What is a separate specifying circumstance of time? Isolated circumstance

Consider two sentences:

Clarification: In the morning, at exactly eight o'clock, the whole company gathered for tea...(Turgenev);

Explanation: Fedor received an A, that is, the highest mark.

In the first example, the expression EXACTLY AT EIGHT O'CLOCK is used to specify and clarify the meaning of the word IN THE MORNING. Such turns are called clarifying. In the second example, the phrase THAT IS THE HIGHEST SCORE serves to explain the meaning of the word FIVE. Such phrases are usually called explanatory.

Please note that the clarifying members of the sentence must come after the word being specified. If in a sentence a word with a more specific meaning comes before a word with a broader meaning, then there are no qualifying members in this sentence. Compare the two examples below.

New tenants appeared on the third floor of our house.

New tenants have appeared in our house, on the third floor.

Sometimes a whole chain of clarifications can be built behind one member of a sentence. Consider a sentence from the novel by I. S. Turgenev, in which three circumstances successively clarify each other.

In Nikolskoye, in the garden, in the shade of a tall ash tree, Katya and Arkady were sitting on a turf bench.(Turgenev).

Explanatory parts of a sentence also always appear after the word being explained and are separated by commas. Errors in isolating explanatory parts of a sentence are rare, since explanations are always attached to the main word using special conjunctions THAT IS, OR, as well as using the words NAMELY, NAMELY, which are easy to remember. Consider the examples below.

Rostov until the first of September, that is until the eve of the enemy's entry into Moscow, remained in the city(Tolstoy).

Not far away from us, namely in the village of Petrovo, unfortunate facts are happening(Chekhov).

Exercise

On the same day_ but already in the evening_ at about seven o'clock_ Raskolnikov approached the apartment of his mother and sister... (Dostoevsky).

There_ in the very corner_ below_ in one place the wallpaper that had fallen off the wall was torn... (Dostoevsky).

Anna Sergeevna came to the city very rarely, mostly on business, and then not for long (Turgenev).

Half an hour later Nikolai Petrovich went to the garden to his favorite gazebo (Turgenev).

To the left_ in the outbuilding_ one could see open windows here and there... (Dostoevsky).

In the middle of the forest, in a cleared and developed clearing, stood the Khorya (Turgenev) estate.

He was sitting near the forge_ on a slope above the river_ above the reach_ opposite the water mill (Bunin).

In the distance, closer to the grove, axes sounded dully (Turgenev).

Aristophanes was amazingly lucky - out of his forty comedies, eleven were preserved in their entirety, that is, more than a quarter of everything written, while from the dramas of the most popular Euripides in antiquity, only one tenth was selected (later nine more plays were accidentally added to it), about one twelfth of Aeschylus, and Sophocles is just one seventeenth (Yarkho).

One day in the spring, at an unprecedentedly hot sunset in Moscow, two citizens (Bulgakov) appeared on the Patriarch's Ponds.

True, this could not yet be said positively and definitively, but indeed recently _throughout the last year_ her poor head is too exhausted not to be at least partially damaged (Dostoevsky).

In 1717_ November 12_ the engine, located in a secluded room, was put into action... (Perelman).

On the table under the lamp lay a torn piece of old, crumpled newspaper (Nabokov).

We meet every day at the well on the boulevard... (Leromontov).

“I sprayed him! - thought Chervyakov. - Not my boss - a stranger, but still awkward. You need to apologize” (Chekhov).

And again, as before, he suddenly wanted to go somewhere far away: there to Stolz, with Olga, and to the village, to the fields, in the groves, he wanted to retire in his office and immerse himself in work... (Goncharov).

He was remarkable in that he always, even in very good weather, went out in galoshes and with an umbrella, and certainly in a warm coat with cotton wool (Chekhov).

On the Neva, from St. Isaac's Bridge to the Academy of Arts, there is a quiet fuss: corpses are being lowered into narrow ice holes (Tynyanov).

Subsequently_during his southern exile_Pushkin met more than once with Maria Raevskaya in Kamenka, and in Kyiv, and in Odessa, and, possibly, in Chisinau... (Veresaev).

On August 12, 18.. year_ exactly the third day after my birthday, on which I turned ten years old and on which I received such wonderful gifts_ at seven o'clock in the morning_ Karl Ivanovich woke me up by hitting me over my head with a cracker made of sugar paper on a stick. fly (Tolstoy).

Due to poor road conditions and numerous accidents, the Moscow-Minsk federal highway was recognized as the most dangerous, and its most dangerous section was from the 16th to the 84th km._ that is, from the city of Odintsovo to the turn to Ruza: this is where 49 accidents occurred % of all accidents on the highway.

In Gorokhovaya Street_ in one of the large houses_ whose population would be enough for an entire county town, Ilya Ilyich Oblomov (Goncharov) was lying in bed_ in his apartment_ in the morning.

Two branches of the science of language - syntax and punctuation - are always studied together. Simple cases of comma placement, for example, the obligatory comma before A and BUT, usually do not cause difficulties. But to isolate secondary ones, knowledge of the basics of syntax is necessary.

Under a number of conditions, secondary members can be distinguished from two sides and circumstances.

The adverb in a sentence answers the questions of adverbs, since it denotes a sign of action or, much less frequently, not only an adverb, but also any independent

The isolation of circumstances expressed by a single gerund, although it has its own subtleties, is easily learned by schoolchildren. The presence of a gerund in a sentence is a kind of signal for the use of a comma.

Another thing is a clarifying circumstance. Examples of this kind are more difficult to detect: they are not so obvious.

What is a qualifying circumstance?

Clarifying members, as is already clear from the term itself, clarify the information contained in the sentence:

All my childhood friends, (who exactly?) especially Mikhail, are very dear to me.

Dark, (what exactly?) almost coal-black eyes stood out on his pale face.

A little girl ran into the room, (which one specifically?) no older than our son.

The clarification is always separated by a dash.

A separate qualifying circumstance in most cases specifies the time and place of action.

If we have a clarifying circumstance of time, then the sentence, in addition to it, should contain generalized information about when the action is performed:

We left late in the evening, (when exactly?) at eleven o'clock.

At the end of August, (when exactly?) on the twenty-fifth, my only brother was born.

The clarifying circumstance of place details and narrows information about where the event described in the sentence occurs:

Andrey lives very close to us, (where exactly?) a five-minute walk.

Ahead, (where exactly?) in the very center of the road, we noticed a huge pit.

Geographical names and addresses are often specified:

Last summer we returned from another city, (where exactly?) Vladivostok.

My friend moved to the Oktyabrsky district of Samara, (where exactly?) on Michurina Street.

Less common is the clarifying circumstance of the course of action:

The soldiers tried to talk as quietly as possible, (how exactly?) almost in a whisper.

Perepelkin listened to me attentively, (how exactly?) with some special respect.

Clarifying circumstances with other meanings are also distinguished.

To correctly place punctuation marks, it is important to understand the context of the sentence:

Artists performed in the square in the city center. (The square is located in the central part of the city)

Artists performed on the square in the city center. (The artists perform on the square located in the city center).

A hint for isolating clarifying members of a sentence is intonation. But you should not focus only on semantic pauses in the speech flow; it is better to pay attention to the syntactic role of the structure and select a question for it.

A circumstance of place or time, clarifying the meaning of a previous circumstance, more accurately and specifically revealing the meaning of this circumstance, is isolated, highlighted in writing with commas: 1) I heard these stories near Ackerman, in Bessarabia, on the seashore. (M.G.); 2) Every morning at six o’clock I went to work. (M.G.); 3) Late in the evening, that is, at about eleven o’clock, I went for a walk along the linden alley of the boulevard. (L.)
Often the isolation or non-isolation of such circumstances depends on whether the writer himself gives them a clarifying meaning or not. Wed: On the bench, (where exactly?) by the window, my father was sitting. (A.N.T.) - My father was sitting on a bench (what?) by the window.
Less often, circumstances of the course of action are specified, for example: During heavy rains, it [the river] overflows like spring, (how exactly?) violently and noisily, and then makes itself felt. (Ch.)
Read, find clarifying circumstances. Explain punctuation.
1) Boats floated along the reeds, under the willow trees. (A.N.T.) 2) We got up very late, at nine o’clock. (Kupr.) 3) I stayed here for a week, that is, until Sunday or Monday. (Hound.) 4) A crow sat sadly, orphan-like, on a crooked haystack. (Fad.) 5) In the sea, right next to the shallows, silver herrings glitter. (M.G.)
Write it down using punctuation marks. Please provide further details.
1) One Sunday at the end of July I came to the Volchaninovs in the morning at about nine. (Ch.) 2) He lived very far away, not in the city, but outside the city in a blue hut among the ravines of the suburbs. (Boon.) 3) Opening the window I saw lilacs. It was spring on a flying day. (A.B.) 4) The station remained to the side to the right. (N.O.) 5) Far away on the other bank, several bright red lights were burning scattered. (Ch.) 6) She sat in the first row of chairs next to her dad without taking her eyes off the stage. (Ch.) 7) Below, near the heaps of stones piled up, the sea splashes. (N.O.) 8) The cathedral stood above the city on an area bordered by forest. (Hare.) 9) Toy white houses on the outskirts of the city climbed far up into the mountains. (N.O.) 10) On this pond, in the backwaters and lulls between the reeds, countless ducks hatched. (T.) 11) It was cold and damp, especially in a wet dress. (JI. T.) 12) We dined outdoors in the shade of oak trees at a wooden table dug into the ground. (Hare)
Copy the sentences using missing punctuation marks. Underline isolated circumstances and explain why they are isolated.
1) Ahead, about two miles from the convoy, were long, low barns and houses with tiled roofs; There were no yards or trees to be seen near the houses. (Ch.) 2) There in the village, he, obviously knowing himself in his place, was in no hurry and was never unoccupied. (JI. T.) 3) Despite Pechorin’s prohibition, she [Bela] left the fortress to the 10* 291 river. (JI.) 4) My Cossack, contrary to orders, slept soundly, holding the gun with both hands. (JI.) 5) Fortunately, due to the unsuccessful hunt, our horses were not exhausted. (JI.) 6) On the occasion of the arrival of his sons, Bulba ordered to convene all the centurions and the entire regimental rank. (G.) 7) He [grandfather] woke up at five o’clock in the afternoon and, despite the scorching heat, soon wanted to have some tea. (Ax.) 8) The obnoxious horse, having caught up with the harness, despite all my efforts, stopped so unexpectedly that I jumped from the saddle to the neck and almost flew. (JI. T.) 9) He [Sergei] grabbed the bread, quickly kissed his mother’s hand and, despite his fatigue, excitedly looking into the darkness with his sharp eyes, began to chew this wonderful wheat crust. (F.) 10) Since then... none of the family, despite all the searches, have seen Pierre again. (JI. T.) 11) Now that is, with the onset of the summer heat, pack trips have become far less tempting than in the spring. (Przh.)
433. Read and determine the stylistic affiliation of the text. Give reasons for your answer. Copy it using missing punctuation marks. Make diagrams of the highlighted sentences.
Homeland. This word, full of deep meaning, sounds especially special to me. I see its vast (?) fields waving with harvest. A warm wind flies over them, raising flower dust. The country that gave birth to us is vast and diverse. (N..) the rivers crossing its spaces are exhausted and full of water. Vast green forests, high mountains shining with eternal glaciers. The light of the bright sun is reflected in their snowy peaks. Sh..rocky, sultry steppes (the impenetrable Siberian(?) taiga stretching across the ocean. The cities scattered..in our country are populous and numerous. Many languages ​​are spoken by the people..who have come..to this majestic country. The blue bells are spacious and the songs of the people living there are wonderful (I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

Clarifying members of a sentence occupy a special place in the grammar of the Russian language because of their role in the sentence, and also because they are isolated using punctuation marks. Thus, the rules for isolating a clarifying circumstance must be remembered by every literate person.

A separate clarifying circumstance: meaning and emphasis in writing

As a rule, circumstances of time and place are clarifying - they also relate to the circumstance, revealing its meaning, complementing and specifying it. It is necessary to understand that when clarifying, one moves from a broader concept to a narrower one. The easiest way to explain this is by using examples of a separate qualifying circumstance.

In a sentence “I heard their stories in Greece, on Mount Athos” circumstances of the place “on Athos” clarifies where exactly in Greece the story was heard. At the same time in the sentence “After work, at about seven o’clock, I went into the store” the circumstance of place clarifies what time the narrator had in mind when he says that it was late.

The circumstances of the course of action can also be clarifying, but still much less often and usually we are talking about complicated members of the sentence. For example: “During the April rains, the river flooded completely like spring, stormy and noisy.” In this sentence, homogeneous circumstances of the manner of action clarify the circumstance “in the spring.”

Thus, clarifying circumstances have three meanings - place, time and manner of action. Circumstances with other meanings cannot act as a clarifying member of a sentence.

To understand whether a given member of a sentence should be isolated, it is very important to determine this meaning, because if the author classifies a circumstance into another category, then it will not be isolated.

How are qualifying circumstances identified?

It all depends on the place that this member of the sentence occupies in its structure. If a qualifying circumstance is at the end of a sentence, then it is isolated with the help of a single comma, which is placed before it. If it is located in the middle, then it will be separated on both sides. A clarifying circumstance cannot appear at the beginning of a sentence because of its function.

What have we learned?

A clarifying circumstance is a member of a sentence that relates to another circumstance, the meaning of which it complements and clarifies. There are three types of such clarifying members of a sentence - in this type, circumstances of place and time most often appear, and less often - the manner of action. They are separated by one comma if the member of the sentence is located at the end, or two if it is in the middle. Circumstances with meanings other than the three above cannot act as clarifying members of a sentence.

Words and phrases that clarify the meaning of previous words are isolated (set off by commas, less often - dashes) (clarification is a transition from a broader concept to a narrower one). Most often, circumstances and definitions are specified.

1. Clarifying circumstances of the place: There, below, skinny moss, gray bush(P.); Below, in the shadows, the Danube rustled (Tutch.); Ilya Ilyich studied at Verkhlöwe, about five versts from Oblomovka,from the local manager, German Stolz(Gonch.); Directly opposite the cordon, on the other bank, everything was empty (L.T.); In the suburbs, near the slaughterhouses, dogs were howling (Ch.); Some away from the goose on the mattress lay a white cat (Ch.); Up, over the tops of the oak trees,where the depth of the sky was evenly blue, clouds gathered(Boon.); Beyond the river in the pink sky,the evening star sparkled brightly(M.G.); In Crimea, in Miskhor, last summer I made an amazing discovery(Cupr.); On the farm three miles from the village of Solomennaya,the scouts left their horses and went on foot(F.); Ten steps from the entrance to the tunnel, right next to the highway, there was a lonely house(BUT.); Near, in the direction of the village of Olginskaya,the sounds of gunfire rolled around as usual(Prim.); On right, at the foot of the hills,a large field spread out(Chuck.); The road forks and you don't know where to go further - straight or left.

Often the clarifying circumstances of a place are lined up in a row, forming a chain: Ahead, far away, on the other side of the foggy sea,prominent wooded hills could be seen(L. T.); Around on the left bank, half a mile from the water, at a distance of seven to eight miles from one another,villages were located(L. T.); All of a sudden at the bend of the river, ahead, under the dark mountains, a light flashed (Cor.); Six steps from Chelkash, at the sidewalk, on the pavement,a young guy sat leaning his back against the bedside table(M.G.); In a spacious lowland, on the right, all the way to the ridge,turned to the side and lost in the dull gray distance, a forest could be seen(F.); Even here across the lake, a kilometer away,along with the hot air, a rumble and crackling sound could be heard(Guide.); Right here, near the barn, right in the snow, undressed (Sh.).

Depending on the meaning, the same words may or may not be considered as a qualifying circumstance. Wed:

Ahead on the road there were crowds of people (i.e. in front of the road). — Ahead, on the road, there were crowds of people (that is, the road itself was in front);

Far in the forest ax blows were heard(the listener is in the forest). - Far away, in the forest, ax blows were heard(the listener is outside the forest);

The children settled downin a clearing between the bushes(the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are no bushes in the clearing itself). — The children settled down in the clearing, between the bushes (the bushes are located in the clearing itself). -

Specifying circumstances include the names of districts, regions, etc., indicating the location of towns, villages, etc., as well as indications in addresses: In the village of Uvarovka,Petrovsky district, Kaluga region,a harvest festival took place; The village of New Gorki,Shchelkovsky district, Moscow region,located near Bolshevo station; Moscow, Plyushchikha street, 38, apt. 2.

But: School No. 4 of the Taldomsky district of the Moscow region - non-separate inconsistent definition.

Usually the clarifying member of a sentence limits the scope of the concept expressed by the qualifying member of the sentence: Below, under the iron network air roads, in dust and dirt pavements,children fuss silently(M.G.) - clarifying terms are arranged in a descending gradation, i.e. the subsequent one clarifies the meaning of the previous one. But there are cases when the clarifying member is broader in the concept it expresses than the qualifying member: I was lying on the bed, in an unfamiliar room, and felt great weakness(P.); I've heard these stories near Akkerman, in Bessarabia, on the seashore(M.G.).

2. Clarifying circumstances of time: I woke up late, about five o'clock in the afternoon(Ax.); We went and wandered for a long time, until evening (T.); At noon, in clear, sunny weather,nothing can be imagined sadder than this ruin(T.); It was deep in autumn, on a cold and gloomy day(Adv.); Once before evening the Nogai driver pointed from behind the clouds at the mountains with a whip(L. T.); Now, after flood, it was a river six fathoms(Ch.); All night long, until the rooster's dawn,Chapaev measured the map(Furm.); Now, late autumn, when I live in Moscow, the box stands there alone in empty unheated rooms(Paust.); In the summer, in the evening dawns, A steppe golden eagle flies from the undercloud to the top of the mound(Sh.).

If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between the circumstances: The department meeting will take placetomorrow at six o'clock in the evening(Wed: 3 tomorrow, at six o'clock in the evening,a meeting of the department will take place).

3. Clarifying circumstances of the course of action: He shook his curls and self-confidently, almost defiantly, looked up at the sky(T.); And he took care of his soul solidly, lordly, and did good deeds not simply, but with importance(Ch.); He is naive, childish, wiped his eyes with his fingers(L. T.); Quietly, with fear , she told him something strange(M.G.); She is mischievous, girlish, looked up at him(Fed.); On crooked haystack sadly, orphan-like, crow perched(F.); The women began to make noise all at once, in one voice , not allowing Davydov to say a word(Sh.); The only way, among the grass, flowers,wheat, and our Vorsha River could begin(Sol.); He was careful until the pink gloss on the cheeks, shaven (Ant.); Like this, casually, the issue cannot be resolved.

4. Clarifying definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.: One more, last thing, a legend - and my chronicle is finished(P.); Looked out here and there women's, mostly old ladies heads (T.); Their accompanied by a small plump man with phlegmatic, almost sleepy face (T.); Only narrow three hundred fathoms,a strip of fertile land constitutes the possession of the Cossacks(L. T.); Pierre, already pulled into awkward, made him narrow,noble uniform, was in the halls(L. T.); Having passed some empty place, without inhabitants, village, the squadron again climbed the mountain(L. T.); The hump-nosed stonebreaker straightened his mustache and beard white, lime-covered hands (M.G.); In the distance rose dark red, the color of raw meat factory building (M. G.); On a man stepped out of the class carriage black - buttoned up to the collar- gymnast (A.T.); A minute later, three fighters, one after another, rose to bluish, as if mother-of-pearl, air (Cat.); The guards walked at full height, in a wide chain, along motley - raspberry, lilac, green— clover field (Cat); A tall lantern on the mast helped Gleb see him gray, unshaven, with hollows on the cheeks, face (Leon.); She looked at her grandfather's hands with fear in brown, clay color,senile freckles(Sh.); He saw on the white cap of a mound not far away red yellow, with a fiery tint, fox (Sh.); The boat was moving, moving all the time in black, almost ink-colored shadows (Sim.); I'm not blinding my eyes anymore white, with the reflections of the sunset,snow; In the distance, at the Nikolsky Gate, one could see high - pipe - sable boyar hat(A.T.); A they are so fresh clean, spotless,on the ground, so that’s how they lay?(Fed.); A young girl, about seventeen years old, came in (Kupr.); On the neck tanned with yellow tan was gathered thick, finger-like folds (Lid.); Fat, guards cloth,the pants did not suit either the craftsman or the farm laborer(Cat.); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy from all sides. long, toe-length, overcoat (Cat.); On tiptoed into the room, undressed, and carefully hung festive, with stripes, bloomers (Sh.); From under the steep wolf warehouse,balding forehead, he glanced around the room(Sh.); Next door, without doors, footsteps thundered approaching the stained bright rooms(Pan.); It was a village outside the city on the naked without a tree, without a bush, low place (Pan.); He was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, simple, striped, shirt with elastic bands on the sleeves(Sol.); There is a special technical order,pause; The passenger entered with original, under crocodile skin,suitcase; Each of these phenomena has their, unique to him, peculiarities; With her still not shinyYou should take more care of your health.

Clarifying definitions can specify the general meaning of pronouns this, that, such, each, one(in the meaning of a pronoun), etc.: I wanted to distinguish myself before this,dear to me man (M.G.); Then Dasha was surprised by the “homegrown” nature of everything this, so sensational boldness (A.T.); These, not always firm and slender,the poetic lines were written by a hand as hard as steel(Sim.); Those have long been established between them,purely formal,relationships that are so common between two relatives(M.G.); Chichikov was a little puzzled with such a somewhat harsh definition (G.); To each, to the one who has arrived and to the one who has come,they had to find and indicate a place to stay for the night(Ch.); No one, neither sled, nor human, nor animal,there was no trace to be seen(L. T.); Something happened so unusual in the world,that everything that was experienced and familiar seemed to waver in its power over life(Fed.).

But if the attributive phrase that comes after the demonstrative pronoun is closely adjacent to it and does not have the meaning of clarification, then. it is not separated by a comma from this pronoun: These recently builtthe houses are already fully occupied[cm. § 18 ].

Clarifying definitions can be added through subordinating conjunctions: Irresistible, although quiet, the power carried me away(T.); Current, even if it’s not completely new,the topic deserves attention; Sacrifice the past for one, albeit dear, he did not dare to meet; It should be noted that this interesting, because it hasn’t been developed by anyone yet,The topic was chosen specifically by the young researcher.

But if the definition attached by a subordinating conjunction is homogeneous in relation to the previous definition and does not have the nature of clarification (semantic and intonation), then a comma is not placed after it: We are faced withdifficult, but interesting task [see § 12, paragraph 6]. The distinction between these cases depends on the will of the writer.

Notes: 1. Classical writers sometimes separated the participial phrase following a homogeneous adjective definition with commas as a clarifying definition. For example, from I. S. Turgenev: He arranged a big, linen covered, bath; A hundred paces from the mill was small , open on all sides, canopy; From the special I didn't notice at first, the stables brought out Peacock. Nowadays such punctuation is rare [see § 10 ].

2. Words give a clarifying character to the statement more precisely, more precisely, otherwise, rather etc. However, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the indicated words, which have the meaning of introductory ( more precisely, more accurately, otherwise equivalent in meaning to phrases more precisely, more accurately speaking, in other words), themselves separated by commas: His kindness, or rather , his generosity touched me- the predicate is consistent with the nearest preceding word, from which it cannot be separated by a comma; More recently, more precisely , an article with similar content was published in the latest issue of the magazine; Arctic fox,otherwise polar fox, prized for its fur(here it’s different in the meaning ‘that is’; but: The boy needs to be stopped in time, otherwise he will do such a thing- here it acts differently as an adversative conjunction); It should be added quicker , clarify the data given in the report.

A combination of words moreover can act as a clarifying word: It would be stupid moreover , it would be madness to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, moreover — admired him.

3. It is possible to clarify without introducing words: The plants were saved - watered.