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state peasants. Concept, management, reform legal and historical aspects

State peasants

a special class of serf Russia, formalized by decrees of Peter 1 from the remaining non-enslaved rural population (black-eared peasants (See. Black-eared peasants) and ladles (See. Ladles) of Northern Pomorie, Siberian plowed peasants, single-dvortsy, non-Russian peoples of the Volga and Ural regions) . In contrast to the landowners and palace peasants (later, appanage peasants), G. k. lived on state-owned lands and, using allotted allotments, were subordinate to the management of state bodies and were considered personally free.

According to the 1st revision (1724), there were (in European Russia and Siberia) 1,049,287 male souls, that is, 19% of the entire agricultural population of the country; according to the 10th revision (1858), - 9,345,342 male souls, t. 45.2% of the agricultural population of European Russia. The estate of the G. k. increased due to the peasants of secularized church possessions and newly annexed territories (the Baltic states, Right-Bank Ukraine, Belarus, Crimea, Transcaucasia), Ukrainian Cossacks, former serfs confiscated Polish estates, etc. At the end of the 30s. 19th century The average land allotment of land plots in 30 out of 43 gubernias was less than 5 acres, and only in a few gubernias did it reach the established norm (8 acres in small-land provinces and 15 acres in large-land provinces). The bulk of the G. k. contributed cash quitrent to the treasury; on the territory of the Baltic States and the provinces annexed from Poland, state-owned estates were leased to private owners, and the state estates served mainly corvee; The arable peasants of Siberia at first cultivated state arable land, then they paid food quitrent, and later - cash quitrent. In the 1st half of the 19th century. quitrent G. k. ranged from 7 rub. 50 cop. to 10 rub. per year. As the exploitation of the appanage and landlord peasants intensified, the monetary dues of the state tax became relatively less than the duties of other categories of peasants comparable with it. In addition, G. k. were obliged to contribute money for zemstvo needs and for worldly expenses; along with other categories of peasants, they paid a poll tax and served in-kind duties (for example, road, underwater, lodging). For the proper performance of duties, they were answered by mutual responsibility.

The development of trade and industry in the 18th-1st half of the 19th centuries led to the expansion of the rights of landlords: they were allowed to trade, open factories and plants, own "uninhabited" lands (i.e., without serfs), etc. But at the same time, due to the growth of landlord entrepreneurship, the nobility systematically appropriated state lands and strove to turn free G. to. into their serfs (see. General Land Survey). In the 2nd half of the 18th century. the government distributed to the nobility millions of acres of state-owned land and hundreds of thousands of state land; in the 1st half of the 19th century. the mass sale of state estates and their transfer to a specific department was practiced. Many nobles demanded the abolition of the estate of the G. k., transferring state lands with their population into private hands.

As a result of the growth of land scarcity and the increase in feudal duties in the early 19th century. Progressive impoverishment and arrears of the state capital were discovered. Mass unrest of the state property was repeated more and more often, directed against the reduction of allotments, the severity of dues, and the arbitrariness of tenants and officials. The question of changing the management of the state capital gave rise to numerous projects, both feudal and liberal-bourgeois. The escalating crisis of the feudal serf system forced the government of Nicholas I to start reforming the management of the state village in order to support state finances, raising the productive forces of the state village, and bring the landlord serfs closer to the position of "free rural inhabitants". During 1837-1841, under the leadership of General P. D. Kiselev (Sm. Kiselev), a special ministry of state property was established with a complex hierarchy of bureaucratic bodies. The created administration was entrusted with the "trusteeship" of the G. k. through the traditional rural community, patronized by government officials.

The program for the economic development of the state countryside could not be carried out either. Of relatively progressive importance were such measures as the abolition of corvée duties of civil society in Lithuania, Belarus, and the Right-Bank Ukraine, the cessation of leasing state estates to private owners, and the replacement of per capita dues with a more uniform land and trade tax. However, these measures could not bring about a fundamental change in the position of landowners. Malozemelie was not eliminated. The number of arrears did not decrease, but grew even more; agrotechnical measures turned out to be inaccessible to the peasant masses; medical and veterinary care was provided on a negligible scale, and most importantly, the entire management system on the basis of feudal guardianship was accompanied by monstrous violence and exactions. The feudal management of the state countryside was in sharp contradiction with the economic processes of the 1940s and 1950s. 19th century, hindered the growth of peasant trade and industry, hindered the development of agriculture and fettered the growth of the productive forces of the peasantry. The result of the reform was the growth of the peasant movement, which took on especially violent forms in the regions of Northern Pomerania, the Urals, and the Volga region, where peasant peasants lived in large, compact masses. Continuous protests against the system of government of the feudal state were also observed in the central and western regions (see Potato riots, Cholera riots, etc.). After the end of the Crimean War of 1853-56, a clear tendency was revealed to merge the struggle of the GK with the movement of appanage and landlord peasants. In turn, the nobility, alarmed by the plans of the government, on the one hand, and the growing peasant movement, on the other, was indignant against Kiselev's reform and demanded the elimination of the "guardianship" system. In 1857, Alexander II, having appointed the reactionary M. N. Muravyov as the new Minister of State Property, approved the project of a counter-reform, bringing the state property closer to the position of the appanage peasants.

On February 19, 1861, serfdom in Russia was abolished. At the same time, the personal rights of landowners and appanage peasants and the forms of their "self-government" established by the laws of 1838-41 were extended to the former landlord and appanage peasants. G. k. in 1866 were subordinated to the general system of rural management and recognized as "peasant owners", although they continued to pay quitrent tax. The rights of full ownership of the land were obtained by the landed estates under the law of 1886 on the obligatory redemption of land allotments. The townships of Siberia and Transcaucasia remained in their former position as holders of state land, since the laws of 1866 and 1886 were not extended to them. did not eliminate the acute shortage of land in the countryside and the arbitrariness of the local administration.

Lit.: Druzhinin N. M., State peasants and the reform of P. D. Kiselev, vol. 1-2, M. - L., 1946-58; Antelava I. G., Reform of the land arrangement of the state peasants of Transcaucasia at the end of the 19th century, Sukhumi, 1952; his, State peasants of Georgia in the first half of the 19th century, Sukhumi, 1955.

N. M. Druzhinin.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "State peasants" are in other dictionaries:

In Russia, 18 1st half. 19th centuries an estate formed from former black-haired peasants, ladles, single-dvorets, etc. They lived on state lands, carried duties in favor of the state, and were considered personally free. From 1841 they were controlled by the Ministry ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Law Dictionary

STATE PEASANTS, IN THE 18th - 1st half of the 19th centuries. an estate formed from former black-haired peasants, ladles, odnodvortsev and others. G. k. lived on state-owned lands, carried duties in favor of the state, and were considered personally free. Since 1841 ... ... Russian history

State peasants were a special estate in Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries, whose number in some periods reached half of the country's agricultural population. Unlike the landlord peasants, they were considered personally free, although ... Wikipedia

Russia in the 18th and early 19th centuries an estate formed from former black-haired peasants, ladles, single-dvorets, etc. They lived on state-owned lands, carried duties in favor of the state, and were considered personally free. Since 1841 they have been ruled by ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

A special estate of serf Russia, issued by decrees of Peter I from the remnants of an unenslaved farmer. the population of black-eared peasants and ladles of the North. Pomorye, Siberian plowed peasants, single-dvortsev, non-Russians. peoples of the Volga and Ural regions). ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

See Peasants... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

STATE PEASANTS- a special category of peasants in Russia in the 18th–19th centuries, formed as a result of the tax reform of 1724, with a total number of 1 million male souls who previously paid tax in favor of the state along with other categories of tax ... ... Russian statehood in terms. IX - beginning of XX century

state peasants- in Russia in the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries. an estate formed from former black-haired peasants, ladles, single-dvorets, etc. They lived on state lands, carried duties in favor of the state, and were considered personally free. In 1886 they received the right ... ... Big Law Dictionary

state peasants

in Russia 18-1st floor. 19th centuries an estate formed from former black-haired peasants, ladles, single-dvorets, etc. They lived on state lands, carried duties in favor of the state, and were considered personally free. From 1841 they were managed by the Ministry of State Property. All R. 19th century were approx. 45% of the peasantry. In 1866 they were subordinated to the general system of rural management, in 1886 they received the right of full ownership of the land for a ransom. The state peasants of Siberia and Transcaucasia remained in their former position as holders of state land, since the laws of 1866 and 1886 were not extended to them. 19th century did not eliminate the acute shortage of land in the countryside.

Big Law Dictionary

state peasants

in Russia in the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries. an estate formed from former black-haired peasants, ladles, single-dvorets, etc. They lived on state lands, carried duties in favor of the state, and were considered personally free. In 1886, they received the right to full ownership of the land for a ransom. G.K. Siberia and Transcaucasia remained in the same position as holders of state land, since the laws of 1866 and 1886 were not extended to them.

State peasants

a special class of serf Russia, issued by decrees of Peter 1 from the remaining non-enslaved rural population (black-eared peasants and ladles of the Northern Pomerania, Siberian plowed peasants, single-dvorets, non-Russian peoples of the Volga and Ural regions). Unlike landlord and palace peasants (later appanage peasants), landed peasants lived on government lands and, using allotted allotments, were subordinate to the management of state bodies and were considered personally free.

According to the 1st revision (1724), there were (in European Russia and Siberia) 1,049,287 male souls, that is, 19% of the entire agricultural population of the country; according to the 10th revision (1858), ≈ 9,345,342 male souls, t. 45.2% of the agricultural population of European Russia. The estate of the G. k. increased due to the peasants of secularized church possessions and newly annexed territories (the Baltic states, Right-Bank Ukraine, Belarus, Crimea, Transcaucasia), Ukrainian Cossacks, former serfs confiscated Polish estates, etc. At the end of the 30s. 19th century The average land allotment of land plots in 30 out of 43 gubernias was less than 5 acres, and only in a few gubernias did it reach the established norm (8 acres in small-land provinces and 15 acres in large-land provinces). The bulk of the G. k. contributed cash quitrent to the treasury; on the territory of the Baltic States and the provinces annexed from Poland, state-owned estates were leased to private owners, and the state estates served mainly corvee; The arable peasants of Siberia at first cultivated the state arable land, then they paid food quitrent, and later, cash quitrent. In the 1st half of the 19th century. quitrent G. k. fluctuated from 7 rubles. 50 kop. up to 10 rubles per year. As the exploitation of the appanage and landlord peasants intensified, the monetary dues of the state tax became relatively less than the duties of other categories of peasants comparable with it. In addition, G. k. were obliged to contribute money for zemstvo needs and for worldly expenses; along with other categories of peasants, they paid a poll tax and served in-kind duties (for example, road, underwater, lodging). For the proper performance of duties, they were answered by mutual responsibility.

As a result of the growth of land scarcity and the increase in feudal duties in the early 19th century. Progressive impoverishment and arrears of the state capital were discovered. Mass unrest of the state property was repeated more and more often, directed against the reduction of allotments, the severity of dues, and the arbitrariness of tenants and officials. The question of changing the management of the state capital gave rise to numerous projects, both feudal and liberal-bourgeois. The escalating crisis of the feudal serf system forced the government of Nicholas I to start reforming the management of the state village in order to support state finances, raising the productive forces of the state village, and bring the landlord serfs closer to the position of "free rural inhabitants". During 1837-1841, under the leadership of General P. D. Kiselev, a special ministry of state property was established with a complex hierarchy of bureaucratic bodies. The created administration was entrusted with the "trusteeship" of the G. k. through the traditional rural community, patronized by government officials.

The program for the economic development of the state countryside could not be carried out either. Of relatively progressive importance were such measures as the abolition of corvée duties of civil society in Lithuania, Belarus, and the Right-Bank Ukraine, the cessation of leasing state estates to private owners, and the replacement of per capita dues with a more uniform land and trade tax. However, these measures could not bring about a fundamental change in the position of landowners. Malozemelie was not eliminated. The number of arrears did not decrease, but grew even more; agrotechnical measures turned out to be inaccessible to the peasant masses; medical and veterinary assistance was rendered on a negligible scale, and most importantly, the entire system of administration on the basis of feudal guardianship was accompanied by monstrous violence and exactions. The feudal management of the state countryside was in sharp contradiction with the economic processes of the 1940s and 1950s. 19th century, hindered the growth of peasant trade and industry, hindered the development of agriculture and fettered the growth of the productive forces of the peasantry. The result of the reform was the growth of the peasant movement, which took on especially violent forms in the regions of Northern Pomerania, the Urals, and the Volga region, where peasant peasants lived in large, compact masses. Continuous protests against the system of government of the feudal state were also observed in the central and western regions (see "Potato riots", "Cholera riots", etc.). After the end of the Crimean War of 1853–56, a clear tendency was revealed to merge the struggle of the civil war with the movement of appanage and landlord peasants. In turn, the nobility, alarmed by the plans of the government, on the one hand, and by the growing peasant movement, on the other, were indignant at Kiselyov's reform and demanded the abolition of the "guardianship" system. In 1857, Alexander II, having appointed the reactionary M. N. Muravyov as the new minister of state property, approved the project of a counter-reform, bringing the state property closer to the position of the appanage peasants.

On February 19, 1861, serfdom in Russia was abolished. At the same time, the personal rights of landowners and appanage peasants and the forms of their “self-government” established by the laws of 1838–41 were extended to the former landlord and appanage peasants. G. k. in 1866 were subordinated to the general system of rural management and recognized as "peasant owners", although they continued to pay quitrent tax. The rights of full ownership of the land were obtained by the landed estates under the law of 1886 on the obligatory redemption of land allotments. The townships of Siberia and Transcaucasia remained in their former position as holders of state land, since the laws of 1866 and 1886 were not extended to them. did not eliminate the acute shortage of land in the countryside and the arbitrariness of the local administration.

Lit .: Druzhinin N. M., State peasants and the reform of P. D. Kiselev, vol. 1≈2, M. ≈ L., 1946≈58; Antelava I. G., Reform of the land arrangement of the state peasants of Transcaucasia at the end of the 19th century, Sukhumi, 1952; his, State peasants of Georgia in the first half of the 19th century, Sukhumi, 1955.

N. M. Druzhinin.

Wikipedia

State peasants

State peasants- a special estate of the peasantry in Russia in the 18th - 19th centuries, whose number in some periods reached half of the agricultural population of the country. Unlike the landlord peasants, they were considered personally free, although they were attached to the land.

) and attached to the ground.

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History of state peasants

State peasants were issued by decrees of Peter I from the remnants of the non-enslaved agricultural population:

odnodvortsev (serving people on the black earth border with the Wild Steppe), on November 24, 1866, the law “On the land arrangement of state peasants” was issued, according to which the estate was abolished;
non-Russian peoples of the Volga and Ural regions.

The number of state peasants increased due to the confiscation of church properties (huge properties of the Russian Orthodox Church were confiscated by Catherine), returned, annexed and conquered territories (the Baltic states, Right-Bank Ukraine, Belarus, Crimea, Transcaucasia), former serfs confiscated estates of the gentry of the Commonwealth and others. In addition, the number of state peasants was replenished by runaway serfs (privately owned) peasants who settled on the developed lands (Bashkiria, Novorossia, the North Caucasus, and so on). This process (the transition of runaway serfs to the ranks of the state) was tacitly encouraged by the imperial government.

Also, foreign colonists (Germans, Greeks, Bulgarians, etc.) who settled in Russia contributed to the increase in the number of state peasants.

The position of the state peasants

State ( state-owned) peasants lived on state lands and paid taxes to the treasury. According to the 1st revision (), there were 1.049 million male souls in European Russia and Siberia (that is, 19% of the total agricultural population of the country), according to the 10th revision () - 9.345 million (45.2% of the agricultural population ) [ ] . Presumably, the crown peasants in Sweden served as a model for the legal definition of the position of state peasants in the state. By law, state peasants were treated as "free rural inhabitants." State peasants, in contrast to the owners, were considered as persons with legal rights - they could speak in court, conclude transactions, own property. State peasants were allowed to conduct retail and wholesale trade, open factories and plants. The land on which such peasants worked was considered state property, but the right to use was recognized for the peasants - in practice, the peasants made transactions as owners of the land. However, in addition to that, since 1801, the state. peasants could buy and own "uninhabited" lands (that is, without serfs peasants) on the basis of private ownership. State peasants had the right to use an allotment of 8 acres per capita in small-land provinces and 15 acres in large-land provinces. The actual allotments were much smaller: by the end of the 1830s - up to 5 acres in 30 provinces and 1-3 acres in 13 provinces; in the early 1840s, 325,000 souls had no clothing.

The bulk of the state peasants contributed cash quitrent to the treasury; on the territory of the Baltic states and the Kingdom of Poland, state-owned estates were leased to private owners and state peasants served mainly corvee; Siberian arable peasants first cultivated state-owned arable land, then paid food quitrent (later in cash). In the first half of the 19th century, the dues fluctuated from 7 rubles. 50 kop. up to 10 rubles per year. As the duties of appanage and landlord peasants increased, the monetary rent of the state peasants became relatively less than the duties of other categories of peasants. State peasants were also obliged to contribute money for zemstvo needs; they paid a poll tax and served natural duties (road, underwater, lodging, etc.). For the proper performance of duties, the state peasants were responsible for mutual responsibility.

Kiselyov's reform

As a result of the growing shortage of land and the increase in duties at the beginning of the 19th century, a progressive impoverishment of the state peasants was revealed. Unrest of state peasants began to occur more often against the reduction of allotments, the severity of quitrents, etc. (for example, "Cholera riots", "Potato riots" of 1834 and 1840-41). The question of changing the management of the state peasants gave rise to numerous projects.

In the 1830s, the government began to reform the management of the state village. In 1837-1841, a reform developed by P. D. Kiselyov was carried out: the Ministry of State Property and its local bodies were established, which were entrusted with the "trusteeship" of the state peasants through the rural community. The corvee duties of the state peasants in Lithuania, Belarus and Right-Bank Ukraine were liquidated, the leasing of state estates was stopped, the per capita rent was replaced by a more uniform land and trade tax.

A staunch opponent of serfdom, Kiselyov believed that freedom should be introduced gradually, "so that slavery is destroyed by itself and without upheavals of the state."

State peasants received self-government and the opportunity to resolve their affairs within the framework of the rural community. However, the peasants remained attached to the land. A radical reform of the state village became possible only after the abolition of serfdom. Despite the gradual transformation, they ran into resistance, because the landlords feared that the excessive emancipation of the state peasants would set a dangerous example for the landowning peasants.

Kiselyov intended to regulate the allotments and obligations of the landlord peasants and partially subordinate them to the Ministry of State Property, but this aroused the indignation of the landlords and was not implemented.

Nevertheless, when preparing the peasant reform in 1861, the drafters of the legislation used the experience of Kiselyov's reform, especially in matters of organizing peasant self-government and determining the legal status of peasants.

Liberation of the state peasants

On November 24, 1866, the law “On the land arrangement of state peasants” was adopted, according to which the lands that were in their use on the basis of “possession” (direct use) were retained by rural communities. The redemption of allotments in the property was regulated by law from

Under Peter I, a new estate was formed - state peasants. Their status was officially fixed by decree of the sovereign. They were free from serfdom, lived on state lands, for which they paid feudal rent, and were subordinate to the management of state bodies.

The concept of state peasants

On the territory of the Russian Empire, personally free peasants who lived on lands that belonged not to landowners, but to the treasury, were considered state. Historically, most of them were representatives of the unsecured agricultural population: the former black-mossed, single-dvortsy and representatives of the non-Russian peoples of the Volga region. At different times, the management of state peasants was carried out by various state bodies. They were subject to additional monetary penalties for zemstvo needs, paid dues, performed various types of duties and were subject to corporal punishment for improper performance of work. State peasants lived in special state villages. This estate existed until the end of the 19th century.

History of appearance

The emergence of the class in question is associated with financial reform. This new stratum of society was singled out by combining several categories of the population, uniting all personally free peasants into one group and calling them state.

Emperor Peter I began to implement the reform on March 1, 1698. She simplified the process of paying taxes. In addition to the latter, the empire obliged the state peasants to pay quitrent with a face value of 40 kopecks to the treasury. In the future, it fluctuated within 10 rubles. per person annually.

In the second half of the 18th century, a reform of the state peasants was carried out with the aim of enslaving them to the noble estates. However, an attempt to distribute "souls" to the nobles in the second half of the 18th century met with a decisive rebuff, and over 150 years their number increased from 1 to 9.3 million male souls. In percentage terms, this amounted to 19 - 45% of the entire estate in various years. The calculations were made in Siberia and in the European part of Russia. After the seizure by Empress Catherine II of a significant part of the lands of the Russian Orthodox Church, the ranks of state peasants began to replenish not only the population of the territories of the Crimea, the Baltic states, Transcaucasia, and so on. Secularized possessions regularly supplied the state with people. Unofficially, the transition of runaway serfs to the category of state serfs was encouraged, which became a source of stable income for the treasury.

Features of the Reformation

Russian peasants who belonged to the state were legally similar in position to the crown peasants of Sweden. There is a version that it was they who were taken as a model when the reform of the management of state peasants was carried out, but there is no documentary evidence for this.

The main distinguishing feature of free state peasants was their possession of legal rights. Legislatively, they were "free inhabitants" and could participate in court hearings, trade, and open various enterprises. Despite the fact that their working land was formally owned by the state, they could work on it and make transactions as full owners. The area of plots formally ranged from 8 to 15 acres per capita. In fact, they were much smaller. And by 1840, 325 thousand people no longer owned them, the main reason for which was the alienation of land for debts.

New reform

In the 19th century, the state peasants finally secured the right to purchase private property that was not inhabited by people.

Consistent growth in the size of cash payments, as well as a decrease in land allotments led to the impoverishment of the estate. By the end of the first half of the 19th century, this caused popular unrest. To change the situation, P. D. Kiselev developed a new reform. State peasants were able to resolve their affairs within the framework of the rural community, but were not detached from the lands. The initiative repeatedly ran into resistance from the landlords, who were afraid of a dangerous example of freedom for their peasants, nevertheless, the reform was carried out.

The disappearance of the estate

General discontent in the 1860s led to the abolition of serfdom. The management system of state peasants lost its meaning, since all categories of the estate were equalized in rights. By 1866, the "new" proprietors had become subordinate to the system of rural administrations. Despite this, quitrent taxes were not abolished, but now they were extended to all peasants without exception.

On June 12, 1866, the Russian Empire regulated the purchase of allotments for ownership. Soon, the size of the land of state peasants became smaller by 10-45% in different provinces. The reform of the state peasants and the agrarian reform of Stolypin contributed to the final distribution of land and put an end to the issue under consideration. The concept of "state peasants" was no longer used, the concept of wage labor and the agrarian sector of the economy was born.

1. Landlord (serf) peasants. This category of the population is constantly expanding. This was a completely disenfranchised category of the population, which did not have any civil rights, could not acquire property in its own name, and all the property that a serf acquired was recorded on the landowner. The legislation forbade serfs even to complain about their landowner. By the end of the 18th century, serfs could be easily exchanged, sold, donated, bequeathed. The practice of separate sale of serf families begins.

2. state peasants. Their position was much more preferable than that of the serfs. They were considered the property of the state, they lived and used the land that was the property of the state, they had the opportunity to acquire property in their own name, they could, in some cases, buy land plots.

3. Church and monastery peasants. After the college of economy was created, they began to be called economic peasants . After secularization, this category completely ceased to be ecclesiastical and monastic. After the abolition of the college of economy in the 80s, these peasants are part of the state.

4. Former appanage peasants (palace peasants). These were peasants who lived and worked on lands belonging to the royal family. Their status differed little from the legal status of state peasants.

5. Possession peasants. These are peasants who were acquired to work in manufactories. They could only be sold with the enterprise itself. A certain part of the possessive peasants worked on the land and fed those who worked at the enterprise.

6. Odnodvortsy. These were the descendants of small service ranks. They were personally free and lived, as a rule, on the outskirts of the empire. They owned land plots and at the same time performed the functions of border guards. Among the odnodvortsev there were even former nobles who were not recorded in the nobility according to the Petrine census. Some odnodvortsy even had serfs.

7. Serfs. From the beginning of the 1920s, this category of the population ceased to exist in a legal sense, since Peter I extended the very provisions that applied to serfs to serfs. This suggests that the serfs were equal to the serfs.

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