How can I find out my gender and the history of the surname for free? Origin of names and genealogy. The science of the origin of names and surnames of people

It is believed that surnames with the suffixes "-ov" or "-ev" are mostly of generic origin. At first they came from patronymics. For example, Peter, the son of Ivan, was called Peter Ivanov. After surnames entered official use (and this happened in Rus' in the 13th century), surnames began to be given by the name of the eldest in the family. That is, Ivan's son, grandson, and great-grandson of Ivan were already becoming Ivanovs.

But surnames were also given by nicknames. So, if a person, for example, was called Bezborodov, then his descendants received the name Bezborodov.

Often given surnames according to occupation. The son of a blacksmith bore the surname Kuznetsov, the son of a carpenter - Plotnikov, the son of a potter - Goncharov, the priest - Popov. The same surname was given to their children.

Surnames with the suffix "-in", or, more rarely, "-yn" could also come from the names and nicknames of ancestors, from the names of their professions, and in addition, from words ending in "-a", "-ya" and from feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant. For example, the surname Minin meant: "son of Mina." The Orthodox name Mina was widespread in Rus'. And in our time, the surnames Ilyin, Fomin, Nikitin are common. The surname Rogozhin recalls that the ancestors of this man traded matting or made it.

And where did the surnames formed from the names of animals come from - Volkov, Medvedev, Kozlov, Zaitsev, Orlov? Genealogists believe that many "animal" surnames could come from worldly names that were given to children in the pre-Christian era. Giving the child the name of this or that animal, the parents hoped that this would give him the features inherent in this animal. So, the name Bear was supposed to bestow strength, Wolf - courage, Fox - cunning, Boar - power and stubbornness, Goat - fertility, Crow - wisdom, Swan - beauty and fidelity, Nightingale - the ability to sing well. In the future, the Medvedevs, Volkovs, Lisitsyns, Kabanovs, Kozlovs, Voronins, Lebedevs, Solovyovs went from these names.

The origin of "animal" surnames could also be associated with the occupation of a person. So, a lover of chasing pigeons was called Dove, and his descendants were subsequently given the surname Golubev.

Surnames formed from the names of animals - Volkov, Medvedev, Kozlov, Zaitsev, Orlov, Shchukin, Zhukov - are among the most common in Russia. A lot of unusual stories are associated with their appearance.

"Incomprehensible" surnames

We are accustomed to believing that Russian surnames come either from the names of ancestors - Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov, or from the occupation - Kuznetsov, Plotnikov, or from the name of the area - for example, natives of the village of Penkovo ​​and their descendants will be called Penkov or Penkovsky.

But with the names "in honor" of animals, birds, fish or insects, it is somehow incomprehensible. However, there are several versions of the origin of such surnames.

Surnames derived from pagan names

Genealogists believe that many "animal" surnames could come from worldly names that were given to children in the pre-Christian era. Giving the child the name of this or that animal, the parents hoped that this would give him the features inherent in this animal.

So, the name Bear was supposed to bestow strength, Wolf - courage, Fox - cunning, Boar - power and stubbornness, Goat - fertility, Crow - wisdom, Swan - beauty and fidelity, Nightingale - the ability to sing well. In the future, the Medvedevs, Volkovs, Lisitsyns, Kabanovs, Kozlovs, Voronins, Lebedevs, Solovyovs went from these names.

Also, the ancient Slavs believed that the “animal” name protects from evil spirits, and in addition, wild animals will accept a person who bears such a name as “their own” and will not harm him. Since in those days people were closer to nature than now, the main industries were hunting and fishing, the “protective” function of the name was very relevant. And in battle, such a name "protected".

“Not very beautiful transformations have taken place with many glorious surnames, primarily animal and bird ones,” M.B. Olenev, author of the work ""Animal", "bird" and "fish" names of the Arkhangelsk region. - From fighting totems, they are now, thanks to the centuries-old struggle of Orthodoxy with paganism, into an object for ridicule. Nevertheless, the ancient families live on.”

Surnames from nicknames

Often, our ancestors noticed some characteristic features in a person, which became the basis for a nickname. So, a fidgety peasant could be nicknamed Fly, hence the common surname Mukhin. If a person's gait resembled a goose, then he turned into a Goose, and his descendants became Gusevs.

A nimble, crafty peasant could be christened Sparrow, and he gave rise to the Vorobyov family. They could say about a dark-haired man that he was black as a jackdaw, and so the nickname Jackdaw was assigned to him, from which the Galkins subsequently went. The lanky subject was called the Crane and he became the ancestor of the Zhuravlevs. The cocky one became the Rooster, his descendants, respectively, the Petukhovs.

By the way, the “animal” nicknames were worn by the founders of the Romanov family - the Moscow boyar of the time of Ivan Kalita Andrei Kobyla and one of his sons, Fyodor Koshka, a rather prominent statesman of the XIV century.

The Old Russian chronicle says: “And the Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich sent Fyodor Koshka, the son of Andrei Kobyla, Ivan Udod and Selivan to them in Novgorod, and they secured the world in the old way and pledged to give the Grand Duke black boron from all the volosts of Novgorod.” Among the descendants of Andrei Kobyla and Fyodor Koshka there are people with the surnames Kobylina and Koshkina.

Surnames by occupation

Oddly enough, the origin of the "animal" surnames could also be associated with the occupation of a person. So, a lover of chasing pigeons was called Dove, and his descendants were subsequently given the surname Golubev.

If a person's profession was associated with falconry, then he himself received the nickname Sokol, while his descendants became Sokolov. If the fisherman successfully caught pikes, ruffs, perches, crucian carp, he received the appropriate nickname, which then turned into a surname - Shchukin, Ershov, Okunev, Karasev. A hunter for hares or bears could become, again, the ancestor of the Zaitsevs or Medvedevs.

"Spiritual" surnames

In theological seminaries, students tried to give euphonious surnames. And often they were given in honor of some noble animals.

So, for example, the surnames Lvov, Leopardov, Panterovsky, Golubitsky, Lebedinsky appeared, although they are not so common in Russia. They have nothing to do with real animals or their features - they have an artificial origin.

Kananyhina Elizaveta Vladimirovna

The research work revealed the influence of the etymology of the surname on the fate of people

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MBOU "Yandykovskaya secondary school"

RESEARCH

"Etymology of ancestral surnames in seven generations of my family"

Made by a 7th grade student

MBOU "Yandykovskaya secondary school"

Kananykhina E.V.

Checked by: Russian language teacher

and literature Minav N.F.

Introduction……………………………………………………………p. 2-3

Chapter 1 . Science etymology and Russian surnames

1.1. The etymology of the word “motherland”…………………………………...p. 4

1.2. The emergence of Russian surnames……………………………..p. 5-10

Chapter 2 . The relationship of etymological features of the surname

with the fate of their carriers

2.1 Etymology of the surname Guryanov……………………………….p. 11-12

2.2 Pedigree of the Guryanov family……………………………….p. 12-16

2.3 Etymology of the surname Inozemtsev………………………………p. 17

2.4. Analysis of the obtained results……………………………… p. 17-19

Conclusion………………………………………………………………p. 20

Literature……………………………………………………………….p. 21

Appendix ……………………………………………………………..p. 22-39

"The disinterested thought that grandchildren will

respected for the name we gave them,

is there not a nobler hope

Human heart?

A.S. Pushkin

Introduction.

I was born and live in a large and powerful country - Russia. Our country is very beautiful. It is rich in rivers and lakes, forests and fields, mountains and plains. A variety of people live in Russia with their own customs and traditions. But they all have one thing in common - love for the motherland. Homeland begins on the threshold of your home. She is huge and beautiful. And everyone has one. How is your mom. Motherland is the mother of its people. She is proud of her sons and daughters, takes care of them, comes to the rescue, gives strength.

We love the Motherland. And to love the Motherland means to live one life with it.

In Russian, the words motherland, parents, relatives are of the same root as the concept of genus, but they are related not only by a common etymology, but also by a common fate. The family is a cell of society and, in fact, shares the fate of this society, contributes to its history. In modern society, where family ties are weakening or even breaking, where relatives practically do not communicate, knowledge of one's pedigree, one's "roots" becomes a necessity. We are all different. Each of us has our own destiny. But for some reason we are related. And what do we have in common? What makes us related? Maybe a last name?

It became interesting to me: "How does the surname affect the fate of a person."

Hypothesis: The etymological features of the surname are reflected in the fate of their bearers to one degree or another.

Goals and objectives of the study:

Goal 1. Determine how etymological features affect the formation of surnames.

Tasks:

Consider the etymology of the words people, clan. Establish their relationship.

Consider the historical foundations for the emergence and formation of surnames

Goal 2. Find the relationship of etymological features of the surname with the fate of their carriers.

Tasks:

Analyze the origin of the surnames Guryanov and Inozemtsev.

Make a genealogical tree of the family.

To analyze the connection between the etymological features of the surname Guryanov and Inozemtsev and the life choice of their carriers.

The object of the study isgenealogy of the Gurianov family.

Subject of study:the influence of etymological features on the fate of surname bearers.

Research methods:studying literature, studying family archives, studying electronic databases, analyzing and summarizing the stories of my ancestors, analyzing the information received.

Chapter 1. Science etymology and Russian surnames

1.1.Etymology of the word "homeland"

Etymology is a branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words. Etymology, if you try to get to know it better, can arouse interest not only in an inquisitive, inquisitive mind, but also in the most inveterate lazy person. This science not only answers the many “Why?” that arise in the mind of everyone, but also helps to understand the psychology of our ancestors, who “invented” the words that we now use. Etymology traces a chain of associations that have arisen in people over many centuries. The longer the chain, the more interesting the etymology of the word.

Let's trace the etymology of the word homeland. From various dictionaries, the word "homeland" literally means the following. It comes from the Russian "genus".

It comes from an ancient form, from which, among other things, came: Old Russian, Old Slavic "kind" (Greek γένος, γενεά, ἔθνος), Russian-genus, Ukrainian-rіd (genus n. genus), Belarusian-genus , Bulgarian - genus, Serbo-Croatian - rȏd (genus p. genus.)

The word "homeland" has 2 lexical meanings.

1 Fatherland, native country.

2 Place of birth, origin of something, origin of something.

What is the origin of the word?

The word Motherland is common Slavonic. Formed from the basis of the genus - "generation, origin, family." Homeland "fatherland" while Ukrainian. Motherland = "family", blr. Rosina is the same, Bulgarian. Motherland "homeland, place of birth", Serbohorv. Homeland "abundance of fruits", Slovenian. Rodina-the same, Czech., Rodina "family", Polish. Rodzina is the same. Produced from the genus.

The word has "Words-relatives":Native, parents, kind.

Thus, the etymology of the word "motherland" quite accurately indicates its origin and meaning.

1.2. The emergence of Russian surnames

In Russian, the words motherland, parents, relatives are of the same root as the concept of genus, but they are related not only by a common etymology, but also by a common fate. The family is a cell of society and, in fact, shares the fate of this society, contributes to its history. I decided to find out the etymology of the surnames of one of the branches of my family tree and analyze the influence of etymological features on the fate of its bearers.

The history of the word "surname" itself is interesting. By its origin, it is Latin and got into the Russian language as part of borrowed from the languages ​​of Western Europe. But in Russia, the word surname was initially used in the meaning of "family". And only in the 19th century the word surname in Russian gradually acquired its second meaning, which then became the main one. As you know, a surname is a hereditary family naming used together with a personal name. That is, it is passed down from generation to generation, from older family members to younger ones.

Accordingly, in order to find out what the meaning and secret of a surname is, you need to turn to its origins, understand what their history and origin are. The surname is a very valuable material for research in various fields of knowledge.

The history of the word surname is interesting. It is Latin in origin and came into the Russian language as part of a large number of borrowings from the languages ​​of Western Europe. But in Russia, the word surname was initially used in the meaning of "family"; English family, French famille, Spanish familia are also translated as "family". In the 17th - 18th centuries, the word nickname still existed: it was in those days that it denoted, called the surname. And only in the 19th century, the word surname in Russian gradually acquired its second meaning, which then became the main one: "hereditary family naming added to a personal name."

At first, surnames arose among the feudal lords. There was hereditary land tenure, and it was this that led to the appearance of hereditary names, that is, surnames. Most of the princely (and later boyar) surnames indicated those lands that belonged to the feudal lord, or entirely to the area where he was from. This is how the surnames of the boyars Shuisky (after the name of the river and the city of Shuya), the princes Vyazemsky (the Vyazemsky clan, the existence of this surname also owes the existence of this surname to the river - Vyazma) arose. No less “transparent” from this point of view are such ancient surnames as Yeletsky, Zvenigorodsky, Meshchersky, Tverskoy, Tyumensky and others.

The first Russian surnames are found in ancient documents dating back to the 15th century. But they may have existed before.

Sometimes fierce class feuds took place around the surnames. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (father of Peter I) forbade the princes Romodanovsky to add to the first surname a second, traditional one - Starodubsky, since the second surname corresponded to the ancient inheritance of the Romodanovskys, and this did not quite correspond to the ideas of the Moscow tsars about centralization. So, after the tsar's decree, one of the Romodanovskys, Grigory, tearfully beat with his brow "Quiet" (as we remember, that was how Alexei Mikhailovich was called): "Have mercy, don't tell me to take away our old honor!" You see how tightly the princes clung to their generosity ...

But most of the people who inhabited our country did not have surnames. But what happened?

One has only to look into archival documents that have come down to us from the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, and the answer will be found. Nicknames and patronymics - that's what, in addition to names, performed the function of a social sign for our ancestors. Let's open the yellowed pages of old documents, act records: “Ivan Mikitin is the son, and the nickname is Menshik”, a record of 1568; “Onton Mikiforov is the son, and the nickname is Zhdan”, a document of 1590”; “Luba Mikiforov, son of Crooked cheeks, landowner”, entry of 1495; "Danilo Snot, peasant", 1495; “Efimko Sparrow, peasant”, 1495 ... Thus, the names Mikitin, Nikitin, Menshikov, Mikiforov, Nikiforov, Zhdanov, Krivoshchekov, Soplin, Vorobyov could subsequently arise.

Nicknames were given to people by their relatives, neighbors, class and social environment. Moreover, nicknames, as a rule, reflected some characteristic features inherent in this particular person, and not another. Having been fixed in surnames, these traits and features of our distant ancestors have survived to this day. Here's how it could be.

Once there lived a white-haired man. They called him White. His children began to be called the Belyakovs: “Whose are they?” - "Yes, whose, Belyakovs." The surname Belyakov appeared. But the person wearing it now may well not be blond, but brown-haired or even brunette. On the other hand, some citizen Chernyshev, whose distant ancestor was called Chernysh for the tar-black color of his hair, may well be blond now. Another person for his addiction to chatter - "squealing" - could be called Vereshchaga, and his children Vereshchagin. But he could well have a silent neighbor, who also had a nickname - Molchan. The Molchanovs could come from him.

Often, as a nickname, a person received the name of some animal or bird, so the appearance of a person, his character or habits were noted in the nickname. One for pugnacity could be nicknamed the Rooster, the other for the long legs the Crane, the third the Snake - for the ability to always get out, avoid punishment or danger. The surnames Petukhov, Zhuravlev and Uzhov could subsequently arise from them. By the way, you yourself probably noticed that there are a lot of "bird" surnames in Russian. This is easily explained: birds played a big role both in peasant farming and hunting, and in popular beliefs.

What kind of nicknames you will not come across, leafing through old documents! Here is an entry from 1495, it lists the peasant Ignatko Velikiye Lapti. And here is a document from 1555, it names dozens of people who received their nicknames by profession, by their occupations: Potter, Degtyar, Zubovolok, Kozhemyaka, Melnik, Rogoznik, Rudomet, Serebrennik, Krasilnik, Saddler, Skomorokh, Shvets ... All of them could form the basis of the corresponding surnames.

We all know the once popular Russian name Vasily. In Russian, it came from Greek, where it meant "royal". More than 50 surnames have been formed on behalf of Vasily, which differ from each other in various shades - diminutive, contemptuous, etc. or changed for harmony: Vasin, Vaskin, Vasyatnikov, Vasyutin, Vasilevsky, Vasilchikov, Vasiliev. And on behalf of Ivan, more than a hundred (!) Surnames were formed. But in the surname Ishchuk, you are unlikely to “recognize” the name ... Joseph. It originated in Ukraine in the 15th century approximately on the territory of the present Vinnitsa, Zhytomyr, Rivne and Khmelnytsky regions. It was there that the Orthodox name Joseph turned into Josip, and then into Isko. The son of a man named Isko and received the nickname Ishchuk. That's it!

In the past, even among merchants, only the richest - "eminent merchants" - were honored to receive a surname. In the 16th century there were only a few of them. For example, the Stroganov merchants. By the way, among the surnames of the merchants there were many that reflected the "professional specialization" of their bearers. Take, for example, the surname Rybnikov. It is formed from the word rybnik, that is, "fishmonger".

A no less numerous stratum of the population of Russia was made up of ministers of the church. The clergy began to receive surnames en masse only at the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th century. We meet with "church" surnames quite often, often without suspecting it.

Often surnames were given to priests according to the names of those churches in which they served: deacon Ivan, who served in the Trinity Church, could receive the surname Trinity. Some clergy acquired surnames upon graduation from the seminary: Athensky, Dukhososhestvensky, Brilliants, Dobromyslov, Benemansky, Kiparisov, Palmin, Reformatsky, Pavsky, Golubinsky, Klyuchevsky, Tikhomirov, Myagkov, Liperovsky (from the Greek root meaning “sad”), Gilyarovsky (from Latin root meaning "cheerful").

Most of the surnames of priests ended in -sky, in imitation of Ukrainian and Belarusian surnames: at that time, many people from these regions were among the church administration, teachers of seminaries and theological academies. Since there were many such surnames in -sky, the people often awarded seminarians with the ironic surname Po-by-sea-like-by-dry-walking. And sometimes even more snobby: Through-the-fence-at-girls-looking...

When serfdom fell in Russia, the government faced a serious task. It was necessary to give surnames to former serfs, who, as a rule, did not have them before. So the second half of the 19th century can be considered the period of the final "naming" of the country's population. Some peasants were given the full or changed surname of their former owner, the landowner - this is how entire villages of the Polivanovs, Gagarins, Vorontsovs, Lvovkins appeared. Others in the document wrote down the "street" surname, which a different family could have more than one. In the third, the patronymic was turned into a surname. But this whole process was very complicated, often people continued to do without surnames. This situation was caused by the publication in September 1888 of a special decree of the Senate: “... As practice shows, among persons born in a legal marriage, there are many persons who do not have surnames, that is, who bear the so-called surnames by patronymic, which causes significant misunderstandings , and sometimes even abuse ... To be called by a certain surname is not only the right, but also the duty of every full-fledged person, and the designation of the surname on some documents is required by the law itself.

Most scientists agree that Russian surnames by origin can be divided into the following groups:

Surnames formed from canonical and various folk forms of names received at baptism: Ivanov, Petrov, etc.

Until the 13th century, most Russian people also had a secular, non-church name: Besson, Nechai, etc. Often, descendants received a surname from this common name or nickname.

Surnames formed from the name of the area where one of the ancestors came from (the basis of such surnames was various geographical names - cities, villages, villages, rivers, lakes, etc.): Meshcheryakov, Novgorodtsev, etc.

Surnames formed from the professional nicknames of ancestors, telling which of them did what. Hence the Goncharovs, Ovsyannikovs, Kovalis, etc.

The group of surnames that students of religious institutions received was either the names of parishes, or foreign words decorated with Russian suffixes, or some exotic names, or church holidays. Hence the Trinity, Rozhdestvensky, Hyacinth and Cypress.

Surnames derived from the names of representatives of the animal world. Hence the Zaitsevs, Vorobyovs, Medvedevs and others.

Chapter 2

2.1 Etymology of the surname Guryanov

I decided to study the etymology of the surnames of the Guryanov and Inozemtsev families (I am a representative of the 7th generation) and analyze how the etymological features were reflected in the representatives of their carriers.

The surname Guryanov comes from one of the many colloquial forms of the almost forgotten baptismal name of the ancestor - Gury, which comes from the ancient Hebrew word "gur" - a young lion, a lion cub.

It is believed that the guru - "wise", "teacher".

While the full names in Rus' until the 19th century remained the property of church and solemn documents, their colloquial forms were used daily, from Guriy: Gurey, Gurya, Gura, Gurka, Gurna, Guryan, Guryak, Gurcha, the surnames Gureev, Guryev came from them. , Gurin, Gurkov, Gurnov, Guryanov, Guryakov, Gurchenko and others. So the surname Guryanov came from the colloquial form of the name of the head of the family - Gur.

According to the Orthodox calendar, the founder of the surname could be baptized on one of the 5 days of memory of the saints with the name Gury. July 3 (June 20 O.S.), October 17 (4) and December 18 (5) are dedicated to the Russian saint - Gury, the first archbishop of Kazan (XVI century), known for his ascetic and missionary activities. Another holy martyr, Gury of Edessa (4th century, commemorated November 28/15), is revered among Orthodox Christians as the patron of marriage and a happy family; in Moscow, in the church of John the Warrior in Babiegorodsky Lane, on Yakimanka, there is a chapel of this saint. The day of November 28 was nicknamed by the people - Guryev, believing that from that day on "all the unclean run away from the earth, fearing frost and winter." The seven martyrs of Maccabees, among whom was Saint Gurius (2nd century, commemorated August 14/1), is narrated in the 2nd Book of Maccabees, which is part of the Bible. The first, honey Savior is also popularly called Maccabee.

The name given at baptism became a thread connecting the believer with the saint, who could intercede for a person before God. When a surname was formed from a baptismal name, the patron saint of the ancestor "passed by inheritance" to the whole family. However, the surname could also come from the worldly nickname of its founder - Gur. Gurom in some Russian dialects, in particular, on the Don, they called the proud man. The non-church nickname of the head of the family often formed the basis of the generic name, since, along with personal canonical names, its uniqueness made it possible to form a name that distinguishes one clan from another.

2.2 Pedigree of the Gurianov family.

The first person our ancestors remember in the Guryanov family was Andrey Guryanov. He lived in the 19th century. Nothing is known about his occupation. His son Vasily Andreevich was an educated person and served as an accountant for Merchant Lepekhin. In 1894, Vasily built a house in which the Guryanovs still live. (see appendix pages 22, 23) .

The wife of Vasily Andreevich Alexander was a sweet, intelligent woman. She was good at reading, counting. Grandmother Alexandra was born in 1855 and died in 1959. She lived for 104 years. (See page 24)

Vasily and Alexandra had three children Ivan (1889), Eva and Ekaterina. Eva and Catherine got married in Liman. And Ivan remained in his parents' house, where he brought his wife Anna Inozemtseva. Anna Timofeevna Inozemtseva was born in 1894. Her father Timofey Inozemtsev was considered a wealthy man. They had a large house and a large courtyard, many workers. This house is already in a converted form and now stands on Kirovaya Street. Sinchenko Yevgeny Fedorovich lives in it. Mishakina Alevtina Alexandrovna lives in the place of the farmstead. Timothy had six children.

At that time, it was believed that the Inozemtsev family was rich. Meanwhile, from Anna's stories to my grandmother Lytseva Nina Alekseevna, when she came to the Guryanov family, a large portrait of the emperor and empress in a gilded frame hung on the wall. During the revolution, the portrait was hidden on the ceiling. As children, grandmother Nina and her cousins ​​searched long and hard for him, but they never found him. There were also old icons in the house. They still hang in the holy corner to this day. (See p. 25)

Ivan and Anna lived as a large and friendly family. From this marriage, 13 children were born, of whom only seven survived. Anastasia was born first (1911). She married Andrei Koshmanov. In 1928, the Koshmanov family was dispossessed and exiled to Siberia. Grandmother Anna hid the already pregnant Anastasia from the Reds. In 1929, Anastasia gave birth to a son, Mikhail Andreevich Koshmanov. When Mikhail was two years old, Anastasia died. Mikhail was brought up in the Guryanov family, received an education and worked all his life as a foreman on a fodder brigade. His children from his marriage with Kozheurova Olga were Koshmanova Nina Mikhailovna and Lyubov Mikhailovna. Nina Mikhailovna, later, graduated from a pedagogical school, and for some time worked as an elementary school teacher. (See page 4)

In 1912, Ivan and Anna had a daughter, Alexandra. An imperious, wise woman married Peter Koshmanov. From this marriage, a daughter, Tamara, and sons, Victor and Peter, were born. (see page 4)

In 1915, Anna's daughter was born. Her family name was Nyura. She was a beautiful, intelligent woman. Anna had three daughters Nina, Lydia and Tatiana. (see page 4)

On the thirtieth of March, on the Orthodox holiday "Alexey warm" in 1917, my great-grandfather Guryanov Alexei Ivanovich was born. In 1941, a 24-year-old young man left to fight. Grandfather "Lenya" spent the whole war behind the wheel of a subcompact car. Fought near Stalingrad, in Poland, Czechoslovaks. Two more years after the Great Victory, grandfather Lenya remained in the ranks. He served in Japan, defending the interests of the Soviet Union. Guryanov Aleksey Ivanovich was awarded the medals "For the Defense of Stalingrad" and "For the Victory over Germany". After the war, in 1985 he was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of the second degree. In 1948 he married Claudia Ivanovna Inozemtseva (born in 1927). Claudia Ivanovna, being a 14-year-old girl, built the Astrakhan-Kizlyar railway. She was awarded a medal for valiant and selfless work during the Second World War. In 1949, their daughter Nina Alekseevna (my grandmother) was born. In 1953 and 1959, two more girls Anna and Lydia were born. Grandfather Lenya and grandmother Klava did their best to ensure that the children received an education. Nina and Anna graduated from the Gudermes Pedagogical School and worked as teachers. Lydia entered the teacher of geography, but later changed her mind and graduated from the Saratov State Academy of Law. She got married in Saratov. Great-grandfather Lenya died at the age of 94. And great-grandmother Klava is still alive. She turns 85 this year. She has three daughters, six grandchildren, eight great-grandchildren.

Following grandfather Lenya, a daughter, Daria, was born. Daria married Belov Alexei. They had two sons Vyacheslav and Anatoly. Anatoly died very young. Soon Dariya Alekseevna also died from infection.

(pricked her finger with a fish bone) (see p.

In 1925, Ivan and Anna had a son, Vasily. During the Great Patriotic War, Vasily served as a private and died in 1944. What is recorded in the record book of the central archive of the Ministry of Defense: (see p.

Entry number 53282752

Surname Guryanov

Name Vasily

Patronymic Ivanovich

Date of birth __.__.1925

Place of birth Kalmyk ASSR, Toltandsky district, with. Yandyki

Date and place of conscription Dzhangalinsky RVC, Kazakh SSR, West Kazakhstan region, Dzhangalinsky district

The last place of service headquarters 230 sd

Military rank private

Reason for leaving killed

Date of retirement 02/28/1944

Name of the source of information TsAMO

Fund number of the source of information 58

Inventory number of the source of information 18002

Source case number 191

In 1927, the son Nikolai was born. During the war, Nikolai was killed when he went to the "line" for bread.

Thus, only my great-grandfather Aleksey Ivanovich Guryanov remained in the male line from the Guryanov family. He, as I have already noted, had no sons. Therefore, along this line, from the Guryanovs, my grandmother Nina Alekseevna, Anna Alekseevna and Lidia Alekseevna live and are well now.

2.3 Etymology of the surname Inozemtsev

My great-great-grandfather Guryanov Ivan Vasilyevich married Anna Timofeevna Inozemtseva. I decided to determine the etymology of the name Inozemtsev, and test my hypothesis.

The surname Inozemtsev is formed from the nickname Inozmemets: it could be given to the children of a foreigner or a person who loves to travel, visit other lands. Thus, this surname indicates the non-Russian origin of the ancestor.This surname is found in documents from the 16th century: Inozem Usov, labial headman, 1597, Kostroma. Foreigner, eventually received the name of Inozemtsev.

2.3. Analysis of the results

I made one of the branches of the family tree along the line of the Guryanovs. Next, I will add to the table all the relatives included in this tree, and analyze their occupation.

Many people are interested in the question of how to find out your gender and the history of your last name for free. In fact, there is nothing difficult in this, since there are various services, mainly open databases. The information contained in them is enough to "find" their distant relatives and find out about when they lived and what they did.

Information about your ancestors can be found on the Internet.

The origin of the surname can also be viewed using the Internet. The most important thing is to have clear instructions that can be followed during the search. It must be borne in mind that many sites simply contain unreliable information, so not every source can be trusted.

Also, when looking for you can run into scammers. A user who is interested in the history of his surname and the origin of his ancestors may be asked for a phone number, to which an “activation code” will subsequently be sent. This is a basic scheme that helps to withdraw money from the accounts of gullible people.

Fraudsters are able to create duplicate sites (i.e. one-page copies of real-life resources). Some browsers have built-in protection that deliberately warns the user about trying to access an unsafe site.

How to find out the family tree: simple ways

Certainly, the easiest option is to ask around with older and distant relatives, If there are any. As a rule, each family has its own secrets or just understatement.

Another option is to dig through documents, old photographs, which are usually stored in the attic or on a chest of drawers. In almost every house there are dusty boxes in which various things of a “hundred-year-old” age lie. The names and surnames of distant relatives can be indicated in documents and photographs, which will greatly facilitate further searches.

Such photographs are often a storehouse of valuable information. If you have the opportunity to turn to family archives - feel free to use it.

Data received from family members must be recorded in a notebook or notebook. Any information will come in handy - dates of birth, number of children, full name, job positions. Subsequently, it will be possible to conduct a small investigation, using not only electronic, but also paper archives.

Of course, this is all pretty tedious. But sometimes, knowing only the profession and the name of a person, you can establish his identity. It's elementary - to come to an enterprise in which a relative was listed as an employee, to raise old archives.

Finding the roots of a family tree

A free way to find out the family tree via the Internet

Digital archives very often provide exhaustive information, but you need to know how to use them. As a rule, efficient sites are created by separate organizations (for example - family tree center). They are absolutely safe and reliable.

The first site to be considered: http://rosgenea.ru/ - TsGI. The resource was created for those who want to find their relatives. It has several significant advantages:

In this case, the surname "Volkov" was entered, but the filter was "inaccurate", so the result was a whole list of similar and similar surnames.

Earlier it was said that absolutely any information about a relative would be useful. And this is true, because it is the small details of the biography that help in the search.

Site instructions

First you need to enter the last name in the search bar. As previously shown on the screen, in the event that the filter is "inaccurate", the service gives a lot of options. And here you already need to remember or try to establish the name of a relative, because otherwise the search will be very long.

So now on a concrete example it will be considered how to use the site and what tricks you can use:

Press the combination on the keyboard CTRL+V, after which a new window appears. With his help, we will look for the right person. Simply enter additional information.

In this case, we entered "Perm" as a place of residence, and we got the result on the 1st page - Name and address of the person, which is someone's relative.

Alas, the site itself does not provide the ability to enter additional information in the search bar (in addition to the last name) in order to immediately get the desired results. Therefore, you will have to examine all the pages.

It is very strange, but few people know about this method, so the portal is considered relatively useless - after all, finding the right person takes too much time. This manual shows how to reduce this time by several times. In this case, enter after the combinationCTRL + Vanything is possible: address, year of birth, name, and even all together.

If you are looking for several people at once, it is better to draw a family tree in advance. This “school trick” actually works really well, as it helps to clearly trace the genealogical “threads”.

Make your own gynealogical tree!

There are several ways to create a gynecological tree. This video describes the most effective methods.

Surname History

It is interesting to know the history of one's own surname at least. But, alas, this information is provided mainly by controversial sources. The biggest problem is that literally on every corner of the user scammers are waiting. Since the format “send us your last name by SMS and we will tell her story” very popular among small internet pests.

The history of the surname, or rather, its meaning, can be calculated independently using logic. The main meaning is contained in the prefix. For example: Volkov - Wolf, belongs to the group of so-called "animal" surnames. The same can be said about Medvedev. Sometimes you need to choose words that are consonant with the surname, since this also has a special meaning.

It is the history of the surname that is not only the totality of the meaning invested in it, but also the origin, and the presence of great ancestors - commanders, rulers, heroes. Often people attach some importance to the characteristics of the surname and look for parallels with their own character.

In Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, it is customary to call people by their personal name, patronymic and surname. The reason for this phenomenon becomes clear if we consider the long history of the emergence of Russian patronymics.

In almost all European countries, it is customary to name people using a pair of first names: a personal name and a family name (surname). This tradition dates back to ancient Roman times. The exception is Iceland, where a patronymic is used instead of a family name, that is, the name of the parents, father (patronymic) or mother (matronymic). The famous Icelandic singer Björk, for example, is actually called Björk Gvüdmundsdottir (Gvüdmund's daughter).

Thus, Icelanders do not have surnames.

But in the East Slavic states there is a different tradition. In Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, the full name of a person consists of a personal name, patronymic and surname: Philip Bedrosovich Kirkorov, Alla Borisovna Pugacheva. This custom is a little surprising to other Europeans, but seems quite reasonable to people in the Middle East, where the father's name is often added to the personal name. The mighty genie Hasan-Abdurakhman ibn Khottab (that is, the son of Hottab) became in Soviet Moscow simply Gasan Hottabovich, old Hottabych.

In Slavic languages, the role of the Arabic word "ibn" is played by the suffixes "-vich" (for men) and "-ovna / -evna / -ichna" (for women). Therefore, for example, Serbian and Bosnian surnames are very similar to Russian patronymics: Bregovic, Voinovich, Vukovich and even Karageorgievich. In the days of Kievan Rus, patronymic patronymics were the privilege of only noble people: princes and their squads.

There are a lot of examples in Russian epics: Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich, Nastasya Mikulichna. Even Tugarin's enemy is called by his patronymic: Tugarin Zmeevich. Yes, and the Nightingale the Robber, although a damned bastard, is also Odikhmant's son. That is, Odikhmantievich. Perhaps the only exception when a plowman is called a plowman by patronymic in epics is Mikula Silyaninovich. Well, yes, this Mikula is an exception in many respects.

Veliky Novgorod was an exception from the general order. A rich and, by the standards of that time, a completely European free city, loved to live on a person's behalf, according to its own laws.

So the Novgorodians introduced a special order: to address each other by patronymic, that is, in a princely way. Even when Tsar Ivan III destroyed the Novgorod Republic and settled proud Novgorodians in different cities, they preserved this custom, expressing mutual respect. Not only that, they passed it on to others.

The fashion for surnames came to Rus' from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. As early as the 12th century, Veliky Novgorod established close contacts with this state. Noble Novgorodians can be considered the first official owners of surnames in Rus'.

The earliest known list of the dead with surnames: “Novgorodets is the same pade: Kostyantin Lugotinits, Gyuryata Pineshchinich, Namst, Drochilo Nezdylov son of a tanner ...” (The first Novgorod chronicle of the senior version, 1240). Surnames helped in diplomacy and in accounting for the troops. So it was easier to distinguish one Ivan from another.

Boyar and princely families

In the XIV-XV centuries, Russian princes and boyars began to take surnames. Surnames were often formed from the names of lands. Thus, the owners of the estate on the Shuya River became Shuisky, on Vyazma - Vyazemsky, on Meshchera - Meshchersky, the same story with Tversky, Obolensky, Vorotynsky and other -skys.

It must be said that -sk- is a common Slavic suffix, it can be found in Czech surnames (Komensky), Polish (Zapototsky), and Ukrainian (Artemovsky).

The boyars also often received their surnames from the baptismal name of the ancestor or his nickname: such surnames literally answered the question “whose?” (meaning “whose son?”, “what kind?”) and had possessive suffixes in their composition.

The suffix -ov- joined worldly names ending in hard consonants: Smirnoy - Smirnov, Ignat - Ignatov, Petr - Petrov.

The suffix -Ev- joined names and nicknames that had a soft sign at the end, -y, -ey or h: Medved - Medvedev, Yuri - Yuryev, Begich - Begichev.

The suffix -in- received surnames formed from names with vowels "a" and "ya": Apukhta -Apukhtin, Gavrila - Gavrilin, Ilya -Ilyin.

Meanwhile, giving patronymics to people from the lower classes turned into a royal reward. Starting from the 15th century, the title of “eminent people” appeared, who, for special merits, were allowed by royal decree to be called by their patronymic. The honor was great. In the 17th century, for example, the only merchant family honored with a patronymic were the Stroganov merchants.

For other ignoble people (or, as it was said then, people of a “mean rank”), patronymics, if necessary, were formed according to the model “Ivan son of Sidorov” or even more simply “Ivan Sidorov”. So, from patronymics, a significant part of Russian surnames was formed. By the way, it is precisely according to this model that patronymics are formed, if necessary, in the Bulgarian language: Philip Bedrosov Kirkorov.

And now let's remember about Peter Alekseevich, that is, about Tsar Peter I. Among his other merits is the reform of the sovereign service. Instead of the loose system of orders that existed back in the days of his father, Alexei Mikhailovich, the emperor introduced a European-style slender pyramid of service hierarchy, the “table of ranks”. He, of course, did not invent it himself, but “copied” it from the Prussian system of civil service. The Prussian origin of the “report card” is said by the “assessors”, “fendriks” and “stallmasters” who settled in it.

Without a doubt, the famous Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz pointed out the power of the "table of ranks" to Peter I. Leibniz was delighted with the "Prussian project", during which the snuffy kingdom, which was dependent on its powerful neighbor Poland, became a prominent state in Europe in just a few years. And at the same time, Prussia did not have any resources other than human resources.

But all the people were assigned to the place and unanimously performed the service, military or civil. Each was an inconspicuous cog or cog, and together they made up a well-functioning state mechanism. Naturally, the mind of a mathematician and philosopher could not but admire such perfection. The emperor's mind, too.

Among other bonuses, the “table of ranks” guaranteed service people, after reaching a certain rank, the nobility, first personal, and then hereditary. As a result of the expansion of the base of the nobility, people with suspiciously "mean" surnames began to appear among the service nobles: Ivanovs, Mikhalkovs, Ilyins. How to distinguish them from the bourgeois Ivanovs, the merchants Mikhalkovs or the peasants Ilyins?

Tried to do this Catherine II.

According to her decree, it was proposed to introduce different spellings of patronymics for officials or officers of various classes.

Officers and officials of low classes, from 14 to 9 inclusive, were recorded in official documents without a middle name - Nikita Mikhalkov. (Grade 9 corresponded to the military rank of captain or the state rank of titular adviser).

Officers and officials from 8th to 5th grade inclusive were to be called as follows: Nikita Sergeev Mikhalkov. (The ranks of the 5th class were the state adviser and the brigadier - the ranks, although high, were not yet generals.)

Finally, officials and officers who had general ranks (grade 4 and above) were named in official documents by their patronymic: Nikita Sergeevich Mikhalkov. It seems that it was in those years that a phenomenon arose that led to the prevalence of patronymics in Russian anthroponyms. In official correspondence, everything was written as ordered by Catherine II.

But in unofficial correspondence, every nobleman called himself a general, with a patronymic: staff captain Konstantin Alexandrovich Bagration-Mukhransky.

A bad example is contagious. The naming by patronymic was picked up by other estates, philistines, merchants and even wealthy peasants. By the time of the fall of the Russian Empire, in February 1917, almost all of its inhabitants had patronymics in their passports.

Why Romanovs - Romanovs?

The most famous surname in Russian history is the Romanovs. Their ancestor Andrei Kobyly (a boyar from the time of Ivan Kalita) had three sons: Semyon Zherebets, Alexander Elka Kobylin and Fedor Koshka. The Zherebtsovs, Kobylins and Koshkins, respectively, descended from them.

After several generations, the descendants decided that the surname from the nickname is not noble. Then they first became the Yakovlevs (after the great-grandson of Fyodor Koshka) and the Zakharyins-Yuryevs (after the names of his grandson and another great-grandson), and remained in history as the Romanovs (after the great-great-grandson of Fyodor Koshka).

Aristocratic surnames

The Russian aristocracy originally had noble roots, and among the nobles there were many people who came to the Russian service from abroad. It all started with surnames of Greek and Polish-Lithuanian origin at the end of the 15th century, and in the 17th century they were joined by the Fonvizins (German von Wiesen), Lermontovs (Scottish Lermont) and other surnames with Western roots.

Also, foreign stems for surnames that were given to illegitimate children of noble people: Sherov (French cher “dear”), Amantov (French amant “beloved”), Oksov (German Ochs “bull”), Herzen (German Herz “heart ").

Born children generally "suffered" a lot from the imagination of their parents. Some of them did not bother inventing a new surname, but simply abbreviated the old one: this is how Pnin was born from Repnin, Betskoy from Trubetskoy, Agin from Elagin, and the “Koreans” Go and Te came from Golitsyn and Tenishev. The Tatars also left a significant mark on Russian surnames. That is how the Yusupovs (descendants of Murza Yusup), Akhmatovs (Khan Akhmat), Karamzins (Tatar. Kara "black", Murza "lord, prince"), Kudinovs (distorted Kazakh-Tatars. Kudai "God, Allah") and other.

Surnames of servicemen

Following the nobility, simple service people began to receive surnames. They, like the princes, were also often called according to their place of residence, only with the suffixes “simpler”: families living in Tambov became Tambovtsevs, in Vologda - Vologzhaninovs, in Moscow - Moskvichevs and Moskvitinovs. Some were satisfied with a “non-family” suffix denoting an inhabitant of this territory in general: Belomorets, Kostromich, Chernomorets, and someone received the nickname without any changes - hence Tatyana Dunay, Alexander Galich, Olga Poltava and others.

Surnames of the clergy

The surnames of priests were formed from the names of churches and Christian holidays (Christmas, Assumption), and were also artificially formed from Church Slavonic, Latin and Greek words. The most amusing of them were those that were translated from Russian into Latin and received the "princely" suffix -sk-. So, Bobrov became Kastorsky (lat. castor "beaver"), Skvortsov - Sturnitsky (lat. sturnus "starling"), and Orlov - Aquilev (lat. aquila "eagle").

Peasant surnames

Surnames among peasants until the end of the 19th century were rare. The exceptions were non-serf peasants in the north of Russia and in the Novgorod province - hence Mikhailo Lomonosov and Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva.

After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the situation began to improve, and by the time of universal passportization in the 1930s, every inhabitant of the USSR had a surname.

They were formed according to already proven models: suffixes -ov-, -ev-, -in- were added to names, nicknames, habitats, professions.

Why and when did they change names?

When the peasants began to acquire surnames, for superstitious reasons, from the evil eye, they gave the children not the most pleasant surnames: Nelyub, Nenash, Bad, Bolvan, Kruchina. After the revolution, queues of those who wanted to change their surname to a more euphonious one began to form at the passport offices.