Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich - Medical practice in Russia: materials for the dissertation. Research work on literature Chekhov's notes
Research work in literature on the topic:
"The image of a doctor in the works of A.P. Chekhov"
Completed by: Kudryashova K.K. Checked by: Shakirova G.M.
Study plan
Purpose of the study: determination of the role of the medical profession in the life and work of A.P. Chekhov.
Research objectives:
1. Why A.P. Chekhov chose this profession.
2. As A.P. Chekhov belonged to the medical profession.
3. Medicine and literature in the life of Chekhov.
Hypothesis: the depicted images of doctors in Chekhov's works are positive.
Object of study - the profession of a doctor in the life and work of A.P. Chekhov.
Subject of study - Chekhov's stories.
For the sequential implementation of the study, I outlined the following stages:
I. The study of theoretical material, special and fiction;
II. Survey of representatives of the medical profession in order to clarify the correctness of their choice;
III. 1. Questioning of representatives of medical practice (Appendix 1)
2. General survey of schoolchildren in grades 5-11 (Appendix 2)
Introduction
A word about a writer.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was not only a Russian writer, a universally recognized classic of world literature, but also an honorary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature (1900-1902), one of the most famous playwrights in the world, as well as a doctor.
Over 25 years of creativity, Chekhov created about 900 different works (short humorous stories, serious stories, plays), many of which have become classics of world literature. Natural science thinking and literary talent organically combined in the writer, which allowed him to better understand human psychology and correctly depict the spiritual world of his characters.
"I didn't have a childhood as a child." Childhood and youth of the writer.
Father is a merchant in a shop, but a great lover of music, drawing, regent of the church choir. When, after the death of his father, the family leaves for Moscow, Anton is left alone in Taganrog. About these years, A.P. Chekhov wrote to Suvorin: “Write a story about how a young man, the son of a serf, a former shopkeeper, a singer, a schoolboy and a student, brought up on servility, kissing priestly hands, worshiping other people's thoughts, thanking for every a piece of bread, cut many times, went to school without galoshes, fought, tortured animals, loved to dine with rich relatives, hypocrites to God and people without any need - only from the consciousness of his insignificance, write down how this young man squeezes out drop by drop of himself as a slave, and how, waking up one fine morning, he feels that it is no longer slave blood, but real human blood that flows in his veins.
Medicine in the life of A.P. Chekhov
Chekhov the student
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov entered the medical faculty of Moscow University in 1879. Chekhov's student years were full of studies, work in clinics under the guidance of prominent scientists. Chekhov received excellent marks from Bogdanov, Snegirev and Sklifosovsky. The scientific work “The History of Sexual Authority”, conceived by the future doctor in his student years, bears traces of a passion for Darwin, whose propagandist was Professor Timiryazev. Presenting to his brother a detailed plan for the proposed research work, Chekhov wrote that he wanted to use Darwin's methods, which he "terribly likes." The future doctor expressed solidarity with Timiryazev in the feuilleton "Jugglers", directed against the profanation of science, against slovenliness in the methods of scientific research. systematization skills, the ability to find a guiding goal.
Thus, the writer's stay at the medical faculty of Moscow University is not just a biographical detail, but a very significant stage in the development of Chekhov's worldview and moral character - a doctor, a writer, and finally, a person who, probably, fully corresponds to the words of Pierre Kruy, a French scientist - bacteriologist of the 20th century: “Medicine is love, otherwise it is worthless.”
In 1884 A.P. Chekhov graduated from the medical faculty of Moscow University, deciding to devote himself to the art of medicine.
Medical activity of A.P. Chekhov
Anton Pavlovich began his practical medical activity in the Chikinskaya zemstvo hospital he knew; for some time he was in charge of the Zvenigorod hospital, replacing the doctor of this hospital, S.P. Uspensky, who went on vacation. From Zvenigorod, he wrote to N.A. Leikin that by the will of fate he was correcting the position of a zemstvo doctor. Half a day is busy with receiving patients (30-40 people a day), the rest of the time he rests. However, Chekhov did not have much rest, since he not only received patients in the zemstvo hospital, but also served as a county doctor, traveled with a forensic investigator to autopsies, carried out orders from the local administration, and acted as an expert in court.
During the period of his medical activity in Voskresensk and Zvenigorod, and then in Babkin, Anton Pavlovich closely observed the life of the local population - peasants, district intelligentsia, landowners. In the midst of this life, the writer drew plots for the stories "The Fugitive", "Surgery", "Dead Body", "Siren", "Daughter of Albion", "Burbot", "Witch" and others.
The Babkinsky period is a happy time in the writer's life. Three years in a row (1885-1887) he lived here with his family during the summer months. Patients with a variety of diseases applied to Chekhov, which was generally characteristic of the work of a zemstvo doctor. So Chekhov spent three years in Babkino.
Summer 1888 and 1889 he spends in the estate of the Lintvarevs near the city of Sumy, Kharkov province. Chekhov goes there to rest, but he is determined to practice medicine as well. In Luki at the Lintvarevs, as in Babkino, Chekhov devoted several hours a day to medical work.
In 1890 Chekhov went to Sakhalin Island. On this trip and in his work on the island, the best features of Chekhov as a writer, doctor, and citizen showed up. Having settled in 1892 in his estate in Melikhovo, Chekhov established a regular reception of patients.
He is a doctor who received up to 1,000 patients during 1892, he is both an organizer of the fight against the epidemic and an active participant in the county sanitary council, and, according to Kurkin, he did not miss a single meeting of it. Chekhov's close acquaintance with zemstvo doctors made it possible for Chekhov the writer to reflect their life in a number of remarkable works - in the stories "Enemies", "Trouble", "Princess", in the play "Uncle Vanya", etc.
In his own works ("Name Day", "Seizure" and others), he strove to combine the truth of life and scientific data. “I have no doubt,” Dr. Chekhov wrote in his autobiography, “that the medical sciences ... significantly expanded the field of observation, enriched me with knowledge.” Such literary works as “The Fugitive”, “The Dead Body” are due to the life experience and observations of Chekhov the student. ”, “Rural Aesculapius”, “Surgery”, “Trouble”, “On business” and others.
Having moved to Yalta due to illness (the writer was already seriously ill with tuberculosis), Anton Pavlovich left medical practice, but continued to be actively interested in the achievements of medicine, read special magazines. Medicine has now firmly entered the artistic work of Dr. Chekhov, giving objectivity and accuracy to the prose of the remarkable novelist, scientifically reliable depiction of various shades of the characters' state of mind: good or depressed mood, feelings of anxiety and fear, joy and pleasure...
Thus, both in life and in his work, Chekhov always remained a doctor.
I decided to choose the topic of this research work, as a doctor is one of the oldest and noblest professions on Earth.
Medical worker in the work of A.P. Chekhov
The analysis of individual stories is presented in the table.
Work
Hero
Profession
His attitude to work; patients
Attitude towards him
"A Case Study"
Korolev
Resident
Seeing an ugly girl sobbing, the doctor is imbued with sympathy for this sufferer, whom her mother, sparing no means, treats all her life; wealth did not give these people happiness, joy and health. Moreover, they are separated and lonely.
Lisa saw many doctors, but it was him that she trusted.
"Jumper"
Dymov
Serves in two hospitals: as a resident in one, as a dissector in another
A simple doctor, above the world of vulgarity. One can respect a person for his ascetic labor and high moral strength.
"Served Science and Died of Science"
“What a loss for science ... If we compare all of us with him, he was a great, extraordinary person! What gifts! what hopes he gave us all! .. He was such a scientist, which you cannot find with fire now.
"Ionych"
Startsev Dmitry Ionych
Zemsky doctor
He is a good doctor, otherwise he wouldn't be so popular. "I hastily received the sick at my place in Dyalizh, then left for the city patients."
"He has a huge practice in the city, there is no time to breathe."
"... But still he does not give up the zemstvo place; greed has overcome."
He remains a professional, but the doctor must combine professionalism and humanism.
At first, the degradation of Startsev causes pity and sympathy, then disgust. It is very difficult to answer unambiguously why Ionych has degraded. Of course, he himself is to blame for something, Ekaterina Ivanovna is to blame for something, but the largest share of the blame falls on the surrounding Startsev society.
"Wider step, maestro!"
Solodovnikov
rural hospital doctor
Talk about a tractor driver who has an ulcer. Solodovnikov, forgetting that he himself sent him to the area, decided to operate. The girl with the meniscus. Again postponed the operation, "easily agreed."
BUT: in dreams he is at the top of his glory. "... Work, work, work. Exhausting. Joyful. Courageous. Selfless. Love of the population. Respect." "You have to live big." Conclusion: Solodovnikov is not shown as a doctor
Solodovnikov is changing so quickly that he will soon work not for himself, but for other people. Accordingly, their attitude towards him is positive.
"Ward №6"
Ragin
Zemsky doctor
The manners are soft, insinuating. He is an intelligent and honest person, but he does not have the will and faith in his right to change life for the better. At first he worked very hard, but soon got bored and realized that in such conditions it was pointless to treat patients. “And why bother people dying, if death is the normal and legal end of everyone?” From these arguments, Ragin abandoned his affairs and began to go to the hospital not every day.
The doctor is treated like a madman because of his communication with the inhabitant of the ward number 6 Gromov. In the end, by cunning, he is placed in this ward, and he dies of hopelessness. Only Mikhail Averyanych and Daryushka, his former servant, were at the funeral.
"Gooseberry"
Ivan Ivanych Chimsha-Himalayan
Veterinarian
Nothing is said about his medical practice.
“... not only Burkin and Alekhin listened to him, but also old and young ladies and the military, calmly and sternly looking out of golden frames ...”
"Surgery"
Kuryatin
Paramedic
In the story, Chekhov ridicules the “unfortunate doctor”, who covers up his inability, ignorance with arrogance, idle talk “.. Trifles.. . - the paramedic is modest, approaching the closet and rummaging through the tools. - Surgery is rubbish. Here everything is habit, the firmness of the hand ... Just spit ... " But in fact, the paramedic, having caused terrible torment to the deacon, could not pull out the tooth.
At first, the deacon is imbued with the speeches of the paramedic, looks at him with reverence. But after the paramedic tries to pull out his tooth, the deacon's respect is replaced by contempt and hatred.
"Darling"
Smirnin
Regimental veterinarian
The image of Smirnin is written out not so brightly.
"... veterinary business in the city is put out of hand very badly ..." (conversation between Olenka and Smirnin).
First, Olenka (Darling) pities him, then loves, becoming the "echo" and "shadow" of her lover, then the end of the situation comes.
"Mirror"
Stepan Lukich
County doctor
Nellie's pleas for help to her dying husband go unheeded. Nelly takes the doctor by force to her husband.
Nelly scolds the doctor, calls him an egoist, says that she will sue him.
Thus, the doctors in the stories of A.P. Chekhov - these are workers, faithful to the Hippocratic oath, selflessly fighting human ailments, suffering, and people who treat the profession of a doctor negligently.
What kind of a doctor is in our time, what is valued in medical practice, we learned by conducting a survey among medical workers in the Atnyashskaya SVA. The survey was conducted on questions (see Annex 1).
A survey conducted among students in grades 5-11 gave the following result (see Appendix 2).
Conclusion: the alleged hypothesis was not confirmed - not all doctors in Chekhov's stories that I reviewed are goodies. I am very pleased that now medical workers take their work seriously, with love (based on a survey of medical workers in the Atnyashskaya SVA) and at least this number of children (25%) want to be doctors (based on a survey of students).
Chekhov wrote: "Employment in medical sciences had a serious impact on my literary activity." He did not repent of his choice of profession, but during his studies at the university he published more than two hundred different materials. But, creating his funny stories, conceiving monumental works, for example, "The History of Sexual Authority" (on the interaction of the sexes at all stages of development) and "Medicine in Russia", Chekhov chooses the profession of a doctor and ... a writer. He remained in Russian culture - a doctor-writer and a writer-doctor. Without hesitation, he hurried to a child with diphtheria, "caught cholera by the tail", received peasants, often without taking anything. And he wrote his stories, which brought fame to a real writer. And all this, despite his serious illness. Chekhov is devoted to medicine, so the doctor "looks out" from many of his stories.
Bibliography:
Geyser I. M. Chekhov and medicine / I. M. Geyser. – M.: Medgiz, 1954. – 140 p.
Chekhov, A. P. Ionych // Stories / A.P. Chekhov. - M .: Art. lit., 1963
Chekhov, A. P. Chamber No. 6 // Collection. op. in 12 volumes / A.P. Chekhov. - M .: State publishing house of fiction, 1956. - T. 7.
Chekhov A. P. Full coll. op. and letters: In 30 volumes. Works: In 18 volumes. M., 1974-1982.
2) What is your profession for you?
(unanimous answer - "everything - a source of life and pleasure")
3) Have you ever regretted your chosen profession?
(unanimous answer - "no")
4) How many years have you devoted to your profession?
(average age 28)
5) What qualities do you think a doctor should have?
(most of the respondents answered “kindness, compassion, purposefulness, desire to help people”)
6) How are your friends close to what you have chosen
the profession of a medical worker?
(8 out of 8 - “positive, proud, respected”)
7) Do you think the doctor's attitude towards patients has changed over time? If yes, how did it manifest itself?
(8 out of 8 - "no")
8) In your opinion, has the attitude of patients towards doctors changed over time? If yes, how did it manifest itself?
(5 out of 8 believe that the attitude has changed, i.e. they have become more understanding)
9) If you were offered to change your profession to another, would you agree?
(8 out of 8 - "no").
Appendix 2
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov
<ДНЕВНИКОВЫЕ ЗАПИСИ>
1890. FROM THE SAKHALIN DIARY:
18 September Korsakov post. Interrogated in the police department of American whalers who were wrecked. Five Americans and one black. They said that the captain of the ship sent them on a boat in pursuit of a whale; they harpooned the whale and went after it in tow, the boat gave a leak from a strong move; I had to cut the tugboat and let the whale in. Darkness came, the ship was not visible. In the morning it was foggy... Then they stormed at sea for four days, having only 10 pounds of bread with them. Threw them out on the southeastern coast of Sakhalin near Cape Tonin.
My neighbor V. N. Semenkovich told me that his uncle Fet-Shenshin, a well-known lyric poet, would roll down the window in his carriage and spit on the university as he drove along Mokhovaya. Harknet and spit: pah! The coachman was so accustomed to this that every time he passed the university he stopped.
In January I was in St. Petersburg and stayed with Suvorin. Often visited Potapenko. I saw Korolenko. Often visited the Maly Theatre. One day Alexander and I were going down the stairs; B. V. Gay left the editorial office at the same time and said to me indignantly: “Why are you arming the old man (i.e., Suvorin) against Burenin?” Meanwhile, I never spoke ill of the employees of Novoye Vremya under Suvorin, although I deeply disrespect most of them.
In February, passing through Moscow, I visited Leo Tolstoy. He was irritated, spoke sharply about the decadents, and argued for an hour and a half with B. Chicherin, who all the time, it seemed to me, was talking nonsense. Tatyana and Maria Lvovna were playing solitaire; both, thinking about something, asked me to take down the cards, and I showed each separately the ace of spades, and this saddened them; there were two aces of spades in the deck by chance. Both of them are extremely sympathetic, and their relationship to their father is touching. The Countess denied Ge the artist all evening. She, too, was annoyed.
May 5 Deacon Ivan Nikolayevich brought my portrait, painted by him from a card. In the evening, V. N. Semenkovich brought his friend Matvey Nikanorovich Glubokovsky to me. This is the head of the foreign department of Moskovskie Vedomosti, the editor of the Delo magazine and a doctor at the Moscow<овских>imp<ераторских>theaters. The impression of an extremely stupid person and reptile. He said that "there is nothing more harmful in the world than a vile liberal newspaper," and said that the peasants whom he treats, having received advice and medicine from him for nothing, ask him for tea. He and Semyonkovich spoke of the peasants with bitterness and disgust.
On June 1st I was at the Vagankovsky cemetery and saw the graves of those who died at Khodynka there. I. Ya. Pavlovsky, the Paris correspondent of Novoye Vremya, went with me to Melikhovo.
August 4th. Consecration of the school in Talezh. The Talezh, Bershov, Dubechen and Shchelkovo peasants brought me four loaves, an image, two silver<яные>salt shakers. The Shelkovsky peasant Postnov was making a speech.
From 15 to 18 August M. O. Menshikov visited me. He is forbidden to publish, and he now speaks contemptuously of Gaydeburov (son), who told the new head of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs that because of Menshikov alone he would not sacrifice The Week and that "we have always warned the desires of censorship." M<еньшиков>in dry weather, he walks in galoshes, wears an umbrella so as not to die from sunstroke, is afraid to wash himself with cold water, complains of heart failure. From me he went to Leo Tolstoy.
I left Taganrog on the 24th of August. In Rostov I dined with my high school friend Lev Volkenshtein, a lawyer who already has his own house and dacha in Kislovodsk. I was in Nakhichevan - what a change! All streets are covered with electricity. In Kislovodsk at the funeral of Gen. Safonov's meeting with A. I. Chuprov, then a meeting in the park with A. N. Veselovsky, on the 28th a hunting trip with Baron Steingel, an overnight stay at Bermamut; cold and strong wind. September 2nd in Novorossiysk. Steamboat "Alexander II". On the 3rd he arrived in Feodosia and stopped at Suvorin's. I saw I. K. Aivazovsky, who told me: “You don’t want to know me, old man,” in his opinion, I should have come to visit him. On the 16th in Kharkov I was at the theater at Woe from Wit. 17th house: wonderful weather.
Vlad. S. Solovyov told me that he always carries an ink nut in his trouser pocket - this, in his opinion, radically cures hemorrhoids.
29 was at the Zemstvo meeting in Serpukhov.
November 26 in the evening there was a fire in our house. S. I. Shakhovskoy participated in the extinguishing. After the fire, the prince said that once, when he caught fire at night, he lifted a vat of water, weighing 12 pounds, and poured water on the fire.
Dec 21 Levitan has an enlarged aorta. He wears clay on his chest. Excellent sketches and a passionate thirst for life.
From January 10 to February 3 - the census. I am the counter of the 16th section and instruct the other (15) counters of our Bavykinskaya volost. Everyone works excellently, except for the priest of the Starospassky parish and the zemstvo chief Galyashkin (head of the census section), who lives almost all the time in Serpukhov, dine there in the assembly and telegraphs me that he is ill. They say about other zemstvo chiefs of our district that they also do nothing.
Writers such as N. S. Leskov and S. V. Maksimov cannot be successful with our criticism, since almost all of our critics are Jews who do not know, are alien to Russian indigenous life, its spirit, its forms, its humor, completely incomprehensible to them, and seeing in a Russian person nothing more, nothing less than a boring foreigner. With the Petersburg public, mostly led by these critics, Ostrovsky never succeeded; and Gogol no longer makes her laugh.
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Chekhov A.P. <Дневниковые записи>: <Записи Чехова в дневнике П. Е. Чехова> // Chekhov A.P. Complete works and letters: In 30 volumes. Works: In 18 volumes / USSR Academy of Sciences. Institute of world literature. them. A. M. Gorky. - M.: Nauka, 1974-1982.
T. 17. Notebooks. Notes on separate sheets. Diaries. - M.: Nauka, 1980 . - S. 230-232.
<ЗАПИСИ ЧЕХОВА
IN THE DIARY OF P. E. CHEKHOV>
March 15 16 . The ram is jumping. Maryushka is happy.
17. P. G. Chekhov left for Moscow. +2 during the day. They brought oats.
18.-1. Snowing. Thank God, everyone left and only two remained: me and M-me Chekhov.
19.-5. Masha and Mizinova arrived. Clear day.
20.-5. Clear day. The greenhouses are ready. Mother dreamed of a goat in a pot.
21.+5. Semashko arrived. Ate fried udder.
22. +6. Semashko left.
23. +3. Mother dreamed of a goose in a kamilavka. This is good. Masha is sick with her stomach. They killed a pig.
October 8th. clear morning; went hunting with dachshunds, but they did not find a badger in a hole. In the evening, the Semenkoviches arrived and, frightened by the fire, left.
9th. Mainly cloudy. P +5. They covered the asparagus with manure. M. R. Semashko and Masha left for Moscow. Levitan has arrived. There is a fire in [Leshin] Okshen in the evening.
10th. ut -3; the garden and field are white with frost. The flowers are dead. Clear day. P +15. Planted tulips. Plowed in the garden [Lion<итан?>]
11. Cloudy. P +6. Levitan left.
12. Y +5. There was no frost at night. They bring firewood from the forest. Warm and clear all day. Covered with straw roses.
13. At night and in the morning it was +8. Mainly cloudy. P +11.
April 8. Sent to the insurance savings bank: for 5 cows and a bull 6 rubles and for 5 heifers 2 rubles 50 kopecks, total 8 rubles. 50 k.
May 10. Yesterday the chicks hatched in the nesting boxes; the starlings stopped singing. Tulips bloom. Noon +25. Misha arrived with his wife. Rain in the evening.
11. Cloudy morning. Noon too, +15. Sowing clover. Vanya arrived with his family.
12. Trinity day. There was heavy rain during the night. Rain in the morning. The weather is depressing. +10. Noon +17. Misha and his wife cooked morels for dinner. After lunch, heavy rain with thunderstorms.
13. Clear morning, at 8 o'clock in the morning +20. Northeast wind. P +27. Warm, nice day. They planted flowers in the garden. Quiet in the evening, dew. Moon.
14. Quiet, cloudless morning, +16 in the shade. P +29. The teacher ate. Ringing. Mr. Varenikov has been shooting all day.
15. In the morning it is quiet, overcast, it is raining, +12. Peppers, tomatoes and eggplants were transplanted. Planted cucumbers. P +26, sunny. P. E. Chekhov arrived from Moscow.
August 20. Wonderful weather in the morning. Afternoon overcast with light rain. Warm. N. M. Lintvareva and T. L. Shchepkina-Kupernik left.
21st. Warm rain in the morning. P +30°, sunny. Cloudy in the evening. Moon.
22. Cloudy in the morning, clear at noon. M. O. Menshikov arrived. Dr. Witte and Sosnin came. Meeting near Mr. Varenykov.
23. Morning +8, P +9. Rain since morning. We went to Ugryumovo for a brick for the school.
24. Morning +3, after a cold night. Wind. Sunny. M. O. Menshikov left.
25. Morning +5, overcast; sunny day. Roman left to bury his wife Olimpiada.
26. At 6 o'clock in the morning +3, it was cold, the grass was covered with dew and had a whitish appearance; warmer by noon, +14,
it became sunny, calm, clear weather, crucian carp walk in clouds in the pond. Almost no mushrooms. I. P. Chekhov arrived.
27. Clear, warm weather; +3 in the morning, but +24 in P, hot in the sun. They brought the image of Savva Zvenigorodsky. The priest came. Vinogradov, drank tea and dined. Masha left for Moscow. N. M. Yezhov came. At 4 o'clock the weather changed, it began to rain.
28. At +7, overcast, cold. P +7. Grey, dull weather. I. P. Chekhov left at 6 p.m. to Moscow. The Melikhovo teacher and V. N. Ladyzhensky arrived.
29. Y +5. It's raining, it's cold, it's dirty around the taverns. (They consecrated the Melikhovo school) Prayer service at the Melikhovo school. The priest dined with us. Furnaces were heated in the house. P +8. [In the evening]. There was a literary evening: Ladyzhensky read his poems in the presence of summer residents.
30. Y +4. Wet, wet weather, rain. P +8. Another literary evening.
31. Y +7. Clear, but the sun often hides behind clouds. P +17. V. N. Ladyzhensky left.
September
September 1st. +4. A wonderful warm day. P +26. The priest dined Vinogradov. School starts teaching. Soldier Alexander Kretov went back to Moscow. We started harvesting vegetables in the garden. Heavy rain at night.
2nd. At +11. Rain. There were mushrooms.
Notes
DIARY ENTRY
<ЗАПИСИ ЧЕХОВА В ДНЕВНИКЕ П. Е. ЧЕХОВА>
Printed by autograph ( TsGALI).
Chekhov's entries in his father's diary were first published by Y. Sobolev in 1930 - Chekhov and his environment. Also attached to them are the records of P. E. Chekhov, in which there is the name of Chekhov. These direct references do not really exhaust, of course, the significance of the daily chronicle of the events in Melikhovo for Chekhov's biography. "Calendar of nature" and agricultural work, arrivals and departures of relatives and guests - all these are marks that significantly clarify the chronological outline of Chekhov's life, clarify the dates of his letters, and so on.
Comparison of father's and son's notes reveals Chekhov's stylization techniques. Chekhov made separate notes in the absence of his father, preserving or only slightly exaggerating his manner, turns of speech, resorting to the designations characteristic of Pavel Yegorovich: P (noon); U (morning). But most of all, the imitation of his father's chronicle methods affected Chekhov in the selection of facts, in the conscientiously consistent registration of events, in the combination of facts of various kinds and series. Chekhov's stylization techniques are clearly revealed when compared with the notes of Pavel Yegorovich. Here are some of them (with the spelling of the original):
“28. It is snowing. 5°+ Antosha arrived.
29. The same. There were Potapenko and Mezinova.
30. Sunday. Lunch was at Vaskino. The red cow calved as a daughter.
31. The guests left on 2 sledges. They took the puppies to Moscow” (January 1894).
“28. Left Moscow at 3 p.m. In Lapasna met Masha and Misha. The road is bad. We went on a troika with Roman to Melikhovo. at 10 ¼ o'clock. with Misha. They scolded the Zemstvo.
29. The pond went over the edge, flooded to the terrace, the water is strong. The cranes are flying north” (March 1894).
“Easter 17. Matins and Mass ended late at 4 o'clock. The weather was calm and warm. The men were giving vodka. The Prince and Princess were with us and had supper.
18. Radishes are plentiful. In Sokolniki stood at mass. No rain 30 gr. in the sun. The women came and gave 1 rub. The bird flew into the room. The cucumbers have blossomed” (April 1894).
The diary was started by P. E. Chekhov in anticipation of the purchase of the estate, in 1892, and this fact was noted by him: “The estate was bought by Anton under S. Melikhov. On March 1, our whole family moved from Moscow to the village to live. The diary of Pavel Yegorovich ended with his death (October 12, 1898). On October 14, 1898, Chekhov wrote to his sister from Yalta: “It seems to me that after the death of my father in Melikhovo there will no longer be the same life, as if with his diary the course of Melikhovo’s life also stopped.”
Wet, blustery weather ... - The word "industrial" is also found in Chekhov's notebooks (see I, 72, 6 and IV, 4, 1). It is recorded in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by V. Dahl; was used by Chekhov's contemporaries - for example, in A. Palm's novel "Petersburg Locust" (see Novoe Vremya, 1883, No. 2640, July 6).
Task 18
Option 1
Place punctuation marks:
1. Gradually (1) the city (2) grew in the name (3) of which (4) the (5) aroma of the red forests surrounding it was preserved.
2. Each book (1) to study (2) that (3) you will have during the school year (4) is a treasure trove of knowledge.
3. Thunder struck (1) peals (2) of which reminded me (3) of the sound of a terrible earthquake.
4
.
The so-called Big Seven of Western countries (1) which (2) accounted for about half of world industrial production (4) included four European countries, the USA, Japan
and Canada.
5. Among the first Russian princes (1) whose images (2) are covered with traditions and legends (3), one of the places of honor belongs to Prince Oleg.
6. From the passage, the door led directly to the kitchen (1) to the left wall (2) of which (3) a large Russian stove was stuck on one side.
7. The novel (1) whose core (2) (3) is the love story of Masha Mironova and Pyotr Grinev (4) has become a truly historical work.
8. A little later (1) the Chursins called (2) the number (3) of which (4) they found out in the help desk (5) and canceled the doctor's call.
9. The psychological portrait of the hero of a literary work (1) an example (2) of which is (3) the description of Masha Mironova in A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" (4) is intended to reveal the inner world of the hero through his appearance.
10. Each writer is a psychologist (1) whose tasks (2) (3) include understanding the motives of the hero's actions and revealing his soul.
Task 18
Option 2
Place punctuation marks:
1. In the treasury of Russian art (1), one of the most honorable places belongs to I.I. Shishkin (2) with the work (3) of which (4) the history of the domestic landscape of the second half of the 19th century is connected.
2. Planting of terry daisies (1) decorative (2) which over the years (3) decreases (4) it is customary to renew in three to four years
3. "The Captain's Daughter" is (1) Pyotr Grinev's notes (2) the basis (3) of which (4) was the story of the events of the Pugachev rebellion.
4. This idea (1) belongs to a prose writer (2) whose name (3) (4) has long been known to readers.
5. Travelers Blaith and Ridgway (1) crossed the Atlantic on a fishing boat (2) whose only equipment (3) of which (4) were two pairs of oars.
6. Sofya Nikolaevna went into the living room (1) through the glass doors (2) of which (3) one could see (4) the deserted garden.
7. Raskolnikov (1) is more fond of Senná Square (2) in the vicinity (3) of which (4) the poor people drag out a miserable existence.
8. Among the bluebells (1) in the family (2) of which (3) only in the Northern Hemisphere there are about 250 varieties (4) there are many undersized varieties.
9. In the 1820s, cadet schools (2) were created for noble youths (1) whose pupils (3) were called junkers
10. With each new reading of the poem by A.A. Block "Twelve" (1) more and more new questions (2) are found to give answers (3) to which (4) only time can.
Task 18
Option 3
Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
1. Tarusa – a small town on the Oka River (1) the first mentions (2) of which (3) in chronicles (4) date back to the 13th century.
2. Fiction (1) many forms (2) of which (3) can be found even in the “everyday” works of N.V. Gogol (4) pervades all the writer's work.
3.Discussion – this is such a public dialogue (1) in the process (2) of which (3) (4) opposite points of view collide.
4. Marina Tsvetaeva came to Russian poetry (1) in the era of the change of Russian symbolism by a new direction (2) whose adherents (3) (4) called themselves acmeists.
5. Dolphin researchers (1) were asked (2) interesting questions (3) answers to which (4) readers will find in the following chapters of the book.
6. The empty house (1) on all objects (2) of which (3) lay the imprint of the spirit and character of the owner (4) aroused special feelings in Tatyana.
7. The level of service (1) is calculated according to twenty parameters (2) among (3) of which (4) the friendliness and competence of sellers are especially important (5).
8. Pechorin (1) psychological portrait (2) of which (3) was given by M.Yu. Lermontov (4) was a hero of his time.
9. The successes of the sons of Johann Sebastian Bach and other musicians he brought up (1) from among (2) of which (3) many serious professionals came out (4) testify to the talent of Bach as a teacher.
Task 18
Option 4
Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
1. There is a special set of exercises (1) whose action (2) (3) is aimed at saturating body tissues (4) with oxygen
2. Ethics – this is not a forgotten warehouse of values, rules and norms, but knowledge (1) with the help of (2) which (3) responsible decisions are made.
3. Variety brilliance and posing elements (1) tribute (2) to which (3) even F. Liszt and N. Paganini paid (4) were organically alien to the refined nature of F. Chopin.
4. In the decoration of the kitchen, washable wallpaper or tile (1) is used, the color (2) of which (3) must be in harmony with the color of the kitchen furniture.
5. The spiritual appearance of Ilyinskaya (1) is emphasized in the features (2) of which (3) reflected the “presence of a speaking thought” (4) the external portrait of Pshenitsyna with her “simplicity” of spiritual movements is contrasted.
6. A person (1) whose mind (2) (3) cannot subdue his soul (4) is not able to feel the fullness of life.
7. Honeysuckle (1) fruits (2) of which (3) are rich in vitamins and nutrients (4) are highly winter hardy.
8. Kilimanjaro – former volcano (1) crater (2) of which (3) is almost entirely (4) filled with eternal ice and snow.
9. Skepticism and disbelief in high ideals (1) are characteristic of the younger generation (2) whose spiritual development (3) (4) fell on the thirties of the XIX century.
10. French poetry (1) which (2) was based on patriotic and freedom-loving moods (3) is considered by researchers as the ideology of the revolutionary time.
Task 18
Option 5
Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
1. Oriental garden (1) whose characteristic (2) is (3) simplicity (4) is becoming more and more popular
2. A successful compositional technique (1) attention to which (2) was attracted by the critic Strakhov (3) the author uses (4) in all other novels.
3. In Russian speech, there is a rich set of etiquette formulas (1) many of which (2) (3) allow you to soften the categoricalness of your own statements and express agreement or disagreement with the opponent's opinion.
4. Near the trees you can plant bulbous plants (1) bright spots (2) which (3) in early spring create a sense of celebration.
5. Stomachs with two independent sections (1) in each of which (2) secrete (3) special gastric juice (4) distinguish sperm whales from other whales.
6. Unlike "Lyudmila" V.A. Zhukovsky (1) the plot (2) of which (3) is gloomy and sad (4) his "Svetlana" – joyful ballad.
7. Neo-romantic writers (1) at the heart of their work (2) whose (3) lay a romantic discord between reality and dream (4) opposed the symbolists and realists.
8. In contrast to its relative homemade turmeric (1) from the rhizomes (2) of which (3) they make (4) a spicy seasoning (5), the Siamese tulip is used only for decorative purposes.
9. Chekhov's notes for the study "Medicine in Russia" (1) work on which (2) began in 1884 (3) were published only after the death of the writer.
10. The variant language norm provides for the possibility of a free choice of options (1) two (2) of which (3) are recognized as acceptable in the modern language.
Task 18
Option 6
Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
1. For Nadia, studying (1) loses its direct meaning for the sake of (2) which (3) she was going to go to St. Petersburg.
2. Winding paths (1) smooth lines (2) which (3) beckon into the depths of the site (4) make the garden mysterious.
3. In the work of V.V. Mayakovsky, the romantic aspirations of the individual (1) coincided with the utopian mentality of the era (2) the herald (3) of which (4) he was destined to become.
4. Articles (1) appeared in the press more than once, the authors (2) of which (3) try to explain the mysteries of ancient history (4) using the hypothesis of space aliens.
5. A special drink (1) in the composition (2) of which (3) contains natural lactic acid microorganisms (4) has been called ayran for two thousand years.
6. The Tarusa Pages (1) contain materials about the artist V.D. Polenov (2) whose estate (3) (4) was located near the city of Tarusa.
7. Special paints (1) which (2) include (3) glue (4) are intended for painting on glass.
8. Loudly and annoyingly (1) the rooks (2) shouted nests (3) of which were completely dotted with the tops of birches.
9. Scientific interests of S.M. Bondi (1) was formed while still studying at Petrograd University (2) after graduation (3) from which (4) he was left at the department.
10. The river (1) along the bank (2) of which (3) tourists went (4) turned sharply to the right.
Task 18
Option 7
Place punctuation marks:
indicate the number (s) in place of which (s)
the sentence must contain a comma(s).
1Legoland (1) in the construction (2) of which (3) almost 33 million Lego parts were used (4) impresses even adults.
2. Many thoughts and feelings (1) essence (2) of which (3) Constantine
could not convey to others (4) he had accumulated during solitude.
3. After a long journey (1), the weary travelers drank from the well (2), the water in which (3) seemed unusually tasty to them.
4. A teenager (1) must learn to respond to new situations for him (2) to resolve (3) which (4) there are no ready-made recipes.
5. On the canvas I.I. Shishkin “Among the flat valley” (1) depicts a flat landscape of central Russia (2) whose beauty (3) (4) evokes a sense of calm.
6. On earth (1) there are cold-blooded animals (2) whose body temperature (3) depends on the ambient temperature.
7. In the treasury of Russian art (1), one of the most honorable places belongs to I.I. Shishkin (2) whose name (3) (4) is associated with the history of the domestic landscape of the second half of the 19th century.
8. As a result of loosening (1), a pump effect (2) occurs due to (3) which (4) the soil is well supplied with air.
9. After the trials (1), Prince Andrey returns to the family (2) whose value (3) (4) in his current understanding is immeasurably high.
10. The story "Men" refers to those works of A.P. Chekhov (1) a distinctive feature (2) of which (3) is the artistic synthesis of life phenomena.
Task 18
Option 8
Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
1. For the owners of the cherry orchard, August 22 is not only the day of the sale of the estate, but also the starting point (1) in relation to (2) to which (3) time is divided into past and future.
2. During the time of Mozart (1) Salzburg was the capital of a small principality (2) at the head (3) of which (4) was the Salzburg archbishop.
3. Today, in the field of nature protection, the direction (1) is actively developing, the basis (2) of which (3) is ecology– the science of the relationship of organisms with their environment.
4. In the treasury of Russian art (1), one of the most honorable places belongs to I.I. Shishkin (2) whose name (3) (4) is associated with the history of the domestic landscape of the second half of the 19th century.
5. In sunny areas (1), the dicenter (2) develops well (3) of which (4) resemble an inverted droplet or heart.
6. Usually (1) iris (2) whose rhizomes (3) can lie quite deep (4) are planted to a depth of 25 centimeters.
7. Rose (1) the first mention (2) of which (3) refers to the 5th century BC (4) is described in ancient Indian legends.
8. Sage is planted (1) on light soils (2) to the nutritional value (3) of which (4) the plant is undemanding.
9. Some minerals (1) reserves (2) of which (3) are not renewable (4) may disappear from our planet in the near future.
10. In central Russia (1) there are many amateur flower growers (2) collections of peonies (3) which (4) can only be envied.
Task 18
Option 9
Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
1. On flat areas (1) an excellent effect is achieved with the help of high flower beds (2) whose walls (3) (4) are lined with natural stone.
2. Hours (1) of painful expectation (2) stretched out during (3) of which (4) Mishka unsuccessfully tried to forget all his troubles.
3. Nothing (1) can affect a person (2) whose soul (3) (4) lives with the conviction of the final triumph of kindness and truth.
4. When varnishing (1), a transparent film (2) is formed on the surface of the product, through which (3) the natural color and texture of wood shine through.
5We were lucky to see (1) an ancient Egyptian boat (2) a crescent shape (3) which (4) was borrowed from papyrus boats.
6. After a long journey (1), the weary travelers drank from the well (2), the water in which (3) seemed unusually tasty to them.
7. Anna (1) was often guided by (2) principles (3) by which (4) she sought to command events.
8. Hazel bushes (2) grew thickly around the house (1) through the branches of which (3) the windows of the room and the porch (4) between them were visible.
9. Later (1) Raskolnikov faces Luzhin (2) whose extreme egoism (3) (4) does not stop at the destruction of someone else's life.
10. At the request of the sovereign, people (2) were gathered at the military council (1) whose opinion (3) about the upcoming difficulties (4) he wanted to know.
Task 18
Option 10
Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
1. Scientists have created a unique material (1) granules (2) of which (3) have the ability (4) to retain a huge amount of moisture.
2. Speaking surnames – this is a classic technique (1) thanks to (2) which (3) the author (4) gives the characters a well-aimed characterization.
3. The famous copper mine near Nizhny Tagil – this is the only deposit of malachite in terms of its wealth and power, with the exception of the Gumeshevsky mine (1) reserves (2) of malachite (3) in which (4) have long been exhausted.
4. For the owners of the cherry orchard, August 22 is not only the day of the sale of the estate, but also the starting point (1) in relation to (2) to which (3) time is divided into past and future.
5. Under natural conditions (1) botanical tulips (2) survive best of all (3) seeds (4) of which (5) are easily dispersed across the steppe.
6. Russian (1) refers to those languages (2) in which (3) stress plays a very important role for the correct understanding of words (4) when listening to them.
7. Victory brings Vasily Terkin (1) a deep inner experience (2) for the expression (3) of which (4) no pathos is needed.
8. Konstantin (1) enthusiastically expounded the idea of a new book (2), the basis (3) of which (4) was a criticism of all old writings on the economy.
9. Once in Tsarskoe Selo (1) a bear cub broke the chain from a pole (2) near which (3) his booth (4) was arranged and ran into the garden.
10. On the canvas I.I. Shishkin “Among the flat valley” (1) depicts a flat landscape of central Russia (2) whose beauty (3) (4) evokes a sense of calm.
Task 18
Option 11
Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
1.A.S. Pushkin and his young wife stopped at Demuth's (1) hotel (2) which (3) at that time was considered the most famous in St. Petersburg.
2. When the bark of trees (1) is deeply damaged, resinous juice (2) is abundantly released, the composition (3) of which includes turpentine, water and resin acids.
3.A.S. Pushkin created a number of works of art (1) whose main characters (2) are (3) truly historical figures.
4. In the production of silk (1), a special composition is applied to the fabric in the form of a geometric figure (2) within (3) which (4) the product is impregnated with a special composition
5. Chekhov's dreams of a future life speak of a high culture of the spirit, of a new beautiful life (1) to create (2) which (3) we need (4) to work, work, suffer for another thousand years.
6. In domestic scientific and educational literature (1), Latin and Greek words (2) are often given (3) whose roots (4) formed the basis of the terms.
7. The sovereign and the generals (1) went to inspect the fortifications of the Drissa camp (2) in the convenience (3) of which (4) began to doubt.
8. With the first rays of the spring sun (1), crocuses rush to open their “glasses” (2) towards him in the center (3) of which (4) an orange pistil is visible.
9. We needed a conductor (1) in the reliability (2) of which (3) there would be no doubt .
10. Later (1) the poet learned in detail the tragedy of a whole generation (2) the best people (3) of which (4) were exiled to Siberia.
Task 18
Option 12
Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
1. The Shishkin family lived on the high bank of the Toima in a house (1) from the window (2) of which (3) a river winding through the flood meadows was visible.
2. I remember (1) a young woman (2) spiritual blindness (3) whose (4) turned her into a "jumper".
3. Pechorin involuntarily notices human shortcomings (1) with knowledge (2) of which (3) he is especially proud.
4. Scientists note the positive role of conflicts (1) effective management (2) which (3) allows you to take into account (4) the interests of all parties.
5. Already in Paris, M.I. Tsvetaeva wrote (1) famous prose miniature – "Life insurance" (2) the action (3) of which (4) takes place not in the past, but in the present, and not in Russia, but in France.
6. The aesthetic value of the Valaam architectural ensembles was well felt by I.E. Repin and V.D. Polenov (1) in the work (2) of which (3) the island of Valaam left a deep mark
7. Aquilegia (1) have very beautiful openwork leaves (2) due to (3) which (4) plants are attractive throughout the season.
8. It is known (1) the ancient Roman tradition (2) according to (3) to which (4) the skillful healer Peon (5) healed the wounds of the god Pluto after his battle with Hercules.
9. After two years of work in one of the Moscow garages (1) he accidentally bought such an old car (2) that its appearance on the market (3) could only be explained by the liquidation of the automobile museum.
10. The human body (1) needs trace elements (2) the use (3) of which (4) in complex fertilizers (5) increases the nutritional value of fruits and vegetables.
Task 18
Option 13
Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
1. Lecithin is a substance (1) deficiency (2) of which (3) leads to increased fatigue and memory impairment.
2. It was a poetess (1) in charming verses (2) who (3) was hiding a certain mystery.
3. Repin's canvas "Barge Haulers on the Volga" is a monumental work (1) whose main characters (2) (3) are not the heroes of antiquity, but the common people of modern Russia to the author.
4. The questions of the young assistant again reminded him (1) of the case (2) to remember which (3) he did not like.
5. Gross domestic product is the indicator (1) on the basis of (2) which is the division of countries (3) into developed and developing.
6. In Greece of the classical era (1) for the social system (2) of which (3) the form of a city-state is typical (4), especially favorable conditions arose for the flourishing of oratory.
7. For abundant flowering (1) geraniums (2) seeds (3) of which (4) can be sown in summer or before winter are valued.
8. In his plays, Chekhov created images of people (1) whose life (2) (3) fell at a turning point in history.
9. Cold autumn shadows (1) wandered through the forest (2) trees (3) in which (4) froze in anticipation of winter .
10. Khlestakov managed to carry out (1) even the mayor (2) cheating (3) whose (4) was known to the whole city .
Task 18
Option 14
Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
1. I saw a happy man (1) whose cherished dream (2) (3) came true.
2. Stone paths (1) winding lines (2) which (3) symbolize the flow of energy (4) take on a special meaning in the Japanese garden.
3. At the beginning of 1930 (1) S.M. Bondi (2) ideas (3) of which (4) later came true with the publication of the academic collected works of Pushkin (5) begins a systematic study of the poet's manuscripts.
4. Biologists (1) each of which (2) studies a certain group of marine organisms (3) go to the ocean on huge research vessels.
5. The most gigantic animal on the globe (1) feeds on every little thing (2) whose weight (3) (4) is only a fraction of a gram.
6. Thinking (1) provides a person's ability to respond correctly to a new situation (2) for the resolution (3) of which (4) there is no ready-made recipe.
7. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1) a genius (2) whose (3) manifested himself in various fields of science and art (4) founded the first Russian university.
8. Baikal (1) whose view (2) was revealed to travelers (3) looked majestically calm.
9. One of the most capricious plants is the camellia (1) buds (2) of which (3) can fall off at any moment.
10. From a very early age (1) A.T. Tvardovsky absorbed love and respect for the land, hard work on it and blacksmithing (2) the master (3) of which (4) was his father.
