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Decorative and applied art of folk culture. Folk arts and crafts: development problems in the context of society reform

Folk arts and crafts is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. It includes a variety of directions, types, forms. But all of them are united by a combination of the practical expediency of products with the natural beauty of their appearance, coming from the surrounding nature (69, p. 263).

Folk arts and crafts is an integral part of culture, actively influences the formation of artistic tastes, enriches professional art and expressive means of industrial aesthetics.

Folk arts and crafts is called art that came to us from the depths of centuries, from the depths of generations, the art is predominantly collective, formed in the folk, peasant environment.

Traditions in the field of folk arts and crafts include the most expressive proportions and shapes of objects selected and polished by many generations of craftsmen, their color scheme, the artistic display of the natural environment, flora and fauna in the ornament, on the basis of which this ornamental culture was formed and skills accumulated over the centuries in craftsmanship. processing of various natural materials. From generation to generation, only that which is vital, progressive, what people need and is capable of further development was passed on.

In Ancient Rus', the whole life of people was literally permeated with the desire for beauty and harmony with the natural environment. House, hearth, furniture, tools, clothing, utensils, toys - everything that the hands of folk craftsmen touched embodied their love for their native land and innate a sense of beauty, And then ordinary household items became works of art. The beauty of their form was complemented by decorative ornaments in the form of ornaments, images of people, animals, birds, scenes.

Since ancient times, folk craftsmen used in their work what nature itself gave them - wood, clay, bone, iron, linen, wool. Nature has always served as the main source of inspiration for craftsmen. But, embodying images of nature in their works, the masters never copied it literally. Illuminated by folk fantasy, reality sometimes acquired magical, fairy-tale features, in which reality and fiction seemed inseparable.

It is this originality of folk arts and crafts, its unique expressiveness and proportion that have inspired and continue to inspire professional artists. However, not all of them manage to fully comprehend and rethink all its depth and spiritual potential.

In modern conditions, the need of the people for folk art, for its authenticity and spirituality, is growing. But to find ways to preserve folk art, to its fruitful development is possible only by understanding its essence, creative and spiritual, its place in modern culture.

Folk arts and crafts is diverse. These are embroidery, ceramics, artistic varnishes, carpet weaving, artistic processing of wood, stone, metal, bone, leather, etc.

Artistic processing of wood. The tree is one of the ancient symbols of Russia. In ancient Slavic mythology, the tree of life symbolized the universe. Shady groves and oak forests, mysterious dark thickets and light green lace of forest edges have attracted connoisseurs of beauty since ancient times, awakened creative energy in our people. It is no coincidence that wood is one of the most favorite natural materials among folk craftsmen.

In different parts of Russia, original types of artistic woodworking have developed. Each of them has its own history and unique features.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving.

decorative vase

Bogorodsk products are made of soft wood - linden, alder, aspen. The main tools of folk craftsmen were an ax, a special Bogorodsk knife and a set of round chisels of various sizes. The blade of the Bogorodsk knife ends in a triangular bevel and is honed to a razor sharpness.

Bogorodskaya carving. I. K. Stulov.

"Tsar Dodon and the Astrologer"

Over the centuries, the so-called flywheel carving techniques have developed. Any product is cut with a knife "on the fly", immediately clean, quickly, accurately, without any preliminary sketches prepared in drawing or clay.

Bogorodsk toys are interesting not only for carving, but also for their original design. Most often these are toys with movement. Their traditional hero is the Bogorodsk bear - a smart and active bear cub, performing in the company of a man.

Bogorodskaya carving. V.S. Shishkin. Toy "Firefighters"

The traditional type of Russian folk arts and crafts is the manufacture of artistically designed products from birch bark, birch bark.

Even in ancient times, birch bark attracted masters of folk art with its dazzling whiteness. When processed, birch bark retained its natural properties: softness, velvety, flexibility and amazing strength, thanks to which it was used to make vessels for liquids, milk and honey. It is known that in the wooded territory of Russia - Vologda, Arkhangelsk, Olonets, Vyatka, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod provinces, as well as in the Urals and Siberia - in Perm, Tobolsk provinces, crafts have developed since ancient times, famous for birch bark products.

These include low wide open vessels - checkmans, boxers, and nabirushkas. A significant part is represented by wickerwork. These include salt shakers, wicker shoes - fords, covers, bags - shoulder pads. The most complex and time-consuming items of utensils are beetroots, boxes, tueski.

Tuesok.

Great Ustyug. Tuesok. A.E. Markova

cut birch bark

Artistic processing of stone. The specificity of the material - its hardness, strength, beauty and variety of colors - determines the widespread use of hard stone in the jewelry industry. This is a special area of artistic processing of hard stone, which is currently very widespread. Necklaces, pendants, brooches, bracelets, rings, earrings, hairpins - a wide range of hard stone products.

The craftsmen working on the creation of jewelry rely on the richest traditions of this art in Russia. Artists seek to bring out the natural beauty of the stone, using an unfaceted surface, in which shades of color and natural inclusions are especially clearly visible.

In addition to jewelry, a fairly extensive range of products is made from hard stone. These are small decorative vases, jewelry trays, desk sets for writing instruments, miniature animalistic sculpture.

Stone carving.

L.N. Puzanov. Vase "Autumn" Stone carving.

T.Ch. Ondar. Goat with kid

Bone carving. Bone is a material widely used in ancient times.

Artistic crafts for processing bones have developed mainly in the North. Elephant tusk, mammoth tusk, walrus tusk served as material for artistic processing. Folk craftsmen were able to identify and use the remarkable properties of the material for artistic products.

Mammoth tusk has a beautiful yellowish tone and texture in the form of a miniature mesh. Due to its hardness, impressive size, beautiful color, it is suitable for creating a variety of artistic products. From it you can make vases, cups, table decorative sculpture, products with openwork carvings.

Walrus tusk - a beautiful white-yellow material. It was used to create miniature sculptures, various products with openwork and relief carving, as well as for engraving. In addition to these main types of bones, a simple animal bone - a tarsus, as well as cattle horn, is used to create artistic products. Although, after bleaching and degreasing, a simple animal bone becomes white, it does not have those properties, beauty, color, and hardness that walrus and mammoth tusks possess.

Kholmogory bone carving. Decorative vase "Spring". Walrus bone. openwork carving

Carved bone.

L.I. Teyutin. "Slaughter of walruses on a rookery"

Carved bone. Table snuff box

"On Tony", 1976. A.V. Leontief

Carved bone.

N. Kililo.

bear family

Artistic metal processing has ancient traditions. The emergence of art metal processing centers in a particular area was due to a number of historical, geographical, and economic reasons.

Russian black. Foot. 17th century Armouries

Pos. Mstyora.

Candy vase.

Copper, filigree, silvering

Folk ceramics. Ceramics - various items made of fired clay. They are made by potters. Wherever there were natural reserves of clay suitable for processing, master potters made bowls, jugs, dishes, flasks and other items widely used in everyday life by people of various shapes and decor.

Skopinsky ceramics. Jug.

Last quarter of the 19th century

Gzhel ceramics. In Gzhel, Moscow Region, the production of ceramic products has long existed, which was carried out by almost the entire population of local villages.

Already in the XVII century. Gzhel craftsmen were famous for their pottery, and the clay they used was of high quality.

In the middle of the 18th century, Gzhel masters began to produce products using the majolica technique, painted on raw enamel. Dishes, kvass, jugs they decorated with elegant painting of green, yellow, purple tones. They depicted flowers, trees, architecture, entire plot scenes.

Vessels were also decorated with sculpture: conditionally transferred human figures, birds, animals. The sculpture was made separately.

Ceramics. A.I. Rozhko.

Kvass on two birds Ceramics. Z.V. Okulova. Teapot set

Lace weaving. Russian hand-woven lace has been known in the history of our folk art crafts since the end of the 18th century. Hand-made lace weaving arose and took shape immediately as a folk craft, without going through the stage of home craft. Western European lace began to penetrate Russia in the second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries; it served as a decoration for the clothes of nobles and landowners. With the spread of fashion for lace and lace trimmings, many nobles set up serf lace-making workshops. Early lace, dating back to the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries, was often made of gold and silver threads with the addition of pearls.

Vologda lace

Yelets lace

Embroidery- one of the oldest types of applied art. This art originated in ancient times and was passed down from generation to generation. Over the centuries, the traditional circle of patterns, the nature of the colors gradually developed, and numerous techniques for embroidering were developed.

Folk embroidery was carried out without a preliminary drawing. The embroiderers knew their patterns by heart, assimilating them and memorizing them along with mastering the execution process itself. The main traditional patterns, characteristic of each locality, have survived to this day (69, pp. 263-304).

Mstyora embroidery

Ivanovo embroidery Cross stitch embroidery

Folk crafts are exactly what makes our culture rich and unique. Painted objects, toys and fabric products are taken away by foreign tourists in memory of our country.

Almost every corner of Russia has its own type of needlework, and in this material we have collected the brightest and most famous of them.

Dymkovo toy

The Dymkovo toy is a symbol of the Kirov region, emphasizing its rich and ancient history. It is molded from clay, then dried and fired in a kiln. After that, it is painted by hand, each time creating a unique copy. No two toys are the same.

Zhostovo painting

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Vishnyakov brothers lived in one of the villages near Moscow in the former Troitskaya volost (now the Mytishchi district), and they painted lacquered metal trays, sugar bowls, pallets, papier-mâché boxes, cigarette cases, tea caddies, albums and other things. Since then, artistic painting in the Zhostovo style began to gain popularity and attract attention at numerous exhibitions in our country and abroad.

Khokhloma

Khokhloma is one of the most beautiful Russian crafts, which originated in the 17th century near Nizhny Novgorod. This is a decorative painting of furniture and wooden utensils, which is loved not only by connoisseurs of Russian antiquity, but also by residents of foreign countries.

Intricately intertwined herbal patterns of bright scarlet berries and golden leaves on a black background can be admired endlessly. Therefore, even traditional wooden spoons, presented on the most insignificant occasion, leave the kindest and longest memory of the donor in the recipient.

Gorodets painting

Gorodets painting has existed since the middle of the 19th century. Bright, laconic patterns reflect genre scenes, figures of horses, roosters, floral ornaments. The painting is done with a free stroke with a white and black graphic stroke, decorates spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors.

Ural malachite

Known deposits of malachite are in the Urals, Africa, South Australia and the USA, however, in terms of color and beauty of patterns, malachite from foreign countries cannot be compared with the Urals. Therefore, malachite from the Urals is considered the most valuable in the world market.

Gusevskoy crystal

Products made at the crystal factory in the city of Gus-Khrustalny can be found in museums around the world. Traditional Russian souvenirs, household items, sets for the festive table, elegant jewelry, boxes, handmade figurines reflect the beauty of native nature, its customs and original Russian values. Colored crystal products are especially popular.

Matryoshka

A round-faced and plump cheerful girl in a scarf and a Russian folk dress won the hearts of lovers of folk toys and beautiful souvenirs around the world.

Now the matryoshka is not just a folk toy, the keeper of Russian culture: it is a memorable souvenir for tourists, on the apron of which game scenes, fairy tale plots and landscapes with sights are finely drawn. Matryoshka has become a precious collectible that can cost more than one hundred dollars.

Enamel

Vintage brooches, bracelets, pendants, which have rapidly “entered” into modern fashion, are nothing more than jewelry made using the enamel technique. This type of applied art originated in the 17th century in the Vologda region.

Masters depicted floral ornaments, birds, animals on white enamel using a variety of colors. Then the art of multi-colored enamel began to be lost, it began to be replaced by monochromatic enamel: white, blue and green. Now both styles are successfully combined.

Tula samovar

In his free time, Fyodor Lisitsyn, an employee of the Tula Arms Plant, liked to make something from copper, and once made a samovar. Then his sons opened a samovar establishment, where they sold copper products, which were wildly successful.

The Lisitsyn samovars were famous for their variety of shapes and finishes: barrels, vases with chasing and engraving, egg-shaped samovars with dolphin-shaped taps, loop-shaped handles, and painted ones.

Palekh miniature

Palekh miniature is a special, subtle, poetic vision of the world, which is characteristic of Russian folk beliefs and songs. The painting uses brown-orange and bluish-green tones.

Palekh painting has no analogues in the whole world. It is made on papier-mâché and only then transferred to the surface of caskets of various shapes and sizes.

Gzhel

Gzhel bush, a district of 27 villages located near Moscow, is famous for its clays, which have been mined here since the middle of the 17th century. In the 19th century, Gzhel masters began to produce semi-faience, faience and porcelain. Of particular interest are still products painted in one color - blue overglaze paint applied with a brush, with graphic rendering of details.

Pavlovo Posad shawls

Bright and light, feminine Pavloposad shawls are always fashionable and relevant. This folk craft appeared at the end of the 18th century at a peasant enterprise in the village of Pavlovo, from which a handkerchief manufactory subsequently developed. It produced woolen shawls with a printed pattern, very popular at that time.

Now original drawings are complemented by various elements such as fringe, created in different colors and remain a great accessory to almost any look.

Vologda lace

Vologda lace is woven on wooden sticks, bobbins. All images are made with a dense, continuous, uniform in width, smoothly wriggling linen braid. They clearly stand out against the background of patterned lattices, decorated with elements in the form of stars and rosettes.

Shemogoda carved birch bark

Shemogod carving is a traditional Russian folk art craft of birch bark carving. The ornaments of Shemogoda carvers are called "birch lace" and are used in the manufacture of caskets, boxes, tea caddies, pencil cases, tuesov, dishes, plates, cigarette cases.

The symmetrical pattern of Shemogoda carving consists of floral ornaments, circles, rhombuses, and ovals. Images of birds or animals, architectural motifs, and sometimes even scenes of walking in the garden and drinking tea can be inscribed in the drawing.

Shawls are knitted from natural goat down and are amazingly delicate, beautiful, warm and practical. Openwork shawls are so thin and elegant that they can be threaded through a wedding ring. They are valued by women all over the world and are considered a wonderful gift.

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17 most beautiful types of Russian folk art.

Folk crafts are exactly what makes our culture rich and unique. Painted objects, toys and fabric products are taken away by foreign tourists in memory of our country.

Almost every corner of Russia has its own type of needlework, and in this material we have collected the brightest and most famous of them.

Dymkovo toy

Zhostovo painting

Khokhloma

Gorodets painting

Filigree

Filigree is one of the oldest types of artistic metal processing. Elements of a filigree pattern are very diverse: in the form of a rope, lace, weaving, Christmas trees, paths, smooth surface. Weaves are made of very thin gold or silver wires, so they look light and fragile.

Ural malachite

Gusevskoy crystal

Matryoshka

A round-faced and plump cheerful girl in a scarf and a Russian folk dress won the hearts of lovers of folk toys and beautiful souvenirs around the world.

Enamel

Tula samovar

Palekh miniature

Palekh miniature is a special, subtle, poetic vision of the world, which is characteristic of Russian folk beliefs and songs. The painting uses brown-orange and bluish-green tones.

Palekh painting has no analogues in the whole world. It is made on papier-mâché and only then transferred to the surface of caskets of various shapes and sizes.

Gzhel

Pavlovo Posad shawls

Tuesday, February 15, 2011 10:20 am + to quote pad

The article was written based on the materials of the site "Country of Masters" (mostly).

Studying the recently discovered site "Country of Masters" and never ceasing to be surprised and admired by the variety of applied art techniques and the talent of our people, I decided to systematize the techniques.
The list will be updated as new techniques are discovered.

* Techniques related to the use of paper:

1. Iris folding ("Rainbow folding") - paper folding technique. Appeared in Holland. The technique requires attention and accuracy, but at the same time it allows you to easily make spectacular postcards or decorate the pages of a memorable album (scrapbooking) with interesting decorative elements.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/776

2. Paper plastics in terms of creativity is very similar to sculpture. But, in paper plastic, all products are empty inside, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture, either the volume is increased with additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462

3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of the technique for making products, in which corrugated paper tubes are used to decorate surfaces or to create three-dimensional figures. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper on a stick, pencil or knitting needle, followed by compression. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for execution and use.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1492

4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil "bird feather") - the art of paper rolling. It originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges on the tip of a bird's feather, which created an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/587
http://stranamasterov.ru/node/1364

4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) is the ancient art of folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was discovered.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/560
Kinds:
- Kirigami - a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and paper cutting in the process of making a model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole trend in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutouts and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and postcards that fold into a flat figure.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1723
- Kusudama (Japanese: "medicine ball") - a paper model, which is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that a spherical body is obtained forms. Alternatively, individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued, not sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached from below.
The art of kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dry petals; these may have been the first true bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of the two Japanese words kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Currently, kusudami are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested into each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/850
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually, an appliqué is then glued from the folded parts.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1636
- Origami modular - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by nesting them into each other. The resulting friction force does not allow the structure to disintegrate.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/15

5. Papier-mâché (French papier-mâché “chewed paper”) is an easily shaped mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Papier-mâché is used to make dummies , masks, teaching aids, toys, theatrical props, boxes. In some cases, even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mache blank not only with paints, painting like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/561

7. Embossing (another name is "embossing") - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymeric material or plastic, foil, parchment (the technique is called "parchment", see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which the material itself is embossed with a convex or concave stamp with or without heating, sometimes with the additional use of foil and paint. Embossing is carried out mainly on book covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packaging, etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1626
Kinds:
- Parchment - parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and becomes convex and whitens during processing. In this technique, interesting postcards are obtained, and this technique can also be used to design a scrappage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1705
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliche on a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to simulate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern that imitates the skin of a crocodile, etc.)

* Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove dwellings (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, tuesas, wagons, turtles, baskets) and shoes from long flexible branches. Man has learned to braid his hair.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for application appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything that comes across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers .... Such weaving techniques as weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, macrame knot weaving, bobbin weaving, beading, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chain mail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines) ...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave a lot of beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/302

1. Beading, like the beads themselves, has a long history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave necklaces from beaded threads, string bracelets and cover women's dresses with beaded nets. But only in the 19th century did the real flourishing of bead production begin. For a long time, the Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Craftsmen and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, purses and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglasses, as well as other elegant things with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, the natives began to use it instead of traditional Indian familiar materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hairnet, earrings, snuff boxes..
In the Far North, beaded embroidery was used to decorate fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harness, leather sunglasses...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets, there are amazing items. Brushes and cases for chalk, cases for a toothpick (!), an inkwell, a pen and a pencil, a collar for your favorite dog, a cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chess boards and much, much, much more.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1355

2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese needlework. It is in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creating beautiful flowers to decorate the altar has been preserved to this day.
The ganutel uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wind parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers are elegant and light.
In the 16th century, a spiral wire made of gold or silver was called in Italian “canutiglia”, and in Spanish “canutillo”, in Russian this word probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1170

3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - nodular weaving technique.
The technique of this nodular weaving has been known since antiquity. According to some reports, macrame came to Europe in the VIII-IX centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, Ancient Greece.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/750

4. Lace weaving on bobbin. In Russia, the Vologda, Yelets, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky crafts are still known.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1687

5. Tatting is a woven nodular lace. It is also called shuttle lace, because this lace is woven with a special shuttle.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1728

* Techniques related to painting, various types of painting and creating images:

Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on a surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), mainly from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting - a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images by applying paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Paintings also include images painted on decorative and ceremonial vessels. whose surfaces can have complex shapes.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1218

1. Batik - hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to a fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as the artists say, "reserve" from staining individual sections of the fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, nodular, free painting, free painting using saline, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word "ba" means cotton fabric, and "-tik" means "dot" or "drop". Ambatik - draw, cover with drops, hatch.
Painting "batik" has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/916

2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types of decorative art. Glass or other transparent material is the base material. The history of stained-glass windows begins from ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions appeared, panels made from colored pieces of glass or painted with special paints on plain glass.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/886

3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technique was traditional both for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern tubes for juice are no worse in use. They help to blow recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic drawings from a small amount of liquid paint onto a sheet of paper.

4. Guilloche - the technique of manually burning an openwork pattern on fabric using a burning apparatus was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires precision in work. It should be made in a single color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of a given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks for books, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more that your imagination will tell you, will decorate any home!
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1342

5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or a sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (so that it does not blur, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/686

6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way to create an image from small elements. Putting together the puzzle is very important for the mental development of the child.
It can be from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden saw cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small stones, shells, thermo-mosaic, Tetris-mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, maple seeds, pasta, any natural material (cone scales, needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/438

7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, single and tupos - print) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
On a smooth surface of glass or thick glossy paper (it should not let water through) - a drawing is made with gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed against the surface. The result is a mirror image.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/663

8. Thread graphics (thread, thread image, thread design) - a graphic image made in a special way with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isography or cardboard embroidery. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. Threads can be ordinary sewing, woolen, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/452

9. Ornament (Latin ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; designed to decorate various items (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both from the outside and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples as well the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1222

10. Print.
Kinds:
- Sponge printing. For this, both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1094
Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops ...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1068

11. Pointillism (fr. Pointillisme, literally “dottedness”) - a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of a rectangular or round shape, based on their optical mixing in the eye of the viewer, in contrast to mixing paints on the palette. Optical mixing of three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs of additional colors (red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives a much greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing colors with the formation of shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer from a distance or in a reduced form.
Georges Seurat was the founder of the style.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/700

12. Drawing with palms. It is difficult for small children to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills of the hands, and provide an opportunity to discover a new and magical world of artistic creativity - this is drawing with the palms. Drawing with their hands, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1315

13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the side of the veins. The paper you are going to print on can be colored or white. Press the sheet with the painted side against the sheet of paper, carefully remove it, taking the "tail" (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over. And now, having finished the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/667

14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of everyday life and the original culture of the people. In Russian folk art, there are a large number of varieties of this type of arts and crafts.
Here are some of them:
- Zhostovo painting - an old Russian folk craft, originated at the beginning of the 19th century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. It is one of the most famous types of Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting - Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. near the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made with a free brushstroke with white and black graphic strokes, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
- Khokhloma painting - an old Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting a tree, silver tin powder is applied to the tree. After that, the product is covered with a special composition and processed in the oven three or four times, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, which gives the effect of massiveness to light wooden utensils. The traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and animals.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/301

15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with paints in molten form (hence the name). A variety of encaustic is wax tempera, which is distinguished by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted in this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1485

*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and the use of fabrics:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb "to sew", i.e. what is sewn or sewn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1136

2. Patchwork, Quilting, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk arts and crafts, with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of multi-colored fabrics or knitted elements of geometric shapes to be connected in a bedspread, blouse or bag.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1347
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to the fruit of the artichoke. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By and large, in this technique, it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, compose (glue) various panels of a rounded (or polyhedral shape) on a plane or in volume.
There are two ways to sew: the tip of the blanks is directed to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with a tip to a narrower part. The parts to be folded are not necessarily cut into squares. It can be both rectangles and circles. In any case, we meet with the folding of cut-out blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the origami patchwork family, and since they create volume, therefore, they also belong to the "3d" technique.
Example: http://stranamasterov.ru/node/137446?tid=1419
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this one as well. I think it's a multimethod.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination of various techniques: patchwork + embroidery + painting, etc.
Example:

3. Tsumami Kanzashi. Tsumami is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the master takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
Hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave the name to a whole new kind of arts and crafts. This technique was used to make decorations for combs, and for individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of various accessories.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1724

* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple hand tools (crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/729

1. Knitting on a fork. An interesting way to crochet using a special device - a fork, curved in the shape of the letter U. The result is light, airy patterns.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of hand-made fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, embossed patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of a lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations of loops and columns. The correct ratio - the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/858
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1157
4. Tunisian knitting with a long hook (both one and several loops can simultaneously participate to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Fillet knitting - imitates fillet-guipure embroidery on a special grid.
7. Guipure knitting (Irish or Brussels lace) crochet.

2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. Decorating your life and home with handicrafts or children's toys convenient for everyday life, you experience the joy of appearance and the pleasure of the process of their creation.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1418

3. Carving - a kind of arts and crafts. It is one of the types of artistic processing of wood along with sawing, turning.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1113

* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Application (from Latin “attaching”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, beads, woolen threads, metal chased plates, all kinds of fabric (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive possibilities is very close to another means of representation - collage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/364
Also exist:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - a new kind of arts and crafts. It is a creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. In essence, this is a rare, very expressive type of “painting.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1243
- Application from "palms". Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/612
- Breakaway appliqué is one of the types of multifaceted appliqué technique. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1346

2. Assemblage (fr. assemblage) - a technique of visual art, akin to collage, but using three-dimensional details or whole objects, appliquely arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows pictorial additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes it is applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, because the terminology of the latest visual art is not well established.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1412

3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of the technique is well traced from the English name tunnel - a tunnel - a through hole. The multi-layered nature of the “books” (book) that is being compiled conveys the feeling of the tunnel well. There is a three-dimensional postcard. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types of techniques, such as scrapbooking, applique, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because. aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel was dated to the middle of the 18th century. and was the epitome of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or sold as souvenirs for tourists.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1411

4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/701
They are cut out of paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, birch bark, plastic bottles, soap, plywood (although this is already called sawing), fruits and vegetables, as well as other different materials. Various tools are used: scissors, mock knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetric structure are cut out by eye, with curvilinear contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive, they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1416
- The cut is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of the sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey the external features of objects in applications in a stylized form.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/466
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has existed since the time when paper was invented in China. And this type of carving became known as jianzhi. This art has spread all over the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/563
- Carving (see below).

5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “what is cut out”) is a technique for decorating, appliqué, decorating with cut paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the XII century. began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this technique also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence the other name - "napkin technology". The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, caskets, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, gypsum - must be plain and light, because. the pattern cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/722

6. Carving (from the English. carvу - cut, cut, engrave, cut; carving - carving, carving, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking - this is the simplest form of sculpture or engraving on the surface of vegetables and fruits, such short-lived decorations table.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1339

7. Collage is a creative genre when a work is created from a wide variety of cut out images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - pasted paper. Very quickly, this concept began to be used in an expanded sense - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from fragments of other texts, fragments collected on the same plane.
The collage can be completed by any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/324

8. Constructor (from lat. constructor "builder") - an ambiguous term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. i.e. details or elements of some future layout, information about which is collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers differ in the type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). The combination of various elements creates interesting designs for games and fun.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/984

9. Modeling - shaping plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) with the help of hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is designed to master the primary principles of this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/670

10. A layout is a copy of an object with resizing (usually reduced), which is made with the preservation of proportions. The layout should also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique work, you can use various materials, it all depends on its functional purpose (exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). It can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1397
Layout view - a model is a valid layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is focused on certain aspects of the modeled object or equally detailed thereof. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other school subjects, for a sea or air club. A variety of materials are used in modeling: balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, gypsum, papier-mâché, salt dough, paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric ...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1353

11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats, fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials for obtaining the main component of soap.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1631

12. Sculpture (lat. sculptura, from sculpo - cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow , sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - molding, carving, casting, forging, chasing, cutting, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1399

13. Weaving - production of fabrics and textiles from yarn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1318

14. Filting (or felting, or felting) - felting wool. There is "wet" and "dry".
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/736

15. Flat chasing is one of the types of arts and crafts, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or a round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
The processing of the material is carried out with the help of a rod - a chasing, which is placed vertically, on the upper end of which they hit with a hammer. By moving the coinage, a new form gradually appears. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples:

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Decorative and applied art is an extensive section of art, covering various areas of artistic activity and focused on the creation of utilitarian items. The aesthetic level of such works, as a rule, is quite high. The collective term combines two types of art - applied and decorative. The first has signs of practical application, the second is designed to decorate the human environment.

Creativity and utility

Applied art - what is it? First of all, these are objects whose characteristics are close to the artistic style, and their purpose is quite diverse. Vases, jugs, dishes or sets made of fine porcelain, as well as many other items decorate living rooms, kitchen sets, bedrooms and children's rooms. Some items may be works of genuine art and yet belong to the category of applied art.

Wide scope of activities

Applied art - what is it from the point of view of the master? A labor-intensive creative process or a simple craft made from improvised materials? a work of art that deserves the highest praise. The utilitarian purpose of the product does not detract from its merits. Decorative and applied art is a wide field of activity for artists and sculptors, designers and stylists. Exclusive works of art created in a single copy are especially appreciated. At the same time, mass-produced products are classified as souvenirs.

Decorations in the house

Decorative and applied art - what is it, if we consider it as part of the aesthetic filling of the domestic environment? It is safe to say that all products and objects located around reflect the tastes of people who are in close proximity to them, as a person tries to surround himself with beautiful things. Decorative and applied art makes it possible to decorate housing, office space, recreation area. Particular attention is paid to the design of rooms for children.

And, finally, applied art - what is it in the understanding of the public? These are exhibitions, vernissages, fairs and many other public events that introduce people to culture. Fine arts and crafts increases the level of human development, contributes to the formation of his aesthetic taste. In addition, visiting the expositions broadens the general horizons. Each exhibition of applied art is an acquaintance of the general public with new achievements in the field of artistic creativity. Such events are of particular importance in the education of the younger generation.

A bit of history

Folk arts and crafts originates in Russian villages. Simple crafts by homegrown craftsmen are often classified as products in the category of "folk arts and crafts". A good example of the folklore style is the so-called - painted cockerels, figurines, red clay ornaments.

The fishery is rooted in the past, it is more than four hundred years old. Ancient applied art appeared thanks to the national holiday "Whistle", when the entire female population sculpted clay whistles for this day in the form of chickens, lambs, horses. The party went on for two days.

Over time, the holiday lost its significance, and folk arts and crafts continued to develop. Currently, Dymkovo art products are being replicated in the Vyatka Toy production association. Products are traditionally covered with whitewash and painted with bright, rich colors.

fine arts

Products of folk art in their original form, as a rule, become the basis for fairy-tale characters invented by the inhabitants of Russian villages, are displayed in the famous Palekh caskets, Zhostovo trays, and Khokhloma wooden products. The applied art of Russia is diverse, each direction is interesting in its own way, the products of Russian masters are in high demand among foreign collectors.

"Demand gives rise to supply" - this wording perfectly reflects the state of affairs in the field of folk art crafts in Russia. For example, art products in the Gzhel style have been popular all over the world for several centuries. The famous white and blue vases, plates, and tea bowls are desirable in every home, and especially valuable specimens are the pride of collectors. It is still unclear what applied art is - work, craft or artistic creativity. In fact, each product requires some effort to create it, and at the same time it is necessary to give the image an artistic value.

Applied art in the children's room

In certain cases, the subject of artistic creativity can be addressed to the younger generation. Of particular value are products made by children's hands. The spontaneity inherent in boys and girls of preschool age, naive fantasy mixed with the desire to express their innermost feelings give rise to real masterpieces. Children's arts and crafts, represented by drawings, plasticine figurines, cardboard little men, are the most real artistic creativity. Today, competitions are held throughout Russia, in which small "artists" and "sculptors" participate.

Modern Russian applied art

Photographs, daggerotypes, etchings, engravings, prints, as well as many other examples, are also artistic creations. Products can be very different. At the same time, they are all united by belonging to social and cultural life under the common name - decorative and applied art. Works in this area are distinguished by a special folklore style. It is not for nothing that all art crafts originated in the Russian hinterland, in villages and villages. There is a homegrown unpretentiousness and a complete absence of that pretentiousness that is sometimes found in works of fine art in the products. At the same time, the artistic level of folk art is quite high.

In Russia, arts and crafts is part of the economic power of the country. Below is a list of the main areas of folk art crafts that have received worldwide recognition and are exported in industrial volumes.

Lacquer miniatures on a wooden base (Palekh, Mstyora, Fedoskino).
Zhostovo art painting on metal, Limoges enamel, enamel.
Khokhloma, Gorodets, Mezen art painting on wood.
Gzhel, Filimonovo toy, Dymkovo toy - artistic painting on ceramics.

Palekh

Palekh folk art craft appeared in Russian open spaces at the beginning of the 20th century. The art of lacquer drawing originated in a small village in the Ivanovo province called Palekh. The craft was a continuation of the icon-painting art, which is rooted in pre-Petrine times. Later, the masters of Palekh participated in the painting of the Moscow Kremlin, the Novodevichy Convent, the cathedrals of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

The revolution of 1917 abolished icon painting, the artists were left without work. In 1918, the craftsmen created a Palekh art artel, in which wooden handicrafts were painted. Then the craftsmen learned how to create papier-mâché boxes and paint them in miniature style using traditional icon-painting techniques.

In 1923, lacquer miniatures were presented at the All-Russian Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition, where they received a diploma of the 2nd degree. And two years later, the Palekh caskets were exhibited in Paris, at the World Exhibition.

The success of unusual art products became an incentive for the creation of the organizations "Union of Palekh Artists" and "Palekh Art Workshops" under the Art Fund of the USSR.

Fedoskino

This word is associated with Russian lacquer painting with the use of craft appeared in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow in the second half of the 18th century. The drawing was applied to papier-mâché products and then varnished in several layers.

The beginning of the art of the Fedoskino miniature was laid by the Russian merchant P. I. Korobov, who visited the German city of Braunschweig and adopted technologies for creating snuff boxes, beads, caskets and other items decorated with picturesque pictures there.

The Fedoskino lacquer miniature is painted with oil paints in four stages: first, a sketch of the drawing is made (“painting”), then a detailed study (“repainting”), glazing - coating with transparent paints, the last process - glare, which conveys highlights and shadows in the image.

The Fedoskino drawing technique involves the use of a tint layer of reflective components: metal powder or gold leaf. In some cases, the master can make a mother-of-pearl lining. Transparent glazing paints together with the lining create a unique deep glow effect. The ink layer is underlined by a black background.

Mstera

This was the name of the Russian folk craft, which appeared in the middle of the 18th century in the Vladimir province. It all started with "petty letters" - miniature icons with the smallest details. After the revolution of 1917, when there was no need for icon painting, mstyora switched to caskets and boxes made of papier-mâché. The drawing was applied mixed on egg yolks. By the middle of the 20th century, the technologies of the lacquer miniature of the mstyora were finally formed.

The basic principles of drawing a picture are to transfer the general contours from tracing paper to the surface of the product, then "opening" follows, drawing the picture itself. The next step is detailed painting. And finally "melt" - the final coloring with glare, which includes created gold (the smallest gold powder). The finished product is covered with transparent varnish in six layers with intermediate drying, then polished.

The characteristic features of Mstyora painting are carpet decorativeness, a sophisticated play of shades and three color schemes used in coloring: yellow ocher, red and silver-blue. The theme of the drawing is classical: fairy tales, historical monuments, architecture.

Zhostovo

The folk craft of Zhostovo is metal trays painted in a special style. Zhostovo art was born at the beginning of the 19th century, in the villages of the Trinity volost, in the Moscow region. Residents of three villages (Ostashkovo, Zhostovo and Khlebnikovo) started making papier-mâché painted items. And in the workshop of the Vishnyakov brothers, they began to make trays from tin with a colorful pattern.

The Vishnyakovs' price list included two dozen different items made of metal and papier-mâché, all of them painted, colorfully designed and in high demand at fairs, while the painted tray was always in the forefront.

Zhostovo painting is a floral theme in several versions: a garden bouquet, random flowers, a garland, a wicker wreath. Field plants constituted a separate composition.

Bouquets on a tray look natural due to the careful study of small details. In this case, the color palette is used as saturated as possible. The background, as a rule, is black, the edges of the tray are decorated with openwork ornaments, vegetative or stylized as a wood structure. The Zhostovo tray is always hand-painted and is an exclusive work of art.

Khokhloma

This name was given to Russian folk craft, dating back to the beginning of the 17th century. Khokhloma painting is the most complex and expensive of all currently existing techniques. Artistic applied art is a long creative process associated with wood processing, multi-layer priming and painting with oil paints.

The process of making Khokhloma products begins with blanks. First, the craftsmen, that is, chop wooden blocks with an ax. Then the workpieces are processed on machines to the desired size and shape. The processed blanks are called "linen". After grinding, they are coated with special liquid clay and dried. Then the already primed workpieces are covered with several layers of linseed oil with intermediate drying. This is followed by tinning, or rubbing aluminum powder into the surface, after which the product becomes a white-mirror color. At this stage, it is already ready for painting.

The main colors of Khokhloma are black and red (soot and cinnabar), auxiliary colors are gold, brown, light green and yellow. In this case, very thin brushes are used (made exclusively from squirrel tails), since strokes are applied with a barely noticeable touch.

The thematic content of the picture is rowan berries, viburnum, strawberries, small foliage, thin, slightly curved green stems. Everything is drawn with bright, intense colors, the contours are clearly marked. The image is built on the principle of contrast.

Gzhel

This is the most popular folk craft, a traditional Russian center for the production of artistic ceramics. It occupies a vast region, consisting of 27 villages, under the general name Gzhel Bush, 60 kilometers from Moscow.

From time immemorial, Gzhel places have been famous for deposits of high-grade clay suitable for apothecary vessels. In 1770, the Gzhel volost lands were assigned to the Pharmaceutical Order. At the same time, in the Gzhel villages, they launched the production of bricks, pottery pipes, stove tiles and children's toys for Moscow.

Dishes made of Gzhel clay were especially good, light and durable. At the beginning of the 19th century, there were 25 factories for the production of tableware in the parish. The proximity of Moscow stimulated the development of the production of clay products; a myriad of bowls, plates, dishes and other kitchen utensils were sold at the capital's fairs.

Gzhel toys at that time were made from waste utensils. No matter how much clay was left, all of it was used to model cockerels, hens, lambs and goats. Initially, handicraft workshops worked chaotically, but soon a certain line in production was outlined. Raw materials began to be harvested specifically for souvenirs, craftsmen also specialized in the profile of the most sought-after products.

White shiny horses and figurines were painted in different colors until cobalt, a universal paint, appeared. The intense bright blue color is the best match with the snow-white enamel of the workpiece. In the 50s of the last century, artists completely abandoned all other colors and began to use glazed blue cobalt coloring. At the same time, the motives of the drawing could be very different, on any topic.

Other crafts

The range of Russian folk art crafts of arts and crafts is unusually wide. Here is artistic Kasli casting and embossing with interspersed elements. Intarsia and marquetry technologies allow you to create magnificent paintings and panels. Russian applied art is a vast cultural layer of the country, the property of society.

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