Demonstrative adjectives in Russian. Demonstrative adjectives

Demonstrative adjectives are an auxiliary part of speech that is used with a noun, immediately before it or before an adjective that defines this noun. Demonstrative adjectives indicate the gender and number of a noun and point to a specific subject.

The particles ci and là also serve to reinforce the meaning by being attached to the noun: ce vase-ci this vase; cette fille-là this girl; ces livres-ci these books.

If two objects are compared, ci - indicates a closer object, là - a more distant object.

Ce livre -ci est plus intéressant que ce livre-la. This book is more interesting than that book.

Complete the following sentences with a suitable demonstrative adjective.

1. On envisageait ... expédition avec ... ardeur qui précède toujours les grands projets. 2. ... fois-... nous avions décidé de ne laisser aucun point de détail dans l "ombre. 3. Savez-vous que ... année-... de grands événements ont bouleversé l" organization de ... monde ; heureusement que ... année-... on y a remédié.

Replace the underlined word with the one in brackets.

1. Ce carrefour est dangereux (allee). Ce program est convaincant (programmation). 3. Sur ce point-là, j "hésite (initiative). 4. Ce bilan est positif (évaluation). 5. Cette descente est si agréable par temps sec (parcours). 6. Cet infâme personnage est encore là (personne) !

Complete with the correct demonstrative adjective: se; cet, cette; ces.

1. .. gâteau est un peu sec. 2. … demarche est interessante. 3. ... enfants sont charmants. 4. ...idee est lumineuse. 5. ... article n "est pas soldé. 6. Ne mettez pas un seul centime dans ... affaire. 7. À ... propos, quand partez-vous? Vous vous en tenez à ... offre? 9 ... hôtel me semble convenable 10. ... livre ne s "adresse qu"à ... amateurs éclairés, rares de nos jours.

This expression consists of two words - the demonstrative pronoun ce - "this", which in this case is reduced to one letter c', and the linking verb être (est) - "is", which is usually not translated into Russian.

This expression is translated into Russian with the word " This”, followed by an indication of the person / object. The noun that this person / thing stands for is usually used with . The expression has a plural form (before referring to several persons / objects) - ce sont ..., however, in the spoken language it is allowed to use the singular form in this case:

C'est une table. - It is a table.

Ce sont (c'est) des tables. - These are tables.

C'est mon ami. - This is my friend.

Ce, cet, cette, ces - this, this, this, these

These words are demonstrative adjectives. They must be immediately followed by a noun.. They change in gender and number according to the word they refer to. They are translated into Russian with the words "this, this, this, these." To understand the peculiarities of choosing between the demonstrative adjectives themselves, follow the link:

Cette table est en bois. This table is made of wood.

Cette jeune fille est ma copine. This girl is my friend.

This

Thus, the Russian word "this" can be translated into French in two ways: either by the expression c'est, or by a demonstrative adjective. The difference in sentence structures should help you make your choice.

Allo, Marie? C'est Nicolas. Comment ça va?

— Comme ci comme ca!

Cha et cela

Cela is used very rarely in colloquial speech, as a rule it will always be replaced by ça, especially in such expressions as: ça va how are you, ça y est everything is fine; ready, comme ci comme ça so-so, etc. Cela is used in writing and in literary language: cela a été difficile it was difficult (ça a été difficile), après tout cela after all this (après tout ça), etc. d.

Exception: cela dit (cela [or ceci] dit...) (well) now... (après avoir dit) not ça dit.

But if cela is opposed to ceci it cannot usually be replaced by ça: ceci est à nous, cela est à vous, (in oral speech, the opposition ceci / cela is often neutralized by using ça: ça, c'est à nous; ça, c'est a vous).

Ce and ca

Ce is used mainly with the verb to be (être) as the subject:

C'est possible. It's possible. C'est Marie qui prepare le gâteau. Marie will cook a cake. C'est à lui que je me suis adressée. I turned to him. Est-ce qu'il est la? Is he there? Qu'est-ce que c'est. What is this? C'est-a-dire. That is.

The verb être can be either singular or plural: c'est moi, ce sont mes parents.

Stressed (independent) pronouns are used with turns c'est / ce sont ... qui.

The turnover c'est … qui is used with all persons (c'est moi/toi/ lui /elle / nous /vous .. qui), except for eux/elles - with the third person of the plural we use ce sont… qui: ce sont eux/ elles…qui. In colloquial French, c'est eux .. qui is used, but c'est elles ... qui is never used, to avoid ambiguity and ambiguity, since the turn sounds like in the singular c'est elle ..qui.

The phrase ce sont is not inverted: Ce sont tes affaires? Are these your things?

Ça is used with other verbs (as subject or object). It does not have a truncated form, there is no elision before the vowel:

Prenez ca. Take it. C'est comme ça. This is true. Ça y est! Ready. Ça arrive! Qui ca? Who? Où ça? Where? Ca suffit. It's enough. Ne me parle pas de ça. Do not tell me about it. Ça vous fait plaisir? Do you like it?

However, sometimes ça is used with être and ce with other verbs:

Ça n'a pas été difficile, ce doit être une étrangère.

Ce (c'/ç)

Ce is used mainly with the verb être:

• always used before the verb être in the present and past tenses (imparfait, passé composé, plus-que-parfait):

C'est bien; ce sont des tudiants; c'était facile; (ce) ç'a été difficile.

• always used before a verb in the present and past continuous (imparfait) in the negative form:

Ce n'est pas possible.

Ça used

• Before a pronoun:

Acheter cette maison n'est pas possible? - Si, ca l'est. (le = possible).

Demonstrative adjectives have the following forms:

in the singular:

ce (masculine)

cette (feminine)

cet (before a vowel)

plural: ces

Ce livre; set amie; cette nuit; ces livres.

20. Possessive adjectives

They are used before a noun and agree with it in gender and number (that is, it is put in the same gender and number as the word following it!), As well as in person and number with the owner of the object that is indicated by this noun.

Before a feminine noun or adjective beginning with a vowel or silent h, the masculine form is used mon, tone, son: mon amie is my friend.

mon - male, ma - female (mine, mine, mine)

ton - male. ta - female (your, yours, yours)

son - male sa - female (his her)

ses (his, hers)

21. Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are divided into verbal (unstressed) and independent (stressed).

In French, only verbal personal pronouns have retained some residual forms of declension: they are divided into:

1) subject pronouns,

2) pronouns-direct objects,

3) pronouns-indirect objects.

The former usually correspond in Russian to personal pronouns in the nominative case. They are functional words that indicate the person of the verb:

Je dessine. I'm drawing.

The second correspond to pronouns in the accusative case:

George le dessine. Georges draws it.

The third correspond to pronouns in the dative case:

Marie te donne mes livres. Maria gives you my books.

Elle lui montre sa collection. She shows him her collection.

Table of verbal personal pronouns

1. As the table shows, the pronouns nous and vous have the same forms in all their functions.

2. Pronouns-direct objects me, te, le, la take the form m", t", l" before vowels and mute h:

Je l "ai vu (e) hier. I saw him (her) yesterday