What does reflexive verbs mean. What is irrevocable and returnable

Morphology of the Russian literary language*

VERB

Ranks of verbs

Meaning and forms of the verb

Verbs are words with the meaning of the process, i.e. words expressing the signs they designate as an action (read, chop, go) state (sick, lie down) or becoming (be young, grow old).

Verbs have a rich system of mutually opposed syntactic forms, the totality of which is called conjugation. Of the syntactic forms, the most characteristic of the verb are those that serve to express the predicate in the sentence, the so-called predicative forms. The presence of these forms makes it possible to oppose the verb to the rest of the speech, which, having no form of predicate, cannot, unlike the verb, themselves act as a predicate in the sentence.

The predicative forms of the verb are expressed by mood forms, which indicate differences in the statement expressed by the predicate in relation to its reality or unreality, possibility (cf. he worked, he works And he would work, work). Predicative forms are opposed attributive forms- participle and gerund participle, which are forms in which the verb acts as minor member sentences - definitions or circumstances (working, working, working).

Contrasting with each other, predicative and attributive forms are combined in the sense that, while expressing a process, they at the same time indicate that this process belongs to a person or object (cf. he works, you would work, factory-working brother; engineer working in a factory designing a car model etc.). All these forms, i.e. predicative and attributive in their totality, in turn, is opposed by the so-called indefinite form, or infinitive (work), in which there is no indication that the process is related to a person or object. Representing a negative form in its grammatical meaning, the infinitive is neither a predicative nor an attributive form.

In addition to syntactic forms of conjugation, verbs have non-syntactic forms recurrence And irreversibility and forms kind. According to the non-syntactic formal meanings expressed by these forms, verbs are divided into correlative grammatical categories in relation to each other: firstly, into verbs returnable And irrevocable, secondly, on verbs perfect And imperfect species.

The division of verbs into reflexive and irrevocable depends on whether the intransitive meaning of the process is expressed grammatically or not. Reflexive verbs are verbs with a grammatically expressed intransitivity, i.e. they indicate that the process they express is not, and cannot be, reversed to the direct object expressed by the noun in wine. pad. without a preposition, for example: wash, dress, meet, get angry, knock, blacken etc. Unlike them, non-reflexive verbs do not indicate the intransitivity of the process, and therefore they can be both transitive: wash(hands), dress(child) meet(delegation) get angry(father), and intransitive: knock, blacken and etc.

The division of verbs into perfective and imperfective verbs is determined by how they express the course of the process in relation to its completeness. Perfective verbs express the process in its completeness, at the moment the process reaches the limit or result: write, decide, start, get dressed, take a walk etc. Imperfective verbs express the process without indicating its completeness, completeness: write, decide, start, dress, walk etc.

The ways of forming verb forms are extremely diverse. The main grammatical means of their formation are various affixes: prefixes, suffixes, endings. But, in addition, in the formation of verb forms, a change in the stem is used much more widely compared to other parts of speech, expressed in various kinds of alternations of phonemes, compare, for example: assigns - assigns, asks - asks, twist - twist, draw - draw, knit - knit, plow - plow, carry - drive, wear - wear etc.

When forming conjugation forms, along with syntactic forms common to the grammatical structure of the Russian language, i.e. forms in which real and formal meanings are expressed in one word, a number of verb forms are formed analytically with the help of special auxiliary particles and words that express the syntactic formal meanings of a given form, while only real and non-syntactic formal meanings are denoted by a conjugated verb. Thus, for example, it is formed conditional mood (would work), the future tense of imperfective verbs (they will work) and some other forms.

The formation of verb forms basically corresponds to the general inflectional structure of the Russian language. Indeed, the syntactic formal meanings of verbs are indicated not only by affixes, but also by a change in the stem of the word (cf. love'-at - love'u). Affixes usually designate not one, but several formal meanings (cf. I love And love'-at, where the endings indicate the person and number of the verb), finally, the same formal meaning can be expressed various suffixes(cf. go-ut And shout-at). However, the formation of some forms of the verb is not inflectional, but agglutinative, i.e. they are formed by "gluing", stringing identical single-valued suffixes. Such, for example, is the formation of forms of the imperative mood (cf. learn, learn, learn, learn, learn, learn, learn, learn).

Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs

Depending on the presence or absence of grammatical features in verbs that indicate the intransitivity of the process, verbs in Russian are divided into two categories: reflexive and non-reflexive verbs. In other words, the division of verbs into reflexive and irrevocable is determined by whether or not the very form of the verb indicates that the process it denotes is not reversed, not directed to a direct object, which is expressed by nouns in wine. pad. without a suggestion.

Reflexive verbs are those that, by their form, indicate that the process they designate is not and cannot be reversed to a direct object: appear, return, rush, share, call, knock and others, i.e. reflexive verbs are verbs with a grammatically expressed intransitive.

As opposed to reflexive verbs non-reflexive verbs do not contain in their form grammatical features indicating the intransitivity of the process: wash, return, rush, smoke, call, knock etc. Therefore, these are verbs with grammatically unexpressed intransitiveness.

The opposition of reflexive and non-reflexive verbs to each other, as verbs with expressed and unexpressed intransitivity, corresponds to purely external formal features. Reflexive verbs are characterized by the presence of a special suffix, the so-called reflexive particle -sya, -sya, through which the intransitivity of the process denoted by the verb is expressed: to meet, to meet. On the contrary, non-reflexive verbs do not have a reflexive particle, and at the same time there is no grammatical indication of the intransitivity of the process: meet, knock. Thus, formally reflexive and non-reflexive verbs are opposed to each other, like verbs with a reflexive particle and verbs without a reflexive particle.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Expressing a process without indicating its intransitiveness, irreflexive verbs can have both transitive and intransitive meanings. This does not contradict their definition as verbs with unexpressed intransitiveness, since the mere absence of grammatical features indicating the intransitive meaning of the process does not mean that the process must necessarily be transitive. And indeed, although some irrevocable verbs have a transitive meaning, others have an intransitive meaning, and therefore they are divided into verbs transitional And intransitive.

The division of irreflexive verbs into transitive and intransitive is based on their meaning. Intransitive verbs express a state, becoming and action that is not and cannot, by its very nature, be directed to a direct object: A lone sail turns white.(M. Lermontov), Blacken huts here and there. (A. Pushkin), Factory chimneys are smoking, Birds are flying, A steamboat is floating on the river, Rifle shots are crackling etc. In contrast, transitive verbs express only an action, and such an action that is directly addressed to a direct object: The old man was fishing with a net, the old woman was spinning her yarn. (A. Pushkin), The people broke the chains of the king.(V. Mayakovsky), I write poetry and, dissatisfied, burn. (N. Nekrasov), Waves with white claws scrape the golden sand.(S. Yesenin), etc. This difference in the meaning of transitive and intransitive verbs is not always sharply manifested, since the action denoted by the transitive verb can be expressed in a distraction from the object to which it is directed, cf .: I write in my room, I read without a lamp.(A. Pushkin), Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts.(A. Pushkin) - and then it approaches the meaning of intransitive verbs. But still, in this case, transitive verbs denote a potentially transitive action.

The meaning of transitive verbs determines the possibility of connecting with them in speech nouns in the accusative case without a preposition denoting a direct object, i.e. the object on which the action is directed. This connection is possible precisely because the verb itself denotes an action directed at an object. In other words, transitive verbs can control the accusative case of nouns with the meaning of a direct object. Intransitive verbs do not control the accusative case, they do not connect with it, since they do not have the meaning of transitivity. However, if a noun in the accusative case does not denote a direct object, but the duration of an action in time or space, then it can also be used with intransitive verbs: The storm raged all night, The whole summer was bad weather, All the way they walked in silence..

The possibility of forming participles in them is also connected with the meaning of transitive verbs. passive voice: read - readable, read - read, build - built, love - beloved, warm - warmed etc. However, it should be noted that not all transitive verbs have passive participles. More or less regularly, they are formed only in perfective verbs, since they form passive past participles, which are productive forms. In many transitive imperfective verbs, which form only passive participles of the present tense, which are forms of little productive, passive participles No. On the other hand, although intransitive verbs, as a rule, do not have passive participles, they can be formed in individual intransitive verbs, cf .: threaten - threatened, neglect - neglected, depend - dependent, manage - controlled.

The difference between transitive and intransitive verbs in most cases is not indicated by any grammatical features. One can only note the opposition of transitive and intransitive verbs, which are formed from adjectives by means of derivational suffixes -et And -it. By means of a suffix -et intransitive verbs are formed denoting state and becoming (the process of gradual development of a feature), for example: to turn white, to turn black, to turn red, to turn golden and etc.; with the same suffix -it from the same adjectives verbs denoting a transitive action are formed: whiten, blacken, redden, gild etc. Most of the remaining verbal suffixes are used in the same way to form both transitive and intransitive verbs, and therefore they cannot serve as signs of distinguishing between transitive and intransitive verbs. IN individual cases with the help of prefixes from intransitive verbs, transitive ones are formed, cf .: walk And go out(sick) sit And serve time(leg) sit out(chair), sit out(chickens), etc. However, intransitive verbs become transitive only with a few prefixes (cf. to come, to walk, to enter, to go; to sit, to sit etc.), and, in addition, many intransitive verbs either rarely combine with prefixes, or, even if they are combined, retain their intransitiveness.

Due to the absence of signs that would indicate the transitive or intransitive meaning of non-reflexive verbs, in a careless colloquial speech often intransitive verbs are used in the meaning of transitive, for example: He broke the glass, don't tremble, take a walk baby, I'm sunbathing my feet etc. Although such use is usually perceived as erroneous, incorrect, as a "slip of the tongue", but it clearly indicates the grammatical indistinguishability of transitive and intransitive verbs. It is significant that this kind of "reservation" is impossible with reflexive verbs, as verbs with grammatically expressed intransitiveness.

Meaning and formation of reflexive verbs

All reflexive verbs are intransitive. This is their common grammatical property. Therefore, like other intransitive verbs (irreflexive), they cannot control the accusative case of nouns with the meaning of a direct object and do not form passive participles.

The intransitive meaning of reflexive verbs is grammatically indicated by a special affix, the so-called reflexive particle. This particle, being an inseparable element of the verb, is attached to the end of the word and is preserved in all forms that are formed in reflexive verbs. It comes in two versions - -sya And -ss. IN verb forms ending in a consonant, the variant is used -sya: wash-sya, washed-sya, wash-sya, wash-sya, my-sya(moj-sya), and in forms ending in a vowel - a variant -s: wash-s, wash-s, wash-s, wash-s, my-s. However, in participles, both in consonantal and in vowel forms, the reflexive particle is always presented in the variant -sya, compare: washable And washable, washable And washing, washing And washed etc. By adding such a particle, reflexive verbs can be formed from both transitive and intransitive non-reflexive verbs.

Attaching a reflexive particle to transitive verbs is a means by which their transitive meaning is eliminated: verbs from transitive become intransitive. At the same time, in addition to eliminating transitivity, the reflexive particle introduces additional meanings into the reflexive verbs formed from transitive verbs, which denote differences in relation to the process to the person or object it defines. These meanings largely depend on the syntactic conditions for the use of reflexive verbs, due to which the same verb in different syntactic contexts can mean various relationships process to the person or thing it defines. The most important of these values ​​are:

common-return value, indicating that the process is designated in abstraction from the object, as occurring in the object itself, as a property, the state of this object: he gets angry, languishes, pouts, rejoices, frightened, the cow butts, the dog bites, the problem is not solved, the matter is easy to wash, dye etc.

self-return value, showing that the action is addressed to the actor himself, who is, as it were, his own object of action: I wash, dress, she puts on makeup, powders, smears, he defends himself etc. With this meaning, reflexive verbs are used with nouns denoting "animate" objects.

mutual value, denoting that the action takes place between two or more actors, each of which, in relation to the other, is the object of the action: they squabble, kiss, fight, meet etc.

passive meaning, denoting that the action is reversed by some actor to the object defined by the verb, which is thus the object of the action. With this meaning, reflexive verbs are used mainly with inanimate nouns, and the protagonist in this case is expressed by animate nouns in the instrumental case: the house is painted by painters, the locomotive is controlled by the driver, the problem is solved by the students, the model is designed by engineers etc. It should be noted, however, that such phrases with the instrumental case of the protagonist are rather artificial literary formations and are relatively unused. More commonly, the use of reflexive verbs in a passive sense without indicating the producer of the action, in abstraction from him: Soon fairy tale affects, Yes, it's not done soon, The floors are washed once a week, New cities are being built etc., but in this case the passive meaning is not so clearly revealed and may be completely lost, cf.: Problem solved by students And Problem solved(can be solved) Linen is washed by a laundress And Linen doesn't wash well(does not become clean, white), etc.

Joining irrevocable intransitive verbs, the reflexive particle forms reflexive verbs, which for the most part have an impersonal meaning, expressing the process in abstraction both from the object of the action and from the person performing this action. They usually denote various states experienced by a person against his will and desire, and the person himself, experiencing this or that state, can be expressed with an impersonal verb by a noun in the dative case: I can’t sleep, I can’t sit at home, he didn’t work, didn’t walk, I felt sad etc. Most often, such impersonal verbs are used with negation (particle Not). A similar kind of reflexive verbs with an impersonal meaning can also be formed from transitive verbs: I think I want to, I can't wait to find out and etc.

Of the other meanings that are introduced by the reflexive particle into reflexive verbs when they are formed from intransitive verbs, an amplifying value should be noted. With this meaning, reflexive verbs are formed from intransitive verbs into -et (-eyut), denoting a continuing state, for example: show red from blush(“to be, to be red”, but not from blush in the meaning of "become red"), turn white from turn white, blacken from turn black etc. This also includes verbs such as: smoke from smoke, brag from brag etc. In these formations, the intransitive meaning, not grammatically expressed in the main verb, is expressed through the reflexive particle -sya, which thus emphasizes and enhances the intransitivity of the process.

In a number of cases, reflexive verbs differ from the corresponding non-reflexive ones not only in the meanings that are usually introduced by the reflexive particle, but also in greater or lesser differences in the actual meaning of the verbs, cf., for example: knock, call And knock, call(“make yourself known by knocking or ringing”), look And look("look at your reflection"), forgive And say goodbye, break And tear("pursuit"), carry And mess around etc. Many reflexive verbs do not have corresponding irreflexive ones at all: to be afraid, to be proud, to be lazy, to hunt, to hope, to laugh, to doubt, to try, to boast and etc., unwell, gloomy. Some of them have irrevocable verbs only with prefixes: laugh - ridicule, fight - overcome, agree - determine, admire - fall in love with and etc.

Verb types

Depending on how the verb expresses the course of the process in relation to its completeness, verbs in Russian are divided into categories called types. There are two types: perfect And imperfect.

Perfective verbs, denoting a particular process, express it as complete, complete: finish, start, decide, build, push, take a walk etc. In contrast, imperfective verbs express a process without indicating its completeness, cf. with the above verbs: finish, start, decide, build, push, stroll. Due to the absence of an indication of the completeness of the process, imperfective verbs can express this process in its very course, as unfolding in time (he wrote, writes a letter). On the contrary, perfective verbs, expressing the process in its completeness, show this process only at the moment it reaches the limit or result in abstraction from its course. (he wrote, will write a letter). This difference between perfective and imperfective verbs is clearly seen, for example, in negative answers to a question like: "Did you write a letter?" - "No, I didn't write"(the very fact of the action is denied) and "No, I didn't write"(it is not the action that is denied, but its result, that it has achieved its goal), cf. Also: write a letter(the impulse is directed to the action itself) and write a letter(the motivation is directed not to the action, but to its result), etc. The verbs of the perfect and imperfect form present a similar difference in meaning in all the forms that they form.

Verbs of the perfect and imperfect types have a number of differences in the formation of conjugation forms. So, perfective verbs form two forms of tense: past (decided, said, pushed) And future(decide, say, push), while imperfective verbs have three forms: past (decided, spoke, pushed), the present (decides, speaks, pushes) And future (will decide, will speak, will push). At the same time, for imperfective verbs, the future tense is formed analytically, by combining the personal form of the auxiliary verb be with the infinitive of the conjugated verb (I will decide, you will decide, will decide), and for perfective verbs, the future tense is a synthetic form that coincides with the present tense form of imperfective verbs, cf. perfect view resh-u, resh-ish, resh-it and imperfect view knock-y, knock-ish, knock-it etc.

Then, imperfective verbs form two forms of real participles: read - reading, reading, while perfective verbs have only one form of the past tense: read - read. There are some other differences in the formation of conjugation forms, but they will be discussed below.

As a rule, each verb belongs to any one form: either perfect or imperfect. However, some verbs in the literary language can be used in the meaning of both types, i.e. sometimes as perfective verbs, sometimes as imperfective. These are, first of all, many borrowed verbs that are introduced into the Russian language with the help of suffixes -ovate, -from-ovate, -ir-ovate, -from-irovat: attack, arrest, organize, mobilize, telegraph, subscribe, requisition, nationalize etc. (for example: “The troops attacked the bridgehead” can mean: “made attacks” and “made an attack”). In addition to them, some non-borrowed verbs have the same indefinite aspectal meaning: bestow, command, influence, marry, execute, confess, use, pass, inherit, spend the night, form, examine, injure, investigate, give birth, combine.

Since all these verbs are used in the meaning of both perfect and imperfective forms, their personal forms (for example, arrest, organize, order, spend the night etc.) can have the meaning of both the future and the present, cf.: I order you, I order you to do it And I order the ax to sharpen and sharpen, I order the executioner to dress and dress up, I order the big bell to ring. (M. Lermontov) Therefore, in the meaning of the future tense, these verbs use two forms: attacking And I will attack, telegraph And I will telegraph, I will spend the night And I will spend the night etc. However, from some of them the analytical forms of the future tense, i.e. With auxiliary verb be, are not formed: arrest, command, form(can't say: I will arrest, order, form).

The formation of verbs that differ in aspect

Verbs different types, no matter how close they are in meaning, are not forms of the same verb, but different words. A change in the aspectual meaning of verbs occurs when derivatives of verbs are formed from them through prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes and suffixes introduce additional semantic shades into the real lexical meaning of the verb, resulting in derivative verbs with a meaning different from the meaning of the main verb, i.e. the verb they are derived from.

There are 22 verb prefixes in the literary language. Of these, 18: in-, vz-, you-, to-, for-, from-, on-, over-, o- (ob-), from-, re-, over-, under-, at-, pro-, times -, s-, u-- are productive, with the help of which you can again form derivative verbs. The rest of the prefixes are Church Slavonic in origin: air-, bottom-, pre-, pre-,- unproductive; by means of them derivative verbs are no longer formed again.

The meanings of prefixes are very diverse. A common semantic feature of prefixes is that they complicate the real meaning of the verb with various circumstantial features that limit the process in time and space or indicate the way and degree of manifestation of the process. Different verbs can have different meanings for the same prefix. Compare, for example, the added value that the prefix adds With-, on the one hand, into verbs go, ride, fly and, on the other hand, in verbs walk, ride, fly. From the first verbs are formed: get off, move off, fly off, denoting movement from top to bottom, from the second - verbs: go, go, fly, denoting movement somewhere with a return back ( go to Crimea means "to go and come back"). But the prefix can have a different meaning even when it is attached to the same verb, cf., for example: go to co-op And go down the stairs, go down the mountain And move out of the apartment.

Not all verbs are equally capable of connecting with prefixes. Non-derivative verbs are most easily combined with them. From many such verbs derived verbs are formed with almost any prefix; cf., for example, from the verb to take - to pick up, to pick up, to pick up, to take away, to choose, to recruit, to rob, to select, to sort out, to pick up, to tidy up, to disassemble, to assemble, to remove. On the contrary, other verbs, for example, intransitive, formed from other parts of speech, borrowed verbs, derived verbs, formed from the main ones by means of a suffix -well, or rarely connected with prefixes, or not connected with them at all: turn white, turn into a rage, dominate, rob, arrest, liquidate, knock, go around etc.

To form verbs from the verbs themselves, as already mentioned, in addition to prefixes, suffixes are also used. These are, first, the suffix -well and secondly, synonymous suffixes -iva-t (-yva-t), -a-t, -va-t. The last two are always accented.

With suffix -well usually from verbs denoting a process, which can consist of a number of separate acts following one after another, verbs are formed with the meaning of instantaneous, one-time: push - push, jump - jump, prick - prick, gasp - gasp, speculate - speculate etc. Instead of this suffix, the suffix is ​​often used, mainly in oral speech. -anu-th, which has, in general, the same meaning as the suffix -well, but formations with it differ in a shade of rudeness, familiarity: Let's play how he pushes me.

Through suffixes -iva-th, -ah-th, -wa-th from prefixed verbs of the perfect form, verbs of the imperfect form are formed, usually with the meaning of duration. In the modern language, of these three suffixes, only -iva-th And -a-be, the third suffix is ​​unproductive: with its help, formations of this kind no longer occur. Of the productive suffixes, the most common suffix is -ive-be: push out - push out, beat - beat, assign - appropriate, dispossess - dispossess, skip - skip etc. another suffix, -ah, as a productive one, it is currently used exclusively for the formation of verbs from prefixed verbs with an accented suffix -it, For example: to deepen - to deepen, to ground - to ground, to land - to land, to sharpen - to sharpen, to degrade - to degrade etc., but even in this case there may be formations with -iva-th. Unproductive suffix -wa-th occurs mostly in verbs formed from verbs with a non-derivative stem into a vowel, for example: for-du-be - blow-wat, shoe-be - shoe-wat, ass-be - ass-wat, from-sta-be - lag behind, get stuck - get stuck(written get stuck), sing - sing, put on - put on, push - tap - tap, swim - swim, but see also: inspire - inspire, sow - sow, master - master, stun - stun and etc.

With the same suffixes -iva-th, -ah-th And -wa-th from unprefixed verbs, so-called multiple verbs are also formed, denoting the indefinite repetition of the process, usually the repetition is not in the near past, since these verbs are used mainly in the past tense: He flew to where the raven did not sew bones, We went to my sister to dispel boredom. (N. Nekrasov), I tore at his ears, yes, apparently, not enough. (A.Griboyedov), Here's a sight of mice: we caught and ruff. (I. Krylov), Often I took from the battle what in my opinion should have been rightfully mine. (A. Pushkin) Currently, only the suffix serves as a productive means of forming multiple verbs -iva-th, the other two -a-be And -wow, are unproductive.

Formation of verbs by means of suffixes -iva-th And -A-be sometimes accompanied by an alternation of phonemes in stems. So, when formed by means of a suffix -iva-th in derivative verbs there is a change of vowel O into a vowel A, compare: asks - asks, wears out - wears out, appropriates - appropriates, doubles - doubles. However, such an alternation is not necessary, cf.: outlines, postpones, reconciles etc. For verbs with a suffix -a-be V known cases root is a vowel and (s), which in the verb from which the verb is formed on -a-be, correspond to vowels - e(fluent), O or zero sound, cf.: pick up (take away) - pick up, tear off (tear off) - rip off, erase (erase) - wash, dry - dry out, rest - rest, oversleep - wake up, wait - wait, see also: start (start) - start, clamp (clamp) - clamp, take (take) - occupy etc. When forming verbs with suffixes -iva-th, -ah-th from verbs to -it, in which the stem of the present tense ends in a consonant, there is an alternation of consonants. Namely, the consonants in front of these suffixes are replaced: dental - with hissing: twist - twist, clear - clear, plant - plant, taste - eat, immerse - immerse; labial - on combinations of labials with l': flood - flood And to flood, to feed - to feed, to carry out - to carry out, to scatter - to splurge etc. In words of Church Slavonic origin T is replaced by sch, A d- on railway: turn - turn, illuminate - illuminate, plant - plant, excite - excite.

Prefixes and suffixes, in addition to changing the real meaning of the verb, resulting in a different verb with a different meaning, at the same time change its aspectual meaning. At the same time, the roles of prefixes in changing the form, on the one hand, and suffixes, on the other, are different. Prefixes are the main means of converting imperfective verbs into perfective verbs. The suffixes -iva-th, -ah-th, -wa-th, i.e., therefore, all suffixes serving verbal word formation, except -well, are a means of changing perfective verbs into imperfective verbs. The only exception, therefore, is the suffix -well, which has the same function with prefixes in this respect.

Most of the non-derivative verbs in Russian are imperfective. There are very few non-derivative perfective verbs. These are some monosyllabic verbs: give, child, lie down, fall, sit down, become; a number of verbs in -it: quit, finish, buy, deprive, forgive, let go, decide, step, grab, reveal etc. For all other perfective verbs, even for those for which it is impossible to find corresponding non-derivative verbs, a prefix can be distinguished, and, therefore, these verbs are derivatives. So, for example, the verb get stuck the prefix stands out behind- by matching it with a verb shake up, or for verbs clothe, clothe the prefix stands out about- by comparing them, on the one hand, with verbs having the same prefix with same value: dress, put on, wrap and others, and on the other hand, with such verbs as: draw in, draw in, draw in, draw in etc.

When formed from non-derivative verbs in a certain sequence of derivative verbs, verbs are obtained that differ in appearance:

1. From non-derivative verbs imperfect. species through prefixes are formed verbs perfect. type: push - push, play - beat, draw - paint, stab - stab, mark - mark, graph - graph, get wet – get wet, sing - sing etc. Also perfect. species are obtained verbs, if they are formed with a suffix -well or -anu-th: push - push(or colloquial push), prick - prick, shoot - shoot, play - play(colloquial), etc.

2. From derivative verbs perfect. species with prefixes, you can again form imperfect verbs. species through suffixes -iva-th, -ah-th, -wah-th: push out - push out, beat - beat, paint - paint, stab - stab, note - mark, scribble - scribble, get wet - get wet, sing - sing, blow - blow etc.

3. Finally, in some cases it is possible to imperfect from prefixed verbs. species with suffixes -iva-th, -ah-th, -wa-th re-form verbs perfect. view with attachments on-, re-: push - push, beat - replay.

Thus, the change in the aspectual meaning of verbs can be represented schematically in the form of a chain and a ladder, on the steps of which verbs are sequentially formed from each other, differing in appearance:

The formation of derivative verbs is not limited to the indicated sequence, but this is where the change in their aspectual meaning ends. With any other way of forming verbs, their appearance remains the same as it was. This follows from the very way of changing the aspectual meaning of verbs. Namely, through suffixes (except -well) perfective verbs change their form to imperfective. Therefore, if these suffixes are attached to verbs imperfect. form, then, naturally, the form of such verbs will remain the same, i.e. derived verbs will be imperfect. the same kind. So, for example, from non-derivative verbs imperfect. species can be formed by the suffix -iva-th (-yva-th) derivative verbs with multiple meanings: push - push, read - read, sit - sit, walk - walk etc. However, the form of verbs does not change: verbs with multiple meanings are imperfect. species, like those from which they are derived. In turn, prefixes (together with the suffix -well) serve as the main means by which the imperfect form of verbs is changed to perfect. Therefore, the form of verbs does not change when prefixes are attached to perfect verbs. kind, for example, to verbs of the 1st stage of verbal production with the suffix -well, compare: push And push, push, push; shout And scream, shout etc.; or to the verbs of the 1st degree, formed by means of prefixes: push out - push out, beat - outplay, outplay and etc.

Not all verbs can form the whole chain of aspectual changes. In non-derivative verbs perfect. In appearance, it begins with a form corresponding to the 1st degree of derivative verbs formed from imperfect verbs. type: quit(st. v.) - 1st stage throw(St. W.), 2nd stage throw(nsv. v.), 3rd stage throw(St. V.). A chain of aspectual changes is also formed in derivative verbs perfect. form formed from nouns or adjectives using prefixes: bazaar– 1st stage squander(St. W.), 2nd stage squander(nsv. v.), 3rd stage squander(St. V.); or: 1st step to land(St. W.), 2nd stage land(nsv. v.), 3rd stage land(St. V.). In this case, therefore, the change in aspect occurs as if the formation of derivative verbs began with a non-existent non-prefixed verb market, land. On the contrary, verbs are imperfect. species formed from nouns and adjectives (with or without prefixes) form a chain of aspectual changes similar to non-derivative verbs imperfect. type: soap - wash(sv. v.) - 1st stage lather(St. W.), 2nd stage lather(NSV. V.). Finally, some verbs may often lack a form corresponding to the 1st stage of verbal production: sing– 2nd stage hum(1st stage sing along- No), dance– 2nd stage dance(verb dance- No), to swallow– 2nd stage swallow (swallow- No), bite– 2nd stage crack open (crack open- No).

Changing the aspectual meaning of verbs of motion

Some features in the formation of species are observed in verbs denoting movement. They form two parallel rows, differing in meaning. Some of them denote a movement made in a certain direction or at a certain time, for example: run, fly, ride. These are the so-called definite movement verbs. They correspond verbs of indefinite motion: run, fly, ride, which denote movement in different directions or movement at different points in time. Verbs of definite and indefinite movement form correlative semantic pairs: run - run, wade - wander, carry - carry, drive - drive, ride - ride, go - walk, roll - roll, climb - climb, fly - fly, carry - carry, swim - swim, crawl - crawl, drag - carry.

When deriving verbs from verbs of a certain movement, as usual, perfect verbs are obtained. type: climb - climb, go - pass etc. The situation is different with verbs of indefinite motion. Derivative verbs formed from most of them by means of prefixes in the same meanings - perfect. species, in others - imperfect. For example: drive- perfect. view: spend(home), I'm driving(to the theatre); imperfect view: spend(time), I'm driving(accounts); fly- perfect. view: fly off(somewhere and back) I will fly(on an airplane); imperfect view: fly off(from the mountain), gonna fly Now(on an airplane) I'm flying by(past Moscow); walk- perfect. view: proceed(everything up and down) I'm going(to a friend) I'm leaving(someone); imperfect view: proceed(from prerequisites), I'm going(from the mountain), getting in(around the corner), going out(from home), etc.

Aspective pairs of verbs

When forming verbs imperfect. species through suffixes -iva-l/-ivaj-ut, -a-l/-aj-ut And -va-l/vaj-ut(i.e. verbs of the 2nd stage of production) from prefixed verbs perfect. type (i.e., verbs of the 1st stage of production), derivative verbs differ from the main ones only in their form, since their real meaning remains essentially the same. Thanks to this, prefixed verbs are perfect. type (1st stage) and the verbs formed from them are imperfect. species (2nd stage) are combined into relative species pairs. Each of these pairs contains verbs that have the same real meaning and differ only in aspectual meaning, cf., for example: push out(St. W.): push out(sv. v.) = beat(st. in): beat(sv. v.) = wash(St. W.): wash(sv. v.) = warm up(St. W.): warm(sv. v.) = get wet(St. W.): get wet(sv. v.) = bake(St. W.): bake(nsv. v.), etc.

The same correlative aspectual pairs are formed by a few in Russian non-derivative verbs perfect. kind<....>, because almost each of them has a corresponding imperfect verb. species with the same real value. So, to non-derivative verbs perfect. view of -it there are corresponding paired verbs in -at, compare: quit(St. W.): throw(sv. v.) = cum(St. W.): finish(sv. v.) = deprive(nsv. v.): deprive(sv. v.) = forgive(St. W.): forgive(sv. v.) = let(St. W.): let(sv. v.) = decide(St. W.): decide(sv. v.) = set foot(St. W.): step(nsv. v.), etc. To monosyllabic non-derivative verbs perfect. kind give, child, lie down, fall, sit down, become imperfective verbs act as paired in appearance. kind give, give, lie down, fall, sit down, become, i.e. give(St. W.): give(sv. v.) = child(St. W.): do(sv. v.) = lie down(St. W.): go to bed(sv. v.) = mouth(St. W.): fall(sv. v.) = sit down(St. W.): sit down(sv. v.) = become(St. W.): become(NSV. V.).

The specific pairs of verbs are mainly obtained as a result of the formation of imperfect verbs. form from verbs perfect. kind. On the contrary, when forming verbs perfect. form from verbs imperfect. the form of such pairs for the most part does not work. This is due to the fact that in the formation of verbs perfect. species (and they are formed by means of prefixes and suffix -well) not only the aspectual, but also the real meaning of the verbs changes, since prefixes and suffixes -well add additional semantic shades to the real meaning of verbs. Therefore, the verbs are imperfect. species and the verbs formed from them perfect. species differ from each other not only in their appearance, but also in their real meaning, and therefore, they are not combined into species pairs, cf., for example: push(NSV) and push out(st. v.), play(NSV) and beat(st. v.), wash(NSV) and launder(st. v.), warm(NSV) and warm(St. V.); or: push(NSV) and push(st. v.), prick(NSV) and prick(St. V.), etc.

However, in some cases, some prefixes, when attached to the verb, almost or do not change its real meaning at all, so that the verbs are perfect. species with a prefix differ from the corresponding non-prefixed verbs imperfect. species exclusively or mainly by its species. In this case, therefore, the verbs are imperfect. species and the verbs formed from them by means of prefixes perfect. species can form species pairs similar to those indicated above.

Most often they change the aspectual meaning of the verb without changing its real meaning, prefixes s-, po-, o- (about), cf., for example, aspectual pairs consisting of non-derivative verbs imperfect. type and their corresponding derived verbs with a prefix With-: do(nsv. v.): do(St. W.) = sing(nsv. v.): sing(St. W.) = hide(nsv. v.): hide(St. W.) = play(nsv. v.): play(St. W.) = sew(nsv. v.): sew(St. V.) and others; or with attachment in: sink(nsv. v.): drown(St. W.) = turn gray(nsv. v.): turn gray(St. W.) = destroy(nsv. v.): destroy(St. W.) = build(nsv. v.): build(St. W.) = lunch(nsv. v.): have lunch(St. V.) and others; or with attachment o-: numb(nsv. v.): become numb(St. W.) = stall(nsv. v.): go deaf(St. W.) = grow stronger(nsv. v.): get stronger(St. W.) = weaken(nsv. v.): weaken(St. V.), etc. Much less often they form aspectual pairs with non-derivative verbs imperfect. perfective verb form species having some other attachments, for example, the attachment for- (to stir up - to stir up, to mold - to grow moldy), from- (to torment - to torment, to spoil - to spoil), at- (to steal - to steal, to drown - to drown, to sting - to sting), to - (enrage - enrage, boil - boil ), on- (write - write, print - print).

Since all these verbs with prefixes form aspect pairs with non-derivative verbs, imperfect. species, from them, as a rule, derivative verbs imperfect are not formed. type (2nd stage), which would otherwise be simple synonyms for non-derivative verbs imperfect. kind.

In some cases, verbs with completely different roots in the stem are combined into aspect pairs. So, to the verb perfect. kind take the imperfective verb acts as a pair in appearance. kind take(or the obsolete verb used mainly in the clerical language charge). Similar pairs, differing only in form, form verbs: catch(st. v.) and catch(nsv. v.), put(st. v.) and put(nsv. v.), say(st. v.) and speak(NSV. V.).

Differences in the meaning of verb forms are associated with the difference in types in Russian. Due to the presence in the Russian language of a huge number of verbs that differ only in their form, it is possible to express the same process in the entire set of forms with their features in the meaning that are characteristic of perfect verbs. and imperfect. species separately. So, for example, in verbs perfect. There are two forms of tense (decided, decided) and the verbs are imperfect. types - three (decided, decides, will decide), each with its own special connotation in meaning. With the help of verbs that have the same real meaning and differ only in their aspectual meaning, the process denoted by these verbs is expressed with the temporal meanings that the tense forms of verbs of both types have. (decided, decided, decides, decides, will decide). The same can be said about other forms of the verb.

In a number of languages, for example, in some Western European ones, verbs have a significantly larger number of forms, for example, tense forms, than Russian verbs. Due to this, one and the same verb can express a greater number of formal meanings in them. In Russian, as, indeed, in some other Slavic languages, similar (although not identical) meanings are expressed not by the forms of the same verb, but by the forms of different verbs. This is possible due to the fact that in Russian most of the verbs are combined into aspect pairs.

To be continued

* From the book: Avanesov R.I., Sidorov V.N. Essay on the grammar of the Russian literary language. Part I. Phonetics and morphology. Moscow: Uchpedgiz, 1945.

The project of the lesson-research in the 5th grade on the topic "Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs." (Program and teaching materials of S.I. Lvova, V.V. Lvov)

Lesson Objectives: give a general idea of ​​the concept of "Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs"; organize research activities schoolchildren in the development of this learning topic.

Lesson objectives:

To form the ability to find and differentiate reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in the text;

To learn to distinguish between a variety of shades of the lexical meaning of reflexive verbs and to use them correctly in speech;

Develop skills research work;

Work on improvement monologue speech;

Cultivate love and interest in the word.

Lesson equipment:

Portraits of V. Dahl, M. Prishvin;

Dictionary of V. Dahl (vol. 4)

Cards for individual tasks;

During the classes.

1. Organizing moment.

2. Entering a new topic.(The teacher shows a portrait of V. Dahl and asks questions:

Do you know this person? What do you know about him? What memory of himself did he leave to people?).

After the answers of the children, the teacher makes a generalization - proceeds to the study of the new: V. Dal is a writer, scientist - lexicographer, who devoted his whole life to the word. He collected and researched the words mother tongue admiring their beauty and wisdom. We, too, today will be engaged in comprehending the riddles hidden in familiar words. And the topic of the lesson will be the problem of our study.

3. Making an entry in a notebook.

4. Work with keyword lesson research: students must determine the part of speech, the form of the verb and prove the correctness of the judgment; pick up synonyms; find and explain spelling.

Conclusion-installation of the teacher: your answers indicate that you are ready to immerse yourself in the word, that is, to explore its properties.

5. Drawing up a research plan. The notebook page is divided into three columns.

I know I want to know

In them, the guys write down the corresponding column information.

In our case, in the column "I know" children wrote:

recurrence-irrevocability-a constant feature of the verb; reflexive verbs have a suffix -sya; the suffix - xia - is also called a postfix.

In the graph "I want to know":

Why are these verbs called reflexive? What do they stand for? How to distinguish between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs?

Count "I learned" completed during the course.

6. Work with the textbook. Paragraph No. 70, p. 139. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs(theoretical material):

Refundable are called verbs with a reflexive suffix-sya (-sya) at the end: enjoy, stock up. Verbs without-sya (-sya) always calledirrevocable.

Suffix-sya (-sya) always stands after the ending and is preserved in all forms of the reflexive verb:

cut Xia- haircut camping- you cut your hair Xia- haircut Xia- sheared camping etc.

Assignment to students: read the contents of the paragraph yourself and mark + the questions that you received an answer to.

(After an independent analysis of the topic, students tell what they now know about reflexive and non-reflexive verbs.).

7.Primary fastening: in the text of exercise No. 902, students must find and write out five reflexive and non-reflexive verbs each, and then add 3-5 of their own examples.

The work is carried out according to the options and with subsequent verification.

Exercise No. 902, page 130:

1) And at the window, the s_nitsa lomi (shuts, tsya) wants to peck at the fat and dream_t know_komi (tsya, tsya) with whom she will spend the winter now (V. Berestov). 2) Rye, like waves, beats (tsya, tsya), bends (tsya, tsya) away from the field somewhere tearing (tsya, tsya). A torn sheet circles (shuffles, tsya) and takes away (tsya, tsya) and rushes (tsya, tsya). (N. Ogarev). 3) And the new friends (?) I'm hugging (hugging, shaking, kissing (hushing, shaking), (not) knowing with joy, to whom they will equate (having, shaking). (I. Krylov).

8. Collective work on the study of the value of return verbs(exercise number 924).

Task for the exercise: make sentences with verbs based on the photo collage comb - comb, wash - wash, dress - dress.

The work is done in pairs. Clarifying the meaning of the verbs (comb-comb oneself, wash - wash oneself, dress up - dress oneself up), the children come to the conclusion that reflexive verbs, due to the suffix -sya (-s), acquire the meaning of actions directed at oneself.

Then the student, who received the task in advance, talks about the origin of the suffix -sya (-s) from the short form of the pronoun itself. (See Potikha "Historical commentary on the lessons of the Russian language").

9. Continued research(in the framework of home independent research): is our conclusion always correct? Let's look at the words bites, pricks, smiles, fights. Who are these actions aimed at? Obviously, not for yourself. This means that the reflexive suffix has other meanings.

Let's listen to the guys who made independent observations at home on this problem.

(Presentations of students with the results of their research. Assignments and the result of their implementation, see the appendix to the lesson).

After listening to the speeches of classmates, children, under the guidance of a teacher, conclude that the reflexive suffix is ​​polysemic.

9. Collective analysis of M. Prishvin's miniature "The Word-Star".

The teacher explains the "secret" of the birth of today's lesson: its content is suggested by material from Dahl's dictionary ( shows v.4 and reads from there an excerpt, also written on the sash of the board: “The living mobility of Russian verbs does not lend itself to ... school fetters.”). The teacher focuses on the fact that Dahl's work - guiding star in the knowledge of the secret of the native word. M. Prishvin has a miniature "Word-Star". The teacher offers to pay attention to the portrait of the writer and think about the meaning of what he wrote. ( First, a trained student reads the miniature by heart, then the guys themselves read and think about its content and answer the question for exercise No. 923).

Exercise 923. (This is a miniature essay).

word star

In every soul, the word lives, burns, glows like a star in the sky, and, like a star, it goes out when it, having finished its life path, sm_tit from our lips. Then the power of this word, like the light of an extinguished star, flies to the person, on his paths in space and time. It happens that an extinguished star for people on earth burns for another thousand years. That person does not exist, but the word remains and flies from generation to generation, like the light of a dying star in the Universe.(M. Prishvin) .

10. Summing up the lesson: Did you learn what you wanted in class? Have you completed your research plan?

Giving marks for class work.

11. Homework to choose from:

Exercise number 923 ( 1. Students write off the text, insert the missing letters. Spend morphological analysis reflexive verbs. 2). Explain in writing how they understand the meaning of the name of this miniature).

Exercise No. 925 - a study on the topic "Why is it written in some words -sya, and in others -sya?".

Exercise number 925. Form phrases with the meaning "action - subject" using the questions in brackets. Determine the case of nouns, transitivity / intransitivity of verbs.

offend(whom?) , take offense(on whom ); recognize(What?) , admit(in what?) ; decide(What?) , make up your mind(for what?) ; throw(who? what?) , rush up(on whom?).

Applications for the lesson.

The results of research on the meanings of the return suffix.

The work of Chistyakova Rita:

I compared the meaning of the phrases: I pour the grits, the grits are poured, I pour water - water pouring, breaking cup-cup crashed and realized that the verbs in the first case denote actions that someone performs, and in the second case these actions occur on their own. The new value appears with the -sya suffix.

The work of Furazhnikova Christina.

I watched the verbs included in the phrases: iron is forged, bread is threshed, clothes are sewn, soup is boiled, a sweater is knitted - and I saw that general meaning of these verbs in that they denote actions that someone performs. For example, iron is forged by a blacksmith, clothes are sewn by a mother, soup is cooked by a hostess, a sweater is knitted by a grandmother. This meaning gives the verbs the suffix -sya.

The work of Konstantinova Lena.

I researched the verbs fight, kiss, hug, make friends and found out that they are special. One person cannot perform these actions, but several can. Hence, these verbs denote such actions that are performed by several persons. I think this word brings meaning

suffix -sya.

The work of Grishina Lena.

We all know that -sya is a suffix, which means that it should bring a new shade of meaning into the word. But is it always like this? After my observations, I was convinced that not always.

For example, he prays and prays, scolds and scolds. In these words, the suffix does not change the meaning of the word.

And in others, it changes. Let's compare: I tear and tear, I write and write. With the addition of a reflexive suffix, the meaning "the action occurs by itself" appears.

Sometimes this value can change completely. For example, crying is shedding tears, and crying is complaining. Or to sell is to sell a product, but dreams can come true.

Didactic support of the lesson

Read and compare phrases

pouring grits - grits pouring

pour water - water pours

broke the cup - the cup broke

Think and answer the questions:

what is the difference between the actions indicated by the verbs of the first

column from the actions expressed by the verbs of the second column?

what morpheme gives this meaning?

Can you find more similar examples?

Read the phrases, answer the questions and draw a conclusion.

What is common in the meanings of the verbs included in these phrases?

What morpheme gives this meaning to words?

iron is forged, bread is threshed, clothes are sewn, soup is boiled, a sweater is knitted

Read the verbs, determine what is the peculiarity of the actions that they denote?

What morpheme gives this meaning to words? Prove your point.

fight, kiss, hug, make friends

SA - this is a suffix, which means that it should introduce a new shade of meaning into the word. Is it always like this? Compare pairs of verbs and draw a conclusion.

prays - prays, scolds - scolds

I tear - it is torn, I write - it is written

to cry - to cry, to sell - to come true

You already know that a verb denotes an action and that an action, in addition to its other properties, can be directed at someone or something. Or maybe not directed! And it can be directed at the figure himself! In this lesson, you will learn about such verbs.

1. What verbs are called reflexive?

Verbs that end with the suffix -sya (also called a postfix) are called reflexive.

Reflexive verbs can convey the following meanings:

1. The action is directed at the doer, at oneself: tune in, put on shoes, move away, update (oneself, oneself).

2. The actions of several actors are directed at each other: put up, meet,fight.

3. The action is performed in one's own interests (for oneself): prepare, clean up(colloquial).

4. A permanent feature inherent in a living or inanimate object (usually): bites, scratches.

5. Impersonal verbs: sleep, work.

All reflexive verbs are intransitive.

2. The use of -sya / -sya in reflexive verbs

After vowels, the postfix -s is used: surprised, laughed.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. Grade 6 / Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
2. Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6 cells / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. School-assistant.ru ().
2. School.xvatit.com().

Homework

1. Form and write down reflexive verbs.

Reconcile - reconcile

anger - ...,

hug - …,

sorry - ...,

surprise - ...,

look - take a look

make friends - make friends

wait - …,

play - ….

2. Replace phrases with synonymous verbs, graphically show that the verbs are reflexive.

Participate in a competition - compete,

to be in training, to experience excitement, to make mistakes, to feel joy.

3. Write down synonyms for these verbs.

look - look,

catch fire, fight, worry, become interested, return, admire.

In some intransitive and reflexive verbs formed from them we are talking about the same situation, for example: something blackens in the distance and something blackens in the distance. True, in the vast majority of situations, you can understand what an irrevocable verb means and how it looks “in life” by paying attention to the fact that the verbs reflexive and irrevocable denote completely different moments.

The division of verbs into reflexive and irrevocable has developed in the Russian language completely irrespective of their division into transitive and intransitive, collateral and non-collateral. It does not coincide with either one or the other one hundred percent, but is in a certain connection with the categories of transitivity and voice: -sya represents the intransitiveness of the verb, but only the reflexive form can provide the voice correlation.

• dress up, dress up, bathe(action is directed at oneself);
• See each other, hug, quarrel(reciprocal action that is performed by several subjects in relation to each other);
• Rejoice, be sad, upset(physical or mental state of the subject);
• The fabric is wrinkled, the cat scratches, the nettle burns(permanent property, quality of the subject);
• Build up, tidy up, settle down(indirectly recurrent action performed by the subject in his own interests);
• I want it to get dark(impersonal action).

Reflexivity of verbs- a grammatical category of verbs, indicating the direction (or non-direction) of the action or state called by the verb on the subject. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian are conjugated forms of verbs that differ in the presence or absence of reflexive postfixes -sya / -sya, as well as shades of meaning.

Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs

The division of verbs into irrevocable and reflexive was established in the Russian language, regardless of the division of verbs into transitive and intransitive, voice and non-voice. It does not completely coincide with either one or the other, although it is associated with the categories of transitivity and voice: the affix -sya is an indicator of the intransitivity of the verb, and only reflexive forms of the verb give voice correlation.

The collateral category is one of the most difficult problems Russian grammar. Linguistic scholars define the content of this category in different ways, and therefore solve the issue of the number of collaterals in different ways: some count up to 17 collaterals, others generally deny the existence of collaterals.

What are reflexive and non-reflexive verbs

All reflexive verbs are intransitive. This is their common grammatical property. Therefore, like other intransitive verbs (irreflexive), they cannot control the accusative case of nouns with the meaning of a direct object and do not form passive participles.

Contents What is recurrence of verbs. Reflexive verbs Shades of the meaning of reflexive verbs Formation of reflexive verbs Non-reflexive verbs Test What is reflexivity of verbs. Reflexivity of verbs is a grammatical category of verbs, indicating the direction (or non-direction) of the action or state called by the verb on the subject. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian are conjugated forms of verbs that differ in the presence or absence of reflexive postfixes -sya / -s, as well as in shades of meaning.

Returnable and non-returnable forms- 1. Variants like the sail is whitening in the distance - the sail is whitening in the distance (with the reflexive and irrevocable forms of the verb having the same meaning "to be visible in its color, to stand out by it") differ in that in the reflexive verb the indicated sign ... ... Spelling and Style Guide

Participle forms- 1. Of the options wandered - wandered, acquired - acquired, dragged - dragged in - the first is used in book speech, the second - in colloquial speech. 2. Non-prefixed verbs with the suffix well like go out, get wet, dry (see § 172 ... ... Spelling and Style Guide

Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian

What is the correct fireman or firefighter? In modern Russian, the words fireman and fireman, denoting a firefighter, are synonymous. The adjective firefighter is derived from the noun fire. The word firefighter denotes a detachment, a signal, a hose - everything that relates to extinguishing fires.

How do you spell the word nostalgic? The spelling of unstressed vowels in the word nostalgic should be remembered or checked against the spelling dictionary. The verb to nostalgic has a number of unstressed vowels at the root of the word. The suffix of the verb is stressed: In its formation, this verb went through a series of steps: nostalgia - nostalgic - nostalgic.

What are significant parts and how to determine a reflexive or non-reflexive verb

Let's figure out what are the significant parts of verbs? It's simple, these are all its constituent morphemes. One of such important particles of any verb will be suffixes: XYA, XY, TH, CH, L; as well as the basics: infinitive, present tense. (Splashing - toiling, SITTING - CROWDED, DRINK - CRY, LIE - FLOW, Podudel - licked; speak - speak, spit - spit - - the basis of the infinitive; carry - carried, draw - drawing - the basis of the present tense).

Two words are given: run and walk. We produce breakdown by composition. 1st chapter: beige - root; -at - ending, suffixes СЬ and СЯ out of stock. 2nd ch.: pro- - prefix; hum-root; -yat - ending; -sya - postfix (which speaks of recurrence). Also, all irrevocable are both transitive and intransitive, and their “brothers” are only intransitive.

What is irrevocable and returnable

Since the entry into force of the new amendments, passengers have become familiar with a new term - "non-refundable tickets", for which prices have been reduced (note - for domestic destinations) by almost ¼. You will not be able to return such a ticket before departure - after all, most likely, the airline simply will not have time to sell it, which means an empty seat on the plane and losses for the carrier.

Life doesn't always go according to plan. There are frequent cases when she makes her own adjustments to the planned events, and even hits the pocket. For example, when you have to cancel a flight with non-refundable tickets. On the one hand, such tickets are much more profitable, on the other hand, it is impossible to return them in case of "force majeure".

Morphology of the Russian literary language*

Depending on the presence or absence of grammatical features in verbs that indicate the intransitivity of the process, verbs in Russian are divided into two categories: reflexive and non-reflexive verbs. In other words, the division of verbs into reflexive and irrevocable is determined by whether or not the very form of the verb indicates that the process it denotes is not reversed, not directed to a direct object, which is expressed by nouns in wine. pad. without a suggestion.

passive meaning, denoting that the action is directed from the side of some actor to the object defined by the verb, which, therefore, is the object of the action. With this meaning, reflexive verbs are used mainly with inanimate nouns, and the protagonist in this case is expressed by animate nouns in the instrumental case: the house is painted by painters, the locomotive is controlled by the driver, the problem is solved by the students, the model is designed by engineers etc. It should be noted, however, that such phrases with the instrumental case of the protagonist are rather artificial literary formations and are relatively unused. More commonly, the use of reflexive verbs in a passive sense without indicating the producer of the action, in abstraction from him: Soon the fairy tale is told, but the deed is not soon done, The floors are washed once a week, New cities are built etc., but in this case the passive meaning is not so clearly revealed and may be completely lost, cf.: Problem solved by students And Problem solved(can be solved) Linen is washed by a laundress And Linen doesn't wash well(does not become clean, white), etc.

What you need to know about refundable and non-refundable tickets

Return tickets are always more expensive. For example, to book a flight from Moscow to Rome on August 11 at Aeroflot at a non-refundable fare, you will have to pay 14,890 rubles. For comparison, the airline has two return fares - "Economy Optimum" worth 18,155 rubles (with 70 euros for the refund) and "Economy Premium" worth 22,640 rubles (in this case, return and exchange will be free).

After the start of the changes in the Air Code, the so-called non-refundable tickets were introduced. The authorities believed that the innovations would create fertile ground for the development of low-cost airlines in Russia. However, all carriers have made the cheapest flights non-refundable. In addition, the fares on the market have become more flexible - not only non-refundable and non-exchange tickets have appeared, but also those providing for a flight without luggage. As a result, flying to domestic destinations has become about 25% cheaper.

The main postfix values ​​\u200b\u200b-sya

IN depending on the presence or absence of the return postfix -sya- verbs are divided into returnable and non-refundable.

Refundable are verbs with a postfix -sya- (-s-).

For example:

swim, smile, hope

Non-refundable are verbs without a postfix -sya- (-s-).

Some verbs in the modern Russian language have correlative pairs according to the category of reflexivity - irrevocability.

Exercise:

Compare:

dress - dress, bathe - swim, see - see

Other verbs do not have such correlative pairs.

Exercise:

Compare:

smile, hope, somersault;

go, sit down, freeze

Return postfix -sya- (-s-) can give the verb form different semantic meanings :

1) self-return value when the subject and the object to which the action is directed coincide in one person ( wash, bathe, dress).

For example:

I wash my face

2) Reciprocal value when each of the two actors acts both as a subject and as an object.

For example:

1. Friends met and fraternally embraced.

2. And new friends, well, hugging, well, kissing

3) Return value when the action does not pass on to anyone, but closes in the subject himself.

For example:

He got angry.

We were offended

Such verbs, as a rule, express the internal mental state of a person.

4) Objectless return value e, when the action referred to is a property of the subject.

For example:

The dog bites.

The cow butts.

The cat scratches.

Nettle stings

End of work -

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Grammatical classes of words in modern Russian

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Explanatory note
In the section "Modern Russian: Morphology", according to the State Educational Standard, the following topics should be studied: - Introduction to modern morphology

Disciplines
Type of work Labor intensity, hours Total labor intensity Classroom work

Discipline
Grammar is one of the oldest sciences on Earth (like mathematics, geometry, physics, logic). It originated in the 4th century BC. (over 2500 years ago) in Ancient

In Russian
In traditional Russian grammar, it was customary to distinguish 10 parts of speech: 6 independent, 3 auxiliary and a special part of speech - interjection. Part of speech is characterized by: 1) general meaning, 2) morphological

Grammar (from the Greek Grammatike) is a section of linguistics that studies the structure of the word and sentences of a particular language. Grammar consists of two parts: morphology

A noun is a word that has the lexical and grammatical meaning of objectivity. For example: house, horse, youth, walking, sleep, white

value
In my own way lexical meaning nouns in Russian are usually divided into four categories: - specific; - real; - collect

The concept of a noun as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Rewrite, inserting instead of dots the nouns you need in meaning. 1. Solemn celebrations were arranged for those who were leaving for the army.

Noun ranks by lexical meaning
Exercise 5 Find among the given words nouns of a certain category and distribute them into groups: - specific; - thing

Common nouns and proper nouns
Exercise 6 Explain why the names of the months: January, February, March, etc. are not proper names. Exercise 7 Mars has two lou

A noun is a word that has the lexical and grammatical meaning of objectivity. Specific nouns

Qualitative adjectives and their features
Qualitative adjectives denote the qualities and properties of objects directly. For example: wide river, capable student

Relative adjectives and their features
Relative adjectives denote the attributes of objects not directly, but according to their relationship to other objects. They may have different meanings.

Their signs
Possessive adjectives denote that an object belongs to a certain person or animal. For example: fathers (home), mother's

Transition of adjectives from one category to another
Adjectives can move from one category to another. For example: relative adjectives can become qualitative: stone house

Their signs
Qualitative adjectives can have two forms - full and short. short form

Qualitative adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative. Positive degree - e

And their signs
Exercise 5 It is not always easy to draw a clear line between qualitative and relative adjectives, since relative adjectives, used figuratively

Possessive adjectives and their signs
Exercise 8 Find possessive adjectives with suffixes -in, -ov. Indicate in what case and what number they are, what is their ending. Is it like the endings of being

Full and short adjectives and their signs
Exercise 21 Read and indicate the short and full adjectives used in the compound nominal predicate. Mark instances of inappropriate use

Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Exercise 33 Rewrite, forming from adjectives given in brackets, forms of degrees of comparison, simple or compound. (As you do this exercise, keep in mind that simple shapes are

An adjective is a part of speech that denotes any sign of an object (color, quality, size, age, material from which the object is made, etc.).

A numeral is a part of speech that expresses the meaning of a quantity (number). For example: one, one hundred, forty, seven Names number

In grammar, two categories of numerals are distinguished: quantitative and ordinal. cardinal numbers

Declension of numerals
The quantitative numeral one, which reveals a number of grammatical features that bring it closer to the adjective as a part of speech, is declined using the ending

The concept of a numeral as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Which of the highlighted words are numerals? 1. Wit, my dear, deal! Full glass of leisure! And pour a hundred epigrams on foe and friend

Lexico-grammatical categories of numerals
Exercise 5 Task: Read the following note and comment on it. Note: In

Declension of numerals
Exercise 8 Prove that the seventh one changes in the same way as gray-haired, big, blue. Exercise 9 Rewrite, choosing the necessary numbers and putting them in with

The numeral is a part of speech expressing the meaning of quantity (number); these are words that answer the question how many?) or the order of objects when counting (they answer n

The problem of pronouns is one of the most difficult problems in grammar. Pronouns are traditionally defined as the part of speech that refers to things

Pronouns
By the nature of the functions performed (i.e. by meaning), pronouns are divided into eight functional-semantic categories: 1.

According to grammatical properties, pronominal words are usually divided into three categories: 1. Subject-personal pronouns (m

Declension of pronouns
Pronominal adjectives are declined like ordinary adjectives (which - like old; which - like factory). Pronominal numerals decline

The concept of a pronoun as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Read and indicate what mistakes are made in the use of 3rd person pronouns. Correct and rewrite. 1. Kalashnikov

Functional-semantic categories of pronouns
Exercise 9 Read and indicate if the forms are used correctly. plural personal pronouns of the 3rd person. Rewrite with necessary corrections. &n

Grammar categories of pronouns
Exercise 14 Who, what - pronominal nouns; which, which, whose - pronominal adjectives. Prove it. Exercise 15 How much and

Declension of pronouns
Exercise 17 Negative pronouns are combined with prepositions in this way: there was no one - there was no one, he didn’t tell anyone - he didn’t go to anyone, he wasn’t noticed by anyone -

Pronouns are traditionally defined as a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them (who, you, this, some, several).

Topic plan
1. . 2. . 3. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs. Basic Postfix Values

The concept of the verb as a part of speech
The term "verb" itself is of Old Slavonic origin. IN Old Russian- the verb means "Word". The verb is the largest part

Infinitive as the initial form of the verb
If the initial form of a noun is the nominative singular, then the initial form of the verb is the infinitive

The category of transitivity-intransitivity is a constant grammatical category of the verb. It expresses the relation of the action denoted by the verb to the object. All

Mood category of the verb
Unlike the verbal categories we have considered, the mood category is a non-permanent grammatical category of the verb, i.e. according to moods verb in Russian ism

Category of the person of the verb. Impersonal verbs
The category of the person of the verb expresses the relation of the action performed by the subject to speaking face. Only present and future tense verbs change according to faces. Past verbs

Conjugation of verbs
Changing present and future tense verbs according to persons in singular and plural is called conjugation. Past tense verbs in s

In addition to the infinitive, participles and gerunds are special non-conjugated forms of the verb. Participle

The concept of the verb as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Explain why it is necessary to consider that skillful is an adjective (short form), and skillful is a verb. Compare:

Infinitive as the initial form of the verb
Exercise 5 Read the fairy tale-joke "Infinitive". He looks at the Infinitive, how the verbs are conjugated, and says: - Oh, you, is it really necessary to conjugate? - A to

Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs.
The main meanings of the postfix - xia Exercise 10 Turnovers with the instrumental case of the actor are sometimes stylistically inappropriate

Transitive and intransitive verbs
Exercise 21 Read the text. From hunting stories It happened on the bank of the river. My dog ​​ran into a hare. The coast was rough

Verb aspect category
Exercise 25 The grammatical meaning of the species will become clearer if it is associated with the phenomena of reality. The student (student) will understand what the meaning of the perfect form is, if it is clear to him

Verb tense category
Exercise 99 Compare the formation of the past tense form with different groups verbs. From what basis do they form? With what affixes? What verbs have the past tense

Conjugation of verbs
Exercise 109 The verbs want, run most of the endings of II conjugation. What endings violate this order for the verbs want and run?

Participle as a non-conjugated form of a verb
Exercise 115 Find participles in the text. Choose one of them and prove that it has the features of a verb and an adjective. Think of a sentence with this participle so as to change

The participle as a non-conjugated form of the verb
Exercise 150 Two sentences are given for each participle with explanatory words. Choose which of these sentences can be associated with a gerund. Make a proposal and write it down.

The verb is the largest part of speech in the grammatical system of the modern Russian language. This is a significant part of speech denoting an action or state to

The concept of an adverb as a part of speech
An adverb is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical general categorical meaning of a sign of an action, state or other sign (write quickly and beautifully,

Lexico-grammatical categories of adverbs
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Degrees of comparison of adverbs
As with adjectives, the category of degrees of comparison of adverbs is formed by contrasting three forms: positive, comparative and superlatives. Forms of degrees of comparison

Exercises for independent work
Note: the exercises are performed at the choice of the teacher, can be used in practical classes and are recommended for homework. Pack

An adverb is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical general categorical meaning of a sign of an action, state or other sign (to write quickly and beautifully, the child is very

Features of the category of state as a part of speech
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Status categories
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Invariable parts of speech
In modern Russian, along with the previously considered seven changeable independent parts of speech, which have a more or less developed inflectional paradigm (including

Pretext

Particles
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Pretext
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Particles
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A preposition is a service part of speech used as a means of syntactic subordination of nouns (as well as pronouns) to other words in a sentence and phrase

Unproductive part of speech
Interjections are called a relatively unproductive part of speech, which in itself constitutes, like modal words, a special structural-semantic type of words and expresses (n

Modal words are a special part of speech, the general categorical meaning of which is to convey a variety of subjective-modal relations of the speaker to what and how

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Given the obvious grammatical heterogeneity of pronouns, F.F. Fortunatov, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherba and many other scholars came to the conclusion that pronouns did not form at all.

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