people, but huddled in two rooms with a front and a separate kitchen.

Was the family poor? After all, poverty is the main motive of all the stories about Dostoevsky's childhood. Judge for yourself: my father rose to the rank of personal nobility, had a private practice, kept servants: a nanny, two maids, a cook, a coachman, a footman. At the birth of children, they hired wet nurses and kept four horses.

The writer's mother came from a wealthy Nechaev merchant family, had many brothers and sisters who later helped raise children: Mikhail, Fedor, Barbara, Andrey, Vera, Lyubov, Nikolai, Alexandra. Lyuba died in infancy, the rest of the children, except for Mikhail and Fedor, lived an ordinary life, not even realizing how brilliant Fedor was.

2nd student:

Relations in the family were built on complete submission to the will and whims of the husband and father.

Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky, the writer's father, according to all recollections, was a quick-tempered, suspicious and obstinate hoarder. He counted the rags after the laundress, became furious at not counting the silver spoon in the cupboard; constantly harassed his wife with nit-picking, jealousy, and suspicions.

The writer's mother, who died in February 1837, was completely different: cheerful, sociable, economic, quick-witted, all in merchant relatives.

The correspondence of the Dostoevsky spouses has survived to this day. She does not shine with literacy, but is all permeated with some kind of gingerbread, sugary tenderness.

And this could not pass without a trace for Dostoevsky. For the writer, the issue of family relations is a matter of great importance: all his novels are built on the fate of the family, on showing the collapse of the contemporary family.

Teacher: And what is the influence of the family on the writer himself? How was he brought up, what did he learn in childhood and youth?

3rd student:

Researchers of Dostoevsky's life and work note that the future writer's upbringing at home was carried out correctly and systematically: he knew French and German, his father even taught him Latin.

In early childhood, Dostoevsky, like Pushkin, had his own “nanny” Alena Frolovna. She told the boy about the fabulous firebird, about the exploits of Alyosha Popovich, about Bluebeard. Then the reading began. The writer was especially struck by the book “104 Sacred Stories of the Old and New Testaments”. All literary novelties were in his field of vision: the then famous Russian historical novels “Yuri Miloslavsky” by Zagoskin; "Ice House" Lazhechnikov; "Archers" Masalsky; "Family of Kholmsky" Begichev.

But in the first place were Pushkin and Gogol. Pushkin's death struck Dostoevsky as a personal grief, because he loved everything in the poet, and especially his love of life and humanism.

Most attracted Dostoevsky "Songs of the Western Slavs." He perfectly recited Pushkin's poems and prose with his quiet penetrating voice, enchanting the listeners with the melody of the verse. F.M. Dostoevsky, one might say, “worshiped” the depth and elegance of “Eugene Onegin”

Teacher: If not for the illness and death of “mother”, Fyodor and Mikhail Dostoevsky would have declared mourning for Pushkin in the family. Thoughts about the beloved writer went through the whole difficult life of Dostoevsky. Therefore, the writer considered the opportunity to speak at the opening of the monument to A.S. Pushkin in Moscow a great joy and a great honor, he thought about what PUSHKIN is for Russia and the world.

4th student: Monument to the sculptor A.M. Opekushina was opened on June 6, 1880 in Moscow on the edge of Tverskoy Boulevard. And on June 8, in the hall of the noble assembly, Fyodor Mikhailovich delivered his speech. Agitated and somehow stooping, he climbed onto the pulpit and began to read somehow slowly and uncertainly. But gradually his voice grew stronger, the inspired elation of thoughts seemed to make him taller, straightened his shoulders, lit his dark eyes with fire.

Dostoevsky spoke of three periods of Pushkin's work, between which, however, "there are no firm boundaries", and, the writer noted, the last period of Pushkin's work is universal. The writer believed that among the world's literary geniuses there was not one who would have such an ability of universal responsiveness as our Pushkin. But the main meaning of the speech was to call everyone to unity and brotherhood. Fyodor Mikhailovich ended his speech with the words: “I am talking only about the brotherhood of people and that the Russian heart is perhaps the most destined of all peoples for world-wide, but all-human fraternal unity, I see traces of it in our history, in our gifted people , in the artistic genius of Pushkin”.

5th student: But the great service to Russia with the pen of the artist especially struck him in Gogol. With the advent of Gogol, a miracle happened in literature: the writer spoke about Russian life in such close, heartfelt words, made him look at himself in a new way, so that life seemed to be a completely unexplored abyss.

Teacher: But a person's childhood is not endless, there comes a time when he must leave his father's house in order to get a profession and create his own home, his family. The time has come for Dostoevsky as well.

6th student:

At first, the brothers Fedor and Mikhail studied at the first-class Moscow boarding school of Leonty Chershak, which they later remembered with gratitude, because. The boarding school was distinguished by strict discipline, a rich curriculum, and educated teachers. Education in the boarding school awakened the independent thought of the students. But nothing specifically writerly in Dostoevsky is yet to be seen. At the end of the boarding school, he entered the main engineering school in St. Petersburg. Apparently, such a choice was made at the behest of the father, who wanted his children to be well provided for, and graduating from college would give an officer rank. The school was dominated by shagistics, topography, fortification, exact sciences, and here Dostoevsky had his first epileptic fit. At the school, the writer lived some kind of inner life, tense, hidden from others. He was religious. He was unsociable, had few friends.

All this inner work could not remain unclaimed. By 1845, Dostoevsky had completely re-read Schiller, got carried away by Balzac, and here he saw the main concept of his work: realism, the diversity of the elements of life. This, in the eyes of the writer, united Balzac, Pushkin and Gogol.

7th student:

In 1845, Dostoevsky entered Russian literature, not timidly, like a new student, but boldly, weightily, saying his own, new, word. It was the novel "Poor People". Immediately after the publication of the novel, Dostoevsky was talked about as the greatest writer of the natural school. At this time, literature experienced a period of remarkable flowering.

Everything in the first novel was in the spirit of the “natural school”: the title, the characters, and the pathos of upholding human rights. According to Belinsky, this was the first attempt at a social novel in Russian literature. Indeed, the social nature of the novel acted in sharpening the issue of class inequality, in showing the outcasts of society. full of inner dignity and spiritual delicacy. These are Makar Devushkin and Varenka Dobroselova. They do not dream of any benefactors, nor of any saviors, but live on their own. But reality breaks into their narrow little world and breaks everything, they are forced to part.

It is striking that Dostoevsky wrote his first novel in the epistolary genre. This form in literature was considered aristocratic, refined. And suddenly Dostoevsky "spent" this form on the outline of the inner world of "a simple official and a fallen maiden." But, in essence, Dostoevsky continued the tradition of high and pure feelings. But, from the point of view of ingrained morality and "decency". this world of poor heroes seemed defiant. And Dostoevsky continued the same line in the story "White Nights".

8th student:

Pain about a person... It is difficult to find a more precise and capacious formula for Dostoevsky's creativity, for his humanism. “White Nights” is a sentimental novel from the memoirs of a dreamer. Let's start with the word "dreamer", as the hero himself calls himself. What is he hiding from? From other people, from their curious looks. For him there is always a dividing line: the dreamer and the rest.

But what does the addition “sentimental romance” mean? This is not just a novel, but sentimental, i.e. fanned with poetry of heartfelt feeling, blurring the contours of real events. And here we turn to the words of the title itself - “White Nights”.

Note that the entire action of the novel takes place at night. It does not even have the usual division into chapters, but there are nights: the first night, the second night ... only 4 nights. Stingy, laconic and night scenery: only the canal embankment, on which the dreamer and Nastenka met; the bench on which they sat. At first, both heroes are equal, equal in their misfortune, loneliness, poverty. It turns out that misfortune brings them together. And happiness - happiness, her meeting with her lover - separates. It turns out that even what he experienced during those White Nights was not his. The dreamer realized that even this very tenderness of hers, her care, her love were nothing but the joy of soon meeting with another, the desire to tie her happiness. Such is Dostoevsky's all-encompassing humanism: the writer is full of "pain for every person - poor, unfortunate, forgotten - and makes us, readers, share this pain."

But Dostoevsky did not confine himself to just one sentimental trend. For 3 years, he creates after the "Poor People" and "White Nights" 6 works. Among them are “Netochka Nezvanova”, “Double”, “Mistress”. In these works, either the “environment” dominates the personality, or there are attempts to rebel the personality for their rights, or the characters are obsessed with some idea. Actually, this ended the first stage of Dostoevsky's literary work. And the socio-political activity of the writer was to blame for this or the reason. The new ideology - socialism - attracted the writer by preaching a better future for mankind, preaching equality, the emancipation of women, criticism of bourgeois civilization.

1st student:

It is the ideology of socialism that brings Fyodor Mikhailovich to various circles and political societies, but from September 1848 he opts for the circle of Mikhail Vasilyevich Petrashevsky, regularly visiting his “Fridays”. The “Petrashevites” were the ideological heirs of the Decembrists, but the society no longer consisted of only nobles, there were also raznochintsy. The “Petrashevites” were arrested without even starting to act, but only by conspiring with ideas.

But Dostoevsky, in his convictions, was never a revolutionary, the truths of the Gospel prevail in his mind, and he accepted socialism as a branch of Christianity. Petrashevsky's "Fridays" led Dostoevsky to arrest and sentence to death. But then, among others, the writer was pardoned and received 4 years of hard labor and a settlement in Siberia. The verdict was announced on December 22, 1849, and on January 23, 1850, Dostoevsky was taken by stage to Omsk, a prison camp. In the book Notes from the House of the Dead, he described in detail the life of convicts. Staying in hard labor, and then serving as a private, made certain changes in the writer's worldview. In 1858, Dostoevsky, who had risen to the rank of ensign, resigned "due to illness." A year earlier, he had been restored to civil rights, and his hereditary nobility was returned to him.

Although in some ways Dostoevsky abandoned his previous ideas, he remained true to one main idea - the idea of ​​the truth of life. In the second half of the 19th century, the genre of the novel began to dominate in Russian literature. Dostoevsky, a novelist, along with Tolstoy, took one of the first places in Russian literature. In his novels, he showed an infinitely rich life material. He touched upon such aspects of public and social life that other novelists passed by. And the strength of Dostoevsky's talent manifested itself in the depiction of the restless personality of his day, in criticism of the disorder of modern society.

In the 60-70s of the 19th century, the writer created “his great novels”: “Crime and Punishment”, “Idiot”, “Demons”, “Teenager”, “The Brothers Karamazov”.

2nd student:

Dostoevsky's path to the novel "Crime and Punishment" was a long one. It was conceived back in the early 50s. The painful and painful year of 1864 gives the writer abundant material for the planned work. After the death of his brother, Fyodor Mikhailovich finds himself in dire need, and the threat of a debtor's prison hangs over him. Throughout the year, the writer was forced to turn to St. Petersburg usurers. Not sparing his health, he sat at work until 6 o'clock in the morning, trying to save the child he had in common with his brother - the Epoch magazine. Dostoevsky still cannot get out of poverty and brings the amount of his debt to 25 thousand rubles. He stops fighting for the magazine and returns to his main business - writing.

The main version of the novel took shape by the autumn of 1865. But it grew, became more voluminous and more complex. It seems that work on the novel is about to be successfully completed, and suddenly in the fall of 1866 Dostoevsky again finds himself in exceptionally difficult circumstances: he is forced to work hard on another novel, The Gambler, simultaneously with his work on Crime and Punishment. The fact is that under a contract with the publisher Stellovsky, he had to submit a new novel by November 1. Therefore, only in November 1866, Dostoevsky dictated the last, sixth, part of the novel and the epilogue of Crime and Punishment, which are published in the December issue of the Russky Vestnik magazine. And only in March 1867 the novel "Crime and Punishment" was published as a separate edition.

The release of the novel was preceded by many difficulties: financial, psychological, and moral quests did not leave the writer. But the main problem was the lack of time to write another work under a bonded contract. And in this most difficult time for the writer, fate, in the person of Milyukov and the professor of shorthand Olkhovsky, presented Fyodor Mikhailovich with probably the most generous gift - an acquaintance with the main person of his whole life, both writing and human. We bring to your attention a small fragment that tells this touching story. Annex 1).

Two more novels are published after "Crime and Punishment", these are "Teenager" and "Idiot". And all these years, in the soul and in the thoughts of the writer, the idea of ​​​​a new novel, a novel-dilogue, combining the past and the future, has been ripening.

3rd student: "The Brothers Karamazov" - the last, final, greatest novel of Dostoevsky. It is based on a dramatic intrigue - the murder of a person who was the focus of passions. Murder out of hatred and revenge, because of money, because of jealousy. A purely worldly basis gives naturalness to the intrigue, completeness and persuasiveness of motivations.

The Brothers Karamazov is Dostoevsky's most complex and most understandable novel in terms of plot. The family principle, which was usually found in the novels of the writer and turned out to be on the periphery, is here the basis of the narrative. The action develops rapidly, all roles are indicated immediately. The novel is organic, clear, the national Russian element dominates in all its cells.

Scenes of people's suffering, taken from nature, were a new word in the artistic narrative. The plot is based on the story of the retired lieutenant Ilyinsky, a “paricide from the nobles,” heard by Dostoevsky in hard labor, imprisoned in the Omsk prison. Ilyinsky was erroneously convicted, the murderer was his younger brother, who wanted to receive the inheritance alone. The novel relies on much of what the author observed in life or found out on purpose. Dostoevsky sometimes wrote in the heat of personal experiences: his son Alyosha died at the age of three, and he named Alyosha one of the heroes of the novel.

The Brothers Karamazov raises the question of the meaning of being. This problem was discussed by all the characters in the novel. The writer comes to the conclusion that not a single system of state structure that existed in the world protects the rights of every person. Salvation is only in the renewal of man himself. Elder Zosima said: “If they are brothers, there will be brotherhood.” This is an expression of the basic life principle of the writer. In Dostoevsky's teaching, of course, there are many controversial and incorrect, but the general conclusion is that the meaning of life is to know why to live.

And one must live, according to Dostoevsky, so that there is peace between people, in the name of their prosperity, improvement. The brothers from the Karamazov family themselves broke up in different directions. But the principle of "brotherhood" remained and bequeathed by the writer to the future.

I think it's time to take stock of our acquaintance with the writer and his work. Each of you, preparing for the lesson, learned some facet of this great and ambiguous personality. At home, you will write a miniature essay “Dostoevsky as I see him.”.

I also remind you that you received in advance tasks in groups for the novel “Crime and Punishment”:

• 1st group - Petersburg Pushkin
• Group 2 - Gogol's Petersburg
• Group 3 - Dostoevsky's Petersburg.

Thank you all, I look forward to seeing you at the next lesson.

P.S. Each teacher creates a presentation in accordance with his tasks, for me it served as illustrative material for student performances, included portraits of F.M. Dostoevsky by various authors, various photos, illustrations for the writer’s works, and movie fragments.

Lesson topic: Grade 8
F.M. Dostoevsky "Poor people"
Purpose: to expand the knowledge of students in the field of Russian literature.
Educational task: to acquaint students with Dostoevsky's work "Poor People".
The task is developing: the development of the ability to analyze a literary work.
Educational task: moral education.
During the classes:
1. The topic and tasks of the lesson are announced.
2. A minute of poetry.
3. Introduction about the writer.
4. Reading and analysis:
Who are the main characters of the work?
What story is told in this piece? What is your attitude towards heroes?
What feelings do the characters evoke? Justify. What is this piece about?
What can it teach the reader?
5. Key questions.
What is the author's position in relation to the characters? Why do you think the author abandoned the optimistic ending? Come up with your own version of the story's ending. Explain the meaning of the title of the story. Do you think the theme of the “little man” is relevant?
F.M. Dostoevsky "Poor people"
Summary. Makar Alekseevich Devushkin is a 47-year-old titular adviser who rewrites papers for a small salary in one of the St. Petersburg departments. He had just moved into a new apartment in a capital building near the Fontanka along a long corridor of doors to the tenants' rooms. The hero himself huddled behind a partition in the common room. His former housing was not an example of the best. However, now for Devushkin the main thing is cheapness, because in the same courtyard he rents a more comfortable and expensive apartment for his distant relative Varvara Alekseevna Dobroselova. The poor official takes under his protection a 17-year-old orphan, for whom there was no one to intercede except for him. Living nearby, they rarely see each other, as Makar is afraid of gossip. However, both need warmth and sympathy, which they draw from daily correspondence with each other. The history of the relationship between Makar and Varenka is revealed in 31 of his and 24 of his letters, written from April 8 to September 30, 184 ... M.'s first letter is permeated with the happiness of finding heartfelt affection. He profits on flowers and candy for his little angel, denying himself food and clothes. Varenka is angry with the patron for being too much.
Such is the fate of Varenka. She grew up in the village, but her father lost his position as manager of the estate and took the family to St. Petersburg. My father worked very hard, fell ill and died. The mother suffered the same fate. The widow, Varenka's mother, and her daughter were sheltered by a relative Anna Fedorovna, who later sold Varenka to the wealthy landowner Bykov, who treated the girl cruelly. She got sick. Makar took care of her. She was unconscious for a whole month.
When she felt better, she was afraid that Bykov would find her. This happened. Bykov said that if Varenka did not marry him, he would marry a rich merchant's wife. But Varenka still marries him. Makar is having a hard time with this.
Why such an ending? Is he fair? How would you finish this piece?
6. Drawing up a five-verse about the work.
"Poor People"
Touching, exciting.
He raises the problem of the “little man”, does not leave a person indifferent, teaches mercy, demands mercy from society.
Sad, tragic, arousing sympathy, demanding justice.
Pain.
7. Results, conclusions, estimates. Finish the sentence: Today was interesting...It was difficult for me...Now I can...
8. D/Z A story about Dostoevsky. Reading by roles of the fragment you like. Make a quiz on the work of 5 questions.
Read the work.

Lessons 105–106 MEETING WITH F. M. DOSTOYEVSKY, THE THINKER, THE ARTIST AND THE PERSON (AN OUTLINE OF LIFE AND CREATIVITY)

30.03.2013 16305 0

Lessons 105–106
Meeting with F. M. Dostoevsky,
thinker, artist and human
(Essay on life and work)

Goals : deepen students' understanding of Dostoevsky, the thinker, writer and man; arouse interest in his work; find out what caused the huge interest in Dostoevsky's novels in our time.

Visual aids: a portrait of a writer, an album by F. M. Dostoevsky.

Course of lessons

Epigraph to the lessons:

I will tell you about myself that I am a child of the age, a child of unbelief and doubt. What terrible torments it cost and is now worth this thirst to believe.

F. M. Dostoevsky

I. Opening speech of the teacher.

The life and work of F. M. Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821–1881)- an outstanding writer-thinker, a talented journalist and publicist. The artist K. Trutovsky left us a portrait of Dostoevsky: a high forehead, wide-set eyes, regular lips and nose, sparse light-colored hair and a barely noticeable beard. A decisive wave of dark eyebrows - and a sad, disappointed, a little stern and at the same time sympathetic expression.

E. M. Rumyantseva: “In Dostoevsky, indeed, the most contradictory qualities were combined: gullibility and simplicity - with painful suspiciousness, isolation - with sincerity and frankness, cordiality and participation - with alienation, sometimes taken for arrogance, irrepressible passion - with impenetrability, seriousness with frivolity.

The life, personality and work of the writer are complex and full of drama.

II. Conversation with students about the life and personality of F. M. Dostoevsky.

Questions.

1. Tell us about the main events and impressions of Dostoevsky's childhood and youth that influenced the formation of his worldview.

2. What role did the acquaintance with V. G. Belinsky play in the life of the writer? What excited the great critic in Dostoevsky's novel "Poor Folk"? (The novel "Poor people" (1845) was read by Grigorovich and Nekrasov. “Suddenly, a bell rang, which surprised me greatly, and now Grigorovich and Nekrasov rush to hug me, in complete delight, and both almost cry themselves,” Dostoevsky recalled. Soon the manuscript was read by V. G. Belinsky. “Do you really understand that you wrote this! .. The truth is revealed to you and proclaimed as an artist ... Appreciate your gift and remain faithful and be a great writer”, Belinsky repeated to the novice writer. The critic found that the novel "as a whole, is excellent", that it contains "terrible simplicity and truth".

In the novel "Poor People" Dostoevsky revealed the complex, rich spiritual world of a "small" man, humiliated and insulted, crushed by life. “After all, these are also people, your brothers!” The heroes of the novel Makar Devushkin and Varenka Dobroselova are people of amazing spiritual purity.)

3. What ideas united people in the circle of M. V. Petrashevsky? For what and how were the Petrashevites punished? (Since 1847, Dostoevsky began to visit the “Fridays” of M. Petrashevsky, a utopian socialist. The Petrashevites dreamed of freedom, of social justice for all people. Dostoevsky spoke in favor of the immediate abolition of serfdom in Russia.

In April 1849, the writer read at a meeting the forbidden "Letter of Belinsky to Gogol", filled, as the report of the provocateur Antonelli said, "impudent free-thinking."

Dostoevsky, along with other Petrashevites, was arrested and sent to the Peter and Paul Fortress. The case of those arrested was considered for eight months. Everyone was amazed at the cruelty of the sentence: "to put to death by shooting". The execution ceremony took place on December 22, 1849 at the Semyonovsky parade ground in St. Petersburg. “This moment was terrible,” wrote one of the Petrashevites D. Akhsharumov. But a few minutes later another verdict was read out, according to which "... it was announced that the Sovereign Emperor would give life and, in return for the death penalty, to each according to guilt, a special punishment." Dostoevsky was sentenced to 4 years of hard labor in Siberia.

From a letter from F. M. Dostoevsky to his brother Mikhail: “... Brother! I didn’t get discouraged and didn’t lose heart… In four years fate will be relieved… When I look back at the past, I’ll think about how much time was wasted, how much time was wasted in delusions, in mistakes, in idleness, in inability to live… my heart bleeds so much. Life is a gift, life is happiness, every minute could be a century of happiness... Brother! I swear to you that I will not lose hope and keep my spirit and heart pure. I will be reborn for the better. That is all my hope, all my consolation.”

4. What role did the meeting with the Decembrists play in Dostoevsky's life? (In Tobolsk, in a transit prison, the writer and his associates lived for 6 days. They were helped by the wives of the Decembrists - Zh. A. Muravyova, P. E. Annenkova and N. D. Fonvizina. They encouraged the exiles, helped with food and clothes, each The gospel is the only book allowed in prison. Traveling under escort was difficult. F. Dostoevsky recalled: "I froze to the heart.")

5. How did Dostoevsky's views and ideas change after hard labor? (In hard labor, the writer “recognized” the Russian people. “And in hard labor among robbers, at the age of four, I finally distinguished people. Would you believe it,” Dostoevsky wrote to his brother, “there are deep, strong, beautiful characters ... I got used to them and therefore I think I know them fairly well... If I didn’t know Russia, then the Russian people are well, as perhaps not many people know them.”

Dostoevsky saw in hard labor the full extent of the suffering of an ordinary person, his disenfranchised position, humility. It is possible to revive Russia, to save the oppressed people, only by returning "to the highest spiritual values ​​of kindness, love and mercy, known since biblical times." The Christian religion with its ideas of brotherhood and mutual compassion can unite people. “To believe that there is nothing more beautiful, deeper, more sympathetic, more reasonable, more courageous and more perfect than Christ,” Dostoevsky said. Belief in the existence of a moral principle in the midst of general chaos and lawlessness helped the writer endure the torments of hard labor.

The writer had a negative attitude towards the revolutionary movement, did not share the views of the revolutionary democrats on the future of Russia.)

6. Tell us about the journalistic activities of F. Dostoevsky.
(Publishing of the magazines "Time", 1861-1863, "Epoch", 1864-1865, "Citizen", 1873)

7. What are the reasons for the enormous popularity of Dostoevsky in our time?

III. A brief retelling of the content of the novels by F. M. Dostoevsky.

1. "Humiliated and Insulted" (1861)

A story about Ivan Petrovich, about how he wrote a story about a poor official. This is a personal confession of Dostoevsky, his memories of the beginning of his creative path, unceasing pain for a humiliated and desecrated person.

2. "Notes from the House of the Dead" (1859-1861)

The work was written after hard labor, from where the writer returned reconciled to life. For the first time in literature, Dostoevsky showed the world the life of prisoners. Thieves, rapists, murderers, counterfeiters ... "The devil took three bast shoes before he gathered us into one heap," the convicts said gloomily. But even in hardened criminals, Dostoevsky managed to find something human. According to A. I. Herzen, "Notes ..." is a "terrible book."

3. Crime and Punishment (1866)

The hero of the novel is tormented by the sight of crimes committed with impunity before his eyes. Raskolnikov cannot remain passive, indifferent. And now he has an idea, the implementation of which requires transgressing the law.

The writer describes the scene of the murder in great detail, and also explores the psychology of the killer.

4. "Idiot" (1868)

This is a book about a wonderful man, Prince Myshkin, who found himself in a world where lawlessness reigns, the cult of money, where people do not know pity, do not understand goodness. The prince is ready to help the suffering. But, unfortunately, nothing can be done; he is powerless before the surrounding evil.

The novel raises "the question of saving the world by faith, beauty, love, but the answer to it sounds utopian, unconvincing."

5. "The Brothers Karamazov" (1879-1880)

were conceived as a series of novels, but only the first was written by Dostoevsky. The novel "The Brothers Karamazov" is, according to the literary critic S. V. Belov, spiritual biography writer, his ideological and life path from atheism in Petrashevsky's circle (Ivan Karamazov) to a believer (Alyosha Karamazov). But the creative and life biography of Dostoevsky becomes the history of the human personality in general, the universal and universal destiny.

At the center of the novel is the Karamazov family, in which hatred and hostility reign between Fyodor Karamazov and his sons. Dmitry, Ivan, and Alyosha are guilty of the murder of the head of the family, although the direct executor is Smerdyakov. Ivan preached atheism; Smerdyakov decided that everything was permitted to him; Dmitry is also to blame, he was on the verge of a crime in a fit of hatred for his father. Alyosha knew about the impending crime, but did nothing. The crime of the Karamazov-children entails a general punishment...

As a result, the three brothers “are reborn through suffering to a new life.”

6. Novels by F. M. Dostoevsky "Demons" (1871–1872),
"Teenager" (1875)

Dostoevsky's works are distinguished by acute topicality, they are filled with pain and compassion for a person, for his tormented, crippled fate.

Homework.

1. Reading the novel "Crime and Punishment", part 1.

2. Orally answer the questions:

1) How do you see the streets of St. Petersburg?

2) Tell us about the people Raskolnikov met.

3) Where do Dostoevsky's characters live? (Raskolnikov, Marmeladovs.)

4) Read the description of nature. What is the role of the landscape?

5) What is the meaning of color in Dostoevsky's work? (Use quotes when answering.)

Lesson study

On the topic "What, what to do?"

(based on the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Poor people")

Equipment: a portrait of F.M. Dostoevsky, illustrations for the novel, the text of the novel.

The purpose of the lesson:

Acquaintance with the text of Dostoevsky "Poor people";

Development of analytical reading skills, expressive reading;

Education in students of a sense of compassion, a humane attitude towards others.

During the classes

In the last lesson, we got acquainted with the biography and features of the work of the great Russian realist writer F.M. Dostoevsky, who, along with Pushkin, Gogol, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Goncharov and other representatives of critical realism, is gaining world recognition and has a great influence on the development of Russian and European literature.

1. What made him popular?
2. Why did his works excite and continue to excite readers today?

Perhaps a partial answer to the question lies in our familiarity with his novel Poor Folk.

The topic of our today's lesson is “What, what to do?”

This question was asked by many literary heroes of the writer. Fedor Mikhailovich himself is also looking for an answer to this painful question “What, what to do?” So that there would be no suffering, pain, cruelty and oppression of the human person in the world. His books cannot be read calmly, without spiritual tension, his cruel realism captures, frightens, amazes...

According to the poet D. Merezhkovsky, "Dostoevsky's books cannot be read, they must be experienced, endured, in order to be understood, and then they are no longer forgotten." And the physicist Albert Einstein claimed that he gives him more than any thinker.

(Words are projected on a slide)

"In today's world ... Dostoevsky's alarming alarm hums incessantly, appealing to humanity and humanism," says Russian-speaking writer Ch. Aitmatov.

Gorky stated: "Tolstoy and Dostoevsky are two of the greatest geniuses, with the power of their talents they shook the whole world, they drew the astonished attention of all Europe to Russia."

Write these statements in your notebook.

1. Which of them could we take as an epigraph to the lesson?

We can answer this question a little later.

How did the writer's contemporaries react to the novel?

1. The novel was an extraordinary success even before its publication.

Such a triumph of the debutant was an extraordinary event in the history of Russian literature.

According to Nekrasov, in the person of Dostoevsky, a new Gogol appeared.

The well-known literary critic Belinsky believed that "the novel reveals such secrets of life and characters in Rus' that no one has ever dreamed of before him."

1. Turning to Dostoevsky,he asked: “Do you yourself understand what you wrote like that! ... did you yourself comprehend all this terrible truth that you pointed out to us?

This is the artist's service to truth! The truth has been revealed to you and proclaimed to you as an artist, you have received it as a gift, appreciate your gift and remain faithful and you will be a great artist.” These words of criticism turned out to be prophetic.

In a letter to his brother Mikhail, Dostoevsky talks about his success: “... Never, I think, will my glory reach such a climax as now. Incredible respect everywhere, terrible curiosity about me.

How to explain such a success of the novel?

(Student answers follow)

What impression did the novel make on you?

(Student answers follow)

The subject of the writer's image becomes a small man, his inner world.

The definition of "little man" is given

Which writers of the 19th century turned to the theme of the "little man" in their works

“Station master A, S Pushkin.

"Overcoat" -

Why is the story about a man called "The Overcoat"?

1. The thing has replaced the person

The uniform replaced the personality, the rank replaced the person.

The value of a person is determined by formal signs, by external data - clothing, rank, home ... But it cannot be otherwise: this is the essence of the state system.

Thus, Dostoevsky in his novel continues the traditions of Russian literature in the image of the "little man", it is no coincidence that the author himself claims that "we all came out of Gogol's Overcoat."

One of the reviewers of the novel, Konstantin Aksakov, believed that Dostoevsky's work was written decisively under the influence of Gogol and, therefore, the author of "Poor People" did not bring anything new to the image of the "little man".

Do you agree with this opinion?

1. No, since Dostoevsky showed the inner world of the characters, their emotional experiences, the ability to compassion, readiness to help, while Gogol N.V. Akaky Akakievich is lonely, very reserved.

What new did Dostoevsky bring to the disclosure of this topic?

1. The characters talk about themselves in letters.

Why did the heroes of the novel need to correspond, because they live in the same yard, they even see each other through the window. Why did you have to write?

1. Dostoevsky is afraid that his meetings with the girl will give rise to gossip and gossip.
2. To show the inner world of the characters, because the characters speak about themselves in letters.
3. Does the “little man” himself confide his experiences and thoughts to us?

These are letters - confessions, letters - confessions, letters - revelations.

(a slide with the definition of "epistolary form" is displayed)

What are the characters of Dostoevsky's novel Varenka Dobroselova and Makar Devushkin

staging

In total, the heroes wrote 55 letters full of suffering, grief, hopes for the best “What, what to do?” So that at least something for the better changes in the lives of the heroes.

What are M. Devushkin's letters about and how does he appear in these letters?

Their speech characterizes the characters very well.

What can we say about M. Devushkin's speech?

Why did Dostoevsky not accept Belinsky's reproaches of his inability to "overcome the obstacles of language and form"?

Many accused Dostoevsky of verbosity of the protagonist, of tongue-tied tongue, to which the author replied ... They have no idea what Devushkin is talking about, not me, and that Devushkin cannot speak otherwise. The novel is found to be stretched out, but there is no superfluous word in it. The modern linguist Vinogradov noted this manner as the dignity of the work: “For the first time in Dostoevsky, a petty official speaks so much and with such tonal vibrations.”

Transition to Varenka Dobroselova

Conclusion. For the first time in Dostoevsky's novel, the life of little people is shown from the inside, revealed so truthfully and in detail. The inner wealth of the “little man”, beauty, high culture of feelings are convincingly shown. Love for Varenka straightens him, a real revolution takes place in him: “and I found peace of mind and found out that I am no worse than others, that only in this way, I do not shine with anything. There is no gloss, no tone, but still I am a man, that in my heart and thoughts I am a man.

Thus Dostoevsky showed us how much beauty, nobleness and light lies in the most limited human nature.

Conclusion.

What to do?

For himself, Dostoevsky decided this question in this way:

I tried to express the secret of the human soul.

How would you answer this question at the beginning of the walk?

Homework.

Prepare messages "Twins of M. Devushkin"

Traditions and innovations of Dostoevsky in the novel "Poor people"