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How to write a sentence with direct speech. Sentence with direct speech

2. If the author’s words come before direct speech, then a colon is placed after them, and the first word of direct speech is written with a capital letter: And Marco walks for days and nights in the forest above the Danube River, looking for everything, moaning everything: "Where is the fairy?" But the waves laugh: "We don't know". But he shouted to them: "You are lying! You play with her yourself!”(M.G.)

3. If direct speech comes before the author’s words, then a comma and a dash are placed after it; if direct speech contains a question or exclamation, then it is followed by a question mark, exclamation mark or an ellipsis and a dash. The author's words in all cases begin with a small letter:

1) “Looking for friends in the future is a lot of loneliness”, said Kulkov. (Leon.);
2) "We've arrived..."- Litovchenko thought listlessly. (Leon.);
3) “What date do we have today?”- he suddenly exclaimed, not addressing anyone. (Leon.); 4) “I found out!”- he [Nekhlyudov] thought. (L.T.)

Note. There are cases (rather rare) when direct speech breaks the words of the author. Then a colon is placed before direct speech (see paragraph 2), and after it - a comma (question or exclamation mark) and a dash (see paragraph 3), for example:

1) He said: “I’m not feeling well today”, - and fell silent;
2) And only when he whispered: "Mother! Mother!"— he seemed to feel better. (Ch.);
3) To my question: “Is the old caretaker alive?”- no one could give me a satisfactory answer. (P.)

a) If there should not be any sign at the break in direct speech or there should be a comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the words of the author on both sides are highlighted with commas and a dash. The words of the author and the first word of the second part of direct speech are written with a small letter, for example: 1) "Do not sing,- Mom smiled, - you'll get a cold in your throat". (Hare.) (Without the author’s words it would be: “Don’t sing, you’ll get a cold in your throat.”) 2) "Glad,- he said, - Your safe return from a difficult voyage". (Paust.) (Without the author’s words it would have been: “I’m glad for your safe return from a difficult voyage.”)
b) If there should have been a period where the direct speech broke, then after the direct speech a comma and a dash are placed before the author’s words, and after the author’s words a dot and a dash are placed. The second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter, for example: “Our presence on the ground at such a tense moment is necessary,- Bartashev finished. — I'm leaving tomorrow". (N.O.) (Without the author’s words it would be: “Our presence on the ground at such a tense moment is necessary. I’m leaving tomorrow.”)
c) If there should have been a question or exclamation mark at the break in direct speech, then this sign and a dash are placed before the author’s words, and a dot and a dash are placed after the author’s words. The second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter, for example: 1) “Why at six?- asked Pavel. — After all, they change at seven.”. (N.O.) (Without the author’s words it would be: “Why at six? After all, they change at seven.”); 2) "Ah well!- the officer said in a sing-song voice. That is great. This is exactly what we need: a deserted sea.”. (Paust.) (Without the author’s words it would be: “Oh, so! That’s great. We just need a deserted sea.”)

Note. If one part of the author’s words refers to the first half of direct speech, and the other to the second, then a colon and a dash are placed after the author’s words (signs are placed before the author’s words in accordance with the rules set out in paragraph 4, “b” and “c” ), For example:

5. When transmitting a dialogue, each replica usually (especially in print) begins on a new line, a dash is placed before the replica, and quotation marks are not used, for example:

- Aren’t you, Maxim Maksimych, coming?

- Why?

- Yes, I haven’t seen the commandant yet... (JI.)

Note. The dialogue can also be formatted differently: the lines are written in a row, in a selection, each of them is put in quotation marks and separated from the other by a dash, for example: You used to ask her: “What are you sighing about, Bela? Are you sad? - "No!" - “Do you want anything?” - "No!" - “Are you homesick for your family?” - “I have no relatives”. (L.)

Most often, when conveying someone's words verbatim, people do not even think that they are using sentences with direct speech in their statements. If you transfer them to paper, they will require correct schematic writing with special punctuation marks - quotation marks.

Any statement, whether mental or spoken, can be written down in the form of a sentence with direct speech or a narrative. In modern Russian, there are constructions with direct speech, improperly direct speech, indirect speech and dialogue.

What is direct speech?

In Russian, sentences with direct speech are used to literally convey other people's words. At the same time, it is also important to indicate who said them, therefore such a sentence contains the words of the author and his statement. The author’s words always contain a verb that shows exactly how the speech is conveyed or with what emotional connotation. For example, he said, thought, pronounced, approved, suggested and others:

“It’s getting colder, maybe there was a hailstorm nearby,” thought Peter.
I order you: “Leave your brother alone, let him deal with his own life.”
“Why is there no one here,” Alenka was surprised, “did I come earlier or was I late?”
“It’s always like this,” the grandmother sighed heavily.

Few people know that the first books were printed without punctuation marks, and the concept of “quotation marks” was first used in literature at the end of the 18th century. It is believed that N.M. Karamzin introduced this symbol into use for written speech. They most likely received their name from the dialect word “kavysh,” which meant “duckling.” Similar to the marks left by duck feet, quotation marks took root and became a punctuation mark when writing names and conveying other people's words.

Design of structures that convey someone else's speech

Sentences with direct speech are divided into two parts: the words of the author and the statement. To separate them, quotes, commas, dashes and colons are used. Only if the speaker is not indicated, quotation marks are not used, for example, these are proverbs and sayings (You can’t pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty), in which the author is a people, a collective person.

Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech are placed depending on where exactly the author’s words are located.

When the author's words are at the beginning of a sentence, a colon is placed after them, and the statement is written on both sides with quotation marks. For example, “The teacher reminded the class: “Tomorrow is a cleanup day at school.” At the end of a sentence with direct speech (examples below), a sign is placed, depending on the intonation. For example:
1) Masha was surprised: “Where did you come from here?”
2) Frightened by the darkness, the baby shouted: “Mom, I’m afraid!”

Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech without indicating the author, appearing on the same line, are separated from each other by a dash. For example:
“Where are you going now?” - I asked my scowling friend. - “Why do you need to know?” - “What if we’re on the same path?” - "Hardly".

Each sentence with direct speech can be depicted in the form of a diagram.

Sentence schemes

The scheme of a sentence with direct speech consists of symbols and punctuation marks. In it, the letter “p” or “P” denotes direct speech, and the letter “A” or “a” denotes the words of the author. Depending on the spelling of the letters, the words of the author or direct speech are written with a capital or small letter.

"P", - a. “We should have turned left here,” the passenger told the driver.
"P!" - A. “You weren’t standing here, young man!” - the grandmother shouted from the end of the line.
"P?" - A. “Why did you follow me?” - I asked the old dog.
A: "P". Mom turned to her son: “After school, go to the store for bread.”
A: “P!” The grandmother pushed the plate back to her grandson: “Eat, otherwise you won’t go for a walk!”
A: “P?” The teacher raised his eyes in surprise: “What are you going to do with such marks?”

These are examples of complete direct sentences

Schemes of a “broken” straight design

The sentence diagram with direct speech clearly shows how punctuation marks should be placed.

Application of direct speech

The Russian language has many ways of presenting a story. Sentences with direct speech are one of them. Most often they are used in literary texts and in newspaper articles where verbatim transmission of someone’s statements is required.

Without the transmission of human thoughts and words, fiction would be only descriptive and unlikely to be successful with readers. Most of all they are interested in other people's thoughts and feelings, which cause a positive or negative response in the mind. This is what “ties” the reader to the work and determines whether it is liked or not.

Another technique used in Russian literature and everyday life is indirect speech.

What is indirect speech?

It is easy to remember how sentences with direct speech differ from indirect speech. There is no literal transmission of other people's words and intonation. These are complex sentences with subordinate and main parts, combined using conjunctions, pronouns or the particle “li”.

Sentences with direct and indirect speech in Russian convey foreign words, but they sound differently. For example:

The doctor warned: “Today the procedures will begin an hour earlier.” This is direct speech with a literal translation of the doctor’s words.
The doctor warned that today the procedures will begin an hour earlier. This is indirect speech, since the doctor's words are conveyed by someone else. In sentences with indirect speech, the words of the author (the main part) always come before the statement itself (the subordinate part) and are separated from it by a comma.

Structure of indirect sentences

Like all complex sentences, indirect sentences consist of a main sentence and one or more subordinates:

The doctor warned that today the procedures will begin an hour earlier, so we need to get up earlier.

Also, indirect speech can be conveyed in a simple sentence using minor members, for example:

The doctor warned about the start of the procedures an hour earlier.

In this example, the words of the doctor are conveyed without constructing a complex sentence, but their meaning is conveyed correctly.

An important indicator when changing direct speech into indirect speech is that in a complex sentence from the main part to the secondary one you can always ask the question:

The doctor warned (about what?) that today the procedures will begin an hour earlier.

To construct indirect speech, conjunctions and pronouns are used. This is the difference between a sentence with direct and indirect speech.

Unions and allied words for conveying other people's words

In the event that indirect speech is narrative in nature, use the conjunction “what”:

Mom said it was better to take an umbrella.

When the sentence is of an incentive nature, use the conjunction “so that”:

Grandma told me to wash the dishes.

When creating an interrogative indirect sentence, the same pronouns are preserved as interrogative sentences with direct speech:

If there are no interrogative pronouns in direct speech, the particle “whether” is used in a sentence with indirect speech:

I asked: “Are you going to finish the borscht?”
I asked if he would finish the borscht.

When transmitting someone else's words in indirect speech, the speaker's intonation is not conveyed.

Improperly direct speech

Another type of indirect sentences is improperly direct speech. It simultaneously combines the author’s speech with the character’s.

To better understand the difference, you should analyze sentences with direct speech, indirect and improperly direct.

Having arrived from Greece, my friends said: “We will definitely return there.” This is a sentence with direct speech, divided into the words of the author and the statement itself.
Having arrived from Greece, my friends said that they would definitely return there. This is a sentence with indirect speech, in which from the main part you can put a question to the subordinate (they said about what?)
My friends came from Greece. They will definitely return there! This is an improperly direct speech, the main function of which is to convey the main meaning of what was said, but not on behalf of the characters who visited Greece, but on behalf of the author of the story, their friend.

The main difference between improperly direct speech is the transmission of other people's emotions using one's own words.

Dialogue

Another type of transmission of someone else's speech in literature is dialogue. It is used to convey the words of several participants, while the remarks are written on a new line and highlighted with a dash:

The teacher asked:

Why weren't you in class?

“I went to the doctor,” the student answered.

Dialogue is used in fiction in works with a large number of characters.

Sentences with direct speech

Sentences with direct speech consist of the author’s words and direct speech:

“I’ll go to the Volga the day after tomorrow,” said Sasha. (A. Chekhon)

In this sentence the words authorv - Sasha said; direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks. Author's words (words introducing direct speech) part include Verbs said, thought, asked, wrote, read, whispered, exclaimed, etc.

1) M. Gorky wrote: “A good book, just a holiday.
2) “I owe everything good in me to books,” said M. Gorky.
3) “What books do you like?” - asked Vera Vasilievna.
4) “This book is amazing! This is truly a marvelous miracle!” - wrote Lev Kassil.

Direct Speech Sentence Schemes

1) A: “P”.
2) “P”, -a.
3) “P?” - A.
4) “P!” - A.

In writing, direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks.

If author's words stand before direct speech, then a colon is placed after them, direct speech is written with a capital letter.

Direct speech. Rules

From the examples given in this lesson, you have already figured out for yourself what sentences with direct speech can be and analyzed the scheme of sentences with direct speech, but now let's try to formulate a definition and find out what is called direct speech.

Direct speech refers to words that belong to someone, but which are transmitted without changes.

In another way, we can also say that direct speech is a structure in which the words of the person to whom these words or speech belong are conveyed verbatim.

Let's give an example:

1. My mother called me: “Sasha, go home!”;
2. “What time is it?” - asked Sasha;
3. “Half past twelve,” my mother answered.
4. “Can I walk a little more?” - asked Sasha.
5. Mom said: “First you need to have lunch and sit down for your homework.”

Each sentence in which direct speech is present consists of two parts: the words of the author and direct speech. These parts of the sentence are interconnected in meaning and intonation.

We can also say that direct speech is someone else’s speech, although it is conveyed verbatim on behalf of the person to whom it belongs.

If we talk about the order of constructing a sentence with direct speech, then this does not matter, since the author’s words can be after direct speech or come before it.

Here's an example:

“Can you tell me where the pharmacy is?” - asked the stranger.
I replied, “Walk one block and there will be a pharmacy.”
"Thanks a lot!" - the stranger thanked.

We see that in the first sentence the author’s words are after direct speech, but in the second sentence they are before direct speech.

Now let's look at the picture and remember the basic patterns that occur in sentences with direct speech:

Exercise.

1. Make up sentences in which the author’s words will appear at the end of the sentence.

2. Come up with a short story in which the author’s direct speech and words can be either at the beginning of the sentence or at the end.

3. Read the sentences below. Try to remake them so that the author’s words come first, followed by direct speech:

Punctuation marks

When writing a sentence with direct speech, you should remember that direct speech is always written in quotation marks, and the first word of direct speech must be capitalized.

For example: Nikita asked: “Have you done your homework yet?”

A: "P". A: “P?” A: “P!”

If direct speech is written before the author’s words, then after direct speech we must put a dash before the author’s words. But it should be noted that in this case the words of the author should be written with a small letter.

Also, you should remember that at the end of direct speech, before the words of the author, depending on the sentence, you must put a comma, exclamation point or question mark:

“P” – a. "P?" - A. "P!" - A.

Homework

1. Using the diagrams provided, come up with your own sentences and write them down in your notebook.
2. Select sentences with direct speech from famous fairy tales and make diagrams based on these sentences.
3. What punctuation marks are used in these sentences? Try to explain why these particular signs are used in the sentence.
4. Read the sentences carefully and rewrite them so that they contain direct speech.

What is direct speech?

“It’s getting colder, maybe there was a hailstorm nearby,” thought Peter.
I order you: “Leave your brother alone, let him deal with his own life.”
“Why is there no one here,” Alenka was surprised, “did I come earlier or was I late?”
“It’s always like this,” the grandmother sighed heavily.

Design of structures that convey someone else's speech

Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech are placed depending on where exactly the author’s words are located.

When the author's words are at the beginning of a sentence, a colon is placed after them, and the statement is written on both sides with quotation marks. For example, “The teacher reminded the class: “Tomorrow is a cleanup day at school.” At the end of a sentence with direct speech (examples below), a sign is placed, depending on the intonation. For example:
1) Masha was surprised: “Where did you come from here?”
2) Frightened by the darkness, the baby shouted: “Mom, I’m afraid!”

Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech without indicating the author, appearing on the same line, are separated from each other by a dash. For example:
“Where are you going now?” - I asked my scowling friend. - “Why do you need to know?” - “What if we’re on the same path?” - "Hardly".

Each sentence with direct speech can be depicted in the form of a diagram.

Sentence schemes

"P", - a. “We should have turned left here,” the passenger told the driver.
"P!" - A. “You weren’t standing here, young man!” - the grandmother shouted from the end of the line.
"P?" - A. “Why did you follow me?” - I asked the old dog.
A: "P". Mom turned to her son: “After school, go to the store for bread.”
A: “P!” The grandmother pushed the plate back to her grandson: “Eat, otherwise you won’t go for a walk!”
A: “P?” The teacher raised his eyes in surprise: “What are you going to do with such marks?”

These are examples of complete direct sentences

Schemes of a “broken” straight design

The sentence diagram with direct speech clearly shows how punctuation marks should be placed.

Application of direct speech

Another technique used in Russian literature and everyday life is indirect speech.

What is indirect speech?

Sentences with direct and indirect speech in Russian convey foreign words, but they sound differently. For example:

The doctor warned: “Today the procedures will begin an hour earlier.” This is direct speech with a literal translation of the doctor’s words.
The doctor warned that today the procedures will begin an hour earlier. This is indirect speech, since the doctor's words are conveyed by someone else. In sentences with indirect speech, the words of the author (the main part) always come before the statement itself (the subordinate part) and are separated from it by a comma.

Structure of indirect sentences

Like all complex sentences, indirect sentences consist of a main sentence and one or more subordinates:

The doctor warned that today the procedures will begin an hour earlier, so we need to get up earlier.

Also, indirect speech can be conveyed in a simple sentence using minor members, for example:

The doctor warned about the start of the procedures an hour earlier.

In this example, the words of the doctor are conveyed without constructing a complex sentence, but their meaning is conveyed correctly.

An important indicator when changing direct speech into indirect speech is that in a complex sentence from the main part to the secondary one you can always ask the question:

The doctor warned (about what?) that today the procedures will begin an hour earlier.

To construct indirect speech, conjunctions and pronouns are used. This is the difference between a sentence with direct and indirect speech.

Unions and allied words for conveying other people's words

In the event that indirect speech is narrative in nature, use the conjunction “what”:

Mom said it was better to take an umbrella.

When the sentence is of an incentive nature, use the conjunction “so that”:

Grandma told me to wash the dishes.

When creating an interrogative indirect sentence, the same pronouns are preserved as interrogative sentences with direct speech:

If there are no interrogative pronouns in direct speech, the particle “whether” is used in a sentence with indirect speech:

I asked: “Are you going to finish the borscht?”
I asked if he would finish the borscht.

When transmitting someone else's words in indirect speech, the speaker's intonation is not conveyed.

Improperly direct speech

Another type of indirect sentences is improperly direct speech. It simultaneously combines the author’s speech with the character’s.

To better understand the difference, you should analyze sentences with direct speech, indirect and improperly direct.

Having arrived from Greece, my friends said: “We will definitely return there.” This is a sentence with direct speech, divided into the words of the author and the statement itself.
Having arrived from Greece, my friends said that they would definitely return there. This is a sentence with indirect speech, in which from the main part you can put a question to the subordinate (they said about what?)
My friends came from Greece. They will definitely return there! This is an improperly direct speech, the main function of which is to convey the main meaning of what was said, but not on behalf of the characters who visited Greece, but on behalf of the author of the story, their friend.

The main difference between improperly direct speech is the transmission of other people's emotions using one's own words.

Dialogue

The teacher asked:

Why weren't you in class?

“I went to the doctor,” the student answered.

Dialogue is used in fiction in works with a large number of characters.

Direct speech, including internal speech, is highlighted with quotation marks.
The author's words can come before direct speech, after it, or break direct speech.

1. If the author’s words come before direct speech, then they are followed by a colon and opening quotation marks. Depending on the type of sentence, according to the purpose of the statement and the emotional coloring, at the end of direct speech there is a period (before it - closing quotation marks), a question or exclamation mark, and in case of interruption or understatement, an ellipsis (after them - closing quotation marks).

Example:

They heard a woodpecker hammering and said: “How much harm a woodpecker does to a tree!” And here we had our own learned man, a doctor, a good man, who found that tree and asked: “Why is this tree drying out?” They answer: “The worm is sharpening.” (M. Prishvin)

Question marks, exclamation marks and ellipses are placed before quotation marks, and a period is placed after quotation marks.
Schemes: A: “P!” A: “P?” A: “P...” A: “P.”

2. If direct speech begins with a paragraph, then, as a rule, a dash is placed instead of quotation marks.

Example:

I walked up to him and said slowly and clearly:
- I am very sorry that I came up after you had already given your word of honor in confirmation of the most disgusting slander (M. Lermontov)

3. If the author’s words come after direct speech enclosed in quotation marks, then a dash is placed before the author’s words, the author’s words begin with a lowercase letter. At the end of direct speech, question marks, exclamation marks or ellipses are placed before quotation marks, depending on the nature of the sentence; If the sentence is a declarative non-exclamatory sentence, then a comma is placed after the quotation marks.

Example:

“We must live according to the law of nature and truth,” said Mrs. Dergacheva (F. Dostoevsky) from behind the door;

“How old might you be?” - Balunsky asked, looking at the river. (A. Kuprin)

Schemes: "P", - a. "P?" - A.

a) if there should be no punctuation mark at the break in direct speech or there should be a comma, semicolon, colon, dash, then the author’s words on both sides are highlighted with commas and a dash, and the second part of direct speech is written with a lowercase letter.

Example:

“However,” I say, “there are only three or four big gentlemen left in the district.” (I. Bunin)

Scheme: “P, - a, - p.”

b) if there should be a dot at the break in direct speech, then a comma and a dash are placed before the author’s words, and a dot and a dash after the author’s words; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter.

Example:

“You have to serve,” he answered with conviction. “And a double salary for our brother, a poor man, means a lot.” (L. Tolstoy)

Scheme: “P, - a. - P".

c) if in place of a break in direct speech there should be a question mark, exclamation mark or ellipsis, then these marks are preserved, after them a dash is placed, the author’s words begin with a lowercase letter, after them a dot and a dash are placed; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter.

Example:

“What do they call! - he said, rejoicing. - Just listen to what’s happening! All over the Desna." (E. Nosov)

Scheme: “P! - A. - P".

5. If in the author’s words inside direct speech there are two verbs with the meaning of a statement and the first part of direct speech refers to one verb, and the second to another, then a colon and a dash are placed after the author’s words; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter.

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