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Previous. The disclosure of the meaning of names and surnames in the plays of A.N. Ostrovsky helps to comprehend both the plot and the main images.

Plays by A. Ostrovsky are full of various symbols. First of all, these are symbols associated with the natural world: forest, thunderstorm, river, bird, flight. The names of the characters also play a very important role in the plays, most often the names of ancient origin: ancient Greek and Roman. The motives of the ancient theater in the works of Ostrovsky have not yet been sufficiently studied, so it is difficult to take into account all the semantic overtones of Greek and Roman names here. It is clear, however, that these names were not at all randomly chosen by the author, their sound composition, imagery and their meaning in the Russian language are very important. We will dwell on these points in more detail.

Yu. Olesha admired the names of Ostrovsky's heroes. Paratov is both a parade and a pirate. One can add to Olesha's observations the unconditionally suggestive comparison of Paratov with a “horned” beast, that is, powerful, predatory, strong and merciless. Mother leader, for example. His predatory behavior in the play is best described by this surname.

The names of Dikoy and Kabanov do not need to be commented on. But let's not forget that Dikoi is not only the all-powerful Savel Prokofievich, but also his nephew, Boris. After all, Boris's mother "could not get along with her relatives", "it seemed very wild to her." So, Boris is Wild by his father. What follows from this? Yes, it follows that he failed to defend his love and protect Katerina. After all, he is the flesh of the flesh of his ancestors and knows that he is entirely in the power of the “dark kingdom”. Yes, and Tikhon - Kabanov, no matter how "quiet" he is. So Katerina is rushing about in this dark forest among animal-like creatures. She chose Boris almost unconsciously, the only difference between him and Tikhon is his name (Boris is Bulgarian for “fighter”).

Wild, masterful characters, except for Wild, are represented in the play by Varvara (she is a pagan, a “barbarian”, not a Christian and behaves accordingly) and Kudryash, on whom the corresponding Shapkin is located, reasoning with him. Kuligin, in addition to the well-known associations with Kulibin, also evokes the impression of something small, defenseless: in this terrible swamp he is a sandpiper, a bird - and nothing more. He praises Kalinov as a sandpiper praises his swamp.

Women's names in Ostrovsky's plays are very bizarre, but the name of the main character almost always extremely accurately characterizes her role in the plot and fate. Larisa - “seagull” in Greek, Katerina - “clean”. Larisa is a victim of Paratov's pirate trade deals: he sells "birds" - "Swallow" (steamboat) and then Larisa - a seagull. Katerina is a victim of her purity, her religiosity, she could not bear the split of her soul, because she loved - not her husband, and severely punished herself for this. It is interesting that Kharita and Martha (in "Dowry" and in "Thunderstorm", respectively) are both Ignatievnas, that is, "ignorant" or, scientifically, "ignoring". They stand, as it were, aloof from the tragedy of Larisa and Katerina, although both, of course, are to blame (not directly, but indirectly) for the death of their daughter and daughter-in-law.

Larisa in “Dowry” is not surrounded by “animals”. But these are people with great ambitions, playing with it like a thing. Mokiy - “blasphemous”, Vasily - “king”, Julius is, of course, Julius Caesar, and even Kapitonych, that is, living with his head (kaput - head), or maybe striving to be the main one. And everyone looks at Larisa as a stylish, fashionable, luxurious thing, as an unprecedented high-speed steamer, as a luxurious villa. And what Larisa thinks or feels about herself is the tenth thing, which does not interest them at all. And the chosen one of Larisa, Sergey Sergeevich Paratov - “highly venerated”, from a kind of arrogant Roman patricians, evokes associations with such a famous tyrant in history as Lucius Sergius Catilina.

And finally, Kharita - the mother of three daughters - is associated with the Kharites, the goddesses of youth and beauty, of which there were three, but she also destroys them (remember the terrible fate of the other two sisters - one married a cheater, the other was stabbed to death by a Caucasian husband).

In the play "Forest" Aksyusha is completely alien to this world of evil spirits. The forest can be understood as a new "dark kingdom". Only not merchants live here, but kikimoras like Gurmyzhskaya and Julitta. Aksyusha is a stranger because her name means in Greek “foreigner”, “foreigner”. In light of this, the questions that Aksyusha and Peter ask each other are noteworthy: “Are you yours or someone else’s?” - “Whose are you? Is it yours?”

But the name Gurmyzhskaya (Raisa - in Greek “careless”, “frivolous”) is very suitable for her, it just seems to be an overly delicate characteristic for this witch. Ulita (Julia) is again related to the Julii family, famous in Rome, but this name may hint more directly at her depraved nature. After all, in the old Russian story “On the Beginning of Moscow”, Ulita is the name of the criminal wife of Prince Daniel, a traitor and a deceiver.

The names of the actors Schastlivtsev and Neschastlivtsev (Arkady and Gennady) justify their pseudonyms and behavior. Arkady means “happy”, and Gennady means “noble”. Milonov, of course, has something in common with Manilov and Molchalin, and Bodaev, both by name and manner, is Sobakevich's heir.

So, revealing the meaning of names and surnames in Ostrovsky's plays helps to comprehend both the plots and the main images. Although surnames and names cannot be called “speaking” in this case, since this is a feature of the plays of classicism, they are speaking in the broad - symbolic - sense of the word.

The disclosure of the meaning of names and surnames in the plays of A.N. Ostrovsky helps to comprehend both the plot and the main images. Although surnames and names cannot be called speaking in this case, since this is a feature of the plays of classicism, they are speaking in the broad - symbolic - sense of the word.

Wild in the northern Russian regions meant "stupid, crazy, insane, half-witted, crazy", and wild - "fool, beat, go crazy." Initially, Ostrovsky intended to give the hero the patronymic Petrovich (from Pyotr - “stone”), but there was no strength, firmness in this character, and the playwright gave Diky the patronymic Prokofievich (from Prokofy - “successful”). This was more suitable for a greedy, ignorant, cruel and rude person who at the same time was one of the richest and most influential merchants in the city. Actor M. Zharov

Martha - "mentor", Ignatius - "unknown, who put himself." The nickname of the heroine could be formed from two words that equally deeply correspond to the essence of her character, either - a wild ferocious pig, or a boar - a block of ice. Cruelty, ferocity and coldness, indifference of this heroine are obvious. Kabanova is a wealthy widow; this description has both social and psychological meaning. Actress V. Pashennaya

Wild, self-willed characters, except for Wild, are represented in the play by Barbara (she is a pagan, a barbarian, not a Christian and behaves accordingly). Her name means "rough" in Greek. This heroine is really quite simple spiritually, rude. She knows how to lie when necessary. Its principle is “do whatever you want, as long as it’s sewn and covered.” Varvara is kind in her own way, loves Katerina, she helps her, as it seems to her, find love, arranges a date, but does not think about what consequences all this may have. This heroine is in many respects opposed to Katerina - according to the principle of contrast, scenes of a date between Kudryash and Varvara, on the one hand, and Katerina and Boris, on the other, are built. Actress O. Khorkaova

"Self-taught mechanic", as the hero presents himself. Kuligin, in addition to the well-known associations with Kulibin, also evokes the impression of something small, defenseless: in this terrible swamp he is a sandpiper - a bird and nothing more. He praises Kalinov as a sandpiper praises his swamp. P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky, in his review of The Thunderstorm, wrote: “... Mr. Ostrovsky very skillfully gave this man the famous name of Kulibin, who brilliantly proved in the past century and at the beginning of this century what an unlearned Russian person can do with the power of his genius and unbending will.” Artist S. Markushev

Julius Kapitonych Karandyshev - the combination of the name and patronymic of the hero sounds unusual, grotesque - the name of the Roman emperor and the common people's patronymic. With such an unusual combination, the author immediately emphasizes the complexity and inconsistency of the hero. The surname Karandyshev can be interpreted by looking into Dahl's dictionary. Pencil means "short, short". Actor A. Myagkov

And finally, Harita - the mother of three daughters - is associated with the Kharites, the goddesses of youth and beauty, of which there were three, but she also destroys them (remember the terrible fate of the other two sisters - one married a cheater, the other was stabbed to death by a Caucasian husband). Harita Ignatievna Ogudalova - "a middle-aged widow, dressed elegantly, but boldly and beyond her years." Harita - a name meaning "charm" (charites - the goddess of grace); In the 19th century, a gypsy was called Ignat in general, like, for example, Vanka - a cabman, like Fritz - a German during World War II, etc. Thus, the gypsy theme, so important in this play, begins literally with a poster. Actress L. Freindlich

Paratov is both a parade and a pirate. Also, of course, the obvious comparison of Paratov with a wild beast, that is, powerful, predatory, strong and merciless. His predatory behavior in the play is best described by this surname. Sergei Sergeevich Paratov - a sonorous combination of the name and patronymic of this hero is complemented by a meaningful surname. In the language of hunters paraty means "strong, fast beast." Indeed, in the guise of a hero there is something predatory, cruel. Actor N. Mikhalkov

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Introduction

Alexander Nikolaevich is called the founder of the Russian realistic theater. It was he, according to Goncharov, who "finished the building, at the base of which the cornerstones of Fonvizin, Griboyedov, Gogol were laid." The influence of the traditions of Russian literature served as the writing of many of Ostrovsky's famous plays.

Each play by A.N. Ostrovsky is filled with a mystery - unusual names and surnames of the characters.

This work is devoted to the study and decoding of "talking" names and surnames in the work of A.N. Ostrovsky.

The relevance of my work is as follows. Firstly, the topic is poorly considered in textbooks, and I think it will be interesting for my peers to find out the meanings of surnames and names in the works. Secondly, this work will help them to know that the author carefully considers how to name his character. Thirdly, if we talk about the practical significance of the work, then it lies in the fact that deciphering the names will help the reader understand the idea of the play.

The purpose of the work is to analyze for what purpose A.N. Ostrovsky in his plays used such a technique as "speaking" names and surnames

Setting this goal led to the following research objectives:

Consider the variety of surnames

Classify the names and surnames of the characters in A.N. Ostrovsky.

Decipher names and surnames.

Match the name and surname of the hero with his character.

On the basis of the research work carried out, to answer the question: for what purpose A.N. Ostrovsky used "talking" names and surnames?

The historical origin of the word "surname"

Have you ever wondered what your last name or first name means? The name can determine, for example, the fate of a person, and the surname - his character, or vice versa. But the relationship of personal names with a person is obvious. A vivid example of this is the play by A.N. Ostrovsky. That is why it became very interesting for me to decipher some of the names and surnames in the works of Alexander Nikolaevich.

Before proceeding to the decoding of surnames in the works, it is necessary to understand what this word “surname” itself means.

The book by L. Uspensky says that in the 17th century, in Russia, a peasant was given a nickname, which was formed from a partial change in the name of the settlement in which he lived or it was given by occupation, for example, Great Lapti, Kuznetsov. During the Peter's reforms, the nickname was replaced by a surname. But it was difficult for the people to get used to the new foreign word, so the surname was most often used after the abolition of serfdom, as the peasants became free, and nicknames ceased to be used so often. In modern times, the surname is translated as a “family name”, inherited, added to a personal name.

But most importantly, in literature, the "surname" is one of the most striking means of characterizing a character. Even without knowing the hero, the reader forms his attitude by analyzing such personal data as the first and last name.

"Speaking" surnames and names as an artistic device in the works of Russian literature before A.N. Ostrovsky

Classicism with its strict canons is a thing of the past. But if you carefully analyze the plays, you can see a bright feature of this direction - "talking" surnames that help to understand the essence of the characters.

One of the brightest such examples is Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth". Denis Ivanovich, according to Pushkin, is “a bold ruler of satire”, therefore the surnames in his comedy determine the main feature in the characterization of the characters. Skotinin, bestial, he puts pigs "above each with a whole head."

Mitrofan in Greek means “like a mother”, and his inner qualities are stinginess, arbitrariness, rudeness, cruelty, which, indeed, is similar to his mother.

The names Pravdin and Vralman unambiguously characterize their characters. The first hero stands for the truth, and for the second, a lie, deception of the owners as the norm of life.

"Talking" surnames remain in the works, regardless of their direction.

In comedy A.S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit” Chatsky has features that make him related to the Decembrists: love for the common people, hatred for serfdom, a highly developed sense of self-esteem, true culture and enlightenment, unwillingness to put up with an unfair social order. Therefore, it is no coincidence that A.S. Griboyedov assigned the surname Chatsky to the representative of the "present" century, which is consonant with the surname of the philosopher, publicist and Decembrist Chaadaev.

Molchalin is the easiest surname to understand, it indicates that the hero is better silent, does not express his opinion, unlike Chatsky. “At my age, one should not dare to have one’s own judgment” (d. III, yavl. 3) is such a life principle of Molchalin.

Famusov, one of the representatives of conservatism, pleases everyone who stands above him, this bureaucrat - a careerist, only cares about what the world will say, it’s not for nothing that his surname means “rumour” in Latin, and famous in English.

In Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol's comedy The Government Inspector shows people worthy of universal ridicule. This is the negligent judge Lyapkin - Tyapkin, the hypocritical Luka Lukich, the flattering Strawberry, the doctor Gibner. Concerning the last surname there are fears, what outcome awaits his patients? With each action, more and more character traits of the characters are revealed. According to N.V. Gogol, in his comedy "The Inspector General" he decided to "collect into one heap everything bad in Russia, all injustices, and at one time laugh at everyone" It is no coincidence that the main characters of the play are laughter and irony.

Thus, D.I. Fonvizin, A.S. Griboyedov and N.V. Gogol look at dramaturgy as a serious means of characterizing characters, educating the reader and viewer. In order to most clearly and accurately emphasize the vices and virtues of mankind, playwrights use "speaking" names and surnames in their works.

A.N. Ostrovsky - the successor of the traditions of Russian literature

Exploring the work of the playwright, I put forward a hypothesis that A.N. Ostrovsky

is the successor of the traditions of Russian literature.

In the portraits that A.N. Ostrovsky, there are no schemes, abstract personifications. Each of his images is a living, individual face of real life. Plays by A.N. Ostrovsky are devoted to depicting the manners and characters of various social groups. Life truth, artistic fidelity of A.N. Ostrovsky were also determined by a deep knowledge of the characters he portrayed.

To fully reveal the character of the heroes, A.N. Ostrovsky used a technique dating back to the Fonvizin theater: he began characterizing the characters with “talking” names and surnames. Many personal names are not invented, but taken from real life. A.N. Ostrovsky created more than fifty plays, in each he showed the unique character of a person. Also, names and surnames can be classified according to several criteria: animal names, lifestyle, formed from dialectisms, character traits consonant with the names of scientists.

3.1 The variety of "speaking" names and surnames

The second task that I set for myself was to consider the variety of names and surnames in the plays of A.N. Ostrovsky. There are more than 100 of them, for example, Berkutov, Pavlin Savelyich, Kabanova, Zhadov, Kruchinina, Neznamov, Pogulyaev, Karandyshev, Paratov, Ogudalova, Lynyaev, Podkhalyuzin Lazar Elizarych, etc. Therefore, it was decided to systematize them. For this purpose, eleven plays by A.N. Ostrovsky. That's what came out of it.

3.2 Classification of "speaking" names and surnames

Surnames consonant with the names of animals

Surnames that include the names of animals show that their owners have lost humane and human qualities if they are already compared with animals. It is no coincidence that A.N. Ostrovsky says that "humanity is being abolished, that which gives life its value and meaning is being abolished." So, for example, in the play "Wolves and Sheep". Vasily Ivanovich Berkutov, a clever, greedy landowner who was able to clean up the fortune of a wealthy widow, which further emphasizes his similarity to the bird of prey golden eagle.

Everyone knows the peacock bird, but not everyone knows its less common name - “royal chicken”. By definition, a peacock is a real chicken, only it is larger and the color is beautiful and unusual, unlike poultry. It was his appearance that made him famous. So the butler Pavlin Savelich wants to appear important and significant.

After the playwright traveled in the upper reaches of the Volga, in order to collect extensive material for his works, he deepened the possibilities of an important literary device. A.N. Ostrovsky learns that a wild boar is not just a wild pig, but also a dialect word, which means "block of ice" in translation. Therefore, the name Kabanov was not invented by A.N. Ostrovsky and fully describes the wild, rude and ferocious temper of Marfa Ignatievna. But in the city of Kalinov, her surname turns into the nickname Kabanikha, which further reveals the bestial nature in her character. The church-Slavonic words that she uses are determined by her piety and worldly experience. A boar can rudely interrupt a person’s speech: “Talk more!”. She reads instructions on the banks of the river so that everyone knows what she teaches children, but those around them understand that with her notations she “sharpens” her relatives like rusty iron.

Similarly, N.V. Gogol compared Sobakevich, the landowner in the poem Dead Souls, with a medium-sized bear, emphasizing physical strength and ugly clumsiness. To achieve the desired results, he with bearish force makes his way into life. Sobakevich considers all people crooks and scoundrels, that is, he judges everyone in his own image.

The animal nature dominates the natures of these characters. They are far from any philosophical dreams, they do not understand high spiritual demands, for them this is an empty pastime. So, A.N. Ostrovsky was the successor of Gogol's traditions, and one of the means of creating surnames in his plays is metaphorization.

Surnames showing lifestyle

Curious are the names that reflect the way of life, the behavior of the characters.

For example, the image of Zhadov (“Profitable place”) is the image of a working intellectual who finds himself in the ranks of the bureaucracy. He felt his social infringement, so his life was tragic. The surname "Zhadov" means greedy, or a person who is thirsty for something, and this explains his actions. He could not endure the struggle with the inert environment around him and, lamenting his youthful dreams, went to his uncle to ask for a “profitable place”, where he learns that he is being prosecuted for “defective sums and various abuses” (“Profitable Place”, d.V , yavl. 2 and 4). This serves as a lesson to the hero. Thus, Ostrovsky, with the help of the image of Zhadov, mercilessly exposed the vices and crimes of bureaucratic omnipotence.

Opposite Zhadov is the image of the actress Kruchinina (“Guilty Without Guilt”). She, a former teacher, was led to the theater by an inner calling to high service. The surname Kruchinina indicates a difficult life. Clever, educated, straightforward, believing that there is nobility in people, she set herself the goal of bringing goodness into life.

In the image of the actor Neznamov, the playwright collected the suffering of the illegitimate as if in focus. He is a man without a passport, who does not know who his relatives are, so it is not difficult for the reader to guess that "don't know" in Dahl's dictionary is interpreted as an unknown person.

Bodaev in the comedy "Forest" speaks sharply, stands his ground, he seems to butt heads with everyone.

From the surname Pogulyaev ("Abyss") it is clear that the person wearing it is idly spending time.

All these names indicate the relationship of people among themselves, their behavior in different situations.

Surnames formed from dialect words

There are not so many surnames that were formed from dialectisms in the works of A.N. Ostrovsky. For example, Ogudalova in "Dowry". “Ogudat” in the dialect, according to the dictionary of M. Fasmer, means “to deceive”, indeed, Ogudalova has to deceive, “splurge” in order to marry off her daughters and get money.

The surname Lynyaev in the play "Wolves and Sheep" means to shirk, to get away from something. Ostrovsky's choice of such a surname makes it clear to the reader how Mikhail Borisovich decides things.

Paratov in "Dowry" is a man who arrives in Briakhimov pompously and ceremoniously, with cannon shots. This surname comes from the dialect word "poraty", which means "brave, lively." It is these features that are revealed when Paratov tells how he wanted to overtake the steamer "Airplane". Karandyshev, from the word "pencil" - a short man, only a poor official.

In the comedy Enough Stupidity for Every Wise Man, bright images of “business people” are created for whom “money does not smell”, and wealth becomes the only life goal. This is how the impoverished nobleman Glumov appeared, who traditionally dreamed of receiving an inheritance, a high position, a rich bride. His cynicism and business acumen do not contradict the way of life of the old noble bureaucracy: he himself is an ugly product of this environment. Glumov is smart in comparison with those before whom he is forced to bend, he is not averse to mocking the stupidity and arrogance of Mamaev and Kurchaev, he is able to see himself from the outside: “I am smart, angry and envious,” Glumov admits. He does not seek truth, but simply benefits.

With the help of dialect words A.N. Ostrovsky gives his characters more personality.

Names and surnames reflecting character traits

Basically, all surnames and names show a pronounced main character trait of the hero. In this regard, the most striking surname is Podkhalyuzin ("Our people - we will be counted"). He advises his subordinates - sellers to cheat buyers at the first opportunity. It should be noted that the clerk's name is Lazar Elizarych. His main feature is hypocrisy, meanness. In the character's name one hears "sing Lazarus", which means whining, begging, exaggerating one's imaginary suffering and trying to arouse the regret and sympathy of others, meanness in the surname. In the image of Podkhalyuzin A.N. Ostrovsky explains that shameless, impudent deception in the eyes of the merchants is not a vice, but a necessary condition for trade.

The surname Wild ("Thunderstorm") is interesting - crazy, crazy, which fully justifies his wild temper. The position of an "important" person in the city, who is in alliance with the mayor himself, makes it possible for Wild to dictate his rights with complete impunity. He was not accustomed to restrain himself in communication. This is a rude tyrant, an exploiter, a dictator, even households hide from him for weeks in attics and closets, and in the bazaar the ranks “should give up their own, if only he calmed down” (case I, fig. 3).

Tikhon and Varvara are like the city fathers. They do not feel any respect for the people, they only observe external “piety”.

Among the highest creations of world drama, one can recognize the image of Tikhon Kabanov - how dramatically dialectical and truthful he is. In his image A.N. Ostrovsky rose to the pinnacle of psychological realism - so deeply did he reveal the screaming contradictions of this character, in which the features of Russian forced reality were expressed. Kind, naive by nature, he is capable of a sincere feeling, he truly loves Katerina and bitterly pities her. But he also gives her painful blows. The parting scene before Tikhon's departure is especially remarkable in this sense. He is ashamed in front of Katerina when, on the instructions of his mother, he repeats insulting instructions after her: “do not be rude”, “do something without me.” But at the end of the tragedy, a protest awakens in Tikhon: “Mama, you ruined her! You, you, you ... ”If Tikhon had kept silent or again followed the moralizing of his mother, then we would have been just a weak-willed, downtrodden person, a complete insignificance. It was at this moment of shock that the fire of anger and an explosion of despair broke out.

Barbara is the direct opposite of her brother. It is not submissive to the despotic power of tyranny. It has strength, will, courage, audacity. In translation, her name means "barbarian", which explains that she is deprived of a sense of responsibility for her actions, she does not understand internal suffering. “But in my opinion: do what you want, if only it were sewn and covered” (d. II, yavl. 1) - this is Barbara's code of life, justifying her deceit.

And only in Katerina the light of conscience glimmers, her piety absorbs all the beauty of nature. Her name comes from the Greek word "katharios" - pure, immaculate. Radiating divine light, the heroine is far from the house-building rules. Katerina passionately wanted freedom, she was drawn to the light. The darkness of immeasurable lawlessness dominated life. She could not resist him, overcome him. And, not humbled before him, but protesting against him with all her feelings, she passes away.

Katerina's love is Boris, his name means "glorious in the struggle", but in his life he did not try to fight for at least something, but on the contrary, refused to help Katerina in eliminating the new life against the traditions of the dark kingdom.

"Dowry" is one of the universally recognized creations of A.N. Ostrovsky of the late period. The main character, Larisa, brings to mind the "Thunderstorm". Her tragic fate is similar to that of Katerina. But Larisa, compared to Katerina, is a softer, lighter, more unprotected girl, her nature is more refined. Larisa is a significant name: translated from Greek, it is a seagull. The romantic and artistic nature of the heroine flies over the world on the wings of music. She does not notice godless sides in people and perceives the world as the heroine of a romance. But the mother's numerous deceptions, the drama of the first love interest left an indelible imprint on Larisa's soul. Now she is aloof from society.

The name Filicata (“Truth is good, but happiness is better”) is derived from the name Felicia, which means “happy”, good-natured, independent of the opinions of others. In addition to these qualities, the nanny Filizata has an extraordinary mind, cunning sharpness. “I’ve always been kind, but I didn’t notice something in myself before: it all seemed that it was not enough, not to the real extent; and now it turns out that in the house I am smarter than everyone else ”(d. IV, yavl. 8), - Filizata rejoices at the successful result of her invention.

Another interesting character in the drama is Kuligin. His last name is very consonant with the great self-taught scientist, Kulibin. The hero of the play is a poetic and dreamy person, as evidenced by his first appearance with the song “Among the Flat Valley ...” Kuligin, a self-taught watchmaker. He dreams of making the city of Kalinov better, but the despotism of the Wild does not allow him to realize his good intentions.

Also plays by A.N. Ostrovsky are filled with other signs, for example, funny names and surnames: Razlyulyaev (“Poverty is not a vice”), Malomalsky (“Don’t get into your sleigh”), Nedonoskov and Nedorostkov (“Jokers”), Dudkin and Shmaga (“Guilty without guilt ”), Puzatov (“Family Life”).

My hypothesis that A.N. Ostrovsky expanded the list of "talking" names and surnames was confirmed.

4. The role of "speaking" names and surnames in the work of A.N. Ostrovsky

The role of "speaking" names and surnames in the work of A.N. Ostrovsky is great. They give the work brightness and imagery, help to reveal the essence, penetrate into the depth of the author's intention, indicate the position of the author. Even without reading the work, with the help of "talking" names and surnames, you can guess which character is in character, how he treats people, how he perceives the world, what he is fond of. Using "speaking" names and surnames, A.N. Ostrovsky creates bright, fresh, individual images. Individualizing them, the playwright discovers the gift of the deepest penetration into their psychological world. "Talking" surnames and first names help the author to saturate the work with colorful bright colors, with their help the plays become more emotional, expressive and expressive.

A.N. Ostrovsky, through the heroes of his plays, depicted a social system in which the value of a person was determined by his wealth, high position in society, in which people of the lower social strata experienced the hopelessness of their situation. That is why in his plays all positive characters are in tragic positions.

In order to show the difference in the characters and social status of people with the greatest force, Ostrovsky was helped by the "speaking" names and surnames of the characters in his plays.

Conclusion

So, having studied the names of some characters in individual plays by A.N. Ostrovsky, we can summarize.

The playwright continued the traditions of D.I. Fonvizin, A.S. Griboyedov and N.V. Gogol, but with the help of "speaking" names and surnames, he was able to depict human vices and virtues, as well as social inequality, more clearly than his predecessors.

A.N. Ostrovsky showed a new social phenomenon characteristic of post-reform Russia: not the "moderation and accuracy" of the Molchalins lead, but the caustic mind and talent of the Chatskys.

In each play, Alexander Nikolayevich revealed the essence of a person through the "speaking" names and surnames of the heroes of his plays. In work on the characters of A.N. Ostrovsky constantly improved the techniques of his psychological skill, complicating the coloring of the images.

The peculiarity of the naming of the characters is that some of the names of A.N. Ostrovsky took from real life.

Working on today's topic, we made sure that A.N. Ostrovsky not only followed the traditions of Russian writers, but also expanded the possibilities of using "speaking" names and surnames, that their decoding is necessary for a deeper understanding of the meaning of the work, and they also serve as a "key of understanding" in revealing the inner world of the characters in A.N. Ostrovsky.

We can say that the tasks and goals set were achieved.

Annex 1

Table 1

Classification of surnames by:	Surname / name of the character	The meaning of the surname / name of the character in the play
	Peacock ("Wolves and Sheep")	"royal hen"
Consonant with the names of animals:	Berkutov ("Wolves and Sheep")	Predatory bird
Consonant with the names of animals:	Kabanova ("Thunderstorm")	Wild pig, "block of ice"
Lifestyle:	Zhadov ("Profitable place")
Lifestyle:	Kruchinina (“Guilty Without Guilt”)	Smart, kind
Lifestyle:	Neznamov (“Guilty Without Guilt”)	"Neznam" - unknown person
Lifestyle:	Pogulyaev ("Abyss")	Idle
Lifestyle:	Bodaev ("Forest")
	Lynyaev ("Wolves and Sheep")
Formed from dialect words:	Ogudalova ("Dowry")	"Ogud" - to deceive
Formed from dialect words:	Paratov ("Dowry")	"Porty" - bold, lively
Formed from dialect words:	Karandyshev ("Dowry")	"Pencil" - shorty
Formed from dialect words:	Glumov (“There is Enough Simplicity for Every Wise Man”)	sneer
Character traits:	Podkhalyuzin Lazar Elizarych ("Our people - we will settle")	meanness, complaining
Character traits:	Wild ("Thunderstorm")	Crazy, crazy
Character traits:	Tikhon ("Thunderstorm")	Quiet, without a mind of its own
Character traits:	Barbara ("Thunderstorm")	"Barbarian"
Character traits:	Katerina ("Thunderstorm")	"Katharios" - pure, immaculate
Character traits:	Boris ("Thunderstorm")	"Glorious in the fight"
Character traits:	Larisa ("Dowry")
Character traits:	Filizata ("Truth is good, but happiness is better")	"Felicia" - happy, good-natured

List of used literature

The art of dramaturgy A.N. Ostrovsky. Ed. 2nd, rev. And extra. M., "Enlightenment", 1974.

Moscow in the life and work of A.N. Ostrovsky. Publishing house "Moscow worker".

Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky. - 2nd ed., corrected. And extra. - M.: Art, 1982. - 568 p., ill., 16 sheets. ill., 1l. portrait - (Life in art)

Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. Publishing house "Russian language" V / O "Sovexportkniga", 1991.

A.N. Ostrovsky - comedian. M, Publishing House of Moscow. un-ta, 1981, 216s.

Russian literature. XIX century. From Krylov to Chekhov: Proc. allowance. Comp. N.G. Mikhnovets.-St. Petersburg: "Parity", 2001. - 416p.

Literature. Directory of the applicant / V.E. Krasovsky, A.V. Ledenev / Under the general editorship of V.E. Krasovsky - M .: Philol. Society "SLOVO", LLC "Firma" AST Publishing House ", 1998. - 736s.

"Thunderstorm" Ostrovsky. M., "Khudozh.lit.", 1975 104s.

Uspensky Lev Vasilyevich YOU AND YOUR NAME AND THE NAME OF YOUR HOUSE. Uch. - ed. l. 29.38. TP 1972 No. 524. M - 17242.

"Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" by M. Fasmer. 1st edition: 1964-1973; 2nd edition: 1986-1987

From the point of view of the phenomenon of speaking names we are considering, a lot of new, remarkable material can be found in the plays of this great playwright. Let us touch upon only the most interesting moments of the use of this literary device in Ostrovsky's most famous plays.

For example, in the play "Thunderstorm" there are no random names and surnames. Tikhonya, weak-willed drunkard and sissy Tikhon Kabanov fully justifies his name. The nickname of his "mother" - Kabaniha has long been rethought by readers as a name. No wonder the creator of "Thunderstorm" already in the poster presents this heroine in this way: "Marfa Ignatievna Kabanova (Kabanikha), a rich merchant's wife, a widow." By the way, her old, almost sinister name, paired with Savel Prokofievich Diky, quite definitely speaks of their characters, lifestyle, and morals. Interestingly, in translation from Aramaic, the name Martha is translated as "lady."

The surname Dikoy also contains a lot of curious things. The fact is that the ending -oy in the corresponding words is now read as -y (-y). For example, Pushkin's "desert sower of freedom" (in the current pronunciation - "desert") means "lonely." Thus, Wild is nothing but a "wild man", simply a "savage".

Names and surnames also have a symbolic meaning in the play "Dowry". Larisa - translated from Greek - a seagull. The surname Knurov comes from the dialect word knur - boar, boar, wild boar. Paratov is etymologically connected with the adjective porous - lively, strong, hefty, zealous. Vozhevatov comes from the phrase "tough people", which means cheeky, shameless. In the name, patronymic and surname of Larisa's mother, Harita Ignatievna Ogudalova, everything turns out to be significant. Gypsies from the choir were called Charites (from the Greek charis - grace, charm, beauty), and every Gypsy was called Ignat in Moscow. Hence the comparison of Larisa's house with a gypsy camp. The surname comes from the word ogudat - to deceive, seduce, inflate. Julius Kapitonovich Karandyshev, in contrast to the name and patronymic with the surname, already contains the image of this person in the grain. Julius - the name of the noble Roman emperor Caesar, Kapiton - from the Latin capitos - head, Karandyshev - from the word pencil - short, short, a man with exorbitant and unfounded claims. So psychologically polyphonic human characters emerge from the very first pages of the play.

Surprisingly interesting from the point of view of the study of the semantics of speaking names is the play "Hot Heart", in which there is a whole constellation of the most curious surnames, names and patronymics of the characters. Here, by the way, as V. Lakshin writes about this in the article “Ostrovsky's Poetic Satire”: “Perhaps the most striking and caustic figure in the political sense of comedy is Serapion Mardarevich Gradoboev. Well, Ostrovsky invented a name for him! Serapion is easily changed into a “scorpion”, as the rude Matryona calls him, Mardariy sounds next to the dissonant word “muzzle”, and even Gradoboev is a surname filled to the brim with ironic semantics: not only crops beaten by hail, but also a battle imposed on the city " . By the way, Gradoboev is none other than the mayor of the city of Kalinov (remember "Thunderstorm", "Forest"), who is not very almondy with the townsfolk.

There is also a merchant Kuroslepov in the Hot Heart, who, either from drunkenness or from a hangover, suffers from something like night blindness: he does not see what is happening under his nose. By the way, his clerk, the favorite of Madame Kuroslepova, has a characteristic name - Narkis.

If you look through the works of A.N. Ostrovsky, you can find many characters with telling names. These are Samson Silych Bolshov, a wealthy merchant, and Lazar Elizarich Podkhalyuzin, his clerk (the play "Our people - we will settle"); Egor Dmitrievich Glumov from the drama "Enough Stupidity for Every Wise Man", who really mocks those around him; an actress of the provincial theater Negina from "Talents and Admirers" and a lover of delicate treatment, the merchant Velikatov.

In the play "The Forest" Ostrovsky persistently names the characters with names associated with the concepts of "happiness and misfortune", as well as with "paradise, arcadia". No wonder the name of the landowner Gurmyzhskaya is Raisa. Yes, and the root of the surname of Raisa Pavlovna leads to certain reflections. A.V.Superanskaya and A.V.Suslova write about this: “The name of Raisa Gurmyzhskaya, a rich landowner, in Russian is consonant with the word “paradise”. The clue to her last name can be found in another play by Ostrovsky - “The Snow Maiden” - In the words of Mizgir, who tells about the wonderful island of Gurmyz in the middle of the warm sea, where there are a lot of pearls, where there is heavenly life.

And about the stage names of the provincial actors Schastlivtsev and Neschastlivtsev, the same authors write as follows: “Ostrovsky remains an unsurpassed master of names and surnames. So, in the play "Forest" he shows the provincial actors Schastlivtsev and Neschastlivtsev. Yes, not just Schastlivtseva, but Arcadia (cf. Arcadia - the legendary happy country inhabited by shepherdesses and shepherdesses). Gennady Neschastlivtsev (Gennady - Greek noble) is a noble tragic actor. And their common fate seems especially tragic against the background of these names.

So, one of Ostrovsky's methods of forming surnames is metaphorization (figurative meaning). So, the surname Berkutov (“Wolves and sheep”) and Korshunov (“Poverty is not a vice”) are formed from the names of birds of prey: the golden eagle is a strong mountain eagle, sharp-sighted, bloodthirsty; a kite is a weaker predator, capable of grabbing smaller prey. If the character with the surname Berkut is from the breed of "wolves" (which is emphasized by the title of the play) and "swallows" a large fortune, then Korshunov in the play dreams of stealing, like a chicken, from his father's house a weak, fragile creature (Lyubov Gordeevna).

Many of Ostrovsky's surnames are formed from common words (names of animals, birds, fish) with a pronounced negative meaning: they seem to characterize people according to the properties that are inherent in animals. Baranchevsky and Pereyarkov are stupid as sheep; Lisavsky is cunning, like a fox; Kukushkina is selfish and heartless, like a cuckoo...

The surname of Ostrovsky can also indicate the appearance of a person: Puzatov, Borodavkin, Pleshakov, Kurchaev, Belotelova; in the manner of behavior: Gnevyshev, Gromilov, Lyutov, Groznov; on lifestyle: Baklushin, Pogulyaev, Dosuzhaev; on the social and financial situation: Bolshov, Velikatov ... And the names Goltsov, Mykin, Tugina, Kruchinina indicate the difficult, full of need and deprivation, the life of their bearers.

Almost a third of all the surnames in the playwright’s works are of dialect origin: Velikatov (“Talents and Admirers”) from Velaty, that is, “stately, prominent, important, swaggering, proud, polite, able to treat people, inspiring respect for himself”; Lynyaev (“Wolves and Sheep”) from shirking, that is, “shirking, evading business” (V.I. purchase and sale”, Zhadov (“Profitable place”) from to wait - in the old meaning: “to experience a strong desire”.

Ostrovsky’s plays are rich in funny surnames: Razlyulyaev (“Poverty is not a vice”), Malomalsky (“Don’t get into your sleigh”), Nedonoskov and Nedorostkov (“Jokers”) ...

As a "building material" for the formation of the names of the characters, Ostrovsky does not often, but uses distorted foreign words: Paratov ("Dowry") from the French "parade" (does everything for show, likes to show off, splurge. In the theater A.N. Ostrovsky, the speaking names are so precise and significant that it is time to talk about the virtuoso, phenomenal mastery of this technique by the playwright.

2.5. Parody names in the work of M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin, Kozma Prutkov

It is well known that when some phenomenon or phenomenon of culture reaches a certain level, becomes universally known and popular, they begin to parody it. So it is with speaking names. We have already partly touched on the fact that Gogol parodied some noble families. By the way, M.E. has many such surnames. Saltykov-Shchedrin: Interception-Zalikhvatsky from "The History of a City", Serpukhov-Catch up, Uryupinsky-Dezzhay from "Abroad", Peresvet-Toad from "Satire in Prose". However, in this case, we were dealing with a rather social, political, and only then a literary phenomenon.

In the full sense, parodic names and, accordingly, heroes appear in the work of Kozma Prutkov, created by the friendly efforts of A.K. Tolstoy and the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers. Is it any wonder that the heroes of the comedy "Fantasy" are completely parodic names. So, the hero, whom the authors present as a “decent person”, bears the surname Kutilo-Zavaldaisky; “a shy person”, of course, is called Shameless. "The Man Selling Soap" in this comedy turns out to be Prince Kasyan Rodionovich Batog-Batyev. In this double surname, both Baty and the Batogs found a place for themselves. An obvious roll call with the name of Manilov's son is the name of Femistocles Miltiadovich Razorvaki. And in the drama "Love and Silin" Kozma Prutkov brings General Kislozvezdova, "a dumb but voluptuous widow", and Silva-don-Alonzo-Bastard, "a visiting Gishpanets", onto the stage.

No less parodic and funny are the names of the comedy "Skulls, that is, a phrenologist." Here is Shishkengolm, “a phrenologist, a cheerful old man, bald, with a knobby skull,” here is Vikhorin, “a civil official. Shaved face, bald, in a wig. Know, because he and Vikhorin.

Parody always co-exists in parallel with what it makes fun of.

It can be assumed that the playwrights of later eras had to change the speaking names of the characters. The work of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is a vivid confirmation of this.

In the play "The Forest" Ostrovsky persistently names the characters with names associated with the concepts of "happiness and misfortune", as well as with "paradise, arcadia". No wonder the name of the landowner Gurmyzhskaya is Raisa. Yes, and the root of the surname of Raisa Pavlovna leads to certain reflections. A.V. Superanskaya and A.V. Suslova write about this: “The name of Raisa Gurmyzhskaya, a wealthy landowner, in Russian is consonant with the word “paradise”. The clue to her last name can be found in another play by Ostrovsky - “The Snow Maiden” - In the words of Mizgir, who tells about the wonderful island of Gurmyz in the middle of the warm sea, where there are a lot of pearls, where there is heavenly life.

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