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Katerina Lvovna is a passionate nature or a sick soul. Mystery of the female soul

Class: 10

Katerina Izmailova - “lightning generated by
darkness itself and only brighter emphasizing
impenetrable darkness of merchant life.
W. Goebel.

“What is the “Thunderstorm” of Ostrovsky - there is no beam
light, here a fountain of blood beats from the bottom of the soul: here
"Anna Karenina" is foretold - vengeance
"demonic passion".
A. Anninsky.

During the classes

Lesson organization.

Introduction by the teacher.

“Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District” was first published in the Epoch magazine in 1865 under the title “Lady Macbeth of Our District”. The story shows the inextricable link between capital and crime. This is a tragic story of the revolt of the female soul against the deadly atmosphere of merchant life. This is one of the artistic pinnacles of Leskov's work. So, the main content of the work of N. S. Leskov “Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District” is the theme of love, the theme of the tragic female fate.

Love is a great joy and a heavy cross, revelation and mystery, great suffering and the greatest happiness, and most importantly, the fact that only it, love, lives and preserves the female soul. The love of a Russian woman has always been warmed by a deep religious feeling that raises her relationship to her beloved, to her family, to a special spiritual height. She really saved both herself and her relatives, giving them all the warmth and tenderness of her beautiful soul. This tradition comes from folklore. Do you remember Maryushka from the Russian folk tale “The Feather of Finist Yasna Sokol”? In search of her beloved, she trampled three pairs of iron shoes, broke three iron staffs, and gnawed three stone loaves. But the power to break the spell was in herself, in her bright and clear soul. And Yaroslavna from “The Tale of Igor's Campaign”, who “weeps at Putivl”, longing for her beloved! Or the love of Tatiana Larina from Eugene Onegin. Remember?

I love you -
Why lie? -
But I am given to another;
I will be faithful to him forever.

And here is Katerina's pure, bright, although incomprehensible to others love from Ostrovsky's Thunderstorm. For many women of Russian literature, love is not only a gift, but also a gift - disinterested, reckless, pure from bad thoughts. But there was another woman's love - love-passion, painful, invincible, transgressing everything - such as in Leskov's work "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District."

1. Understanding the name.

Question: What is the strangeness of the name of Leskovsky's work?

(The clash of concepts from different stylistic layers: "Lady Macbeth" - an association with Shakespeare's tragedy; Mtsensk district - the correlation of the tragedy with a remote Russian province - the author expands the scope of what is happening in the story.)

2. Problematic analysis of the story.

1) Let us turn to the image of Leskovskaya Katerina. How did love originate - passion? Word to Katerina Izmailova.

Artistic retelling-monologue (the story of Katerina's marriage) in the first person. (1 chapter.)

2) What caused the passion? (Boredom.)

3) Katerina in Ostrovsky's Thunderstorm is sublimely light, poetic. And what was Katerina Lvovna like? (Chapter 2.)

4) King Macbeth has words (also about decisiveness).

I dare everything that a man dares
And only a beast is capable of more.

“Unbearable” to her: for her awakened love-passion, easily overcoming any obstacles, everything is simple. (Father-in-law died - about the death of a person - in passing. It's scary.)

6) How does Katerina Lvovna live now without her husband? (Chapters 4, 6.)

7) “She was mad with her happiness.” But happiness is different. Leskov has these words: “There is righteous happiness, there is sinful happiness.” The righteous will not step over anyone, but the sinful will step over everything.

Question: How happy is Katerina Lvovna? Why?

(Happiness is “sinful.” She stepped over. The second murder with the same calmness.)

Talk about the murder of her husband (chapters 7-8).

8) According to the Bible, the law of marriage is: "Two are one flesh." And Katerina Lvovna crushed this flesh with her own hands - calmly, even with a sharp pride in her invincibility. Remember the epigraph to the essay. How was it understood?

(After all, this is only “to sing the first song blushing,” and then it will go by itself.)

And so Katerina Lvovna lives, “reigns” (carries a child under her heart) - everything seems to have happened according to the ideal (remember, she wanted to “give birth to a child for the sake of gaiety”). This ideal logically clashes with another - a high Christian ideal, which is not in the soul of Katerina Izmailova, but to which another Katerina is faithful to death - from Ostrovsky's Thunderstorm.

Question: What is the ideal? (The ten commandments of God, one of them is “do not commit adultery”; Katerina Kabanova, having violated it, could no longer live - her conscience did not allow.)

Question: What about Katerina Izmailova? (Leskov's heroine does not have this, only wonderful dreams are still disturbing.)

9) Tell about the dreams of Katerina Lvovna.

1st dream - chapter 6 (the cat is just a cat so far).

2nd dream - chapter 7 (a cat that looks like Boris Timofeevich, who was killed).

Conclusion: It is not so easy to “sing a song”.

10) Thus, dreams are symbolic. Isn't conscience waking up in a young merchant's wife? (Not yet.)

Symbolic words are also heard in the mouth of Grandmother Fedya (Chapter 10) - read it.

Question: How did Katerina work? (Killed Fedya.)

And before the next murder, “her own child turned under her heart for the first time, and there was a pull of cold in her chest” (chapter 10).

Question: Is Leskov's mention of this detail accidental?

(Nature itself, female nature warn her against the planned crime. But no: “Whoever started evil, he will become mired in it.” (Shakespeare.)

11) Unlike the first two murders, retribution came immediately. How did it happen?

Question: Why do you think - immediately?

(A pure, angelic, sinless soul was destroyed. A little sufferer, a boy pleasing to God; even the name is symbolic: “Fedor in Greek means“ God's gift. ”And Katerina Izmailova never mentioned God. What is this? Maybe in Mtsensk in the county all people are atheists?

Conclusion: violated the highest moral law, God's commandment - "Thou shalt not kill"; for the highest value on earth is human life. That is why the depth of the moral fall of Katerina and Sergey is so great.

12) Reading an excerpt from F. Tyutchev's poem "There are two forces."

13) So, the judgment of the earth, the judgment of man, has come to pass. Did he make a special impression on Katerina Lvovna? Confirm with text (ch. 13).

(She still loves.)

14) Did hard labor change Leskov's heroine?

(Yes, now this is not a cold-blooded killer, causing horror and amazement, but a rejected woman suffering from love.)

Question: Feel sorry for her? Why?

(She is a victim, a rejected one, but she still loves, even more strongly (ch. 14). The more reckless her love, the more frank and cynical Sergei's abuse of her and her feelings.)

Conclusion: the abyss of the moral fall of the former clerk is so terrible that even worldly-wise convicts are trying to persuade him.

15) Bernard Shaw warned: "Fear the man whose God is in heaven." How do you understand these words?

(God is conscience, an inner judge. There is no such God in the soul - a person is terrible. Such was Katerina Lvovna before hard labor. Sergei remained such.)

16) And the heroine has changed. What now interests Leskov more: the passionate nature or the soul of a rejected woman? (Soul.)

17) Shakespeare in his tragedy said of Lady Macbeth:

She is sick not in body, but in soul.

Question: Can you say the same about Katerina Izmailova? An appeal to the symbolism of landscape scenes will help answer this question.

18) Independent work on the analysis of the landscape (work on the text with a pencil, 3 minutes).

(The table is filled in during the work.)

Questions on the board:

What color is more common in the description of nature?
Find the image word that Leskov uses in this passage?
What is the symbolism of the landscape scene?

Conclusions: Katerina Izmailova has a sick soul. But the limit of her own suffering and torment awakens glimpses of moral consciousness in Leskov's heroine, who had previously known neither a sense of guilt nor a feeling of repentance.

19) How Leskov shows the awakening of guilt in Katerina (ch. 15).

The Volga brings to mind another Katerina - from Ostrovsky's Thunderstorm.

Task: Determine the difference in the tragic outcome of the fates of the heroines of Leskov and Ostrovsky.

(Katerina Ostrovsky, according to Dobrolyubov, is “a ray of light in a dark kingdom.” And there are two reviews about Katerina Izmailova (writing on the board):

Katerina Izmailova - "lightning, generated by darkness itself, and only more clearly emphasizing the impenetrable darkness of merchant life."
W. Goebel

“What kind of “Thunderstorm” by Ostrovsky is there - this is not a ray of light, here a fountain of blood beats from the bottom of the soul: here “Anna Karenina” is foreshadowed - the revenge of “demonic passion”.
L. Anninsky.

Question: Which of the researchers “read” the image of Katerina Izmailova more deeply, understood and felt it?

(L. Anninsky. After all, he saw the “fountain of blood” not only in vain killed by Katerina, but also the blood of her ruined soul.)

Results, generalization.

1. Who is she, Katerina Izmailova? Passionate nature or ...?

Add.

To answer, decide what love turned out to be for Katerina Lvovna? (With great suffering and a heavy cross, her soul is not able to endure it, that is, to remain pure, unstained. Katerina Izmailova sacrifices everything up to her own life on the altar for the sake of love.)

(Students complete the question: “Passionate nature or sick soul?”)

2. I would like to quote L. Anninsky: “Terrible unpredictability is found in the souls of heroes. What kind of “Thunderstorm” by Ostrovsky is there - this is not a ray of light, here a fountain of blood beats from the bottom of the soul: here “Anna Karenina” is foreshadowed - the revenge of “demonic passion”. Here Dostoevsky matches the problematic - it is not for nothing that Dostoevsky published "Lady Macbeth ..." in his journal. You can’t put Lesk’s heroine, a four-time murderer for the sake of love, into any typology.”

3. So what is the mystery of the female soul? Do not know? And I don't know. And it's great that we don't know this for sure: there are still questions to ponder over the Russian classics.

One thing seems true to me: the basis of the female soul - and the human soul in general - is love, which F. Tyutchev so surprisingly told about. (Reading the poem by F. Tyutchev “Union of the soul with the soul of the native”.)

Homework: write an essay

“Fatal duel” (drama of love by Katerina Izmailova).
"The mirror of the soul is its deeds." (W. Shakespeare.) (One topic to choose from.)

Outline of a lesson in literature "The Mystery of the Woman's Soul" (according to Leskov's essay "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District")

Target:

to show the inextricable link between capital and crime;
point to the revolt of the female soul against the deadening atmosphere of merchant life;
reveal the tragedy, the mystery of the female soul.

Equipment: Epigraph: "Who started with evil, he will become mired in it." (Shakespeare)

During the classes

I Actualization of previous knowledge, skills and abilities.

Teacher: Today the lesson will be about love, and not just about love, but about love - a gift, giving, love - passion. You received a homework assignment: to express your attitude to this concept poetically and prosaically.

And now - read what such concepts as love, gift - giving - passion mean to you? Beauty and attractiveness can be determined externally, and, most importantly, love gives beauty to the soul. A loving person has a very pure and bright soul. A person who truly loves deserves a lot. No wonder they say that a person can be judged by how he knows how to love another person. Love gives a lot of joy, love inspires. Love is a golden reserve, it is more valuable than any wealth. You can sacrifice a lot for love, even your life.

Teacher: Love is a great joy and a heavy cross, revelation and mystery, great suffering and the greatest happiness, and most importantly, that only with it - love, the female soul lives and is kept, and until now mysterious and enigmatic, It is about such love that it will go speech in Leskov's essay "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District".

2. And what was Katerina from Ostrovsky's drama "Thunderstorm"? What are the similarities and differences with Katerina Izmailova?

There are similarities between Ekaterina, from Ostrovsky's drama "Thunderstorm" and Ekaterina Izmailova. They are both married, but they do not love their husbands at all, they live in boredom, a gray atmosphere reigns in their house, they have a common desire: to escape from such a gloomy life. They have connections on the side. They cheat on their husbands. In this they have a big difference. Ekaterina from Ostrovsky's drama "Thunderstorm" is a very pious girl, at first she is afraid to cheat on her husband, she considers it a sin, but nevertheless this concept gradually dissipates. As for Ekaterina Izmailova, she is very decisive, she sweeps away everything in her path (she kills her husband's father, and her husband himself, and even her husband's innocent nephew). This woman is capable of anything, just to be with her lover. She is not afraid of anything or anyone, neither the condemnation of people, nor God, and killing a person is a great sin, but she does not even think about it, she is absolutely unaware of anything.

3. Is Katerina Izmailova punished for her atrocities, let's read the dreams (chapter 6 (a cat, so far - just a cat); chapter 7 (a cat that looks like Boris Timofeevich killed)).

Isn't conscience waking up in a young merchant's wife? Unlike the first two murders, retribution came immediately (ch. 11): “the walls of a quiet house that hid so many crimes shook from deafening blows: the windows rattled, the floors swayed: “Why do you think, why immediately?” (The soul is destroyed, pure, angelic, sinless).

Reasoning about strong characters: “Sometimes such characters are set in our places that, no matter how many years have passed since meeting with them, you will never remember some of them without spiritual awe” (ch. 1). What is your impression of the essay? (children's statement).

How did love originate - passion? Word to Katerina Izmailova (retelling - monologue).

I. Glazunov's reproductions for the essay are hung on the board: pay attention to the image of Katerina Izmailova. Do you imagine her like that?

What caused the passion? (Let's watch a small staged episode) in the episode there is a keyword - a guess, pay attention to this (boredom).

II Formation of new concepts.

Does Katerina observe one of God's commandments: do not commit adultery? 1. (reading by roles of Katerina's dialogue with her husband, end of chapter 7). The teacher reads: “Katerina Lvovna was now ready for Sergei in the fire, in the water, in the dungeon and on the cross. He made her fall in love with him to the point that there was no measure of her devotion to him. She was mad with her happiness." What does it mean? Does Katerina keep God's commandment not to kill? Maybe we will find an excuse for the heroine (after all, this is all for the sake of happiness?).

5. Did hard labor change Leskov's heroine?

The analysis of landscapes will help to answer this question. What color is more common in the description of nature? What is the symbolism of the landscape scene? (Chapter 6 is compared with Chapter 15).

6. So who is she, Katerina Izmailova, a passionate nature or a sick soul?

The concept of "Passionate nature" and "Big soul" are combined in Ekaterina Izmailova almost the same. She is a strong personality, she is not afraid of anything, she commits terrible murders, kills an innocent child who did not have time to see life, and all this was done in order to be close to Sergey. These actions cannot be justified by anything, but here it can be called a "Big Soul", but she simply does not understand what she is doing, she is not afraid of anything: neither people nor God, it seems that she has lost her self-consciousness , she cannot stop, and some terrible deeds “spout” from her. But all this was done for the sake of love, she truly loved Sergei, and did everything for him. It was true love. Still, I believe that Katerina is a "passionate nature", she sacrificed everything for the sake of love. I believe that she did this because she was so bored with that life with her husband that it became impossible to live, and in search of true love, and, fear of losing her, she was already capable of anything. She sacrificed her life, seeing Sergei with another, she became so sick that she could not stand it and committed suicide.

Conclusion: So what is the mystery of the female soul? Do not know? And I don't know. And it's great that we don't know this for sure: there are still questions to ponder over the Russian classics.

One is true; the basis of the female soul - and the human soul in general - is love, which F.I. Tyutchev so surprisingly told about:

The union of the soul with the soul of the native.
Their connection, combination,
And their fatal merger
And ... a fatal duel.

The judgment of man has come to an end. The highest moral law has been violated, the commandment of God - "do not kill", for the highest value on earth is life. That is why the depth of the moral behavior of Katerina and Sergey is so great.

Let's remember Tyutchev:

There are two forces - two fatal forces, All our life we have at hand, From lullaby days to the grave; One is death, the other is human judgment.

D / s . essay - reflection (optional)

1. "Fatal duel" (drama of love by Katerina Izmailova)
2. "The mirror of the soul is its deeds." (W. Shakespeare).

“There is righteous happiness, and there is sinful. The righteous will not cross anyone, but the sinful

". one of the reasons is the soulless, deadening emptiness of provincial life. It is not for nothing that the word “boredom” becomes one of the key words for Leskov when describing Katerina’s life: “Exorbitant boredom in a locked merchant’s chamber with a high fence and lowered chain dogs more than once made the young merchant’s wife feel melancholy, reaching the point of stupor ... With all the contentment and good living Katerina Lvovna's home in her mother-in-law was the most boring... It seems that Katerina Lvovna walks around empty rooms, starts yawning out of boredom and climbs up the stairs to her matrimonial bedchamber... And when she wakes up - again the same boredom, the Russian boredom of a merchant's house , they say, it's even fun to hang yourself.
It was these conditions of complete spiritual vacuum and longing that led to the fact that even such a bright and pure feeling as love turned into a blind and unrestrained “bestial” passion in the soul of the heroine.
The fact that the passion that flared up in Katerina’s soul is really “bestial”, Leskov emphasizes by the fact that in the character of the heroine the pagan beginning, the bodily one is sharply opposed to the spiritual beginning. Katerina, although she is a woman, has tremendous physical strength, and Leskov emphasizes her "outlandish heaviness", "bodily excess" in every possible way. Passion for Sergei makes Katerinina's "excess" unfold in full power of pagan power, and all the dark sides of her nature come to freedom. She begins to live, as it were, in accordance with the words of Macbeth: “I dare everything that a person dares. And only a beast is capable of more.”
Katerina's actions, committed under the influence of passion and at first not even causing much condemnation, inevitably lead her to a failure into "the worst evil", to an absolute contradiction with Christianity. This is especially emphasized by the fact that the murder of Fedya - the last and most terrible crime of Katerina - she commits on the night before the feast of the Entry of the Virgin into the temple.
Even love does not justify Katerina, for the sake of which she went to murder, for the sake of which she went to hard labor, for the sake of which she experienced all the bitterness of betrayal by Sergei and for the sake of which she drowned her rival Sonetka with her in an icy river. The feeling does not justify the heroine, because what Katerina feels in herself cannot be called love. This is a "dark passion" that blinds a person to the point that he no longer sees the difference between good and evil, between truth and lies. This; repeatedly emphasized by Leskov, who, condemning his heroine, does not leave her the slightest chance of justification in the eyes of the reader.

"Lady Macbeth of Our County" - under this title, the essay was published in the magazine "Epoch" No. 1 in 1865. The essay reflects one of N. S. Leskov's impressions.

“Once an old neighbor who had lived for 70 years and went to rest under a blackcurrant bush on a summer day, an impatient daughter-in-law poured boiling sealing wax into her ear. I remember how he was buried... His ear fell off... Then the executioner tormented her at Ilyinka. She was young and everyone was surprised how white she was.” (“How I Learned to Celebrate”, from the childhood memories of N. S. Leskov)

Based on some of my own observations, the “cautious” chapters of the essay were written.

As an employee of the Northern Bee magazine, he visited prisons (articles: “Holy Saturday in prison”, “Beyond the prison gates”, etc.)

Conclusion

The attitude towards authenticity, the non-invention of the material was fundamentally significant for Leskov.

2. Statement of the problem

From the point of view of critic Vyazmitinov, the common people cannot have drama, but only criminal cases, because there is no moral struggle there.

Dr. Rozanov objects to him, arguing that uneducated people also have a dramatic struggle. But each nation has its own, with its own warehouse. “In a simple, uncomplicated life, of course, the struggle is simple, and only the final manifestations that are part of the criminal case are visible, but this does not mean at all that there is no drama at all in life.”

In fact, the heroes, having committed a crime and found themselves in a dramatic situation, do not experience pangs of conscience. Therefore, there is no real drama here, no personal choice, but there is a criminal case.

But in Leskov's work, it is not by chance that Russia and Shakespeare met so unexpectedly and meaningfully in the title Kondovaya.

In the very juxtaposition of the English lady and the Mtsensk merchant's wife there is a recognition of the well-known equality of the two heroines.

3. Mapping

Lady Macbeth and Ekaterina Izmailova

(homework for a group of students is given in advance)

Conclusion

“Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District” depicts Russian drama that has matured on the soil of a merchant's life, patriarchal, inert, immobile.

“Boredom”, “longing” - these words are repeated many times when describing a sleepy, well-fed, abundant merchant farmstead, creating a feeling of oppression, oppressive monotony, lack of freedom.

The living human soul, no matter how insignificant its spiritual needs, cannot come to terms with a dead way of life.

4. Working with text

Analysis of the content and drawing up a citation plan for the essay.

History of Ekaterina Izmailova. What was she like before marriage?

And Sergei? What is he?

“The thief took everything - what height, what face, what beauty, what kind of woman do you want, now he will flatter her, scoundrel, and flatter her and bring her to sin!”

And then love-passion broke out, which becomes the only content of life.

And personal freedom becomes freedom from morality

“But not the whole road goes like a tablecloth, there are also breaks”

Reading snippets of text

Ch. 5 “Boris Timofeevich ate mushrooms with gruel for the night ...”

Ch. 7 Conversation with Sergey “I am with you, my friend of the heart, I will not part alive”

Chapter 8 “Well, now you are a merchant!”

Chapter 11 “The baby was lying down on the bed, and the two of them were strangling him”

Ch. 13 “Katerina Lvovna’s stamped friend became very unkind to her”

“How you and I walked, spent long autumn nights, sawing people off from the wide world with a fierce death ...”

Ch.15 “Curse the day you were born and die”

5. Remember another heroine of a literary work, who belongs to the same social and everyday way of life and who also enters into an irreconcilable conflict with it.

Compare the characters of Katerina Kabanova and Ekaterina Izmailova (Homework is given to the group of students in advance)

Conclusion

Leskov’s strong female character is by no means a “beam of light in a dark kingdom” and its artistic embodiment could satisfy D. Pisarev, who at one time sharply criticized “Thunderstorm” in the article “Motives of Russian Drama”. In his opinion, nothing bright can be born from darkness and ignorance.

V. Kuleshov states: “One of the most brilliant works of Leskov is considered to be “Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District”. Its storyline is captivating.

But there is no need to customize it to Katerina from Ostrovsky's Thunderstorm.

The insidious Mtsensk merchant's wife not only fights for the right to love the one she likes, but the whole thing - the flesh of the flesh of the "dark kingdom", a mixture of the righteous and the sinner. This is not a pitiful tale of a life wasted in vain. Before us is a wild revelry of passion, removing all obstacles from the path.

And Zinovy Borisych, the husband, was strangled, and Boris Timofeich, the father-in-law, was poisoned with fungi and slurry, and little Fedya was taken out of the way so as not to share the inheritance, and Ekaterina dragged Sonnetka the lover to the bottom with her from the prison barge.

No, it would be too unfair to level this sinister, unbridled character even by the standards of Nastasya Filippovna from Dostoevsky.

6. Summing up the lesson

Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district story

Leskov indicates the exact time and place of writing the story: "November 26, 1864 Kyiv."

Initially, the work was a sketch from a series of female portraits, conceived at the end of 1864. In a letter to N. N. Strakhov, an employee and critic of the Epoch magazine, on December 7, 1864, N. Leskov writes: Volga) area. I propose to write twelve such essays...”

As for the rest of the essays, the idea of writing remained unfulfilled.

As for "Lady Macbeth ...", from an essay, according to the original idea of \u200b\u200ba local character, this work, when it was created, grew into an artistic masterpiece of world significance.

Katerina Izmailova is a “villain involuntarily”, and not according to subjective data, a killer not by birth, but by the circumstances of her life. (This material will help you to prepare and pass the USE 2012 in literature and the Russian language, as well as competently write an essay on the topic and on the topic of Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district story. The summary does not make it possible to understand the whole meaning of the work, so this material will be useful for deep understanding creativity of writers and poets, as well as their novels, short stories, stories, plays, poems.) Being a slave of her own feelings, Katerina consistently overcomes a number of obstacles, each of which seems to her the last on the way to complete liberation and happiness. The persistence with which the heroine tries to subjugate circumstances to her will testifies to the originality and strength of her character. She stops at nothing, goes to the end in her terrible and, most importantly, useless struggle and dies, only having completely exhausted the remarkable supply of spiritual and vital forces released to her by nature.

Leskov, with a slight self-irony, expressed in the title of the story, as it were, points to the transfer of Shakespeare's character to a "lower" social sphere.

At the same time, self-irony is a purely Leskovian feature of social satire, deliberately used by the writer, giving it an original coloring within the framework of the Gogol direction of Russian literature.

Pikhter is a large wicker basket with a bell for carrying hay and other livestock feed.

Quit steward - a headman from the peasants, appointed by the landowner to collect quitrent.

Yasman the falcon is a daring fellow.

Kisa - a leather tightening bag, purse.

Paterik - a collection of the lives of the venerable fathers.

Throne - the patronal, or temple, holiday - the day of memory of the event or the "saint", in whose name this temple was built.

Forshlyag (German) - a small melodic figure (of one or more sounds) that adorns the melody, trill. Local - common.

Job is a biblical righteous man who meekly endured the trials sent down to him by God.

“Outside the window it flickers in the shadows ...” - an excerpt from Ya. P. Polonsky’s poem “The Challenge”, not quite accurately conveyed, in the original - not “hollow”, but “cloak”.

Preview:

Synopsis of a lesson in literature in grade 10:

Lesson topic: Ivan Flyagin - truth seeker (based on the novel by N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer").

The purpose of the lesson : understand who the righteous is, consider the main

Episodes of the life of I.S. Flask, see how a hero

Become righteous.

Lesson objectives.

Educational tasks:

To reveal the meaning of the concept of "righteous";

Follow the evolution of the hero from the fortress postilion

To "enchantment" and righteousness;

Explain the meaning of the title of the story.

Development tasks:

To improve the monologue speech of students;

Develop the ability to find artistic means

Expressiveness, determine their role;

Improve your ability to create your own

Statements (to formulate conclusions);

Develop the creative potential of students.

Educational tasks:

To form in students the moral qualities of the personality,

attitudes and beliefs;

Cultivate caring attitude

To the native word.

Working methods:

The word of the teacher;

Conversation on questions;

Compiling a table

Expressive reading.

Forms of work:

Collective:

Individual:

Group work

DURING THE CLASSES

Today we continue to work on N.S. Leskov's story "The Enchanted Wanderer".

Once Leskov had a dispute with a writer of the 19th century. A.F. Pisemsky.

Pisemsky argued that there is no longer holiness in Rus', and in the soul of every person “nothing but abomination” is visible.

Such a recognition of a friend and fellow writer struck N.S. Leskova: “How, really, you really can’t see anything but rubbish?”

No, there is everything good and good that an artistic person has ever noticed.

writer's eye.

From whose point of view do you agree?

To refute the opinion of Pisemsky, N.S. Leskov set out to find such people in Rus' whose lives would testify otherwise: he went to look for the righteous, he went with a vow not to rest until he found at least a small number of the righteous.

And so there are essays, stories, novels in which Leskov refutes Pisemsky's assertion.

Children themselves formulate the purpose of the lesson

Understanding the concepts

Enchanted - one who has been bewitched.

A wanderer is a person who wanders on foot, usually on a pilgrimage.

Righteous - 1. A believer who lives a righteous life.

2. A person who does not sin in anything against the rules of morality, morality.

What is the meaning of the word righteous?

Who are called righteous?

(A person with a clear conscience and soul, imbued with truth, corresponding to the ideal of morality, beauty and justice, living righteously - DAL)

USHAKOV: a person who lives according to the commandments, moral precepts, a person who does not sin in his actions, in his behavior.

I built semantic associations with the word righteous.

Do you agree with me?

Righteous: truth, kindness, selflessness, honesty, self-sacrifice, modesty, sincerity, humanity, responsiveness, holiness.

Is righteousness possible today?

Yes, it's possible. Appeal to the theme of righteousness is even more important and relevant today, in our days, the time of mixing good and evil, when bad deeds are often no longer perceived as a sin, vice, anomaly.

Do you know people who can be called righteous?4. Dispute "Positive or negative hero Flyagin"

Our task is to analyze the story "The Enchanted Wanderer" and highlight those features of the Russian national character that the author himself noticed and reflected, both positive and negative.

Teacher: CHARACTER in psychology is defined as a set of human qualities.

In a work of art CHARACTER is drawn by the author and is the basis of the image. Hero Character Creation Tools:

Student:

Portrait
Speech
Actions
Relationships with other characters
Internal monologues

Let's turn to the main character.

Under what circumstances does the acquaintance with the hero N.S. Leskov?

Find a description of the appearance of Ivan Flyagin.

How Leskov draws his hero.

Comment (Leskov notes the outward resemblance of Ivan Flyagin to the legendary hero with I. Muromets. This is gigantic physical strength and power, we see in him a typical ingenuous, kind Russian hero. Although we have only a description of appearance, we see the whole breadth of this person’s soul)

Appearance does not correlate with his lifestyle.

And how do you imagine it?

What can you say about the name, patronymic, surname of Ivan Severyanovich Flyagin?

(The name Ivan brings him closer to Ivan the Fool, Ivan the Tsarevich, who go through various trials. The patronymic Severyanovich in Latin means “severe” and reflects a certain side of character.

The surname indicates, on the one hand, a tendency to a spree, but, on the other hand, recalls the biblical image of a person as a vessel, and a righteous person as a pure vessel of God).

Thus, the name, patronymic, surname of the hero are significant.

What do we learn about its origin?

(announced as a prayerful son of the mother, whom she promised God:

"from his parent ...". Destined to serve God from birth.

What is the character doing at the beginning of the story?

So, in front of us at the beginning of the story is a fortress postilion.

What is he, a serf postilion, Golovan - a good or evil person?

(Flyagin's feelings during this period are not yet developed, primitive, instinctive.

The unconscious need for activity pushes him to the most opposite actions: the murder of a monk and the salvation of the masters turn out to be side by side).

What does the monk tell him, appearing to him in a vision?

(requires to fulfill the promise of the mother and go to the monastery. But the hero evades his destiny and therefore is punished, accepts severe trials. The monk predicts his fate: you will die ...).

What was the reason that prompted him to a long wandering?

(Ivan Flyagin could not get rid of the spell of the monk he killed, because this is a punishment for the committed sin of murder. The prediction became the fate of the hero:

“... and therefore he went from one guard to another, enduring more and more, but did not die anywhere.”

Before I. Flyagin, like before any hero, there is a choice of the road:

where to go?

Russian fabulous, epic, real wanderer sooner or later finds himself at a crossroads.

In front of I. Flyagin there is an endless road, having passed which, he will experience everything that is destined for him by fate. And terrible trials and sufferings are destined for him.

Consider what I. Flyagin had to experience on his way, group work will help us with this

2. What did Ivan Severyanovich do?

3. Did he choose his own calling?

4. How did serfdom influence the formation of Flyagin's fate?

5. One day, Ivan Severyanovich, being small, caused the death of a monk, and this monk came to him in a dream and said that his mother promised him at birth to God. But Ivan Severyanovich did not believe the dream and was not ready to go to the monastery. And it was predicted to him that many times he would be on the verge of death, but he would not die until he came to the monastery.
So, how did his fate develop further, and what character traits were formed.

- reading an excerpt from chapter 2

. Ivan Flyagin enters the service of the master

Word to the 1st group - A story about the service in nannies.

What was the title of the episode?

Why does the master accept Flyagin for this unusual service?

(There is nothing that he could not do, even the Pole says: “After all, you are a Russian person. A Russian person can handle everything”).

What is Ivan's attitude towards the child?

Why is he giving up the child?

How is the character of the hero in this episode?

(love for children, natural kindness, behind external rudeness and cruelty hidden in I.S. great kindness. We recognize this trait when he becomes a nanny. He really became attached to the girl he was courting, he is gentle in dealing with her , caring)

For the first time, the hero experiences compassion and affection, for the first time, under the influence of instant insight, he penetrates into the feelings of his mother, and involuntarily being involved in a difficult human fate, for the first time makes a decision not in his own favor, but in favor of a suffering person.

The hero's journey continues. Flyagin gets to the Penza Fair.

What's going on with the hero here?

What tests did fate present to him?

6. What character traits did Ivan Severyanovich show in this episode?

Courage, courage, the ability to make quick decisions.
- reading an excerpt from chapter 4.

The word for the 2nd group is the Battle with the Tatar. Over the top.

What is the meaning of this episode in the plot structure of the story?

What is the true reason that forced I. Flyagin to decide on a painful duel with a Tatar?

What new personality traits are revealed in this episode?

(pride, blind excitement, conscientiousness, love for animals, demonstrates boldness, reckless boldness)

(The reason for many of Flyagin’s actions was a huge natural force that “flows so lively” through his veins. And this irrepressible energy pushes him to the most reckless actions.

He killed a monk who fell asleep on a wagon of hay by accident, in the excitement of a fast ride. And although in his youth Flyagin is not too burdened by this sin, over the years he begins to feel that someday he will have to atone for it.

Flyagin's daring and freedom of feelings knows no bounds. In this episode, he demonstrates his prowess when he flogs a Tatar.

No stranger to beauty.

Rather, he does not so much understand as he feels. Very attached to the horse. Brightly and picturesquely describes the horse: “The mare was, as if marvelous ...”

He speaks like a poet, an artist at heart. Due to reckless daring, he is captured by the Tatars.

7. What was the reason that Ivan Severyanovich became a robber?

8. How can you comment on the action of the hero? Irreconcilability, amenable to someone else's influence.

9. What can be said about the hero?

Impulsive, gambling, knows how to adapt to any life situation, does not lose heart.

- reading an excerpt from chapter 9.

10. How is the hero in this episode characterized? Freedom, resourcefulness.

Having gained freedom, Ivan Severyanovich works in the market, helping to select horses for buyers. One prince offered him to serve as a coneser.

- reading an excerpt from 10 - 18 chapters.

11. How does Flyagin behave when communicating with the owner? At ease, without fear.

-reading

Chapters.

12. Does Ivan Severyanovich know how to appreciate female beauty? What is the difference between his assessment and the assessment of the prince?

He knows how to sincerely appreciate beauty, not to measure it with money, to sympathize, causes the death of a gypsy.

After the tragic death of a gypsy, the cause of which Ivan Severyanovich involuntarily served, he decided to surrender to the authorities. But along the way he meets an elderly couple, whose only son is being taken as a soldier. Flyagin decided to go instead of him, taking pity on the old people.

- reading passages from chapter 19.

13. How does the hero behave when he goes to war?

14. Why does he confess to the murder?

Bold, desperate, capable of self-sacrifice.

6. Summing up.

So, let's see what we got, what character traits of a Russian person we need
managed to identify
1. A man of great stature with an open face, interesting, years
50, hero, a man who has seen a lot. Bold, courageous, able to quickly
decide. Knows how to adapt to any life situation, does not lose heart. Freedom, resourcefulness. Easelessness, fearlessness. Capable of

self-sacrifice.

2. Gives in to someone else's influence. Impulsive, gambling. Gets drunk
caused the death of several people. Irreconcilable.

The word for the 3rd group is Life in captivity.

How does the story of life in captivity differ from other stories of the hero?

What feelings does the hero experience for the first time, finding himself in an alien life and alien nature?

What character traits are shown in this episode?

(craving for freedom, love for the motherland)

Conclusion: We see how in captivity he begins to feel homesickness, he says: “I want to go home, longing has become ... The landscape helps to feel the peculiarity of the hero’s perception of the world, his state of mind. And although he lived in captivity for 10 years, he was drawn to his homeland.

During this time he never managed to get used to the steppes. He escapes from captivity as soon as he has the opportunity.

Like all heroes, I. Flyagin passionately loves his homeland.

What is always of great importance for a Russian person?

(Vera. That is why Flyagin suffers so much among strangers in captivity. In the middle of the night he “creeped out slowly behind the headquarters and began to pray. So you pray,” says Flyagin, that even the snow under the knees will melt and where the tears of the pajali, you will see grass in the morning "

Only love for the Motherland, for God, Christian humility save Ivan from death.

Homecoming. Word to the 4th group

How is the fate of the hero, who for the first time received a "legal paper" and felt like a free man?

(He goes to the service of the prince and does what he loves - he is a coneser.

“No, Ivan, serve me. He yearns, feels himself useless, cannot find himself, alone in this world.

What trouble happened to Ivan Flyagin?

(the unexpected gain of freedom turns into new trials: the hero is gradually drawn into that habitual, everyday drunkenness, which has already become the scourge of Russia. Only chance saves him from death).

What helped him get rid of the destructive passion?

(the narrator is naively convinced that the magic power of the magnetizer frees him from bitter misfortune. Despite the comic incongruity of Flyagin's treatment of binge, the magnetizer frees Flyagin from drunken passion, revealing to him "the beauty of nature and perfection").

What new tests does the author put his hero in front of.

Word to the 5th group - Test of love.

Description of Pear.

Why is Flyagin killing Grusha?

Ready to answer for the murder of Pear?

(he helps Grusha commit suicide, because he understands that her future life will turn into hell. I. Flyagin takes responsibility for this crime. He is ready to answer for his act and atone for it.

What character traits are shown in this episode?

Conclusion: Thanks to the meeting with the gypsy Pear, the hero, for whom there was nothing in the world higher than the beauty and perfection of a horse, discovers the magical power of female beauty over the human soul. He knows beauty, female beauty fascinates him.

The purity and grandeur of his feeling lies in the fact that it is free from pride and possessiveness. The hero himself realizes that love for Grusha has internally reborn him. We see here that Ivan can understand, love and sympathize. He is ready to commit a crime to save her soul.

He takes responsibility for the crime, is ready to answer for his act and atone for it.

A different attitude to someone else's death and to one's own guilt for it appears when the hero spiritually grows to personal responsibility to other people.

What changes in the life and fate of the hero after the death of his beloved Grushenka?

(Ivan was very worried about the death of Pear. After the death of the gypsy, he wanders to no one knows where, immersed in thoughts, how to suffer him.

On the way, he meets an old man and an old woman and instead of their son goes to fight in the Caucasus for 15 years. For military exploits, he is presented for an award, promoted to officer. But Ivan is still dissatisfied with himself. He is haunted by the voice of conscience. He becomes obsessed with the idea of self-sacrifice, he “really wants to die for the people” - this symbolizes the main property of the Russian person: the willingness to suffer for others, to die for the Motherland”)

How do we see the hero at the end of the story?

(at the end of the story, Ivan is justified, cleansed of sins. He became a novice, as the dying monk predicted. There is a gradual purification of the hero’s soul, he acquires folk wisdom.

It is time to sum up our work.

Why can I. Flyagin be called a righteous man?

I.F. goes from sin to repentance and atonement for guilt. Refused selfish motives. fully devotes himself to people. He has such features as: the breadth of nature, readiness to intercede for the offended, a sense of compassion, patriotism - features that reflect the bright side of the national character.

Through compassion and helping people, he spiritually improves.

What is the meaning of the title of the story?

A wanderer is one who seeks the truth, the truth, gets to the bottom of the meaning of life.

Life for Flyagin is a miracle, a charm. He is fascinated by the variety of life manifestations, situations in which he became a participant: this is his interest in all living things, affection for a child, admiration for the courage and spiritual strength of the Tatars in a duel, fascination with the beauty of a woman, fulfillment of his highest destiny in communion with God.

What is your attitude towards the hero?

Conclusion: in The Enchanted Wanderer, Leskov showed how the type of “Russian righteous man” is formed in the dramatic circumstances of life.

The righteous do not strive for their good deeds to be noted by others. They love, they do good for the very good.

Thus, N.S. Leskov in his story “The Enchanted Wanderer” through the image of the Russian serf man Ivan Flyagin showed moral and physical strength, spiritual generosity, the ability to help those in need, love for his people. Motherland. These are the main features of the Russian national character.

EXERCISE:

Write a mini-composition: “Are the righteous needed today?”

Compositions based on the work "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District" (Leskov N.S.)

Does the end always justify the means? (based on the novel by N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District")

Does the end always justify the means?

Katerina Lvovna Izmailova is a strong nature, an extraordinary personality, a bourgeois trying to fight against the world of property that has enslaved her. Love turns her into a passionate, ardent nature.
Katerina did not see happiness in marriage. She spent her days in anguish and loneliness, "from which it is fun, they say, even to hang yourself"; She had no friends or close acquaintances. Having lived with her husband for five whole years, fate never gave them children, while Katerina saw in the baby a remedy for constant melancholy and boredom.
“On the sixth spring of Katerina Lvov’s marriage,” fate finally made the heroine happy, giving her the opportunity to experience the most tender and sublime feeling - love, which, unfortunately, turned out to be fatal for Katerina.
On earth, many have loved and still love, but for everyone, love is something of their own, personal, mysterious. Someone experiences romantic, and someone passionate love. Many more types of this wonderful feeling can be distinguished, but Katerina loved as passionately and strongly as her ardent and hot nature allowed her. For the sake of her beloved, she was ready for anything, for any sacrifice, she could commit a rash, even cruel act. The heroine managed to kill not only her husband and father-in-law, but also a small, defenseless child. The burning feeling not only destroyed fear, sympathy and pity in Katerina's soul, but also gave rise to cruelty, extraordinary courage and cunning, as well as a great desire to fight for her love, resorting to any methods and means.
It seems to me that Sergei was also capable of anything, but not because he loved, but because the purpose of communicating with the bourgeois was to obtain some capital. Katerina attracted him as a woman who can provide all the fun later life. His plan would have worked one hundred percent after the death of her husband and father-in-law of the heroine, but suddenly the nephew of the deceased husband appears - Fedya Lemin. If earlier Sergey participated in crimes as an accomplice, a person who only helped, now he himself hints at the murder of an innocent baby, forcing Katerina to believe that Fedya is a real threat to receive the money due. It was said that “if it weren’t for this Fedya, then she, Katerina Lvovna, would give birth to a child up to nine months after the loss of her husband, she would get all the capital of her husband, and then there would be no end to their happiness.” Katerina, calculating and cold, listened to these statements, which acted like a witch's spell on her brain and psyche, and began to understand that this interference must be eliminated. These remarks have settled deep in her mind and heart. She is ready to do everything (albeit without benefit and meaning) that Sergei says. Katya became a hostage of love, Serezha's slave.
During interrogation, she openly admitted that it was she who committed the murders because of Sergei, “for him!”, Because of love. This love did not extend to anyone other than the hero, and therefore Katerina rejected her child: “her love for her father, like the love of many passionate women, did not pass any of its part to the child.” She no longer needed anything and no one, only gentle words or a look could revive her to life.
Every day, on the way to hard labor, he became colder and more indifferent to Katerina. He began to pester the women who surrounded him on the trip. He had no hope for an early release and a happy future life. He also did not achieve his goal: he would not see money from Katya. All the efforts that he made to achieve positive results were in vain. He openly met with Sonetka and deliberately insulted Katya on the ferry. Katerina, seeing how her beloved man flirts with another, begins to be jealous, and the jealousy of a passionate woman is fatal not only for the heroine, but also for the people around her. She grew wild from Sergei's cruel indifference, she could not accomplish anything but suicide, since she could not survive or overcome such a strong and passionate love in her soul. Loving Sergei, she did not harm him, she only decided to leave his life.
It seems to me that when she was dying, Katerina felt disappointment and grief in her soul, because her love turned out to be useless, unhappy, she did not bring good to people, she only killed a few innocent people.

Two Katerinas in Russian literature (based on the works of A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" and N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district")

A.N. Ostrovsky and N.S. Leskov - writers who "introduced" heroes from the merchant environment into Russian literature. Before them, only nobles existed on the pages of works. Readers watched their life, problems, ideological throwing, sympathized with them and worried about them.
Ostrovsky, and after him Leskov, showed that people from other, "lower" strata of society are also worthy of attention, sympathy, and consideration. They immersed the reader in the merchant environment, the way of life and thought, the merchant tradition. Moreover, these writers brought to the stage not just people of the merchant class. They raised the issue of women's share, women's fate in the merchant environment.
It is important that no one paid attention to this before, few people were interested in the inner world of women, their fate. And there are entire works dedicated to this very issue! Ostrovsky and Leskov showed that merchant women are also capable of experiences, deep feelings, passions, that dramas and even tragedies occur in their destinies. And most importantly, they can be helped, you just need to pay attention to these women.
So, the heroines of the drama A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" and the story of N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth ..." are women, two Katerinas - Katerina Kabanova and Katerina Izmailova. These characters have a lot in common. Both of them are from merchant patriarchal families. Both are young, full of vitality, energy. Both were given in marriage to unloved husbands - according to merchant tradition.
Kabanova's husband is young, but completely under the heel of his mother, who runs all affairs not only at home, but throughout the city. Tikhon cannot defend Katerina, whom Kabanikha constantly harasses with reproaches and unfair accusations. And all because the daughter-in-law is radically different from the traditional ideas about the merchant's wife. Katerina wants to live for love and conscience, and not for show, deceitfully and hypocritically, performing rites that she does not understand (howling at the farewell of her husband, for example) .-
It is also very difficult for Katerina Izmailova to endure life in her husband's house, mainly because the life of a woman in a merchant's house is boring. What to do with the wife of a rich merchant? Katerina wanders from corner to corner in her big house, sleeping and toiling from idleness.
The heroine, like Katerina Kabanova, is tormented by unfair accusations. The silent reproach to the heroine is that she does not have children from her elderly husband, although the Izmailov family is really looking forward to the heirs. It is worth noting that Katerina Kabanova also has no children, and this also burdens the heroine.
The writers emphasize that married life behind locked doors "strangles" the heroines, destroys their potential, all the good that is in them. Both Izmailova and Kabanova regret to tell what they were like in girlhood - cheerful, full of joy of life, energy, happiness. And how unbearable it is for them to live in marriage.
Another roll call in the fate of the heroines was their "sin" - betrayal of her husband. But if Katerina Kabanova goes for it, tormented by remorse, knowing that she is committing a sin, then Katerina Izmailova does not even think about it. All of her is completely absorbed in feeling for the clerk Sergei and is ready for anything for him. This passionate nature completely surrendered to her feeling, which knows no boundaries: neither physical, nor moral, nor moral.
And this is the fundamental difference between Katerina Izmailova and Katerina Kabanova. That, too, is a passionate nature, thirsting for love, ready for a lot for the sake of a loved one. But inside the heroine of "Thunderstorm" there are strong moral foundations, a core that allows her to clearly distinguish where Good is and where Evil is. Therefore, having surrendered to a happy “sin”, Katerina already knows for sure what will follow - punishment. And, above all, the punishment is internal, her own. We remember that, unable to withstand the pangs of conscience and the pressure of the environment, the heroine commits suicide - she rushes into the Volga.
Katerina Izmailova dies in a different way - trying to drown her happier rival: “Katerina Lvovna was trembling. Her wandering gaze focused and became wild. Hands once or twice, it is not known where, stretched out into space and fell again. Another minute - and she suddenly swayed all over, not taking her eyes off the dark wave, bent down, grabbed Sonetka by the legs and in one fell swoop threw herself over the side of the ferry with her.
The heroine understands that she will die along with another girl, but this does not stop her: why should she live if Sergey no longer loves her?
In her animal, godless love, Izmailova reaches the limit: the blood of three innocent people, including a child, is on her conscience. This love and all crimes devastate the heroine: “... for her there was no light, no darkness, no evil, no good, no boredom, no joys; she didn't understand anything, she didn't love anyone, and she didn't love herself. She did not love Izmailov and her own child from an adored man - she gave him away, not at all worried about his fate, further fate.
The fate of the heroines of both works is similar in one more thing - both of them turned out to be betrayed by their loved ones. Boris Grigoryevich, frightened by Dikoy, leaves, leaving Katerina Kabanova to the mercy of fate. He turns out to be just a weak person. Sergei meanly mocks Katerina, realizing that he can get nothing more from her.
Two Katerinas... Two destinies... Two ruined lives... These heroines are similar in many ways, but their essence, in my opinion, is different. Katerina Izmailova lived with passions, obeying only the call of her flesh. Katerina Kabanova thought about her soul, she had a solid moral foundation. And although she also succumbed to temptation, the story of her love and death is much closer to me, it causes me more sympathy, a spiritual response.

Love and villainy - things incompatible? (based on the novel by N.S. Leskov “Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district”)

Love and villainy - things incompatible? (based on the novel by N.S. Leskov “Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district”)

In the center of Leskov's story "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District" is the story of "fatal love", which ended tragically. This story is interesting and unusual in that it takes place in the Russian outback and its participants are very ordinary people - the merchant's family and their clerk. However, the passions played out here are not at all "simple" - akin to Shakespeare's. It is similar to Shakespeare's tragedies and the ending of the whole story is the death of the main character of the story.
It was she - the young merchant's wife Katerina Lvovna - for the sake of love, as it turned out, she was ready for anything. But she did not love her husband - the old merchant Izmailov, but his manager - the young handsome Sergei.
The author emphasizes that Katerina's life in marriage was not happy: the heroine lived in abundance, but her whole existence was saturated with boredom, because she lived with an unloved husband and could not even have children. That is why, it seems to me, Katerina Lvovna became so attached to the manager Sergei. She was young, she wanted to live a full life, to experience strong emotions. And Sergey, to some extent, gave her all this. Although we immediately understand that his feeling is only a fleeting hobby, a “cure for boredom”, from which he also suffered.
With the advent of Sergei, stormy passions took possession of the soul of Katerina Lvovna, and she completely submitted to them. So, the heroine, without hesitation, poisoned her father-in-law Boris Timofeevich when he guessed about her affair with Sergei: “Boris Timofeich ate fungi with gruel at night, and he started to have heartburn.” And after the funeral of Boris Timofeevich, in the absence of her husband, Katerina completely “divorced” - she did not hide her feelings for the clerk to anyone.
However, the husband was to return soon, and Sergei became increasingly sad and sad. Soon he opened up to Katerina - he dreams of being her lawful husband, and not her lover. And the woman promised him: “Well, I already know how I will make you a merchant and live with you quite properly.”
And on the day of her husband’s arrival, she carried out her plan: “With one movement, she threw Sergei away from her, quickly rushed at her husband and, before Zinovy Borisych had time to jump to the window, grabbed him from behind with her thin fingers by the throat and, like a damp hemp sheaf, threw him on floor".
For the sake of justice, it must be said that Katerina gave her husband a chance - at first she found out his reaction to her affair with Sergei. But when she saw that Zinovy Borisovich was not going to put up with his wife's lover, she immediately made a decision. The heroine kills her husband, making Sergey an accomplice.
It seems that Katerina commits her crimes in some kind of insanity, as if captured by evil forces - her indifference to everyone except her lover is so terrible. She refuses to her dying husband the most holy - communion before death: “Confess,” he said even more indistinctly, trembling and looking askance at the warm blood thickening under his hair.
“You’ll be good, and so you will,” whispered Katerina Lvovna.
But the list of crimes of the heroine does not end there either - in her villainies she goes to the end. At the suggestion of Sergei Filippych, who truly became her "evil angel", Katerina kills her husband's little nephew, who owned part of the family capital.
However, the inevitable punishment comes - the heroes are condemned to hard labor for their crimes. And it soon turns out that Sergei's love for Katerina was largely based on her wealth. Now, when the heroine had lost everything, she also lost Sergei's disposition - he abruptly changed his attitude towards her, began to look at other women: “... sometimes, in her non-crying eyes, tears of anger and annoyance were welling up in the darkness of night meetings; but she endured everything, kept silent and wanted to deceive herself.
And in an instant, Katerina's heart could not stand it - she realized that Sergei had exchanged her for the beautiful Sonetka. Now the heroine, who devoted herself entirely to her beloved, had nothing to lose: “Another minute - and she suddenly swayed all over, without taking her eyes off the dark wave, bent down, grabbed Sonetka by the legs and in one fell swoop threw herself overboard with her on the ferry.”
This was the last crime of the heroine, which ended tragically for herself - she drowned along with Sonetka, so hated by her: “at the same time, Katerina Lvovna rose almost to her waist from another wave above the water, rushed at Sonetka, like a strong pike at a soft-feathered raft, and both no longer appeared.
So, are love and villainy so incompatible? The feeling of passion so captured the soul of Katerina - a passionate and temperamental nature, that she forgot about everything except her beloved. The heroine was ready to do anything and did everything to keep Sergei around, to make him happy. Perhaps this is generally female nature - to devote yourself to your beloved man, to forget about everything in the world, except for his interests.
However, do not forget that Katerina Lvovna suffered a well-deserved punishment. This is not only a court of society, but also a court of higher justice (the heroine experienced all the torments that her deceived husband experienced). In addition, until the very end, the woman was haunted by pangs of conscience - the people killed by her constantly appeared.
Thus, Leskov shows us that the love of the heroine cannot serve as an excuse for her villainy, because true love, love from God, is incompatible with villainy.

Composition-reflection: “Crime. Who is guilty?" (According to the works "Thunderstorm" by A.N. Ostrovsky and "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District" by N.S. Leskov)

Crime is crime. For every crime there is a punishment. What pushes people to commit crime, what drives them? What motives does he pursue? To commit a crime means to go against any moral foundations, moral principles of both society and the individual himself. Therefore, there is something much more powerful, something that gains the upper hand over a person.

Let's try to compare two heroines: Katerina Petrovna Kabanova A.N. Ostrovsky and Katerina Lvovna Izmailova N.S. Leskov.

In these works, we see two heroines with the same name Katerina, which means "eternally pure." One of them, to Katerina Kabanova, this name is very suitable: she is naive, pure and immaculate. Ostrovsky portrayed her as a person who does not accept the world in which she lives. The rejection of the world is beyond her control, it comes from her very heart. Dobrolyubov called this world a "dark kingdom", and Katerina a "beam of light" in it. Ostrovsky contrasted the terrible figures of the "dark kingdom" with the image of a woman with an ardent and pure heart. Katerina falls in love with a man who is by no means worthy of the great love that fills her heart. A sense of love and a sense of duty are struggling in it. But the consciousness of her own sinfulness is unbearable for her, "the whole heart is broken" from the constant internal struggle, and Katerina, seeing no other way out, rushes into the Volga.

The heroine of Leskov's essay is completely different. It is difficult to call her pure and immaculate. Of course, when we first meet Katerina Izmailova, we consider her not typical for Russia of that time, especially considering that Leskov points to a Shakespearean tragedy.

And only after carefully looking at Izmailova, you can see that she, like Katerina Ostrovsky, protests against the patriarchal way of life that is strangling her. Leskov tried to create not a Russian version of Shakespeare's villainess, but the image of a strong woman "lost" in the "dark kingdom".

In both works, the real world of the Russian province of the middle of the 19th century is guessed. The similarity of some details allows us to see the fundamental difference between the two heroines living in similar conditions.

Both Katerinas are merchants, their families have prosperity. Both were born in the patriarchal world, in the "dark kingdom", but their childhood and adolescence passed under the sign of "simplicity and freedom". "... I lived ... like a bird in the wild. Mom did not have a soul in me, ... she did not force me to work; what I want happened, I do it ... "- says Katerina Kabanova about her life in girls. Katerina Izmailova also "had a passionate character, and, living as a girl in poverty, she got used to simplicity and freedom ..." But, having complete freedom of action, how differently they disposed of her! "Sprinkle a passer-by with sunflower husks through the gate ..." - that's what Katerina Lvovna wanted. The soul of Katerina Kabanova demanded a completely different thing: “And to death I loved to go to church! It’s like, it happened, I’ll enter paradise ..., such a bright pillar comes down from the dome, and smoke goes down in this pillar, like clouds, and I see, it used to be , as if angels in this pillar are flying and singing ... "Comparing the two heroines, we notice that the spiritual world of Katerina Kabanova is incommensurably richer.

Both heroines married without love. “No, how not to love! I feel sorry for him very much!” Kabanova says about Tikhon. But pity is not love. The fate of Katerina Lvovna is similar: “They gave her in marriage to ... the merchant Izmailov ... not out of love or some kind of attraction, but because Izmailov wooed her ...” But if Ostrovsky’s heroine felt sorry for her husband and at least some feeling connected them, then Katerina Lvovna did not have any feelings for her husband, and she got married because of poverty.

Despite the atrocities committed by the heroine, her fate causes pity and sympathy. Yes, this woman was cruel and merciless. Yes, no one gave her the right to dispose of other people's lives. But we should not forget that all this was done by her in the name of love, for the sake of a man who, as it turned out, did not at all deserve such sacrifices. So a banal melodrama about a bored merchant's wife, under the pen of Leskov, grows into a tragic story of a woman longing for love, motherhood, kind words and fidelity.

Human life has an absolute value, so the villainy that takes it away is just as absolute. The guilt of the crimes committed by Katerina Izmailova is, first of all, in herself, in her "animal" passion for Sergei; the guilt of Kabanova's crime was initially laid down in the surrounding society, her environment.

Comparison of the heroine of the play "Thunderstorm" by Katerina Kabanova and the heroine of the essay "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District" by Katerina Izmailova

"Thunderstorm" and "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District" are two famous works of two great Russian writers. They were created at about the same time (1859 and 1865). Even the main characters are both Katerinas. Leskov's essay, however, can be considered a kind of polemic with Ostrovsky's play. Let's try to compare the heroines of these works.
So, both heroines are young wives, married not out of love. They are both merchants and therefore have no material problems. In their past, a carefree childhood and adolescence in the parental home remained. Also, according to the merchant tradition, house-building order reigns in their houses. Both have no children. In the character of both Katherines, ardor, passion can be traced, love leads them into self-forgetfulness, they both decided on sin. Their sad end is the same - both committed suicide by throwing themselves into the river.
But the characters also have a lot of differences. So from Greek, the name Catherine means "pure, immaculate." This definition fully characterizes Ekaterina Kabanova, she is "a ray of light in the dark kingdom" of the city of Kalinov, her image and character does not change in any way during the course of action and is static. In relation to Ekaterina Izmailova, this characterization is true only at the beginning of the essay, her image is dynamic, it develops, or even rather degrades in the course of the story. If we disassemble the patronymic and surname of Izmailova, then this is what comes out: Ekaterina - “immaculate”, Lvovna - “bestial, wild”, Izmailova - something foreign, non-native comes from this surname.
Both heroines decided to cheat on her husband, but if Katerina Kabanova blames herself and punishes herself for this, she believes that she has done something terrible, then Katerina Izmailova takes this calmly and is ready to follow her sin into the abyss.
And this is the fundamental difference between Katerina Izmailova and Katerina Kabanova. Kabanova is passionate, ready for a lot for the sake of a loved one. But inside the heroine of "Thunderstorm" there are strong moral foundations, a core that allows her to clearly distinguish where Good is and where Evil is. Therefore, having surrendered to a happy “sin”, Katerina already knows for sure that punishment will follow. And, above all, the punishment is internal, her own. We remember that, unable to endure the pangs of conscience and the pressure of the environment, the heroine commits suicide - she rushes into the Volga.
Ekaterina Kabanova, in order to save her love, not to obey Kabanikhe, takes a desperate step - suicide. At this moment she is clean, she washes away her sin in the water.
Ekaterina Izmailova, for the sake of her love, decides to kill three people, including her own husband and a small, innocent boy. It is as if the beast wakes up in her, she is ready for anything, in order to be with her lover. So, this is clearly seen in the final scene, where Izmailova throws herself with her rival into the river.

These heroines are similar in many ways, but their essence, in my opinion, is different. Katerina Izmailova lived with passions, obeying only the call of her flesh. Katerina Kabanova thought about her soul, she had a solid moral foundation. And although she also succumbed to temptation, the story of her love and death is much closer to me, it causes me more sympathy, a spiritual response.

The theme of love in N. Leskov's story "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District"

The main theme that N.S. Leskov touches on in the story of Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district is the theme of love; love that has no boundaries, love for which everyone commits, even murder.
The main character is the merchant's wife Katerina Lvovna Izmailova; the main character is the clerk Sergei. The story consists of fifteen chapters.
In the first chapter, the reader learns that Katerina Lvovna is a young, twenty-four-year-old girl, rather sweet, although not beautiful. Before marriage, she was a cheerful laugher, and after the wedding, her life changed. The merchant Izmailov was a strict widower of about fifty, lived with his father Boris Timofeevich, and his whole life was in trade. From time to time he leaves, and his young wife does not find a place for herself. Boredom, the most unrestrained, pushes her one day to take a walk around the yard. Here she meets the clerk Sergei, an unusually handsome guy, about whom they say that what kind of woman you want, he will flatter and lead to sin.
One warm evening, Katerina Lvovna is sitting in her high room by the window, when she suddenly sees Sergei. Sergei bows to her and after a few moments is at her door. A meaningless conversation ends at the bedside in a dark corner. Since then, Sergei begins to visit Katerina Lvovna at night, coming and going along the pillars that support the young woman's gallery. However, one night his father-in-law Boris Timofeevich sees him - he punishes Sergei with whips, promising that with the arrival of his son, Katerina Lvovna will be pulled out at the stable, and Sergei will be sent to jail. But the next morning, the father-in-law, after eating mushrooms with gruel, gets heartburn, and after a few hours he dies, just like rats died in the barn, for which only Katerina Lvovna had poison. Now the love of the master's wife and the clerk flares up more than ever, they already know about it in the yard, but they consider it this way: they say, this is her business, she will have an answer.
In the chapter of N.S. Leskov's story, Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district, it is told that very often Katerina Lvovna has the same nightmare. As if a huge cat walks on her bed, purrs, and then suddenly lies between her and Sergey. Sometimes the cat talks to her: I am not a cat, Katerina Lvovna, I am the famous merchant Boris Timofeevich. I’m only so bad now, I’ve become that all my bones inside are cracked from the bride’s treat. A young woman will look at the cat, and he has the head of Boris Timofeevich, and fiery mugs instead of eyes. On the same night, her husband, Zinovy Borisovich, returns home. Katerina Lvovna hides Sergei on a pole behind the gallery, throwing his shoes and clothes into the same place. The husband who entered asks to put a samovar for him, and then asks why, in his absence, the bed is laid out in two, and points to Sergei's woolen belt, which he finds on the sheet. Katerina Lvovna calls Sergey in response, her husband is dumbfounded by such impudence. Without thinking twice, the woman begins to choke her husband, then beats him with a cast candlestick. When Zinoviy Borisovich falls, Sergei sits on him. Soon the merchant dies. The young mistress and Sergey bury him in the cellar.
Now Sergei begins to walk like a real master, and Katerina Lvovna conceives a child from him. Their happiness still turns out to be short-lived: it turns out that the merchant had a nephew, Fedya, who has more rights to the inheritance. Sergei convinces Katerina that because of Fedya, who has now moved in with them; there will be no happiness and power for lovers. ... The murder of a nephew is contemplated.
In the eleventh chapter, Katerina Lvovna carries out her plans, and, of course, not without the help of Sergei. The nephew is strangled with a large pillow. But all this is seen by a curious person who at that moment looked into the gap between the shutters. Instantly a crowd gathers and breaks into the house...
Both Sergei, who confessed to all the murders, and Katerina, are sent to hard labor. A child who is born shortly before is given to a relative of the husband, since only this child remains the sole heir.
In the final chapters, the author tells about the misadventures of Katerina Lvovna in exile. Here Sergey completely refuses her, begins to openly cheat on her, but she continues to love him. From time to time he comes to see her on a date, and in one of these meetings he asks Katerina Lvovna for stockings, since he supposedly has severe pain in his feet. Katerina Lvovna gives away beautiful woolen stockings. The next morning, she sees them on the feet of Sonetka, a young girl and Sergey's current girlfriend. The young woman understands that all her feelings for Sergei are meaningless and do not need him, and then decides on the last ...
On one of the rainy days, convicts are transported by ferry across the Volga. Sergei, as has become customary lately, again begins to laugh at Katerina Lvovna. She stares blankly, and then abruptly grabs Sonetka, who is standing next to her, and throws herself overboard. They cannot be saved.
This concludes the story of N.S. Leskov Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district.

What I felt after reading “Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District” by N.S. Leskova

At the heart of the plot of the story N.S. Leskov's "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District" is a simple, worldly, but, at the same time, full of tragedy story. She tells about the love of the merchant's wife Katerina Lvovna for her worker Sergei. This blind, destructive love-passion pushes a woman to the most terrible thing - murder.
First, the heroine decides to poison her father-in-law. Boris Timofeich found out about Katerina Lvovna's relationship with Sergei and threatened to tell her husband about it.
One crime led to another. Rumors about his wife's affair with Sergei reached Zinovy Borisovich. He came home with a lot of doubts in his heart and wanting to sort things out. But Katerina Lvovna had long ago decided what to do. Having barely met her husband, the heroine takes Sergei out of the room and, not ashamed, admits that they are lovers with him. When the enraged Zinovy Borisovich jumps up to "put in place" his wife and Sergei, the heroine begins to choke him. Together with their lover, they kill the merchant.
But the chain of bloody crimes does not end there. The heroes commit another, probably the most serious, murder - they strangle a little boy, the nephew of Zinovy Borisovich, who was the heir to part of their family's money.
At first glance, it seems that it was Katerina Lvovna who conceived and committed all these murders. Sergei was for the heroine a passion, an outlet, happiness. No wonder Leskov emphasizes that before meeting him, a woman died of boredom and longing - after all, the life of a merchant's wife was not very diverse. With Sergey, love and passion entered the life of Katerina Lvovna. And this for the heroine, with her character and temperament, was vital. And everything that she did, this woman did for the sake of Sergei, for the fact that he was with her.
Of course, in my opinion, the feeling of the heroine does not justify the crimes of Katerina Lvovna. She forgot all human laws, despised God for the sake of her passion. In this, the heroine became like animals, which are guided only by instincts. Katerina Lvovna committed an unforgivable sin, fell very low, for which she paid with a broken heart, a twisted fate, and death.
But, I think that her lover, Sergey, fell much more low. If a woman is to some extent justified by a sincere, albeit carnal, feeling, then the hero from the very beginning acted prudently and soullessly. It was he who, manipulating the feelings of Katerina Lvovna, pushed the woman to all the murders, except, perhaps, the very first one. It was after him that Sergei realized that the heroine would do anything for him. And he decided to make the most of their connection. When there was nothing left to take from Katerina Lvovna (after being convicted), the hero abandoned her, carried away by a younger and more beautiful girl.
But, more than that, Sergey demonstrated his relationship with her to Katerina Sergeevna, trying to inflict more pain on the woman. With other prisoners, he insulted and humiliated his former mistress, literally "trampling her in the dirt." This man behaved very unworthily, eventually provoking the murder of Sonetka and the death of Katerina Lvovna.
Thus, after reading Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, I experienced a whole range of feelings - from pity for Katerina Lvovna and contempt for Sergei to admiration for the talent of a writer who managed to convey a truly Shakespearean tragedy that played out in the Russian provinces.

The daughter of the common people, who also inherited the national scope of passions, a girl from a poor family becomes a prisoner of a merchant's house, where there is no living sound, no human voice, but only a short stitch from the samovar to the bedchamber. The transformation of a petty-bourgeois woman, languishing from boredom and excess of strength, takes place when the county heartthrob pays attention to her.

Love scatters over Katerina Lvovna the starry sky, which she had not seen before from her mezzanine: Look, Seryozha, what a paradise, what a paradise! The heroine exclaims in a childlike innocence on a golden night, looking through the dense branches of a flowering apple tree covering her at a clear blue sky, on which stood a full fine month.

But it is no coincidence that in the pictures of love harmony is broken by a sudden invading discord. The feeling of Katerina Lvovna cannot be free from the instincts of the possessive world and not fall under the influence of its laws. Love rushing towards freedom turns into a predatory and destructive beginning.

Katerina Lvovna was now ready for Sergei in the fire, in the water, in the dungeon and on the cross. He made her fall in love with him to the point that there was no measure of devotion to him. She was mad with her happiness; her blood boiled, and she could no longer listen to anything ...

And at the same time, Katerina Lvovna's blind passion is immeasurably greater, more significant than self-interest, which gives shape to her fatal deeds, class interests. No, her inner world is not shocked by the decision of the court, not excited by the birth of a child: for her there was no light, no darkness, no evil, no good, no boredom, no joys. All life without a trace was swallowed up by passion. When a party of prisoners sets out on the road and the heroine sees Sergei again, with him her hard labor blooms with happiness. What is the class height from which she collapsed into the hard labor world for her, if she loves and her beloved is nearby!

The class world gets Katerina Lvovna on blurry transit paths. For a long time he prepared for her an executioner in the guise of a lover who once beckoned her to happy Arabia in fabulous. Admitting that he never loved Katerina Lvovna, Sergei tries to take away the only thing that made up Izmailova's life, the past of her love. And then a completely inanimate woman in the last heroic surge of human dignity takes revenge on her detractors and, dying, makes everyone around petrify. Katerina Lvovna was trembling. Her wandering gaze focused and became wild. Hands once or twice, it is not known where, stretched out into space and fell again. Another minute, and she suddenly swayed all over, her eyes never leaving the dark wave, bent down, grabbed Sonetka by the legs, and in one fell swoop flung herself over the side of the ferry with her. Everyone was petrified with amazement.

Leskov portrayed a strong and passionate nature, awakened by the illusion of happiness, but moving towards its goal through crimes. The writer proved that this path has no way out, but only a dead end awaited the heroine, and there could be no other way.

This beautiful work served as the basis for D. D. Shostakovich's opera Katerina Izmailov, written in 1962. Which once again proves the originality of the work of N. S. Leskov, who managed to find and convey the typical character traits of Katerina Lvovna, which revealed themselves so tragically and led the heroine to inevitable death.

Each writer in his work creates a world (which is usually called artistic), which differs not only from other artistic worlds, but also from the real world. Moreover, it has long been noted that in different works of the same writer, the worlds can also be different, varying depending on the characters of the characters depicted, on the complexity of the social or spiritual situation depicted by the author.

The foregoing applies primarily to the work of such original and original writers as N. S..

The plots, characters, themes of his works are so diverse that it is sometimes quite difficult to get an idea of any artistic unity.

However, they have much in common, in particular: motives, tone, character traits of characters and main characters. Therefore, after reading several of Leskov’s works and opening the next one, you involuntarily already tune in to a certain way, imagine the situation, environment, atmosphere, immersed in which, you discover an amazing and beautiful world in its own way.

The world of Leskov to an unprepared reader may seem strange, gloomy, because it is inhabited mainly by truth-seeking heroes, surrounded by ignorant fools, for whom the only goal is prosperity and peace. However, thanks to the power of Lesk's unique talent, life-affirming motives prevail in the depiction of heroes. Hence the feeling of the inner beauty and harmony of the artistic world. Leskov's heroes are surprisingly pure and noble, their speech is simple and at the same time beautiful, as it conveys thoughts containing eternal truths about the power of goodness, about the need for mercy and self-sacrifice. The inhabitants of the vast Leskian world are so real that the reader does not leave the confidence that they are written off from nature. We have no doubt that the author actually met them during his many trips around Russia. But no matter how ordinary and simple these people may be, they are all righteous, as Leskov himself defines them. People who rise above the line of simple morality and therefore are holy to the Lord. The reader clearly understands the author's goal to draw attention to the Russian people, to their character and soul. Leskov manages to fully reveal the character of a Russian person with all its pluses and minuses.

What is especially striking when reading the works of Leskov is the faith of his heroes in God and boundless love for the motherland. These feelings are so sincere and strong that a person overwhelmed by them can overcome all the obstacles that stand in his way. In general, a Russian person is always ready to sacrifice everything and even his own life in order to achieve a lofty and beautiful goal. Someone sacrifices himself for the sake of faith, someone for the Fatherland, and Katerina Izmailova, the heroine of Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district, sacrificed everything in order to save her love, and when all the ways and means were tried, and the way out of the situation was not found, she threw herself into the river. This is similar to the finale of Ostrovsky's play, where Katerina Kabanova dies because of her love, and Leskov is similar in this.

But no matter how beautiful and pure in soul a Russian person is, he also has negative qualities, one of which is a tendency to drunkenness. And Leskov denounces this vice in many of his works, the heroes of which understand that drinking is stupid and ridiculous, but they cannot help themselves. This, probably, is also a purely Russian feature of the behavior to take one's soul away, filling grief with wine.

Growing up in the bosom of nature, among beautiful landscapes, space and light, a simple Lesk hero from the people strives for something sublime, for beauty and love. For each specific hero, this desire manifests itself in its own way: Ivan Flyagin has a love for horses, and Mark Alexandrov has an enthusiastic attitude towards art, towards an icon.

Leskov's world is the world of Russian people, tremulously created and preserved by them for themselves. All the works are written by Leskov with such an understanding of even the most incomprehensible depths of the human psyche, with such love for the righteous and Russia, that the reader involuntarily imbues Leskov's manner of writing, begins to really think about those issues that once worried the writer and have not lost their relevance. and in our time.

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