home › Transmission (gearbox) › The very first astronauts in the world. The first manned spacewalk: date, interesting facts When space was discovered

The very first astronauts in the world. The first manned spacewalk: date, interesting facts When space was discovered

Going into space wearing only a spacesuit is a risky endeavor in itself. However, of the more than a hundred spacewalks that have occurred since 1965, there are a few that stand out—for example, because of their length or because of what the astronauts did “outside” the spacecraft. Here are the most memorable ones.

Alexey Leonov became the first person to walk into outer space. The Soviet cosmonaut spent about 20 minutes in airless space, after which he encountered a problem: his spacesuit was inflated and did not fit into the airlock compartment of the ship. Leonov had to deflate some air to get back on board.

“It was really dangerous. But, fortunately, Leonov’s first spacewalk was not his last,” Nicolas de Monchaux, a professor at the University of California, later wrote in his book.

First spacewalk by an American astronaut (June 3, 1965)

Three months after Leonov, astronaut Ed White became the first American to walk in space. White's entrance also lasted about 20 minutes, and the photograph of a man floating in the vacuum of space was actively used by propagandists during the Cold War.

The most distant spacewalks from Earth (1971-1972)

Astronauts on the Apollo 15, 16 and 17 missions dared to go outside on their way back from the Moon. These exits were also unique in the role of the second crew member. While one astronaut carried out external work, the second stood, leaning out waist-deep from the airlock compartment, and could enjoy the beauty of the surrounding Universe.

McCandless's 1984 release

NASA astronaut Bruce McCandless became the first person to walk into outer space without a harness. During Challenger's flight STS-41B, McCandless used a jetpack to move 100 meters away from the space shuttle and then return.

Shortest spacewalk (September 3, 2014)

The shortest spacewalk was only 14 minutes, when American astronaut Michael Finke experienced a depressurization of his oxygen tanks during external work on the ISS. He and his partner Gennady Padalka were forced to return aboard the space station early. Padalka and Finke used Russian Orlan spacesuits because American spacesuits previously had cooling problems.

Longest spacewalk (March 11, 2001)

The longest spacewalk lasted 8 hours and 56 minutes and occurred during the space shuttle Discovery mission on March 11, 2001. NASA astronauts Susan Helms and Jim Voss worked on the construction of the International Space Station.

Largest spacewalk ever (May 13, 1992)

The primary objective of Space Shuttle Endeavor's STS-49 mission was to capture the Intelsat VI satellite, which had failed to enter geostationary orbit and was instead stuck in low Earth orbit. During the first two spacewalks, the two astronauts were unable to capture and repair the satellite, so they were joined on the third time by a third crew member. This is the only time in history when three people worked in space at the same time.

One of the most respectable spacewalks was carried out by Soviet cosmonauts Anatoly Solovyov and Alexander Balandin from the Mir orbital station. The exit, the main purpose of which was to repair the damaged insulation of the Soyuz spacecraft, turned into a danger to the lives of the astronauts when, upon returning to the station, its airlock broke and could not close. The cosmonauts were able to use the spare airlock in the Kvant-2 module and return to Mir.

The most dangerous spacewalk in an American spacesuit (July 16, 2013)

A couple of minutes after European Space Agency astronaut Luca Parmitano left the ISS, he felt water running down the back of his helmet. Parmitano had difficulty getting back as water got into his mouth, eyes and ears. The Italian astronaut's companions later estimated that about two liters of water had accumulated in his helmet. Space exploration was suspended for many months while NASA investigated the cause of the suit failure.

The most difficult work to repair the space station (Skylab and ISS)

In the history of spacewalks, there were two of the most complex repairs performed by astronauts while repairing orbital stations. The first was carried out in May and June 1973, when members of the first crew of the American Skylab station repaired the station, which was damaged during launch. Among other things, the astronauts installed a solar “umbrella” to cool the overheating station. The second incident occurred on November 3, 2007, when an American astronaut riding on the robotic arm of the Space Shuttle reached the damaged solar panels of the ISS and repaired them while they were under power.

requirements. PREPARATION. PROSPECTS

If you are a citizen of the Russian Federation, you are no more than 35 years old and you know how to keep state secrets, you have a chance to become an astronaut.

How to do it?

Wait until Roscosmos and the Cosmonaut Training Center officially announce the next recruitment to the Russian detachment (the 17th recruitment took place in 2017).

Send all the necessary documents to the head of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Institute Cosmonaut Training Center named after Yu.A. Gagarin" at the address: 141160, Moscow region, Star City, with the note "To the commission for the selection of cosmonaut candidates."

Successfully pass the “space” interview and entrance tests.

Dedicate at least six years to preparation and training.

Wait for assignment to the crew and, in fact, fly into space.

Not enough specifics? We talk in detail about how to make space your profession.

WHAT ARE THEY TAKEN TO BE COSMONAUTS?

Today you don’t have to be Yuri Gagarin to get into the squad: the requirements for the new recruits are much softer than for the first.

57 years ago, an astronaut had to be a member of the party, be an experienced military pilot no taller than 170 cm and no older than 30 years old, have impeccable health and physical fitness at the level of a master of sports.

Today, political beliefs do not in any way influence the outcome of selection, although a number of “strategic” restrictions are still present. Thus, the path to space is closed to holders of dual citizenship and residence permits on the territory of a foreign state.

As for the “compactness” of the first detachment, it is associated with the small size of the Voskhod-1 spacecraft. Height restrictions remain, but in general, modern astronauts have become much taller. According to experts, in the future - when developing new models of space technology - it will be possible to move away from rigid anthropometric frameworks. The requirements may be relaxed after the five-seat Federation spacecraft is put into operation.

But for now, even the length of the foot is regulated.

There is no lower age limit, but the candidate must have time to obtain a higher education and work in his specialty for at least three years. During this time, a person has time to “prove himself” from a professional point of view. Only diplomas of specialists and masters are “counted” (nothing is said about bachelors in modern requirements).

Most space programs are international, so candidates are also required to have knowledge of English at the program level of non-linguistic universities. To be fair, it is worth noting that the training of foreign astronauts also includes the study of Russian (mainly technical terms).

There are no “core” universities yet, but Roscosmos actively cooperates with the Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow State Technical University named after. Bauman and the Faculty of Space Research of Moscow State University.

Since 2012, open enrollments have been held in the Russian Federation, which means that not only military pilots and employees of the rocket and space industry have a chance to become an astronaut. Although engineering and flight specialties are still a priority.
Do humanists have a chance? Yes, but not in the near future. So far, as experts emphasize, it is faster to teach an engineer or pilot to report or take photographs than to teach a professional journalist or photographer to understand complex space technology.
As for the level of physical fitness, the “space” standards are partially comparable to the GTO standards for the age group from 18 to 29 years. Candidates must demonstrate endurance, strength, speed, agility and coordination. Run 1 km in 3 minutes 35 seconds, do at least 14 pull-ups on the bar, or turn 360 degrees while jumping on a trampoline. And this is only a small part of the program.
The most stringent requirements are put forward for the health of potential cosmonauts. Problems that seem insignificant on Earth can become fatal under the influence of harsh space conditions.
If you get motion sickness while traveling, that's a problem. In space, where the usual concepts of up and down are absent as such, people with a strong vestibular apparatus are needed.
Regarding psychology: there are no fixed requirements for temperament, but, as doctors emphasize, both “pure” melancholic people and pronounced choleric people are not suitable for long-term missions. Space does not like extremes.

Yuri Malenchenko, pilot-cosmonaut of the Russian Federation, first deputy head of the Research Institute of the Cosmonaut Training Center named after Yu.A. Gagarin


The psychological strength of those we select is high enough for a person to work well with any team. People must be fairly balanced and primarily focused on completing the flight program

Yuri Malenchenko, pilot-cosmonaut of the Russian Federation, first deputy head of the Research Institute of the Cosmonaut Training Center named after Yu.A. Gagarin

It is also important to have a good memory, the ability to maintain attention, and the ability to work in extreme situations and under conditions of severe time pressure. And be punctual (work in space is scheduled by the hour). Therefore, we do not recommend that you be late for the interview.
Well, the common phrase about “if you really want to, you can fly into space” is not without practical meaning here. After all, one of the main requirements for future cosmonauts is strong motivation.

HOW THEY ON EARTH PREPARE FOR SPACE

Let's start with the fact that once you pass the selection process, you will not immediately become an astronaut. From “applicant to candidate” you will simply be transferred to “candidates”. Ahead of you are two years of general space training, after which you will have to pass the State exam and receive the title of “test cosmonaut”.
They will be followed by two years of training in groups (which means about 150 more exams, tests and tests). And, if you are assigned to the crew, it will take another 18 to 24 months to prepare for the first flight under a specific program.
Despite all the romanticized ideas about the profession, most of your time will be spent studying the theory (from the structure of the starry sky to the dynamics of flight) and the principles of working with on-board systems and complex space equipment.

Oleg Kononenko,


I still remember the mnemonic rule for remembering and identifying constellations. So, the base constellation is Leo. And we remembered that Leo holds Cancer in his teeth, points at Virgo with his tail, and crushes the Cup with his paw.

Oleg Kononenko,
Russian pilot-cosmonaut, commander of the cosmonaut corps

During long-term training, you will begin to develop a set of certain qualities. Thus, professional composure, immunity to interference and multitasking are formed in the process of parachute training. During the jump, you concentrate not only on the flight, but also on other tasks, for example, reporting, solving problems, or deciphering ground signs. And, of course, it is important not to forget to open the parachute at an altitude of about 1200 meters. If you forget about it, the system will open it automatically, but the task will most likely not be counted towards you.
Another purely cosmic task is also associated with flights - creating weightlessness. The most “pure” possible on Earth occurs when flying along a certain trajectory, called the “Kepler parabola”. For these purposes, the Cosmonaut Training Center uses the Il-76 MDK laboratory aircraft. Within one “session” you have from 22 to 25 seconds to practice a specific task. As a rule, the simplest ones are aimed at overcoming disorientation and testing coordination. For example, you may be asked to write a name, a date, or a signature.
Another way to “reproduce” weightlessness is to transfer training underwater, to the Hydrolab.

Also, the future cosmonaut must thoroughly study the structure of the International Space Station. To do this, you will have at your disposal a life-size model of the Russian segment of the ISS, which will allow you to familiarize yourself with the structure of each module, conduct a “rehearsal” of orbital scientific experiments and work out various situations - from routine to emergency. If necessary, training can be carried out in various “speed” modes: both at a slow and at an accelerated pace.
The program also includes regular missions during which you will have the opportunity to study foreign segments of the station, including the American (NASA), European (EKA) and Japanese modules (JAXA).
Well, then - to the “exit”. This is the name of the simulator based on the Orlan-M spacesuit, which simulates a spacewalk - in a professional environment, it is considered the most difficult and dangerous procedure. And, perhaps, most of the cosmic stereotypes are associated with it.
So, they don’t put on a spacesuit - they “enter” it through a special hatch located on the back. The hatch cover is also a backpack in which the main life support systems are located, designed for ten hours of autonomous operation. At the same time, “Orlan” is not monolithic - it has removable sleeves and trouser legs (allowing you to “adjust” the spacesuit to your specific height). Blue and red stripes on the sleeves help distinguish those in outer space (as a rule, all such work is carried out in pairs).

The control panel located on the chest allows you to adjust the ventilation and cooling systems of the suit, as well as monitor vital signs. If you are wondering why all the inscriptions on the case are mirrored, then this is for your own convenience. You won’t be able to read them “directly” (the suit is not that flexible), but you can do this with the help of a small mirror attached to the sleeve.
It takes a lot of effort to work at Orlan for at least a few hours. Thus, movement in a 120-kilogram spacesuit occurs exclusively with the help of the hands (the legs in the space environment generally cease to perform their usual functions). Every effort you put into squeezing your gloved fingers is comparable to working out with an expander. And during a spacewalk, you need to make at least 1200 such “grasping” movements.
Typically, in real space conditions, after working outside the ISS, you may need to spend several hours in the airlock chamber in order to equalize the pressure. On Earth, people are prepared for a long stay in confined spaces in a soundproof chamber - a small room with artificial lighting and soundproofed walls. As part of general space training, the candidate must spend about three days in it. Of these, 48 hours are in continuous activity mode, that is, absolutely without sleep.
As psychologists emphasize, even if at first it seems to you that you are easy-going, patient and socially adapted, two days of forced wakefulness will “rip off all your masks.”

The final stage of pre-flight training for astronauts is centrifuge training. The Cosmonaut Training Center has two at its disposal: TsF-7 and TsF-18. Contrary to popular belief, their size does not at all affect the “intensity” of the simulated overloads.
The maximum "power" of the overload created by the 18-meter TsF-18 is 30 units. An indicator incompatible with life. In Soviet times, when the requirements for cosmonauts were much stricter, overloads did not exceed 12 units. Modern training takes place in a more gentle mode - and the overload is up to 8 units.
What does the difference in size mean? As experts explain, the longer the centrifuge arm, the less discomfort your vestibular apparatus experiences, and the training goes more smoothly. Therefore, from the point of view of sensations, training on the relatively small TsF-7 may be more difficult than on the impressive TsF-18.
Also, before going into space, you will have to study in detail all the components of the flight: its theory, dynamics, processes of putting the ship into orbit, descent to Earth and, of course, the structure of the Soyuz MS itself. This usually takes about a year.

Oleg Kononenko,
Russian pilot-cosmonaut, commander of the cosmonaut corps


As for the preparation - when I boarded the ship for the first time (and it was already ready for launch and docked with the rocket), at first, of course, there was a feeling of excitement, but when the hatch was closed behind me, there was a complete feeling that I was in a simulator

Oleg Kononenko,
Russian pilot-cosmonaut, commander of the cosmonaut corps

Since it is not always possible to predict where the ship will land, you will have to go through a group of “survival” training in rather unfriendly locations: desert, mountains, taiga or open water. In a professional environment, this stage of preparation is considered an extreme analogue of team building.
Perhaps the most harmless component of pre-flight preparation is tasting and drawing up a space menu. To prevent everything from becoming boring during the flight, the diet is designed for 16 days. Then the set of dishes is repeated. Contrary to popular belief, freeze-dried products are not packaged in tubes, but in small plastic bags (the only exceptions are sauces and honey).
The main question: does everything you have completed guarantee that you will move on to the fourth stage of training, that is, a direct flight into space and honing the acquired skills outside of Earth?
Unfortunately no.
Thus, the annual medical expert commission can remove you at any stage (for your own good). After all, during training you will constantly test the strength of your own body’s reserve capabilities.

Yuri Malenchenko, pilot-cosmonaut of the Russian Federation, first deputy head of the Research Institute of the Cosmonaut Training Center named after Yu.A. Gagarin


It happens that a person is already ready to be included in the crew, but within a specific program there is simply no place for him. That's why we don't carry out kits on a regular basis, but as needed. In order to ensure that there are no “extra” astronauts and that everyone is distributed in the most optimal way

Yuri Malenchenko, pilot-cosmonaut of the Russian Federation, first deputy head of the Research Institute of the Cosmonaut Training Center named after Yu.A. Gagarin

WHAT EXPECTS THOSE WHO PASSED ALL STAGES

What will those six to eight people who will eventually be enrolled in the detachment do?
If everything goes well, they will have the opportunity to join the ranks of those who have flown into space.
According to the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), this is . Among them are discoverers, explorers and holders of space records.

Over the next 10 years, the main place for implementing space programs will be the ISS. It is believed that “newcomers” need to spend at least a month at the station in order to feel confident and acquire all the necessary skills for further work.
The priority task of astronauts in orbit is to conduct scientific research that will help humanity advance in the further exploration of outer space. These include biological and medical experiments related to preparation for long-distance flights, growing plants in space conditions, testing new life support systems and working with new equipment.
During his third flight, Oleg Kononenko took part in the Russian-German experiment "Kontur-2", in which he remotely controlled a robot designed to explore planets.

Oleg Kononenko,
Russian pilot-cosmonaut, commander of the cosmonaut corps


Let's say we fly to Mars. We don’t know in advance where we can land. Accordingly, we will lower the robot to the surface of the planet and, by remotely controlling it, we will be able to select a landing site and land

Oleg Kononenko,
Russian pilot-cosmonaut, commander of the cosmonaut corps

You most likely will not have time to fly to Mars during your career. But to the Moon - quite.
The estimated launch date for the Russian lunar program is 2031. As we get closer to this date, adjustments will be made to the cosmonaut training process, but for now the set of disciplines is standard.
You will also be inspired by space traditions: from the obligatory pre-flight viewing of “White Sun of the Desert” (for good luck) to avoiding the names of stones in call signs (for example, the tragically deceased cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov had the call sign “Ruby”). However, in our time, call signs are an anachronism, and MCC employees quite often communicate with astronauts “by name.”

During spacewalks, astronauts work in zero-gravity conditions. Of course, they need to be prepared for this first. But how can this be done on Earth with its gravity?

You can, of course, load them onto a plane and ask the pilot to make a “Kepler parabola.” This is when the plane climbs to a height of 6 thousand meters, then takes off sharply at an angle of 45 at 9 thousand and just as sharply falls down. But this, firstly, is expensive, secondly, not every pilot is capable of such a maneuver, and thirdly, weightlessness lasts from 22 to 28 seconds. Because of this, the technique is used only at the initial stages as an introduction, writes Alena Lelikova.

You can also use a centrifuge - at the moment of a sharp change in trajectory, you can also achieve zero gravity. But also not for long. And it costs almost more than an airplane.

Oddly enough, it turned out that you don’t need to climb high to solve the problem. Conditions as close as possible to weightlessness are ideally imitated by ordinary water. Therefore, in 1980, at the Cosmonaut Training Center named after. Yu.A. Gagarin, a hydro laboratory was built. Over the 30 years of its existence, astronauts spent over 65,000 hours of training here, and those who subsequently visited real space agreed: the identity of sensations is at least 95%.

A hydraulic laboratory is a complex hydraulic structure with a whole complex of technological equipment, special systems, equipment and mechanisms. The main part of the hydrolab building is occupied by a huge tank: 23 meters in diameter, about 12 meters deep. Five thousand tons of water, unique in its composition, with a temperature of about 30 degrees.

A movable platform with a lifting capacity of 40 tons is installed inside the pool. Dimensional models of the Russian segment of the International Space Station (ISS), the Soyuz TMA spacecraft and other equipment located on the station are attached to it.

During dives, astronauts use so-called ventilation mock-ups of spacesuits, the only difference from real ones is the connection to an external air source. Accordingly, the life support system backpack was replaced with a dimensional mock-up. Since working underwater is associated with a certain danger, astronauts in spacesuits are accompanied by scuba divers in light diving equipment.

Immersion underwater creates conditions very similar to the state of weightlessness. There is even a special term - “hydraulic weightlessness”. Under the conditions of this hydro-weightlessness, future cosmonauts learn to work in outer space and study the external structure of the ISS modules. Various equipment is also tested here.

02. Additional similarity to airless space is provided by the special properties of water. There is no water with such a low density anywhere else; in fact, it is distilled. In addition, powerful spotlights are located outside the pool on the technical floors in a special way, the illumination of which also adds to the feeling of the complete absence of any substance around. One word - space.

03. Along the perimeter of the walls there are 45 portholes through which film photography and visual observations of the activities of astronauts during training can be carried out. The “exposition” in the hydrolab is not permanent: exactly those modules that are currently being used for training are immersed in the pool. A special mechanism lifts the platform from the bottom to the surface, the used one is removed and another one is installed. The identity of the iron is one hundred percent. To every nut, to every hook and to every millimeter

04. The platform on which the briefing takes place is like the main part of the ISS. And various branches - modules - already depart from it

05. On the left is a multifunctional laboratory module, MLM. Designed for scientific experiments. I haven’t been in space yet; I’ll fly for the first time in September together with Elena Serova, the first Russian female cosmonaut in the last 15 years. On the right (in the top photo it is in the lower left corner) is the MIM-1 module, also known as the “small research module”

06. Recently, cosmonaut Oleg Kotov wrote in his blog that a new MLM module is already waiting for the ISS

07. In front of the MIM there is an airlock chamber. The task of transferring it from MIM to MLM is currently being worked out. Its purpose is scientific experiments in outer space without human access. It works on the principle of a torpedo tube: equipment is installed on a special platform from the side of the ship, the locking process occurs, the hatch opens and the platform moves out

08. By the way, that yellow crane on the opposite side is by no means for loading and unloading modules. They use it to hook the cosmonaut himself, this is what it looks like (photo from the press service of the Cosmonaut Center)

09. The ISS itself, by the way, currently looks like this. According to the Center’s instructor, diving specialist of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, senior diver instructor of the Russian Navy, honored tester of space technology and fighter pilot with 13 years of experience, Valery Nesmeyanov, it is quite possible that in the future spacecraft will be assembled directly in orbit, “so as not to take out every once such a monstrous mass from the Earth"

10. In the center is part of the “SM” module - the service module. This is the main module where the astronauts live. This is where their cabins are located, and where they spend most of their time. This is specifically the part where they worked out the experiments that were literally carried out in outer space on June 19

11. The layouts are hollow inside. Only the outer surface is needed for training

12. Yellow handrails (they are clearly visible in the previous pictures) are the so-called transition routes. It is along them that the astronauts move around the outer part of the station, insuring themselves with two carbines. During training in light diving equipment there is such an exercise - they take off their fins and crawl along these handrails. Obviously, you don't have to be an astronaut to do something like this.

13. Absolutely everyone has a chance to see exactly what an astronaut sees during an exit.

14. However, the main part of the training still takes place in spacesuits. It’s called “Orlan-MK-GN” and working in it is very, very, very difficult. For example, one compression of a glove is a force of 16 kg. How many of these compressions do you need to do while moving along the handrails? Plus you still have to work, turn the nuts and all that...
“It is believed that this was dangerous during Gagarin’s time. No, guys, space is dangerous even now. In December they said in the news that a new record for the duration of a spacewalk had been set, 8 hours, hurray. And not a word that it was planned for 6 o’clock!”

In principle, our cosmonauts have long been approaching the 8-hour work limit, but under normal conditions. The correct distribution of forces is very important here - the most difficult thing at the beginning, the rest for later. Plus psychological readiness, because from a physiological point of view, 3 hours of work in a spacesuit is the limit.
“I work a lot in a spacesuit, and after 3 hours it’s not just hard, it’s already painful. He's made of iron! And after six, I just moved it by force of will: I just think that now I need to squeeze my hand and force the muscles to do it. Physical training will not help here - you will die after 3 hours, you will only have to be carried away in this spacesuit. Only willpower, only the attitude that you will have to overcome the pain.", says Valery
And that time, just after 6 hours of work, a failure simply occurred. It was at that moment when it was time to return. This is how a “new record” turned out - the guys were simply saving the station.

14. In the hall the school broadcasts a picture from the ISS. Specifically at this moment - the American compartment

15. In 2010, the hydrolab turned 30 years old. Not without pleasure, I found the name of my course director in the list of achievements

16. By the way, in December the hydrolab is closed for serious repairs, so if you have a desire to go into outer space, it is advisable to implement it as soon as possible

20. And the crew of our ship says goodbye to you, finally quoting our wonderful guide once again:
“When we sit here behind this barbed wire, all in our production problems, to be honest, we think that our space industry is of no interest to anyone. But looking at your eyes, I think that apple trees will bloom on Mars. And you will bring us an apple".

Alexey Leonov was the first earthling to go into outer space on March 18, 1965, during the flight of Voskhod-2.

After exiting, due to his bloated spacesuit, Leonov could not squeeze into the ship’s airlock. He managed to do this with great difficulty.

Today, specially designed semi-rigid Russian and American spacesuits are used to exit the International Space Station. The Orlan-MK, which is a miniature spacecraft, is considered the most advanced. The astronaut does not put it on, but enters through a hole in the back. It is closed, like a hatch, by a backpack with an autonomous life support system.

Preparations in orbit for spacewalks begin several days in advance. Spacesuits, instruments, instruments - everything must work flawlessly.

You can’t just take it, put on a spacesuit and go into space. For several hours before leaving, astronauts breathe pure oxygen to flush out nitrogen from the blood. Otherwise, with a rapid pressure drop, the blood will “boil” and the astronaut will die.

Having gone into outer space, the astronaut turns into the same artificial satellite of the Earth as a spaceship moving at a speed of 28 thousand km/h. He must be extremely attentive and careful.

The astronaut moves along the outer surface of the ship or station, constantly attaching himself to it using halyards with carbines. The slightest mistake - and he will fly away from his home, without a single chance of returning. (American EMU spacesuits have such a chance - a small SAFER rocket launcher.)

Unlike moving inside the station, in outer space the astronaut’s legs are “extra.” But the entire load goes to the astronaut’s hands. This is what the replacement gloves of a spacesuit turn into after a spacewalk.

Work outside is usually carried out by two astronauts/astronauts. The Ground Control Center is closely monitoring their actions. As soon as the slightest suspicion arises that the spacesuit is malfunctioning, the exit is immediately stopped and the astronauts urgently return back.

Only in outer space does the Earth appear in all its splendor. In rare moments of respite, astronauts admire their home planet and take photographs of it with pleasure.

This is how work is carried out in outer space. Incredibly beautiful and just as dangerous. Working in outer space is one of the most difficult and dangerous operations during space flight. Behind the apparent ease of movement are many hours of exhausting, intense ground training and hard work in orbit.

During spacewalks, astronauts work in zero-gravity conditions. Of course, they need to be prepared for this first. But how can this be done on Earth with its gravity?

You can also use a centrifuge - at the moment of a sharp change in trajectory, you can also achieve zero gravity. But also not for long. And it costs almost more than an airplane.

04. The platform on which the briefing takes place is like the main part of the ISS. And from it there are already various branches - modules.

05. On the left is a multifunctional laboratory module, MLM. Designed for scientific experiments. I haven’t been in space yet, but will fly for the first time in September together with Elena Serova, the first Russian female cosmonaut in the last 15 years. On the right (in the top photo it is in the lower left corner) is the MIM-1 module, also known as the “small research module”

06. Recently, cosmonaut Oleg Kotov wrote in his blog that a new MLM module is already waiting for the ISS

10. In the center is part of the “SM” module – the service module. This is the main module where the astronauts live. This is where their cabins are located, and where they spend most of their time. This is specifically the part where they worked out the experiments that were literally carried out in outer space on June 19

11. The layouts are hollow inside. Only the outer surface is needed for training

13. Absolutely everyone has a chance to see exactly what an astronaut sees during an exit.

14. In the hall the school broadcasts a picture from the ISS. Specifically at this moment - the American compartment

15. In 2010, the hydrolab turned 30 years old. Not without pleasure, I found the name of my course director in the list of achievements

16. By the way, in December the hydrolab is closed for serious repairs, so if you have a desire to go into outer space, it is advisable to implement it as soon as possible

Alexey Leonov was the first earthling to go into outer space on March 18, 1965, during the flight of Voskhod-2.

After exiting, due to his bloated spacesuit, Leonov could not squeeze into the ship’s airlock. He managed to do this with great difficulty.

Preparations in orbit for spacewalks begin several days in advance. Spacesuits, instruments, instruments - everything must work flawlessly.

Having gone into outer space, the astronaut turns into the same artificial satellite of the Earth as a spaceship moving at a speed of 28 thousand km/h. He must be extremely attentive and careful.

Only in outer space does the Earth appear in all its splendor. In rare moments of respite, astronauts admire their home planet and take photographs of it with pleasure.

Popular in the category: