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Popular movements under Peter I. Causes of the uprisings: Reforms and transformations of Peter I were carried out by force, (changes in the way and pace of life) New

Peter I Alekseevich the Great

(1682-1725)

gg. - Azov campaigns of Peter I.

The first Azov campaign in 1695.

Commanders: P. Gordon, A.M. Golovin and F. Lefort.

Second Azov campaign in 1696.

Commanding: A.S. Shein.

Governor Shein for merits in the second Azov campaign became the first Russian generalissimo.

Treaty of Constantinople 1700- concluded in 1700 between Russia and Turkey. It was the result of the Azov campaigns of Peter the Great.

result The Azov campaigns were the capture of the fortress of Azov, the beginning of the construction of the port of Taganrog, the possibility of an attack on the Crimean peninsula from the sea; and was exempted from the annual payment of "tribute" to the Crimean Khan.

gg. - The Great Embassy of Peter I to Europe.

v In March 1697, the Great Embassy was sent to Western Europe, the main purpose of which was to find allies against the Ottoman Empire. Grand Ambassadors were appointed F.Ya. Lefort, F.A. Golovin. In total, up to 250 people entered the embassy, among which Tsar Peter I himself was under the name of the constable of the Preobrazhensky Regiment Peter Mikhailov.

v Peter visited Riga, Koenigsberg, Brandenburg, Holland, England, Austria.

v The Grand Embassy did not achieve its main goal: it was not possible to create a coalition against the Ottoman Empire.

G. - uprising of archers in Moscow.

End of the 17th century - accession of Kamchatka to Russia.

Military reforms of Peter I.

v funny troops- a special formation of troops and forces for the training and education of soldiers of the "army of the new system" and their commanders from the subjects of the Russian kingdom.

v In 1698, the old army was disbanded, except for 4 regular regiments (Preobrazhensky, Semyonovsky, Lefortovsky and Butyrsky regiments), which became the basis of the new army.

v Preparing for the war with Sweden, Peter ordered in 1699 to produce a general recruiting kit.

v B 1715 Petersburg was opened Marine Academy.

v B 1716 was published Military Charter, strictly defining the service, rights and duties of military personnel.

v Peter opens many weapons factories, the most famous of which were Tula arms factory And Olonets artillery plant.

gg. - North War.

After returning from the Grand Embassy, the tsar began to prepare for a war with Sweden for access to the Baltic Sea. In 1699 was created northern union against the Swedish king Charles XII, which, in addition to Russia, included Denmark, Saxony and the Commonwealth.

Commanders: B.P. Sheremetev, A.D. Menshikov, M.M. Golitsyn, A.I. Repnin, F.M. Apraksin, Ya.V. Bruce.

1703- the foundation of St. Petersburg.

1705- introduction of recruitment.

Battle of Lesnaya- a battle during the Northern War, which took place near the village of Lesnoy in 1708 As a result of the battle, the corvolant (flying corps) under the command of Peter the Great defeated the Swedish corps of General A.L. Lewenhaupt. This victory, according to Peter the Great, became the "mother of the Poltava battle."

Commanders: Peter I, A.D. Menshikov, R.Kh. Baur.

1709 – Poltava battle. The defeat of the main forces of the Swedes by the Russian army under the command of Peter I.

Commanders: B.P. Sheremetev, A.D. Menshikov, A. I. Repnin.

Prut campaign– trip to Moldova in summer 1711 Russian army led by Peter I against the Ottoman Empire during the Russian-Turkish war of 1710-1713.

With an army led by Field Marshal General B.P. Sheremetev, Tsar Peter I personally went to Moldova. The hopeless situation of the army forced Peter to negotiate, and as a result, a peace agreement was concluded, according to which Azov, conquered in 1696, and the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov departed to Turkey.

1714 - battle at Cape Gangut. The victory of the Russian fleet over the Swedish squadron (the first naval victory of the Russian fleet in the history of Russia).

Commanding: F. Apraksin.

Battle of Grengam- a naval battle that took place in 1720 in the Baltic Sea near Grengam Island, was the last major battle of the Great Northern War.

Commanding: M. Golitsyn.

1721– Peace of Nystadt (end of the Northern War).

Main provisions of the agreement:

· Full amnesty on both sides, with the exception of the Cossacks who followed Mazepa;

· The Swedes concede into the eternal possession of Russia: Livonia, Estland, Ingermanland, part of Karelia;

· Finland returns to Sweden;

Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea.

1721- the proclamation of Russia as an empire (after the victory in the Northern War).

Reforms of Peter I.

1702- the beginning of the publication of the newspaper "Vedomosti".

1708- Provincial reform. The division of Russia into 8 provinces.

Moscow, Ingermandland, Kyiv, Smolensk, Azov, Kazan, Arkhangelsk and Siberia.

1711- the establishment of the Senate, which replaced the Boyar Duma.

1714- adoption of the Decree on single inheritance (the decree eliminated the difference between the estate and the estate; eliminated the difference between the boyars and the nobility).

1720- publication of the General Regulations - an act regulating the work of state institutions.

1721- the abolition of the post of patriarch and the establishment of the Spiritual College - the Governing, then the Holy Synod.

1722- publication of the Table of Ranks.

1722- the adoption of the "Charter on the succession of the throne", which gave the king the right to appoint his successor.

Boards- the central bodies of sectoral management in the Russian Empire, formed in the Petrine era to replace the system of orders that had lost its significance.

v College of foreign (foreign) affairs - was in charge of foreign policy.

v Military Board (Military) - staffing, weapons, equipment and training of the land army.

v Admiralty Board - naval affairs, fleet.

v The patrimonial board - was in charge of noble land ownership

v Chamber College - collection of state revenues.

v State-offices-collegium - was in charge of the state's expenses.

Education reform.

v In 1701, a school of mathematical and navigational sciences was opened in Moscow.

v At the beginning of the 18th century. Artillery, engineering and medical schools were opened in Moscow, an engineering school and a naval academy in St. Petersburg, mining schools at the Olonets and Ural factories.

v In 1705, the first gymnasium in Russia was opened. The goals of mass education were to serve, created by decree of 1714, digital schools in provincial cities, called "to teach children of all ranks to read and write, numbers and geometry."

Popular uprisings under Peter I.

· Astrakhan uprising- the uprising of archers, soldiers, townspeople, workers and fugitives, which took place in Astrakhan in 1705-1706

Cause: increased arbitrariness and violence on the part of the local administration, the introduction of new taxes and the cruelty of the Astrakhan governor Timofey Rzhevsky.

· 1707-1709 – uprising of the Don Cossacks led by Kondraty Bulavin.

Cause: attempts to limit Cossack self-government, forced use of people in the construction of the fleet and fortifications

· Bashkir uprising of 1704-1711

Cause: the introduction of additional taxes and a number of measures affecting the religious feelings of the Bashkirs.

Astrakhan rebellion

Remark 1

The beginning of the Northern War was the most difficult time for the country. In addition to the costs of the war, Peter I launched broad reforms, and it all lay on the population. Taxes and the total number of duties increased, in addition, the enterprises had the most severe conditions and many other things caused great discontent among the people.

In $1705$, riots began in Astrakhan, resulting in a full-fledged uprising. In this port city, the population was very ethnically diverse, merchants of many eastern nationalities lived, and free people and fugitives, attracted by the opportunity to feed themselves by fishing, rushed there.

Simultaneously with the atmosphere of the eastern bazaar, Astrakhan had a different side: due to the border position, there were many soldiers and archers in it. The military authorities, as elsewhere, were distinguished by arbitrariness in relation to their subordinates. One of the military officers who exceeded his authority was the governor Rzhevsky T.I.

The situation in Astrakhan escalated, as it did throughout the country, due to the deterioration in the standard of living and living conditions of the ordinary population, and also because of the rude breaking of traditions, expressed in the fact that people could cut off their beards and long clothes of the old cut right on the street. In addition, in the city, someone started a rumor that all the girls would be married off to foreigners.

$30$ July $1705$ $100$ weddings were held in Astrakhan. On the same day, the archers raised an uprising. $300 people were executed (command, foreigners). Led the uprising

Grigory Artemiev
Gury Ageev
Ivan Sheludyak

The wealthy played an active role in the uprising. Old Believers. Ordinary townspeople participated in the uprising much less actively than the archers, who organized it. The rebels managed to establish the rhythm of a full life in the city.

Peter I entrusted the suppression of the uprising to Boris Sheremetev, but tried to settle everything in peace by meeting with a representative of the archers. This gesture of the king caused remorse, but Sheremetev took Astrakhan by storm anyway. More than $300 people were executed.

Rebellion of Kondraty Bulavin

With the development of the southern borders - the capture of Azov, construction along the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Lower Don - the Don ceased to be freemen for fugitive and free people, the investigation began to work in full force.

A huge problem was that people had nothing to live on. The war with Turkey was pushed back, it was difficult to feed on fisheries.

Remark 2

Also an important factor for the uprising was the exhaustion of people from mobilization for the construction of the fleet - near Voronezh, then Azov. In addition, as elsewhere, duties and taxes have increased, prices have risen, and life has become very difficult.

Prince Yu.V. Dolgoruky with a detachment searched for the fugitives. $9$ October $1707$ his unit defeated Ataman Kondraty Bulavin. This happened near Shulgin-town.

Soon, however, Bulavin was defeated with the support of the Kalmyks and fled to the Zaporozhian Sich. From there, he sent out calls for an uprising. Unrest spread to many counties, incl. Voronezh, Tambov. In the spring of $1708, the rebels defeated the pro-government Cossack army and occupied Cherkassk.

After that, the uprising was divided into detachments. Part went to Saratov, Bulavin moved to Azov, but suffered a serious defeat there. In Cherkassk, noble Cossacks, meanwhile, organized a conspiracy and killed the ataman Kondraty Bulavin $7$ July $1708$

The uprising continued for some time, but was crushed.

Other unrest

Remark 3

After the suppression of the Bulavin uprising, the people continued to worry for a long time in certain regions, not resigning themselves to a hard life. So, the remnants of the Bulavin rebels acted until the spring of $1709$.

Peasants spoke out Ustyug, Kostroma, Tver, Smolensk, Yaroslavl and many other counties. For only $1709-1710$. uprisings broke out in $60$ counties.

Workers of numerous new enterprises, ascribed and sessional peasants revolted. In the $20$-ies. riots took place Olonets factories, on Moscow Cloth and Khamovny yards and other companies in the country.

The uprising in Astrakhan in 1705 -Reason: carrying out Peter's transformations The arbitrariness of the voivode Timofey Rzhevsky knew no boundaries. On Ilyin's Day in 1704, beards and clothes were forcibly cut off throughout the city. Caught and insulted women. Later, in a petition to Peter I, Astrakhan residents wrote that, on the orders of the voivode, “the Russian dress was cut off from the male and female sexes in a way that was not like it and exposed to the people and any curse over them and the girlish sex was repaired, and they were beaten off from churches, and they were beaten, and mustaches, and beards were cut off with meat." On the night of July 30, 1705, the alarm sounded in Astrakhan. A detachment of soldiers and archers broke into the Astrakhan Kremlin and began to kill the "initial people". The rebels were outraged that the whole city supported the rebels. Governor T Rzhevsky raised the tax on salt, introduced new taxes on baths, cellars and stoves, which, following the decree of Peter I, forced them to wear European clothes and shave their beards. the neighboring cities of Krasny and Cherny Yar, Guryev, Terki. Astrakhans twice approached Tsaritsyn, but could not take it. my diploma". However, on the way back, the petitioners were met by Sheremetev's troops. The rebels decided to defend themselves. On March 12, government troops, having overcome the desperate resistance of the Astrakhans, broke into the city. The rebels, who had settled in the Kremlin, surrendered after the shelling. According to the results of the investigation, 314 "breeders of rebellion" were executed. Many died from torture or were exiled to Siberia. Peter I

The movement of Kondraty Afanasyevich Bulavin in July 1707, Peter I issued a decree on the search for fugitives in the Don towns. Yu. V. Dolgorukov was appointed responsible for the execution of the decree. In September, Dolgorukov, at the head of a detachment, arrived in Cherkassk and announced the royal will to the Don ataman Lukyan Maksimov. Dolgorukov began a raid on the Cossack settlements of the Upper Don (Buzuluk, Medveditsa, Khoper), the peasants were returned, another no less part hid in the steppes and ravines, and ultimately joined the detachment of the Bakhmut ataman Bulavin. Bulavin wrote about the cruelty of the Moscow army in his letters: “And many of our brother Cossacks were tortured with a whip, they beat and cut their noses and lips in vain, and they took wives and girls on the bed by force and repaired all kinds of abuse over them, and our babies were hung from trees by the legs."

Precepts of Ignat Nekrasov: 1. Do not submit to tsarism. Do not return to Russia under the tsars. 2. Do not connect with the Turks, do not communicate with the non-believers. Communication with the Turks only when needed (trade, war, taxes). Quarrels with Turks are forbidden. 3. The highest power is the Cossack circle. Participation from the age of 18. 4. Decisions of the circle are executed by the ataman. He is strictly obeyed. 5. Ataman is elected for a year. If he is guilty, he is removed ahead of time. 6. Decisions of the circle are obligatory for all. Everyone is watching the performance. 7. All earnings are handed over to the military treasury. From it, everyone receives 2/3 of the money earned. 1/3 goes to kosh. 8. Kosh is divided into three parts: 1st part - army, weapons. 2nd part - school-church. 3rd - help to widows, orphans, old people and others in need. 9. Marriage can only be entered into between members of the community. For marriage with non-believers - death. 10. Husband does not offend his wife. She, with the permission of the circle, can leave him, and the circle punishes her husband. 11. To acquire good is obliged only by labor. A real Cossack loves his work. 12. For robbery, robbery, murder - by decision of the circle - death. 13. For robbery, robbery, murder in war - by decision of the circle - death. 14. Shinkov, taverns - do not keep in the village. 15. There is no way for Cossacks to become soldiers.

Precepts of Ignat Nekrasov: 16. Keep, keep the word. Cossacks and children must go on talking in the old way. 17. A Cossack does not hire a Cossack. He does not receive money from his brother. 18. Do not sing worldly songs during fasting. You can only old ones. 19. Without the permission of the circle, the chieftain Cossack cannot leave the village. 20. Only the army helps orphans and the elderly, so as not to humiliate and not be humiliated. 21. Keep personal assistance confidential. 22. There should be no beggars in the village. 23. All Cossacks adhere to the true - Orthodox old faith. 24. For the murder of a Cossack by a Cossack, the killer is buried alive in the ground. 25. Do not engage in trade in the village. 26. Who trades on the side - 1/20 profit per kosh. 27. The young honor the elders. 28. Cossack must go to the circle after 18 years. If he does not walk, they take a fine twice, on the third - they flog. The fine is set by the chieftain and foreman. 29. Ataman to elect after the Red Hill for a year. Esaul to elect after 30 years. Colonel or marching ataman after 40 years. Military ataman - only after 50 years. 30. For cheating on a husband, they beat him with 100 lashes. 31. For cheating on a wife, bury her neck in the ground.

Testaments of Ignat Nekrasov: 32. They beat you to death for theft. 33. For the theft of military goods - they flog and a hot pot on the head 34. If you mess with the Turks - death. 35. If a son or daughter raised a hand against their parents - death. For insulting the elder - whip. The younger brother does not raise his hand to the elder, the circle will punish with whips. 36. For betrayal of the army, blasphemy - death. 37. Do not shoot at Russians in a war. Don't go against blood. 38. Stand up for the little people. 39. There is no extradition from the Don. 40. Whoever does not fulfill the precepts of Ignat will perish. 41. If not everyone in the army is wearing hats, then you can’t go on a campaign. 42. For violation of Ignat's precepts by the chieftain - to punish and remove him from the chieftainship. If, after punishment, the chieftain does not thank the Circle "for science" - flog him again and declare him a rebel. 43. Atamanship can last only three terms - power spoils a person. 44. Keep no prisons. 45. Do not put a deputy on a campaign, and those who do it for money - to be executed by death as a coward and a traitor. 46. Guilt for any crime establishes the Circle. 47. A priest who does not fulfill the will of the Circle is to be expelled, and even killed as a rebel or a heretic.
V.V. Dolgoruky Born in 1667 in the family of the boyar V. D. Dolgorukov, who was the nephew of the commander Yu. A. Dolgorukov. Participated in the campaigns of 1705 and 1707 and distinguished himself in the capture of Mitava. In 1708 he was sent with a detachment to the Don to pacify the Bulavin rebellion. During the Battle of Poltava, he commanded the reserve cavalry and contributed to the complete defeat of the Swedes.

Astrakhan rebellion

Remark 1

$30$ July $1705$ $100$ weddings were held in Astrakhan. On the same day, the archers raised an uprising. $300 people were executed (command, foreigners). Led the uprising

Grigory Artemiev
Gury Ageev
Ivan Sheludyak

Rebellion of Kondraty Bulavin

A huge problem was that people had nothing to live on. The war with Turkey was pushed back, it was difficult to feed on fisheries.

Remark 2

Prince Yu.V. Dolgoruky with a detachment searched for the fugitives. $9$ October $1707$ his unit defeated Ataman Kondraty Bulavin. This happened near Shulgin-town.

The uprising continued for some time, but was crushed.

Other unrest

Remark 3

Peasants spoke out Ustyug, Kostroma, Tver, Smolensk, Yaroslavl and many other counties. For only $1709-1710$. uprisings broke out in $60$ counties.

Exercise 1. Mark the correct positions in green and the incorrect positions in red.

The reasons for popular uprisings under Peter I were:
a) the hardships and hardships associated with the Northern War;
b) the introduction of new state duties and taxes;
c) new taxes and works “for local needs”;
d) strengthening of national oppression in a number of regions of Russia;
e) Russia's participation in the Northern Union;
f) introduction of recruitment kits;
g) forcibly attracting the population to the construction of St. Petersburg, canals, fortifications in other regions of the country;
h) registration of peasants to factories;
i) seizure of land from the local population in the developed territories;
j) forcible planting of Orthodoxy in the territories being developed;
k) persecution of the Old Believers;
l) the fragility of royal power;
m) Peter's innovations I in everyday life (cutting beards, etc.).

Task 2. Who were these people, why did their names go down in the history of our country?

Yakov Nosov - Yaroslavl merchant and Astrakhan fisherman, Old Believer, leader of the Astrakhan uprising of 1705-1706.
K. A. Bulavin - Don Cossack, who raised an uprising in southern Russia in 1707 (Bulavin uprising). In 1708 he was killed by a traitor.

Task 3. Fill in the table "People's uprisings under Peter I".

comparison line	Astrakhan uprising	Bulavin's uprising	Bashkir uprising	Religious performances	Speeches of working people
Reasons and reasons for speaking out	Arbitrariness and violence of local authorities, new taxes and fees. Reason - innovations in everyday life (a ban on wearing a beard and Russian dress).	Restriction of Cossack self-government, forced labor, search for fugitives	National and religious harassment, taxes and requisitions, recruitment, government violence	Harassment of the Old Believers	Difficult working conditions, involvement in the construction of cities, canals and other objects
List of participants	Merchants, townspeople, soldiers, archers	Cossacks, peasants	Bashkirs	Various segments of the population	working people
Main events	1705. capture of asters. Kremlin and a trip to Tsaritsyn 1706. End of the uprising	1707. The beginning of the uprising. 1708. The capture of Cherkassk and the election of Bulavin as a military chieftain. Bulavin's murder. 1710. End of the uprising	1705. The beginning of the uprising. 1706. Petition to the tsar and execution of the Bashkir ambassador 1707-1710. Combat actions. 1711. End of the uprising		Performances of various forms of protest throughout the reign of Peter I
Reasons for the defeat	Weak organization and lack of a plan of action, the military superiority of the tsarist troops	Disagreements among the Cossacks, the military superiority of the tsarist troops	The fragmentation of the Bashkirs, the military superiority of the tsarist troops		Disorganization, fragmentation, spontaneity

Task 4. On the contour map (p. 48) shade with different colors:

a) the region of the Astrakhan uprising;
b) the area of the uprising by K. A. Bulavin;
c) the territory of the Bashkir uprising.

Click to enlarge

Task 5. Expand the meaning of concepts.

working people - the general name of workers in the fields and in industry (serfs-otkhodniks, sessional and free-hired workers).
Otkhodniks - peasants who left their native places to work (for manufactories, crafts and agriculture).
"Charming Letters" - a written appeal to the population, calling to join the uprising and oppose the government.
Tax on brown and gray eyes - tax collected by tsarist officials in Bashkiria and which became one of the reasons for the Bashkir uprising of 1705.
Punitive policy - a set of actions that provides for punishment in response to disobedience or objectionable behavior of an individual or group of individuals.

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