The problem of the negative consequences of scientific progress according to the text of I. Ehrenburg (USE in Russian). The main problem of the "dog's heart" A.R.
Arguments for writing
Problems 1. The role of art (science, mass media) in the spiritual life of society 2. The impact of art on the spiritual development of a person 3. The educational function of art Affirming theses 1. Genuine art ennobles a person. 2. Art teaches a person to love life. 3. Bring people the light of high truths, "pure teachings of goodness and truth" - this is the meaning of true art. 4. The artist must put his whole soul into the work in order to infect another person with his feelings and thoughts. Quotes 1. Without Chekhov, we would be many times poorer in spirit and heart (K Paustovsky. Russian writer). 2. The whole life of mankind consistently settled in books (A. Herzen, Russian writer). 3. Conscientiousness is the feeling that literature is obliged to excite (N. Evdokimova, Russian writer). 4. Art is called upon to preserve the human in a person (Yu. Bondarev, Russian writer). 5. The world of the book is the world of a real miracle (L. Leonov, Russian writer). 6. A good book is just a holiday (M. Gorky, Russian writer). 7. Art creates good people, shapes the human soul (P. Tchaikovsky, Russian composer). 8. They went into darkness, but their trace did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer). 9. Art is a shadow of divine perfection (Michelangelo, Italian sculptor and artist). 10. The purpose of art is to condense the beauty dissolved in the world (French philosopher). 11. There is no poet's career, there is a poet's destiny (S. Marshak, Russian writer). 12. The essence of literature is not fiction, but the need to speak the heart (V. Rozanov, Russian philosopher). 13. The artist's business is to give birth to joy (K Paustovsky, Russian writer). Arguments 1) Scientists, psychologists have long argued that music can have different effects on the nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that the works of Bach increase and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music arouses compassion, cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child. 2) Can art change a person's life? Actress Vera Alentova recalls such a case. One day she received a letter from an unknown woman who said that she was left alone, she did not want to live. But, after watching the film “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears”, she became a different person: “You won’t believe it, I suddenly saw that people are smiling and they are not so bad as it seemed to me all these years. And the grass, it turns out, is green, And the sun is shining ... I have recovered, for which I thank you very much. 3) Many front-line soldiers talk about the fact that soldiers exchanged smoke and bread for clippings from a front-line newspaper, where chapters from A. Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" were published. This means that an encouraging word was sometimes more important for the fighters than food. 4) The outstanding Russian poet Vasily Zhukovsky, talking about his impressions of Raphael's painting "The Sistine Madonna", said that the hour he spent in front of her belongs to the happiest hours of his life, and it seemed to him that this picture was born in a moment of miracle. 5) The famous children's writer N. Nosov told an incident that happened to him in childhood. Once he missed the train and stayed overnight at the station square with homeless children. They saw a book in his bag and asked him to read it. Nosov agreed, and the children, deprived of parental warmth, breathlessly began to listen to the story of a lonely old man, mentally comparing his bitter, homeless life with their own fate. 6) When the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the 7th Symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich had a huge impact on the inhabitants of the city. which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy. 7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved related to the stage history of the Undergrowth. They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the loafer Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland. 8) In Moscow, a gang was operating for a long time, which was distinguished by particular cruelty. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior, their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film Natural Born Killers, which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life. 9) The artist serves eternity. Today we imagine this or that historical person exactly as it is depicted in a work of art. Before this truly royal power of the artist, even tyrants trembled. Here is an example from the Renaissance. Young Michelangelo fulfills the order of the Medici and behaves quite boldly. When one of the Medicis expressed displeasure at the lack of resemblance to the portrait, Michelangelo said: "Do not worry, your Holiness, in a hundred years he will look like you." 10) In childhood, many of us read the novel by A. Dumas "The Three Musketeers". Athos, Porthos, Aramis, d "Artagnan - these heroes seemed to us the embodiment of nobility and chivalry, and Cardinal Richelieu, their opponent, was the personification of deceit and cruelty. But the image of the novel villain bears little resemblance to a real historical figure. After all, it was Richelieu who introduced almost forgotten into the time of religious wars, the words "Frenchman", "homeland". He forbade duels, believing that young, strong men should shed blood not because of petty quarrels, but for the sake of their homeland. But under the pen of the novelist, Richelieu acquired a completely different look, and Dumas' invention affects the reader much stronger and more vividly than historical truth. 11) V. Soloukhin told such a case. Two intellectuals were arguing about what snow is. One says that there is also blue, the other proves that blue snow is nonsense, an invention of the Impressionists, decadents, that snow is snow, white as ... snow. Repin lived in the same house. Let's go to him to resolve the dispute. Repin: he did not like it when he was interrupted from work. He angrily shouted: - Well, what do you ? - What would does it snow? - Just not white! - and slammed the door. 12) People believed in the truly magical power of art. So, some cultural figures offered the French during the First World War to defend Verdun - their strongest fortress - not with forts and cannons, but with the treasures of the Louvre. “Put the Gioconda or the Madonna and Child with Saint Anna, the great Leonardo da Vinci, in front of the besiegers - and the Germans will not dare to shoot!”, They argued.
The main character of the story "Yushka" is a poor blacksmith's assistant, Yefim. In the people, everyone simply calls him Yushka. This still young man, due to consumption, early turned into an old man. He was very thin, weak in hands, almost blind, but he worked with all his might. Early in the morning, Yushka was already in the forge, fanning the forge with fur, carrying water and sand. And so the whole day, until the evening. For work, he was fed cabbage soup, porridge and bread, and instead of tea, Yushka drank water. He was always dressed in old
pants and blouse, burnt through with sparks. Parents often said about him to negligent students: “Here you will be the same as Yushka. You will grow up and you will walk barefoot in the summer, and in thin boots in the winter. Children often offended Yushka on the street, threw branches and stones at him. The old man was not offended, calmly walked by. The children did not understand why they could not get Yushka out of themselves. They pushed the old man, laughed at him, and rejoiced that he could do nothing with the offenders. Yushka was also happy. He thought that the children pestered him because they loved him. They cannot express their love in any other way, and therefore they torment the unfortunate old man.
Adults were not much different from children. They called Yushka "blissful", "animal". From the meekness of Yushka, they came to even greater bitterness, often beat him. Once, after another beating, the blacksmith's daughter Dasha asked in her hearts why Yushka lives in the world at all. To which he replied that the people love him, the people need him. Dasha objected that people beat Yushka to the blood, what kind of love is that. And the old man replied that the people love him "without a clue", that "the heart in people is sometimes blind." And then one evening a passer-by clung to Yushka on the street and pushed the old man so that he fell backwards. Yushka no longer got up: the blood went down his throat and he died.
And after a while a young girl appeared, she was looking for an old man. It turned out that Yushka placed her, an orphan, in Moscow with a family, then taught at school. He collected his meager salary, denying himself even tea in order to raise the orphan to his feet. And so the girl trained as a doctor and came to cure Yushka of his illness. But didn't have time. It's been a long time. The girl stayed in the city where Yushka lived, worked as a doctor in a hospital, always helped everyone and never took money for treatment. And everyone called her the daughter of the good Yushka.
So at one time people could not appreciate the beauty of the soul of this man, their heart was blind. They considered Yushka a useless person who has no place on earth. To understand that the old man did not live his life in vain, they could only learn about his pupil. Yushka helped a stranger, an orphan. How many are capable of such a noble selfless act? And Yushka saved up his pennies so that the girl would grow up, learn, use her chance in life. The veil from the eyes of people fell only after his death. And now they are already talking about him as a "good" Yushka.
The author urges us not to become stale, not to harden our hearts. Let our heart "see" the need of every person on earth. After all, all people have the right to life, and Yushka also proved that he did not live it in vain.
Scientific progress is what helps us develop, learn more, provides many opportunities for humanity and in many ways improves the quality of its life. But not all people use the fruits of scientific progress in order to benefit society.
The main problem of the original text is the problem of the negative consequences of scientific progress. Can scientific progress harm humanity? And does it always benefit him?
I.G. Erenburg, by his text, wants to make it clear to readers that, firstly, scientific and technological progress can lead not only to positive consequences, but also to negative ones: “A machine can be good and evil”, and, secondly, it all depends on how the person himself uses this “machine”, because it is he who controls it and decides what moral values he should be guided by when using it: “The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a fighter with a motor, soldier’s endurance & . However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.
Many great writers have addressed this problem in their works.
For example, in M. Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog", Professor Preobrazhensky performed an experiment that turned out to be a real breakthrough in science: he transplanted the pituitary gland and endocrine glands of Klim Chugunkin, who died from a stab, who was convicted three times for theft, to the dog Sharik. The success was that this dog did not die, but gradually became a man named Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. But what? Selfish, ill-mannered, ungrateful, capable of stealing and causing a lot of inconvenience to people around him: he molested a neighbor's cook, appropriated several gold coins from a professor, deceived an innocent girl, demanded respect for him and informed the authorities about his creator. Professor Preobrazhensky, realizing that his creation brings worries to many people, returns it to the opposite state.
And in V. Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matera", technological progress destroyed the lives of many people: the construction of a hydroelectric power station required the construction of a dam that would flood the island of Matera. All the inhabitants of this small village were warned and forced to leave, but for some of the heroes of the story, this place was a real homeland. They lived on it all their lives, their relatives and friends are buried there, and it was on Matera that they felt reunion with nature, which is impossible while living in the city. Grandmother Daria and her close friends were faithful to their island and were very upset by the upcoming event - the flooding of their painfully native village.
Scientific progress does not always benefit mankind, and he needs to think about this problem and try to solve it, at least starting with one person - himself. After all, what use can this progress be if people use it to destroy, escalate wars and commit murder?
Updated: 2017-11-10
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In the story of M.A. Bulgakov, the main character is Professor Persikov. As a result of scientific experience, light is accidentally refracted and a discovery arises: the ray of life. Under the influence of this beam, organisms begin to develop intensively and become incredibly aggressive. To put into practice the "red ray" or the ray of life is entrusted to the poorly educated commissar Rokku. As a result, instead of replacing dead chickens, giant snakes, crocodiles are hatched from strange spotted eggs and begin to multiply at an incredible rate. Hordes of monsters devour everything living on their way, moving towards the capital. Horror and panic seize the inhabitants of Moscow. An angry mob kills the professor, believing him to be the culprit of what happened. Bulgakov solves the problem with the help of science fiction: on the night of August 18-19, a sudden frost of 18 degrees destroys all the monsters, and everything ends happily. However, the author urges to be more careful when conducting scientific research, and especially when applying discoveries that have not yet been tested in experience.
2. M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
Professor Preobrazhensky is an outstanding researcher in the field of eugenics, the science that deals with the problems of rejuvenation. He decides to experiment by experimenting on a dog. After transplantation of the pituitary gland and ovaries, the dog, picked up on the street, turns into a surprisingly arrogant, cruel and immoral type. Taking the surname Sharikov, the dog begins to demand the exercise of his rights. Demonstrating the essence of a criminal whose pituitary gland was transplanted to him by Klim Chugunkin, he writes a denunciation of his creator, wanting to take possession of the living space. Desperate to solve the problem peacefully, the professor performs a second operation, returning the dog. The experiment can be unpredictable, M.A. warns. Bulgakov.
3. A.R. Belyaev "Amphibian Man"
Dr. Salvator, an outstanding scientist, trying to save a sick boy, transplanted shark gills into him. As a result, Ichthyander - that was the name of the boy - began to be able to be under water in the same way as on land. But people living in the area take the young man for a sea devil. And everything would be fine, but they arrange a hunt for him, trying to catch a thunderstorm of the seas, which scares away pearl divers. The young man was nevertheless tricked into a trap, caught and forced to fish for pearls. The story ended sadly. Everyone suffered: Ichthyander was arrested and kept in a barrel of stagnant water, Gutierre suffers, Dr. Salvator is imprisoned. People are not ready to accept the discovery of science because they are superstitious and cowardly.
4. George Orwell "1984"
The creation of a new state based on universal submission to one authority (Big Brother) - that is, a totalitarian state, is an experiment that entails unpredictable consequences. Winston Smith and Julia fell in love with each other suddenly and passionately, which is completely unacceptable in the superpower of Oceania. It is not permissible to love here, because the object of love is only the state and the Elder Brother. With total surveillance, they are soon found and arrested for a thought crime. Tormented, Winston at first endures all the tests, but before the last test by rats, he does not stand up and betrays Julia. They release him. Once free, Smith suddenly realizes that all this love is heresy and that, in fact, he loves only Big Brother.
The problematics of "The Heart of a Dog" allows you to fully explore the essence of the work of the famous Soviet writer Mikhail Bulgakov. The story was written in 1925. Why it is considered one of the key works of Russian literature of the early 20th century, let's try to figure it out together.
A daring tale
The problems of the "Heart of a Dog" were imbued with everyone who came across this work. Its original title was Heart of a Dog. A Monstrous Story. But then the author decided that the second part only makes the title heavier.
The first listeners of the story were friends and acquaintances of Bulgakov, who gathered at the Nikitinsky subbotnik. The story made a big impression. Everyone was discussing her animatedly, noting her impudence. The problematics of the story "Heart of a Dog" has become one of the most discussed topics for the coming months among the educated society of the capital. As a result, rumors about her reached law enforcement agencies. Bulgakov's house was searched, and the manuscript was confiscated. It was never published during his lifetime, being published only during the perestroika years.
And this can be understood. After all, it reflected the main problems of Soviet society, which appeared almost immediately after the victory of the October Revolution. After all, in fact, Bulgakov compared power with a dog that turns into a selfish and vile person.
Analyzing the problems of "The Heart of a Dog", one can study what was the cultural and historical situation in Russia after. The story reflects all the troubles that Soviet people had to face in the first half of the 20s.
In the center of the story is a scientific experiment that He conducts by transplanting a human pituitary gland into a dog. The results exceed all expectations. In a few days, the dog turns into a human.
This work was Bulgakov's response to the events taking place in the country. The scientific experiment he portrayed is a vivid and accurate picture of the proletarian revolution and its consequences.
In the story, the author poses many important questions to the reader. How does revolution relate to evolution, what is the nature of the new power and the future of the intelligentsia? But Bulgakov is not limited to general political topics. He is also concerned about the problem of old and new morality and morality. It is important for him to find out which of them is more humane.
Contrasting strata of society
The problematic of Bulgakov's story "The Heart of a Dog" largely lies in the opposition of various strata of society, the gap between which was felt especially acute in those days. The intelligentsia is personified by the professor, the luminary of science Philip Philippovich Preobrazhensky. The representative of the "new" person, born of the revolution, is the house manager Shvonder, and later Sharikov, who is influenced by the speeches of his new friend and communist propaganda literature.
Preobrazhensky's assistant, Dr. Bormenthal, calls him a creator, but the author himself is clearly of a different opinion. He is not ready to admire the professor.
Laws of evolution
The main claim is that Preobrazhensky encroached on the basic laws of evolution, tried on the role of God. He creates a person with his own hands, conducting, in fact, a monstrous experiment. Here Bulgakov makes a reference to his original title.
It is worth noting that it was precisely as an experiment that Bulgakov perceived everything that was happening then in the country. Moreover, the experiment is grandiose in scale and at the same time dangerous. The main thing that the author denies to Preobrazhensky is the moral right of the creator. After all, having endowed a kind homeless dog with human habits, Preobrazhensky made Sharikov the embodiment of all that terrible that was in people. Did the professor have the right to do so? This question can characterize the problems of Bulgakov's Heart of a Dog.
References to fantasy
Many genres are intertwined in Bulgakov's story. But the most obvious are the references to science fiction. They constitute the key artistic feature of the work. As a result, realism is brought to sheer absurdity.
One of the main theses of the author is the impossibility of a forced reorganization of society. Especially such a cardinal one. History shows that in many ways he was right. The mistakes made by the Bolsheviks today form the basis of history textbooks devoted to that period.
Sharik, who has become a man, personifies the average character of that era. The main thing in his life is class hatred for enemies. That is, the proletarians cannot stand the bourgeois. Over time, this hatred spreads to the rich, and then to educated people and ordinary intellectuals. It turns out that the basis of the new world is to everything old. Clearly, a world based on hate had no future.
Slaves in power
Bulgakov is trying to convey his position - the slaves were in power. That's what Heart of a Dog is about. The problem lies in the fact that they received the right to govern before they had at least a minimal education and understanding of culture. The darkest instincts wake up in such people, as in Sharikov. Mankind is powerless before them.
Among the artistic features of this work, numerous associations and references to domestic and foreign classics should be noted. The key to the work can be obtained by analyzing the exposition of the story.
The elements that we meet in the plot of the "Heart of a Dog" (blizzard, winter cold, stray dog) refer us to Blok's poem "The Twelve".
An important role is played by such an insignificant detail as a collar. In Blok's collar, a bourgeois hides his nose, and in Bulgakov's, it is by the collar that a homeless dog determines the status of Preobrazhensky, realizing that in front of him is a benefactor, and not a hungry proletarian.
In general, we can conclude that "Heart of a Dog" is Bulgakov's outstanding work, which plays a key role both in his work and in all Russian literature. First of all, in terms of ideas. But both his artistic features and the issues raised in the story are worthy of high praise.
