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The world significance of L. Tolstoy's creativity

What is the greatness of man? In goodness and justice, in the spirit of the people. According to the "thought of the people" and created the image of Tolstoy Kutuzov. Of all the historical figures depicted in "War and Peace", one of his writer calls a truly great man. The source, which gave the commander an extraordinary power of insight into the meaning of the events that took place, "lay in this popular feeling, which he carried in himself in all purity and strength." The scene of the military review. Kutuzov walked through the ranks, "occasionally stopping and saying a few kind words to the officers whom he knew from the Turkish war, and sometimes to the soldiers. Glancing at his shoes, he shook his head sadly several times ..." The field marshal recognizes and cordially greets his old colleagues . He enters into a conversation with Timokhin. Meeting with soldiers, the Russian commander knows how to find a common language with them, often uses a funny joke, and even an old man's good-natured curse. The feeling of love for the Motherland was embedded in the soul of every Russian soldier and in the soul of the old commander in chief. Unlike Bonaparte, the Russian commander did not consider the leadership of military operations a kind of chess game and never ascribed to himself the main role in the successes achieved by his armies. The field marshal, not in a Napoleonic way, but in his own way, led the battles. He was convinced that the "spirit of the army" was of decisive importance in the war, and directed all his efforts to leading it. During the battles, Napoleon behaves nervously, trying to keep in his hands all the threads of controlling the battle. Kutuzov, on the other hand, acts with concentration, trusts the commanders - his combat comrades-in-arms, believes in the courage of his soldiers. Not Napoleon, but the Russian commander-in-chief takes full responsibility on his shoulders when the situation calls for the heaviest sacrifices. It is difficult to forget the alarming scene of the military council in Fili. Kutuzov announced his decision to leave Moscow without a fight and retreat into the depths of Russia! In those terrible hours, the question arose before him: “Is it possible that I allowed Napoleon to Moscow? And when did I do this?” It is difficult and painful for him to think about this, but he gathered all his mental and physical strength and did not succumb to despair. The Russian commander-in-chief retains confidence in victory over the enemy, in the rightness of his cause to the end. He inspires this confidence in everyone - from the general to the soldier. Only one Kutuzov could have imagined the Battle of Borodino. Only he alone could give Moscow to the enemy for the sake of saving Russia, for the sake of saving the army, in order to win the war. All the actions of the commander are subordinated to one goal - to defeat the enemy, to expel him from the Russian land. And only when the war is won, Kutuzov ceases his activities as commander in chief. The most important aspect of the image of the Russian commander is a living connection with the people, a penetrating understanding of their moods and thoughts. In the ability to take into account the mood of the masses - the wisdom and greatness of the commander in chief. Napoleon and Kutuzov are two commanders, two historical figures with different essence, purpose and purpose in life. The "Kutuzov" beginning as a symbol of the people is opposed to the "Napoleonic", anti-people, inhuman. That is why Tolstoy leads all his beloved heroes away from "Napoleonic" principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. Truly "there is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth."

Tolstoy published the Yasnaya Polyana magazine, which published his articles and articles by other teachers on education and upbringing. Lev Nikolaevich's love for the land was not ephemeral. He loved not only to walk, relax, enjoy the wonderful landscapes, hunt. No! As a count, he did not disdain to walk in a simple linen shirt, rolling up his sleeves, he liked to walk in the field behind a plow, mow hay to the seventh sweat. On his estate, he tried to engage in beekeeping, dug out stakes, planted orchards, raised thoroughbred pigs and cows.

He did not succeed in everything, in many ways he was disappointed, felt dissatisfied with his actions, but still worked. Tolstoy was a passionate defender of forests and loved his forest with a special, tender love. Tolstoy's wife Sophia Andreevna became a true friend, assistant and support in life. When they got married, he was thirty-four years old, she was eighteen, but she was smart, vitally wise, caring, arranged life with love, took care of the household. When she arrived in Yasnaya Polyana, everything was abandoned here, there were no flower beds and paths. And the young mistress quickly put everything in order.

The family multiplied. Gradually, ten children appeared in her. Lev Nikolaevich constantly rebuilt and completed the house. They lived together and cheerfully, in the evenings they played the piano, sang, the owner read his works, played chess. Relatives and friends came more and more often, and it did not bother anyone that the house was small, that the furniture in it was not new, and in general everything was almost ascetic. It was so easy to write in this house... But the further life went on, the more it depressed Tolstoy. From early youth, he asked himself the question: why does a person live? Why are people unequal? Why do some live at the expense of others? And all his life he was ashamed of his belonging to the ruling class. In 1878, he began to work on a large article “Confession”, where he wrote: “A revolution happened to me, which had long been preparing in me and the makings of which have always been in me. What happened to me is that the life of our circle - the rich, the scientists - not only disgusted me, but also lost all meaning ... the life of the entire working people, of all mankind, creating life, presented itself to me in its present.

Not only Tolstoy's early diaries were of a literary and preparatory nature. Tolstoy's first tentative, unfinished literary experience had the same character and significance - a passage he called "The History of Yesterday." The idea of "History of yesterday...

Philosophy of history - views on the origin, essence and change of historical events. The main provisions of Tolstoy's philosophy of history 1. Tolstoy believes that the origin of historical events cannot be explained by individual actions of individual ...

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Continuing the traditions of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, the realists of the middle and second half of the 19th century Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Leskov and others moved towards understanding the social essence of the individual through overcoming the anthropological concept, the champions of which...

From the point of view of the Russian writer and thinker Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910), the drama of human existence lies in the contradiction between the inevitability of death and the thirst for immortality inherent in man. The embodiment of this contradiction is the question of the meaning of life...

"Sevastopol stories" - Ilya Efimovich Repin. Defense of Sevastopol. "Sevastopol stories" L.N. Tolstoy. Military awards L.N. Tolstoy. The city and its garrison knew no respite. Diary entries. True heroes. Steel Garrison. Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy. Portrait of L.N. Tolstoy. What is the fourth bastion. V. Vereshchagin "The Apotheosis of War".

"Tolstoy Childhood Lesson" - What are the traditions in the family? Childhood. Parent's house. How many years did Karl Ivanovich live in the house? Kindergarten. Grandmother grandfather. Favorite expression of Karl Ivanovich? What is the value of childhood? Playground. Brothers sisters. Laughter. Teachers, educators. Studies. Childhood is a very valuable and important time in a person's life. Books.

"Tolstoy Two brothers" - Fairy tale. We'll disappear for nothing - we'll disappear in vain We'll be left with nothing - we'll be left with nothing. Get to the workout! Manor in Yasnaya Polyana. Let's get acquainted with the work of L.N. Tolstoy and the work "Two Brothers". The purpose of the lesson. We'll sit down at our desks, together Let's get down to business again. I want to learn. There is no bad without good.

"Tolstoy" Boyhood "" - Continue the phrase. Lyubochka. It will grind, there will be flour. Personification, epithets. Race for the leader. Hero of the work. Describe any character. Storm. Correlating a term with a concept. Compose a crossword. Means of artistic expression. The development of speech. The final game based on the work of Leo Tolstoy "Boyhood".

"Tolstoy "Sevastopol stories"" - I. Aivazovsky "Siege of Sevastopol". Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov. Assault on the Malakhov Kurgan. Fragment of the panorama F. Roubaud "Defense of Sevastopol". I. Aivazovsky "Sevastopol". The main theme of the stories. Defenders of Sevastopol. Steel Garrison. D.N. Kardovsky "Defense of Sevastopol". Defense of Sevastopol. "Sevastopol stories" L.N. Tolstoy.

"Tolstoy's Prisoner of the Caucasus" - Our goal is simple and clear. The story is written by a military officer. Leo Tolstoy Prisoner of the Caucasus. Story mystery. Our goal. History of the story. We are learning to read a book!

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Composition

Later, for this article, for seditious views, the church declared an anathema to him - excommunicated him from his bosom. But this little saddened the great master. With his life, his writing work, he has long won the love and respect of the people. Before the news of the excommunication appeared in the newspapers, telegrams, letters, and addresses began to arrive from all over the country to Tolstoy, in which ordinary people expressed support for their beloved writer. He was so popular, so frankly expressed his views on the tsarist autocracy and its laws, that the tsar was truly afraid of him. Yasnaya Polyana was put under surveillance. Even the editor of the Black Hundred newspaper Novoye Vremya wrote: “We have two tsars: Nicholas II and Leo Tolstoy. Which one is stronger? Nicholas II cannot do anything with Tolstoy, cannot shake his throne, while Tolstoy undoubtedly shakes the throne of Nicholas and his dynasty.” August 28, 1908 L.N. Tolstoy is 80 years old.

In many countries of the world, his anniversary was solemnly celebrated, and the tsarist government in Russia tried to do everything to prevent the celebration. But it could not interfere, because telegrams and letters were sent to Yasnaya Polyana from everywhere, people came and came - many of them just to stand near the house, perhaps to see the great genius and thank him for the joy and happiness that his books give. . But it became harder and more disturbing to live in a family. Adult children went their own way, the youngest son Vanyusha died, the daughter Masha died, with whom he was especially close. My wife and I have long lost a common language.

For many years she was his faithful assistant and comrade-in-arms, but for a long time she did not share his views, could not understand the complex, contradictory life of her husband - a great artist, a rebellious person. She herself, driven to despair by such a life, at one time rushed into stakes. She was saved by Dushan Petrovich Makovitsky, the Tolstoy family doctor. "Dusha Petrovich" - that's what the Yasnaya Polyana peasants called him. Lev Nikolaevich trusted him alone with the secret of his will, he took him alone when he finally decided to break with the world to which he belonged by right of birth and live a simple peasant life. The cold autumn of 1910 arrived, with early snow and frost. The night of November 9-10 Tolstoy spent restlessly, at 5 in the morning he woke up his friend Makovitsky and told him that he had made the final decision to leave home. They began to hurriedly get on the road. On the way, he fell ill with pneumonia and had to get off the train at the Astapovo station. Here, in the house of the head of the station, the writer spent the last 7 days of his life ... A crowd of thousands gathered for the funeral. Workers, peasants, intellectuals, students - all went for the last time to bow to the great genius. The Yasnaya Polyana peasants felt orphaned… After parting, the sons lift the coffin, carry it out of the house, those present kneel down, then the procession heads to the forest, to the Old Order, where the body is interred. It was the place where, on the edge of the gully, a green stick was hidden with the secret of how to make all people happy. Tolstoy bequeathed to bury his body here, not to erect any majestic tombstones and monuments. Let the grave be simple and modest, peasant. The main thing is that he is at home, in his painfully beloved Yasnaya Polyana. So, we are convinced that the real greatness of a person is in his deeds, in his inextricable connection with his native land, native nature, native people. Only realizing himself a part of the great concept - Russia, Leo Tolstoy could say: “No, this world is not a joke ... this is one of the eternal worlds, which is beautiful, joyful, and which we not only can, but must make more beautiful and joyful for those living with us and for those who will live in it after us.”

Leo Tolstoy's work with peasant children deserves great attention. He believed that one of the reasons for the impoverished life of the people is their ignorance, and therefore undertook to correct this situation. The school set up by Tolstoy was not like an ordinary one. At first, the peasants were suspicious of the idea of the master to teach their children for free, so there were few students, but over time there were a lot of them, and they all read with pleasure, walked, listened to interesting stories, and counted. The writer even traveled abroad to see how children are taught there. With his help, schools began to open in the surrounding villages, students worked as teachers in them. On Sundays they gathered in Yasnaya Polyana and talked about school and work. Tolstoy published the Yasnaya Polyana magazine, which published his articles and articles by other teachers on education and upbringing. Lev Nikolaevich's love for the land was not ephemeral. He loved not only to walk, relax, enjoy the wonderful landscapes, hunt. No! As a count, he did not disdain to walk in a simple linen shirt, rolling up his sleeves, he liked to walk in the field behind a plow, mow hay to the seventh sweat. On his estate, he tried to engage in beekeeping, dug out stakes, planted orchards, raised thoroughbred pigs and cows. He did not succeed in everything, in many ways he was disappointed, felt dissatisfied with his actions, but still worked. Tolstoy was a passionate defender of forests and loved his forest with a special, tender love. Tolstoy's wife Sophia Andreevna became a true friend, assistant and support in life. When they got married, he was thirty-four years old, she was eighteen, but she was smart, vitally wise, caring, arranged life with love, took care of the household. When she arrived in Yasnaya Polyana, everything was abandoned here, there were no flower beds and paths. And the young mistress quickly put everything in order. The family multiplied. Gradually, ten children appeared in her. Lev Nikolaevich constantly rebuilt and completed the house. They lived together and cheerfully, in the evenings they played the piano, sang, the owner read his works, played chess. Relatives and friends came more and more often, and it did not bother anyone that the house was small, that the furniture in it was not new, and in general everything was almost ascetic. It was so easy to write in this house... But the further life went on, the more it depressed Tolstoy. From early youth, he asked himself the question: why does a person live? Why are people unequal? Why do some live at the expense of others? And all his life he was ashamed of his belonging to the ruling class. In 1878, he began to work on a large article “Confession”, where he wrote: “A revolution happened to me, which had long been preparing in me and the makings of which have always been in me. What happened to me is that the life of our circle - the rich, the scientists - not only disgusted me, but also lost all meaning ... the life of the entire working people, of all mankind, creating life, presented itself to me in its present. Later, for this article, for seditious views, the church declared an anathema to him - excommunicated him from his bosom. But this little saddened the great master. With his life, his writing work, he has long won the love and respect of the people. Before the news of the excommunication appeared in the newspapers, telegrams, letters, and addresses began to arrive from all over the country to Tolstoy, in which ordinary people expressed support for their beloved writer. He was so popular, so frankly expressed his views on the tsarist autocracy and its laws, that the tsar was truly afraid of him. Yasnaya Polyana was put under surveillance. Even the editor of the Black Hundred newspaper Novoye Vremya wrote: “We have two tsars: Nicholas II and Leo Tolstoy. Which one is stronger? Nicholas II cannot do anything with Tolstoy, cannot shake his throne, while Tolstoy undoubtedly shakes the throne of Nicholas and his dynasty.” August 28, 1908 L.N. Tolstoy is 80 years old. In many countries of the world, his anniversary was solemnly celebrated, and the tsarist government in Russia tried to do everything to prevent the celebration. But it could not interfere, because telegrams and letters were sent to Yasnaya Polyana from everywhere, people came and came - many of them just to stand near the house, perhaps to see the great genius and thank him for the joy and happiness that his books give. . But it became harder and more disturbing to live in a family. Adult children went their own way, the youngest son Vanyusha died, the daughter Masha died, with whom he was especially close. My wife and I have long lost a common language. For many years she was his faithful assistant and comrade-in-arms, but for a long time she did not share his views, could not understand the complex, contradictory life of her husband - a great artist, a rebellious person. She herself, driven to despair by such a life, at one time rushed into stakes. She was saved by Dushan Petrovich Makovitsky, the Tolstoy family doctor. "Dusha Petrovich" - that's what the Yasnaya Polyana peasants called him. Lev Nikolaevich trusted him alone with the secret of his will, he took him alone when he finally decided to break with the world to which he belonged by right of birth and live a simple peasant life. The cold autumn of 1910 arrived, with early snow and frost. The night of November 9-10 Tolstoy spent restlessly, at 5 in the morning he woke up his friend Makovitsky and told him that he had made the final decision to leave home. They began to hurriedly get on the road. On the way, he fell ill with pneumonia and had to get off the train at the Astapovo station. Here, in the house of the head of the station, the writer spent the last 7 days of his life ... A crowd of thousands gathered for the funeral. Workers, peasants, intellectuals, students - all went for the last time to bow to the great genius. The Yasnaya Polyana peasants felt orphaned… After parting, the sons lift the coffin, carry it out of the house, those present kneel down, then the procession heads to the forest, to the Old Order, where the body is interred. It was the place where, on the edge of the gully, a green stick was hidden with the secret of how to make all people happy. Tolstoy bequeathed to bury his body here, not to erect any majestic tombstones and monuments. Let the grave be simple and modest, peasant. The main thing is that he is at home, in his painfully beloved Yasnaya Polyana. So, we are convinced that the real greatness of a person is in his deeds, in his inextricable connection with his native land, native nature, native people. Only realizing himself a part of the great concept - Russia, Leo Tolstoy could say: “No, this world is not a joke ... this is one of the eternal worlds, which is beautiful, joyful, and which we not only can, but must make more beautiful and joyful for those living with us and for those who will live in it after us.”

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