Decorative applied art and oral folk art. Applied art - what is it? Decorative and applied art and its types
Arts and Crafts(from lat. deco - decorate) - a wide section of art that covers various branches of creative activity aimed at creating art products with utilitarian and artistic functions. The collective term conditionally unites two broad kinds of arts: decorative and applied. Unlike works of fine art, intended for aesthetic enjoyment and belonging to pure art, numerous manifestations of arts and crafts can have practical use in everyday life.
Works of arts and crafts meet several characteristics: they have an aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; serve for decoration of everyday life and interior. Such works are: clothes, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, faience, jewelry and other art products. In academic literature from the second half of the 19th century, it was established classification of branches of arts and crafts by material(metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), according to the execution technique(carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia (paintings from different types of wood), etc.) and by functional signs of using the object(furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive-technological principle in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production.
Types of arts and crafts
Tapestry -(fr. gobelin), or trellis, - one of the types of arts and crafts, a one-sided lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, woven by hand with a cross weave of threads. The weaver passes the weft thread through the warp, creating both the image and the fabric itself. In the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, a tapestry is defined as “a hand-woven carpet on which a picture and a specially prepared cardboard of a more or less famous artist are reproduced with multi-colored wool and partly silk.”
BATIK - hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions.
On the fabric - silk, cotton, wool, synthetics - the paint corresponding to the fabric is applied. To obtain clear boundaries at the junction of paints, a special fixer is used, called a reserve (reserving composition based on paraffin, gasoline, water-based - depending on the chosen technique, fabric and paints).
Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the 20th century.
PRINT -(stuffing) - a type of arts and crafts; obtaining a pattern, monochrome and color drawings on the fabric by hand using forms with a relief pattern, as well as a fabric with a pattern (printed fabric) obtained by this method.
Heel molds are made of carved wooden (manners) or type-setting (type-setting copper plates with studs), in which the pattern is typed from copper plates or wire. When stuffing, a form covered with paint is applied to the fabric and hit on it with a special hammer (mallet) (hence the name “heel”, “stuffing”). For multi-color designs, the number of printing plates must match the number of colors.
Making a heel is one of the ancient types of folk arts and crafts, found among many peoples: Western and Central Asia, India, Iran, Europe and others.
Printing is inefficient and almost completely replaced by printing a pattern on fabric on printing machines. It is used only in some handicrafts, as well as for reproducing large patterns, the repeating part of which cannot fit on the shafts of printing machines, and for coloring piece goods (curtains, tablecloths). Characteristic patterns of folk stuffing are used to create modern decorative fabrics.
BEADING - type of arts and crafts, needlework; the creation of jewelry, artistic products from beads, in which, unlike other techniques where it is used (weaving with beads, knitting with beads, weaving from wire with beads - the so-called bead weaving, bead mosaic and bead embroidery), beads are not only a decorative element, but also a constructive and technological one. All other types of needlework and DPI (mosaic, knitting, weaving, embroidery, wire weaving) are possible without beads, but they will lose some of their decorative possibilities, and beading will cease to exist. This is due to the fact that the technology of beading is original.
EMBROIDERY - a well-known and widespread needlework art to decorate all kinds of fabrics and materials with a wide variety of patterns, from the coarsest and densest, such as cloth, canvas, leather, to the finest fabrics - cambric, muslin, gas, tulle, etc. Tools and materials for embroidery: needles, threads, hoops, scissors.
KNITTING - the process of making a fabric or products (usually clothing items) from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools manually (crocheting hook, knitting needles, needle, fork) or on a special machine (mechanical knitting). Knitting, as a technique, refers to the types of weaving.
Crochet
knitting
MACROME -(fr. Macramé, from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish. - scarf or napkin with fringe) - nodular weaving technique.
LACE - production of mesh fabric from woven thread patterns (linen, paper, woolen and silk). There are laces sewn with a needle, woven on bobbin, crocheted, tambour and machine.
CARPET WEAVING – the manufacture of artistic textiles, usually with multi-coloured patterns, which serve primarily to decorate and insulate rooms and to ensure noiselessness. The artistic features of the carpet are determined by the texture of the fabric (pile, lint-free, felted), the nature of the material (wool, silk, linen, cotton, felt), the quality of dyes (natural in antiquity and the Middle Ages, chemical from the second half of the 19th century), format, ratio borders and the central field of the carpet, ornamental set and pattern composition, color scheme.
QUILLING - Paper rolling(also quilling English quilling - from the word quill (bird feather)) - the art of making flat or voluminous compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.
The finished spirals are given a different shape and thus quilling elements are obtained, also called modules. Already they are the "building" material in the creation of works - paintings, postcards, albums, photo frames, various figurines, watches, jewelry, hairpins, etc. The art of quilling came to Russia from Korea, but is also developed in a number of European countries.
This technique does not require significant material costs to start its development. However, paper rolling cannot be called simple, since in order to achieve a decent result, it is necessary to show patience, perseverance, dexterity, accuracy and, of course, develop the skills of twisting high-quality modules.
SCRAPBOOKING -(eng. scrapbooking, from eng. scrapbook: scrap - clipping, book - book, lit. "book of clippings") - a type of handicraft art, which consists in the manufacture and design of family or personal photo albums.
This type of creativity is a way of storing personal and family history in the form of photographs, newspaper clippings, drawings, notes and other memorabilia, using a peculiar way of preserving and communicating individual stories using special visual and tactile techniques instead of the usual story. The main idea of scrapbooking is to preserve photos and other memorabilia of any events for a long time for future generations.
CERAMICS -(ancient Greek κέραμος - clay) - products made from inorganic materials (for example, clay) and their mixtures with mineral additives, made under the influence of high temperature, followed by cooling.
In a narrow sense, the word ceramics refers to clay that has been fired.
The earliest pottery was used as pottery made of clay or its mixtures with other materials. At present, ceramics is used as a material in industry (engineering, instrumentation, aviation industry, etc.), construction, art, and is widely used in medicine and science. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were created for use in the semiconductor industry and other fields.
MOSAIC -(fr. mosaique, Italian mosaico from lat. (opus) musivum - (work) dedicated tomuses) - decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres, the works of which involve the formation of an image by arranging, typing and fixing on the surface (usually on a plane) multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.
JEWELRY ART - is a term that refers to the result and process of creativity of jewelry artists, as well as the totality of objects and works of jewelry created by them, intended mainly for the personal adornment of people, and made from precious materials, such as precious metals and precious stones. In order for a piece of jewelry or an object to be unequivocally classified as a jeweler, this piece of jewelry must satisfy three conditions: at least one precious material must be used in this piece of jewelry, this piece of jewelry must have artistic value, and it must be unique - that is, it must not be replicated by the artist-jeweler who makes it.
In the professional jargon of jewelers, as well as by students and students of educational institutions in the specialty "jewelry", the slang version of the word "jeweler" is often used.
Although it is believed that the concept of "jewellery" includes all jewelry made using precious materials, and the concept of "jewellery" includes jewelry made from non-precious materials, but, as we can see, at present the difference between jewelery and costume jewelry is becoming somewhat blurred. , and the assessment of whether to classify a given product as a jeweler or as costume jewelry is each time taken by experts individually in each specific case.
LACQUE MINIATURE - Miniature painting on small objects: boxes, caskets, powder boxes, etc. is a kind of arts and crafts and folk art. Such painting is called lacquer because colored and transparent varnishes serve not only as full-fledged painting materials, but also as the most important means of artistic expression of the work. They add depth and strength to paints and at the same time soften, unite them, as if melting the image into the very flesh of the product.
The birthplace of artistic varnishes is the countries of the Far East and Southeast Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, where they have been known since ancient times. In China, for example, back in the 2nd millennium BC. e. lacquer tree sap was used to cover cups, caskets, vases. Then lacquer painting was born, which reached the highest level in the East.
This type of art came to Europe from India, Iran, the countries of Central Asia, where in the XV-XVII centuries. lacquer miniature, executed with tempera paints on papier-mâché objects, was popular. European craftsmen significantly simplified the technology, began to use oil paints and varnishes.
Artistic varnishes have been known in Russia since 1798, when the merchant P.I. Korobov built a small papier-mâché lacquerware factory in the village of Danilkovo near Moscow (later it merged with the neighboring village of Fedoskin). Under his successors, the Lukutins, Russian masters developed unique methods of Fedoskino painting. They have not been lost to this day.
Palekh miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is executed in tempera on papier-mâché. Caskets, caskets, capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, tie clips, needle cases, etc. are usually painted.
Fedoskino miniature - a type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting with oil paints on papier-mâché, developed at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow.
Kholuy miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Kholui, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is executed in tempera on papier-mâché. Caskets, capsules, needle cases, etc. are usually painted.
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17 most beautiful types of Russian folk art.
Folk crafts are exactly what makes our culture rich and unique. Painted objects, toys and fabric products are taken away by foreign tourists in memory of our country.
Almost every corner of Russia has its own type of needlework, and in this material we have collected the brightest and most famous of them.
Dymkovo toy
The Dymkovo toy is a symbol of the Kirov region, emphasizing its rich and ancient history. It is molded from clay, then dried and fired in a kiln. After that, it is painted by hand, each time creating a unique copy. No two toys are the same.
Zhostovo painting
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Vishnyakov brothers lived in one of the villages near Moscow in the former Troitskaya volost (now the Mytishchi district), and they painted lacquered metal trays, sugar bowls, pallets, papier-mâché boxes, cigarette cases, tea caddies, albums and other things. Since then, artistic painting in the Zhostovo style began to gain popularity and attract attention at numerous exhibitions in our country and abroad.
Khokhloma
Khokhloma is one of the most beautiful Russian crafts, which originated in the 17th century near Nizhny Novgorod. This is a decorative painting of furniture and wooden utensils, which is loved not only by connoisseurs of Russian antiquity, but also by residents of foreign countries.
Intricately intertwined herbal patterns of bright scarlet berries and golden leaves on a black background can be admired endlessly. Therefore, even traditional wooden spoons, presented on the most insignificant occasion, leave the kindest and longest memory of the donor in the recipient.
Gorodets painting
Gorodets painting has existed since the middle of the 19th century. Bright, laconic patterns reflect genre scenes, figures of horses, roosters, floral ornaments. The painting is done with a free stroke with a white and black graphic stroke, decorates spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors.
Filigree
Filigree is one of the oldest types of artistic metal processing. Elements of a filigree pattern are very diverse: in the form of a rope, lace, weaving, Christmas trees, paths, smooth surface. Weaves are made of very thin gold or silver wires, so they look light and fragile.
Ural malachite
Known deposits of malachite are in the Urals, Africa, South Australia and the USA, however, in terms of color and beauty of patterns, malachite from foreign countries cannot be compared with the Urals. Therefore, malachite from the Urals is considered the most valuable in the world market.
Gusevskoy crystal
Products made at the crystal factory in the city of Gus-Khrustalny can be found in museums around the world. Traditional Russian souvenirs, household items, sets for the festive table, elegant jewelry, boxes, handmade figurines reflect the beauty of native nature, its customs and original Russian values. Colored crystal products are especially popular.
Matryoshka
A round-faced and plump cheerful girl in a scarf and a Russian folk dress won the hearts of lovers of folk toys and beautiful souvenirs around the world.
Now the matryoshka is not just a folk toy, the keeper of Russian culture: it is a memorable souvenir for tourists, on the apron of which game scenes, fairy tale plots and landscapes with sights are finely drawn. Matryoshka has become a precious collectible that can cost more than one hundred dollars.
Enamel
Vintage brooches, bracelets, pendants, which have rapidly “entered” into modern fashion, are nothing more than jewelry made using the enamel technique. This type of applied art originated in the 17th century in the Vologda region.
Masters depicted floral ornaments, birds, animals on white enamel using a variety of colors. Then the art of multi-colored enamel began to be lost, it began to be replaced by monochromatic enamel: white, blue and green. Now both styles are successfully combined.
Tula samovar
In his free time, Fyodor Lisitsyn, an employee of the Tula Arms Plant, liked to make something from copper, and once made a samovar. Then his sons opened a samovar establishment, where they sold copper products, which were wildly successful.
The Lisitsyn samovars were famous for their variety of shapes and finishes: barrels, vases with chasing and engraving, egg-shaped samovars with dolphin-shaped taps, loop-shaped handles, and painted ones.
Palekh miniature
Palekh miniature is a special, subtle, poetic vision of the world, which is characteristic of Russian folk beliefs and songs. The painting uses brown-orange and bluish-green tones.
Palekh painting has no analogues in the whole world. It is made on papier-mâché and only then transferred to the surface of caskets of various shapes and sizes.
Gzhel
Gzhel bush, a district of 27 villages located near Moscow, is famous for its clays, which have been mined here since the middle of the 17th century. In the 19th century, Gzhel masters began to produce semi-faience, faience and porcelain. Of particular interest are still products painted in one color - blue overglaze paint applied with a brush, with graphic rendering of details.
Pavlovo Posad shawls
Bright and light, feminine Pavloposad shawls are always fashionable and relevant. This folk craft appeared at the end of the 18th century at a peasant enterprise in the village of Pavlovo, from which a handkerchief manufactory subsequently developed. It produced woolen shawls with a printed pattern, very popular at that time.
Tuesday, February 15, 2011 10:20 am + to quote pad
The article was written based on the materials of the site "Country of Masters" (mostly).
Studying the recently discovered site "Country of Masters" and never ceasing to be surprised and admired by the variety of applied art techniques and the talent of our people, I decided to systematize the techniques.
The list will be updated as new techniques are discovered.
* Techniques related to the use of paper:
1. Iris folding ("Rainbow folding") - paper folding technique. Appeared in Holland. The technique requires attention and accuracy, but at the same time it allows you to easily make spectacular postcards or decorate the pages of a memorable album (scrapbooking) with interesting decorative elements.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/776
2. Paper plastics in terms of creativity is very similar to sculpture. But, in paper plastic, all products are empty inside, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture, either the volume is increased with additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462
3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of the technique for making products, in which corrugated paper tubes are used to decorate surfaces or to create three-dimensional figures. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper on a stick, pencil or knitting needle, followed by compression. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for execution and use.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1492
4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil "bird feather") - the art of paper rolling. It originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges on the tip of a bird's feather, which created an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/587
http://stranamasterov.ru/node/1364
4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) is the ancient art of folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was discovered.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/560
Kinds:
- Kirigami - a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and paper cutting in the process of making a model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole trend in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutouts and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and postcards that fold into a flat figure.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1723
- Kusudama (Japanese: "medicine ball") - a paper model, which is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that a spherical body is obtained forms. Alternatively, individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued, not sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached from below.
The art of kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dry petals; these may have been the first true bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of the two Japanese words kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Currently, kusudami are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested into each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/850
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually, an appliqué is then glued from the folded parts.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1636
- Origami modular - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by nesting them into each other. The resulting friction force does not allow the structure to disintegrate.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/15
5. Papier-mâché (French papier-mâché “chewed paper”) is an easily shaped mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Papier-mâché is used to make dummies , masks, teaching aids, toys, theatrical props, boxes. In some cases, even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mache blank not only with paints, painting like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/561
7. Embossing (another name is "embossing") - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymeric material or plastic, foil, parchment (the technique is called "parchment", see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which the material itself is embossed with a convex or concave stamp with or without heating, sometimes with the additional use of foil and paint. Embossing is carried out mainly on book covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packaging, etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1626
Kinds:
- Parchment - parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and becomes convex and whitens during processing. In this technique, interesting postcards are obtained, and this technique can also be used to design a scrappage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1705
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliche on a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to simulate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern that imitates the skin of a crocodile, etc.)
* Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove dwellings (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, tuesas, wagons, turtles, baskets) and shoes from long flexible branches. Man has learned to braid his hair.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for application appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything that comes across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers .... Such weaving techniques as weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, macrame knot weaving, bobbin weaving, beading, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chain mail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines) ...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave a lot of beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/302
1. Beading, like the beads themselves, has a long history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave necklaces from beaded threads, string bracelets and cover women's dresses with beaded nets. But only in the 19th century did the real flourishing of bead production begin. For a long time, the Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Craftsmen and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, purses and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglasses, as well as other elegant things with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, the natives began to use it instead of traditional Indian familiar materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hairnet, earrings, snuff boxes..
In the Far North, beaded embroidery was used to decorate fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harness, leather sunglasses...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets, there are amazing items. Brushes and cases for chalk, cases for a toothpick (!), an inkwell, a pen and a pencil, a collar for your favorite dog, a cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chess boards and much, much, much more.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1355
2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese needlework. It is in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creating beautiful flowers to decorate the altar has been preserved to this day.
The ganutel uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wind parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers are elegant and light.
In the 16th century, a spiral wire made of gold or silver was called in Italian “canutiglia”, and in Spanish “canutillo”, in Russian this word probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1170
3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - nodular weaving technique.
The technique of this nodular weaving has been known since antiquity. According to some reports, macrame came to Europe in the VIII-IX centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, Ancient Greece.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/750
4. Lace weaving on bobbin. In Russia, the Vologda, Yelets, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky crafts are still known.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1687
5. Tatting is a woven nodular lace. It is also called shuttle lace, because this lace is woven with a special shuttle.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1728
* Techniques related to painting, various types of painting and creating images:
Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on a surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), mainly from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting - a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images by applying paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Paintings also include images painted on decorative and ceremonial vessels. whose surfaces can have complex shapes.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1218
1. Batik - hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to a fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as the artists say, "reserve" from staining individual sections of the fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, nodular, free painting, free painting using saline, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word "ba" means cotton fabric, and "-tik" means "dot" or "drop". Ambatik - draw, cover with drops, hatch.
Painting "batik" has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/916
2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types of decorative art. Glass or other transparent material is the base material. The history of stained-glass windows begins from ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions appeared, panels made from colored pieces of glass or painted with special paints on plain glass.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/886
3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technique was traditional both for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern tubes for juice are no worse in use. They help to blow recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic drawings from a small amount of liquid paint onto a sheet of paper.
4. Guilloche - the technique of manually burning an openwork pattern on fabric using a burning apparatus was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires precision in work. It should be made in a single color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of a given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks for books, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more that your imagination will tell you, will decorate any home!
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1342
5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or a sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (so that it does not blur, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/686
6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way to create an image from small elements. Putting together the puzzle is very important for the mental development of the child.
It can be from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden saw cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small stones, shells, thermo-mosaic, Tetris-mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, maple seeds, pasta, any natural material (cone scales, needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/438
7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, single and tupos - print) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
On a smooth surface of glass or thick glossy paper (it should not let water through) - a drawing is made with gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed against the surface. The result is a mirror image.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/663
8. Thread graphics (thread, thread image, thread design) - a graphic image made in a special way with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isography or cardboard embroidery. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. Threads can be ordinary sewing, woolen, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/452
9. Ornament (Latin ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; designed to decorate various items (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both from the outside and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples as well the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1222
10. Print.
Kinds:
- Sponge printing. For this, both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1094
Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops ...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1068
11. Pointillism (fr. Pointillisme, literally “dottedness”) - a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of a rectangular or round shape, based on their optical mixing in the eye of the viewer, in contrast to mixing paints on the palette. Optical mixing of three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs of additional colors (red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives a much greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing colors with the formation of shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer from a distance or in a reduced form.
Georges Seurat was the founder of the style.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/700
12. Drawing with palms. It is difficult for small children to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills of the hands, and provide an opportunity to discover a new and magical world of artistic creativity - this is drawing with the palms. Drawing with their hands, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1315
13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the side of the veins. The paper you are going to print on can be colored or white. Press the sheet with the painted side against the sheet of paper, carefully remove it, taking the "tail" (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over. And now, having finished the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/667
14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of everyday life and the original culture of the people. In Russian folk art, there are a large number of varieties of this type of arts and crafts.
Here are some of them:
- Zhostovo painting - an old Russian folk craft, originated at the beginning of the 19th century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. It is one of the most famous types of Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting - Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. near the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made with a free brushstroke with white and black graphic strokes, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
- Khokhloma painting - an old Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting a tree, silver tin powder is applied to the tree. After that, the product is covered with a special composition and processed in the oven three or four times, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, which gives the effect of massiveness to light wooden utensils. The traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and animals.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/301
15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with paints in molten form (hence the name). A variety of encaustic is wax tempera, which is distinguished by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted in this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1485
*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and the use of fabrics:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb "to sew", i.e. what is sewn or sewn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1136
2. Patchwork, Quilting, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk arts and crafts, with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of multi-colored fabrics or knitted elements of geometric shapes to be connected in a bedspread, blouse or bag.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1347
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to the fruit of the artichoke. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By and large, in this technique, it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, compose (glue) various panels of a rounded (or polyhedral shape) on a plane or in volume.
There are two ways to sew: the tip of the blanks is directed to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with a tip to a narrower part. The parts to be folded are not necessarily cut into squares. It can be both rectangles and circles. In any case, we meet with the folding of cut-out blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the origami patchwork family, and since they create volume, therefore, they also belong to the "3d" technique.
Example: http://stranamasterov.ru/node/137446?tid=1419
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this one as well. I think it's a multimethod.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination of various techniques: patchwork + embroidery + painting, etc.
Example:
3. Tsumami Kanzashi. Tsumami is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the master takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
Hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave the name to a whole new kind of arts and crafts. This technique was used to make decorations for combs, and for individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of various accessories.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1724
* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple hand tools (crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/729
1. Knitting on a fork. An interesting way to crochet using a special device - a fork, curved in the shape of the letter U. The result is light, airy patterns.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of hand-made fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, embossed patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of a lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations of loops and columns. The correct ratio - the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/858
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1157
4. Tunisian knitting with a long hook (both one and several loops can simultaneously participate to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Fillet knitting - imitates fillet-guipure embroidery on a special grid.
7. Guipure knitting (Irish or Brussels lace) crochet.
2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. Decorating your life and home with handicrafts or children's toys convenient for everyday life, you experience the joy of appearance and the pleasure of the process of their creation.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1418
3. Carving - a kind of arts and crafts. It is one of the types of artistic processing of wood along with sawing, turning.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1113
* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Application (from Latin “attaching”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, beads, woolen threads, metal chased plates, all kinds of fabric (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive possibilities is very close to another means of representation - collage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/364
Also exist:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - a new kind of arts and crafts. It is a creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. In essence, this is a rare, very expressive type of “painting.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1243
- Application from "palms". Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/612
- Breakaway appliqué is one of the types of multifaceted appliqué technique. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1346
2. Assemblage (fr. assemblage) - a technique of visual art, akin to collage, but using three-dimensional details or whole objects, appliquely arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows pictorial additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes it is applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, because the terminology of the latest visual art is not well established.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1412
3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of the technique is well traced from the English name tunnel - a tunnel - a through hole. The multi-layered nature of the “books” (book) that is being compiled conveys the feeling of the tunnel well. There is a three-dimensional postcard. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types of techniques, such as scrapbooking, applique, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because. aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel was dated to the middle of the 18th century. and was the epitome of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or sold as souvenirs for tourists.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1411
4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/701
They are cut out of paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, birch bark, plastic bottles, soap, plywood (although this is already called sawing), fruits and vegetables, as well as other different materials. Various tools are used: scissors, mock knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetric structure are cut out by eye, with curvilinear contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive, they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1416
- The cut is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of the sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey the external features of objects in applications in a stylized form.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/466
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has existed since the time when paper was invented in China. And this type of carving became known as jianzhi. This art has spread all over the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/563
- Carving (see below).
5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “what is cut out”) is a technique for decorating, appliqué, decorating with cut paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the XII century. began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this technique also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence the other name - "napkin technology". The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, caskets, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, gypsum - must be plain and light, because. the pattern cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/722
6. Carving (from the English. carvу - cut, cut, engrave, cut; carving - carving, carving, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking - this is the simplest form of sculpture or engraving on the surface of vegetables and fruits, such short-lived decorations table.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1339
7. Collage is a creative genre when a work is created from a wide variety of cut out images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - pasted paper. Very quickly, this concept began to be used in an expanded sense - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from fragments of other texts, fragments collected on the same plane.
The collage can be completed by any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/324
8. Constructor (from lat. constructor "builder") - an ambiguous term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. i.e. details or elements of some future layout, information about which is collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers differ in the type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). The combination of various elements creates interesting designs for games and fun.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/984
9. Modeling - shaping plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) with the help of hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is designed to master the primary principles of this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/670
10. A layout is a copy of an object with resizing (usually reduced), which is made with the preservation of proportions. The layout should also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique work, you can use various materials, it all depends on its functional purpose (exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). It can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1397
Layout view - a model is a valid layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is focused on certain aspects of the modeled object or equally detailed thereof. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other school subjects, for a sea or air club. A variety of materials are used in modeling: balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, gypsum, papier-mâché, salt dough, paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric ...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1353
11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats, fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials for obtaining the main component of soap.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1631
12. Sculpture (lat. sculptura, from sculpo - cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow , sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - molding, carving, casting, forging, chasing, cutting, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1399
13. Weaving - production of fabrics and textiles from yarn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1318
14. Filting (or felting, or felting) - felting wool. There is "wet" and "dry".
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/736
15. Flat chasing is one of the types of arts and crafts, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or a round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
The processing of the material is carried out with the help of a rod - a chasing, which is placed vertically, on the upper end of which they hit with a hammer. By moving the coinage, a new form gradually appears. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples:
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Liked: 30 users
L.V. Ivoilova
Altai State Academy of Culture and Arts
e-mail: [email protected]
Governor of the Altai Territory A.B. Carlin
The problem of preserving and restoring the original folk culture is of particular relevance. In the context of the tasks defined by the President of the Russian Federation in his message to the Federal Assembly dated 05.11.2008, priority areas for this activity are outlined: "...another factor that can seriously strengthen our Federation is support for the national traditions and cultures of the peoples of Russia" . Thus, at the highest state level, a directive was voiced to increase attention to the preservation and popularization of cultural heritage, to strengthen mutual understanding by means of folk traditions.
With the onset of the 21st century, scientists are again talking about the crisis and even the disappearance of culture. Rightly Yu. Levada writes that “changes in the sphere of culture are the result of the joint action of two crises that are different in nature: firstly, global, associated with the approval of the mechanisms of mass culture, and secondly, specifically “ours”, post-Soviet, that is, associated with the transition from a directive culture to an open and mass one. At present, a practical solution to the problem of the extinction of Russian culture is becoming relevant. And here a negative role is played by the lack of knowledge about folk culture, the fragmentation of theoretical research in this area and at times a conscious rejection of folk culture. But there are no scientific studies and specific practical recommendations on how traditional culture can help resolve the global problems of our time. At this stage, the understanding that folk culture is the most important means of saving the future of mankind is only being formed.
The increased interest in the traditional values of culture is dictated by the need to restore the historical memory of the people. After all, arts and crafts in all the variety of its elements has a huge creative potential. His best works organically merge the traditional and the new, the national and the universal. The artistic traditions of the past and the innovation of artistic solutions, the experience of folk masters, being included in the arsenal of artistic culture, contribute to the diversity of types and genres of folk arts and crafts, and expand its range. It includes the artistic values inherited and assimilated by the living generation, created in previous eras, as well as the ways and means of perceiving works of art transmitted by tradition, including the ways of their storage, distribution, reproduction, propaganda.
Many researchers focus on changes in the value orientations of people, increasing the importance of individualistic values. There is an acute problem of the commercialization of culture and the related problem of reducing the level of its artistic value, as well as the lack of demand for classical examples of arts and crafts by the mass consumer. These and other negative trends in the development of culture in Russia can become a significant obstacle to the progressive development of our society.
What are the problems of modern culture that most of all excite the progressive people of our time?
- The commercialization of culture and the focus on the most poorly educated and uncultured people leads to a decrease in its level. At the same time, highly artistic works of folk art are not able to compete economically with low-quality ones: they cannot be put on stream, and the creation requires considerable time and the audience is smaller. As a result, there is an outflow of capable people from high culture and a waste of talent.
- A common problem - the difficulty of supporting gifted craftsmen of folk arts and crafts (they are difficult to find and identify, and the commercial return from them is weak) - in our country is aggravated by the generally impoverished situation of cultural workers.
The study of material and non-material sources, their preservation in the subject-spatial environment, the use of methodological potential in the system of education and upbringing gives a person the opportunity to master the concepts of the integrity of life, to realize the high moral status of traditions. As the practical experience of recreating folk crafts has shown, in new, radically changed conditions, they do not lose their ability to influence all spheres of public life, to help in solving the most pressing problems of our time. In addition, folk culture (including folk art) is an effective means of preventing and overcoming negative social phenomena in the children's and youth environment, the formation of patriotic, civic qualities of a person. The active involvement of children and youth in the restoration of folk traditions and crafts also speaks of a targeted methodology for cultivating a positive attitude towards cultural traditions. The development of the methodology involves the development of several areas of using the knowledge of traditional culture. First of all, their inclusion in the standards of education of the new generation in the general humanitarian cycle of the basic part of the plan for all standards and professional variation - for art, art-pedagogical and art-technological specialties.
A separate place is occupied by higher professional educational institutions and the specialties "Decorative and Applied Arts", "Folk Art", "Design". But professional training in these specialties does not eliminate the problem of the lack of qualified specialists in the field of studying and preserving folk arts and crafts and translating the best regional and all-Russian traditions of folk art culture into modern society.
An integral part of the work to preserve and enrich folk traditions is the support of folk art crafts and craftsmen. Folk art is losing its artistic merit and is increasingly acquiring features of "souvenir". The copyright for a work of art of a folk master is not fixed or protected anywhere. Museums, exhibition centers, foundations do not have the financial means to purchase creative works. The task of creating conditions for the preservation and development of the diversity of forms and genres of traditional folk culture provides for the work of experimental centers of traditional culture, centers of crafts and folklore, national cultural centers as scientific and production and experimental and creative sites for the implementation of programs related to the preservation of cultural heritage.
An analysis of regional practice shows that in order to create conditions for the preservation and development of traditional folk culture, it is necessary to implement a set of program activities. The work carried out in the region to preserve and develop traditional culture helps to attract public attention to the problems of folk culture, introduce its elements into modern life, increase the number of members of club formations involved in the preservation of folk traditions. The most important role in the preservation and development of traditional folk culture in Altai is played by cultural and leisure institutions, methodological centers, folk departments of institutions of additional and vocational education, which preserve the traditional specifics and types of club leisure. One of the factors in this direction in the Altai Territory was the departmental target program "Preservation and development of the traditional folk culture of the Altai Territory" for 2012-2014. The objectives of this program are:
- creation of conditions for the preservation and development of the diversity of forms and genres of traditional folk culture;
- expanding the information space by popularizing the best examples of traditional folk culture and folk art, developing and implementing information technologies;
- targeted support for craftsmen and creative teams, bearers and keepers of the traditions of the intangible cultural heritage;
- ensuring the further development of the system of training creative personnel and specialists in the field of culture.
To solve these problems, the following program activities are envisaged:
- organization and holding of regional, interregional, all-Russian and international folklore festivals, competitions, exhibitions, national holidays, holidays of the folk calendar, fairs of folk crafts and crafts;
- creation on the basis of municipal cultural institutions of experimental centers of traditional culture, centers of crafts and folklore, national cultural centers;
- organizing and conducting folklore and ethnographic expeditions;
- acquisition (purchase) in the funds of state museums of products of folk art crafts of recognized value;
- publication of methodological materials, booklets, catalogs of objects of intangible cultural heritage, folk crafts and crafts;
- creating videos aimed at popularizing traditional folk culture;
- formation and maintenance of catalogs of objects of intangible cultural heritage, folk crafts and crafts;
- creation, promotion and information support of an Internet site on the traditional culture of the Altai Territory;
- awarding prizes for contribution to the preservation and development of the traditions of the intangible cultural heritage;
- support of folk craftsmen of the Altai Territory;
- participation of folklore groups, keepers of the folk epic, storytellers, craftsmen in festivals, competitions, exhibitions and other cultural events of the regional, interregional, all-Russian levels;
- improvement of the system of training, retraining and advanced training of specialists in the field of cultural and leisure activities, aimed at preserving the traditional folk culture.
The problems of studying and preserving folk arts and crafts require the close attention of various authorities, institutions of culture, art and education, the efforts of society and individuals. The use of the moral potential of cultural heritage should help people of the 19th century to understand the problems of today, to make them think about the universal connection of the phenomena of the surrounding world, history and modernity, and at the same time about the responsibility of people to each other, no matter what nations and nationalities they belong to. .
Literature
- http://www.consultant.ru
- Levada Yu. From opinions to understanding / Yu.A. Levada. - M., - 2000. - 576 p.
- Gusev V.E. Russian folk art culture (theoretical essays) / V.E. Gusev. - St. Petersburg, 1993. - 111 p.
- http://www.altairegion22.ru/upload/iblock/029/445
- http://www.culture22.ru/programs/vedomstvenna
ART AND APPLIED ARTS
Arts and Crafts- a type of creative activity in the creation of household items designed to meet the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.
Decorative and applied arts include products made from a variety of materials and using various technologies. The material for the subject of DPI can be metal, wood, clay, stone, bone. The technical and artistic methods of manufacturing products are very diverse: carving, embroidery, painting, chasing, etc. The main characteristic feature of the DPI object is decorativeness, which consists in imagery and the desire to decorate, make it better, more beautiful.
Decorative and applied art has a national character. Since it comes from the customs, habits, beliefs of a certain ethnic group, it is close to the way of life.
Folk arts and crafts is one of the time-tested forms of expression of a person's aesthetic perception of the world.
An important component of decorative and applied arts is folk art crafts - a form of organizing artistic work based on collective creativity, developing a local cultural tradition and focused on the sale of handicrafts.
The key creative idea of traditional crafts is the assertion of the unity of the natural and human worlds.
The main folk crafts of Russia are:
Woodcarving - Bogorodskaya, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya; (illustrations 2-8)
Painting on wood - Khokhloma, Gorodetskaya, Polkhov-Maidanskaya, Mezenskaya,
Decoration of products from birch bark - embossing on birch bark, painting;
Artistic stone processing - processing of hard and soft stone,
Bone carving - Kholmogory, Tobolsk. Khotkovskaya,
Miniature painting on papier-mache - Fedoskino miniature, Palekh miniature, Msterskaya miniature, Kholuy miniature,
Artistic processing of metal - Veliky Ustyug black silver, Rostov enamel (painting with enamel on metal), Zhostovo painting on metal,
Folk ceramics - Gzhel ceramics, Skopinsky ceramics, Dymkovo toy, Kargopol toy,
Lace making - Vologda lace, Mikhailovsky lace,
Painting on fabric - Pavlovian scarves and shawls,
Embroidery - Vladimirskaya, Color interlace, Gold embroidery.
In Russia, there are more than 80 types of folk applied art, revived and traditionally substantiated. These are: artistic embroidery, Russian artistic varnishes, ceramics, artistic painting on fabric, clay, wood, etc. Today in Russia there are 12 educational institutions that train students in the most complex traditional areas of folk applied culture, these include: , the Ural School of Arts, the Lomonosov School of Bone Carving, the Torzhok School of Gold Sewing, the Mstera School of Industrial Art, etc.
Decorative and applied art. Folk art.
1. Since ancient times, it has been human nature to strive for beauty in
the objective (material) world surrounding it. For this purpose, embroidered patterns were applied to simple fabrics, and ceramics were decorated with ornaments. Metal products were cast in figured molds, covered with embossing and notching. The pattern, decoration, as it were, was “applied” to the object, and it became more beautiful, richer, more elegant. It retained its utilitarian (practical) fundamental principle, its usefulness, but now one could just admire it, show it as a landmark. And such an object was already valued not only because it was simply useful, but also for its pattern, for the skill of decoration, the nobility of the material and subtlety. Later, in the 19th century, this area of artistic development of the objective world was defined as “applied art”.
applied arts serves a practical purpose and at the same time
decorates our life, creates a certain emotional mood.
Decorative art. Spread during the era
slavery. It is the desire of people to adorn themselves with necklaces, bracelets,
rings, pendants, earrings, etc. Later there were also objects
clothing decorations, and then home decorations, such as carpets, on
which they no longer sat or reclined, but hung on the wall for beauty, or floor vases - also not for flowers and not for water or wine, but for
front hall decorations. Here beauty comes first. Their
The only "benefit" was that they were beautiful. This is art in the 18th and 19th centuries.
called decorative(from the French words "decor" - "decoration"). Products
decorative arts exist only to decorate the room,
clothing or person. If design objects are produced in the millions
circulations, applied art - in the thousands, then decorative products -
tens or even units. In them, the artist shows, first of all, his
individual taste. The most important thing in the works of decorative
art - the general artistic expressiveness, the beauty of the thing as a whole. Applied and decorative arts demonstrate the taste and imagination of the artist, they reflect the material and spiritual interests of people, national traits.
Applied and decorative arts in many cases complement each other.
friend. In this case, one speaks of arts and crafts.
Decorative art is one of the types of plastic arts.
Decorative art is a work that, along with architecture,
artistically forms the material environment surrounding a person and
introduces into it an aesthetic, ideological and figurative beginning.
Types of decorative art: arts and crafts,
design, theatrical and decorative, monumental and decorative,
decoration.
Folk art.
Behind these words stands a great and important phenomenon: folk poetry and
theatre, music and dance, architecture and visual arts. Folk art is the foundation on which the building of world artistic culture has grown.
Distinctive features of folk art:
1. Folk art is different beauty and benefit.
2. Skills of technical mastery and found images are transferred from
generation to generation. Because of this, fixed for centuries
tradition selects only the best creative achievements.
3. Collective creativity . Everything in the work is dictated
centuries-old tradition: the choice of material and methods of its processing,
the nature and content of the decoration.
The amazing cheerfulness of folk art comes from consciousness
own strength, because behind every thing is the talent, work and unanimity of many people, ideally a whole people. Beauty also comes from this source. And of course from native nature, from which the master learns.
Folk art can also be a source of ideas and inspiration
professional artists.
3. Ornament
Great importance in folk art is given to the ornament, which
decorates an object or is its structural element.
Ornament (from the Latin "ornamentum" - "decoration") - a pattern,
built on rhythmic alternation and combination of geometric or
pictorial elements. The main purpose of the ornament is to decorate
the surface of the object, emphasize its shape.
Types of ornament: geometric, natural, animalistic.
In works of decorative and applied art,
material and spiritual interests of people, national traits.
