Undergrowth (play). Fonvizin, "Undergrowth": analysis of the work, characterization of the characters Describe the undergrowth characters
The comedy "Undergrowth" was written by D.I. Fonvizin in 1782. But, despite the past 200 years and social changes, it continues to be staged in theaters and is of interest to the viewer and reader. Comedy is interesting with bright characters, which, oddly enough, are still found in our time. The main problem of the work is the level of education of young nobles.
The main characters of the comedy "Undergrowth":
Prostakov - typical henpecked, not wanting to think with his head. All housekeeping was entrusted to his wife. Humble as a calf. Prostakov in his house does not have the right to vote.
G - Mrs. Prostakova - cunning, prudent landowner. She ruined her peasants to the last thread, and is crying that there is nothing more to take. Upon learning that Sophia had become a rich heiress, she set out to marry her lazybones to Sophia. Rude and scandalous. No one lives from her. But she is cunning and flattering to those from whom she expects benefits. Capable of low deeds. Denies the need for education, which speaks of her narrow mind.
Mitrofan- the son of the Prostakovs, undersized. Cunning, knows how to sweeten his mother. Illiterate lazy and lazy. In those days, underage children were called noble children who did not receive a written certificate from teachers about their education. Undergrowths were not allowed to public service, they were not given the so-called. coronal memories - papers that allowed marriage.
Pravdin - an official sent by the governor to take custody of the estate and villages of the Prostakovs. Honest and decent official.
Starodum - Sophia's uncle The man is straightforward, decent. In his youth, he participated in battles, served at court, but seeing how some are ready to curry favor, build intrigues in order to rise in the eyes of the most august persons, Starodum left the service at court, as he admits, “brought home intact, my soul, my honor, my rules." In his conversations, he advocates the education of young nobles.
Sophia - Starodum's niece, a modest, educated girl. Loves Milo.
Milon - officer, nobleman, loves Sophia, is respected by colleagues.
Skotinin - the landowner robs his peasants to the last. He is going to marry Sofya, but he does not love the girl, but the pigs that the peasants raise in Sophia's villages. To match him and the surname. The person is uneducated, rude.
Kuteikin - teaches Mitrofan literature. A rogue and a swindler.
Tsyfirkin - teaches mathematics. Refusing Mitrofan's tuition fee, Tsyfirkin behaved like a decent person.
Vralman - German, French teacher. Versatile surname. With her, Fonvizin tries to emphasize the deceitful nature of the German, who, receiving 300 rubles a year, does not teach Mitrofan anything himself, and interferes with others. Once Vralman accidentally let slip that he was a coachman in St. Petersburg. And indeed, his master was once Starodum. Leaving the Prostakovs, he took the German again as a coachman.
Eremeevna- Prostakov's serf, Mitrofan's nanny. She treats the undergrowth as if she were her own, and is ready to stand up for him. All orders Prostakova executes implicitly.
Almost all the names of the heroes of the work in one way or another characterize their owners:
- Pravdin personifies honesty;
- Starodum - a conservative outlook on life;
- Vralman - deceit.
- Kuteikin - a penchant for spree and an easy life
True, Mrs. Prostakova is not as simple as her dull-witted hubby and undersized Mitrofan.
Prostakova tried to quietly steal Sophia in order to secretly marry her to Mitrofan. But Sophia raised a fuss, and Milon came to her aid first, followed by Starodum and Pravdin. Prostakova realized that the complaint of Starodum and Sophia could end badly for her, begged for forgiveness. As soon as Sophia forgave her, she began to threaten her people. Then Pravdin read to her and her husband a document on guardianship, which in fact deprived her of any power over the estate and the peasants. In Fonvizin's comedy, the thought of the greatness and mind of the Sovereign Emperor runs like a red thread.
Consider the features of the comedy created by Fonvizin ("Undergrowth"). The analysis of this work is the topic of this article. This play is a masterpiece of Russian literature of the 18th century. This work is included today in the fund of Russian classical literature. It touches upon a number of "eternal problems". And the beauty of a high style still attracts many readers today. The name of this play is connected with the decree issued by Peter I, according to which "undergrowths" (young nobles) are forbidden to enter the service and marry without education.
The history of the creation of the play
Back in 1778, the idea of this comedy arose from its author, who is Fonvizin. "Undergrowth", the analysis of which we are interested in, was written in 1782 and presented to the public in the same year. It should briefly highlight the time of creation of the play that interests us.
During the reign of Catherine II, Fonvizin wrote "Undergrowth". The analysis of the heroes presented below proves that they were the heroes of their time. The period in the development of our country is associated with the dominance of ideas. They were borrowed by the Russians from the French enlighteners. The spread of these ideas, their great popularity among the educated philistinism and the nobility was largely facilitated by the Empress herself. She, as you know, corresponded with Diderot, Voltaire, d'Alembert. In addition, Catherine II opened libraries and schools, supported the development of art and culture in Russia by various means.
Continuing to describe the comedy created by D. I. Fonvizin ("Undergrowth"), analyzing its features, it should be noted that, as a representative of his era, the author, of course, shared the ideas that dominated at that time in the noble society. He tried to reflect them in his work, revealing not only positive aspects to readers and viewers, but also pointing out misconceptions and shortcomings.
"Undergrowth" - an example of classicism
Analysis of the comedy "Undergrowth" by Fonvizin requires considering this play as part of a cultural era and literary tradition. This work is considered one of the best examples of classicism. In the play, there is a unity of action (there are no secondary plot lines in it, only the struggle for Sophia's hand and her property is described), places (the characters do not move long distances, all events take place either near the Prostakovs' house or inside it), and time ( all events take no more than a day). In addition, he used "talking" surnames, which are traditional for the classic play, Fonvizin ("Undergrowth"). Analysis shows that, following tradition, he divided his characters into positive and negative ones. Positive ones are Pravdin, Starodum, Milon, Sophia. They are opposed to Prostakov, Mitrofan, Skotinin by D. I. Fonvizin (the play "Undergrowth"). An analysis of their names shows that they let the reader understand which features in the image of this or that character are prevalent. For example, the personification of morality and truth in the work is Pravdin.
A new genre of comedy, its features
"Undergrowth" at the time of its creation was an important step forward in the development of literature in our country, in particular, drama. Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin created a new socio-political. It harmoniously combines a number of realistic scenes depicted with sarcasm, irony, laughter from the lives of some ordinary representatives of high society (the nobility) with sermons about morality, virtue, the need to educate human qualities that were characteristic of enlighteners. At the same time, instructive monologues do not burden the perception of the play. They complement this work, as a result of which it becomes deeper.
First action
The play is divided into 5 acts, the author of which is Fonvizin ("Undergrowth"). Analysis of the work involves a description of the organization of the text. In the first act we get acquainted with the Prostakovs, Pravdin, Sofya, Mitrofan, Skotinin. The characters' characters emerge immediately, and the reader understands that the Skotinin and Prostakovs - and Sophia and Pravdin - are positive. In the first act, the exposition and the plot of this work take place. In the exposition, we get to know the characters, we learn that Sofya lives in the care of the Prostakovs, who is going to be married off as Skotinin. Reading a letter from Starodum is the beginning of the play. Sophia now turns out to be a rich heiress. From day to day, her uncle returns to take the girl to him.
The development of events in the play created by Fonvizin ("Undergrowth")
We continue the analysis of the work with a description of how events unfolded. 2nd, 3rd and 4th actions are their development. We get acquainted with Starodum and Milon. Prostakova and Skotinin are trying to please Starodum, but their flattery, falsity, lack of education and a huge thirst for profit only repels. They look stupid and funny. The most ridiculous scene of this work is Mitrofan's interrogation, during which the stupidity of not only this young man, but also his mother is exposed.
Climax and denouement
5th act - climax and denouement. It should be noted that the opinions of researchers about what moment should be considered the culmination differ. There are 3 most popular versions. According to the first, this is the abduction of Prostakova Sofya, according to the second, Pravdin’s reading of a letter stating that Prostakova’s estate is being transferred under his care, and, finally, the third version is Prostakova’s rage after she understands her own impotence and tries to “recoup "on his servants. Each of these versions is true, since it considers the work of interest to us from different points of view. The first, for example, highlights the storyline dedicated to Sophia's marriage. An analysis of the episode of Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth" associated with marriage, indeed, allows us to consider it the key in the work. The second version examines the play from a socio-political point of view, highlighting the moment when justice triumphs on the estate. The third focuses on the historical one, according to which Prostakova is the personification of the weakened principles and ideals of the old nobility, which, however, still do not believe in their own defeat. This nobility, according to the author, is based on ignorance, lack of education, as well as low moral standards. During the denouement, everyone leaves Prostakova. She has nothing left. Pointing to her, Starodum says that these are "worthy fruits" of "malice".
Negative characters
As we have already noted, the main characters are clearly divided into negative and positive. Mitrofan, Skotinin and Prostakov are negative characters. Prostakova is a woman seeking profit, uneducated, rude, domineering. She knows how to flatter for profit. However, Prostakova loves her son. Prostakov appears as the "shadow" of his wife. This is an inactive character. His word means little. Skotinin is the brother of Mrs. Prostakova. This is an equally uneducated and stupid person, rather cruel, like his sister, greedy for money. For him, a walk to the pigs in the barnyard is the best thing to do. Mitrofan is a typical son of his mother. This is a spoiled young man of 16 years old, who inherited from his uncle a love for pigs.
Issues and heredity
In the play, it should be noted, an important place is given to the issue of family ties and heredity Fonvizin ("Undergrowth"). Analyzing this issue, let's say, for example, that Prostakova is only married to her husband (a "simple" person who does not want much). However, she is actually Skotinina, akin to her brother. Her son absorbed the qualities of both his parents - "animal" qualities and stupidity from his mother and lack of will from his father.
Similar family ties can be traced between Sophia and Starodum. Both of them are honest, virtuous, educated. The girl listens to her uncle attentively, respects him, "absorbs" science. Pairs of opposites create negative and positive characters. Children - spoiled stupid Mitrofan and meek smart Sophia. Parents love children, but they approach their upbringing differently - Starodub talks on the topics of truth, honor, morality, and Prostakova only pampers Mitrofan and says that education is not useful to him. A couple of grooms - Milon, who sees the ideal and his friend in Sophia, who loves her, and Skotinin, who calculates the fortune that he will receive after marrying this girl. At the same time, Sophia as a person is not interesting to him. Skotinin does not even try to equip his bride with comfortable housing. Prostakov and Pravdin are in reality the "voice of truth", a kind of "auditors". But in the person of an official, we find active strength, help and real action, while Prostakov is a passive character. The only thing that this hero could say was to reproach Mitrofan at the end of the play.
Issues raised by the author
Analyzing, it becomes clear that each of the above-described pairs of characters reflects a separate problem that is revealed in the work. This is a problem of education (which is supplemented by the example of half-educated teachers like Kuteikin, as well as impostors like Vralman), upbringing, fathers and children, family life, relationships between spouses, the attitude of nobles to servants. Each of these problems is considered through the prism of enlightenment ideas. Fonvizin, sharpening his attention on the shortcomings of the era through the use of comic techniques, emphasizes the need to change outdated, traditional, irrelevant foundations. They drag foolishness, malevolence into the swamp, liken people to animals.
As our analysis of Fonvizin's play "Undergrowth" showed, the main idea and theme of the work is the need to educate the nobility in accordance with educational ideals, the foundations of which are still relevant today.
As was customary in classicism, the heroes of the comedy "Undergrowth" are clearly divided into negative and positive. However, the most memorable, vivid are still negative characters, despite their despotism and ignorance: Mrs. Prostakova, her brother Taras Skotinin and Mitrofan himself. They are interesting and ambiguous. It is with them that comic situations are associated, full of humor, bright liveliness of dialogues.
Positive characters do not evoke such vivid emotions, although they are reasoners, reflecting the author's position. Educated, endowed with only positive traits, they are ideal - they cannot do lawlessness, they are alien to lies and cruelty.
Let's describe each of the characters in more detail:
| Heroes | Characteristic | Character speech |
| Negative characters | ||
| Mrs. Prostakova | The central negative character, a representative of the serf nobility. Depicted as an uneducated, ignorant and vicious woman, who owns all the power in the family: “I scold, then I fight, and that’s how the house is kept.” She is convinced that education is unnecessary and even harmful: "Without science, people live and lived." A two-faced person: with serfs, teachers, husband, brother, she communicates condescendingly, rudely, even aggressively, and tries to flatter people on whom her position depends. Confirmation of the same thought is a change in attitude towards Sophia. “Prezloyfury, to which the infernal temper makes the misfortune of the whole house,” Pravdin calls her. The only person who inspires her with good feelings is the son of Mitrofanushka, “a friend of the heart”, “darling”. Therefore, in the finale, she is even sorry, because he turns away from her. | Trishke - "cattle", "swindler", "thieves' mug", "blockhead"; Yeremeevna - “a beast”, “a scumbag”, “a dog’s daughter”. To the Starodum - a “benefactor.” “Whatever the peasants had, we took away, we can’t rip anything off.” “Crooks, thieves, swindlers! I order everyone to be beaten to death.” |
| Skotinin | Another sharply negative character, the owner of a bestial surname, narcissistic and cruel. The only passion - pigs and everything connected with them, gives his image a kind of animal. | “I haven’t read anything since I was born ... God delivered me from this boredom.” “I love pigs ...” “Are there pigs in your villages?” “I want to have my own piglets.” “Eco happiness has fallen.” “I would ... by the legs, but about the corner”, “Oh, you damn pig!” - Mitrofan. "Yes, you see how she squealed" - about her sister. |
| Mitrofan | A minor of sixteen years old, the son of provincial landowners. His name is “speaking”, because Mitrofan in Greek means “like a mother”. The same two-faced: a tyrant in relation to his family, humbly asks for forgiveness from Starodum in the finale. He has undeniable cunning. For example, a dream where "mother beats father." Education depends on the way of life, the environment, the conditions for the formation of a person. Mitrofan, who grew up in an ignorant family, is himself ignorant, stupid and lazy. Mitrofanushka is not only a complete ignoramus who has an aversion to teaching, but also an egoist, for him there is nothing significant other than his own interests. “An ignoramus without a soul is a beast,” according to Starodum. Rude and cruel towards serfs, teachers, nanny, father. “Although he is sixteen years old, he has already reached the last degree of his perfection and will not go further,” says Sophia about him. “Damned ingot,” as his uncle calls him, is the final result of the degradation of the nobility with a soul-disfiguring upbringing. Historically, a young nobleman who did not receive a written certificate of training from a teacher was considered "undersized". He was not hired, he was not allowed to marry. The image of "undergrowth", thanks to comedy, has become a household word: they usually say this about stupid and ignorant people. | Eremeevna - "old hrychovka"; uncle - “Get out, uncle; get lost"; "garrison rat" - to teacher Tsyfirkin .. "Shoot them and Eremeevna" - about teachers. |
| Prostakov | The person is helpless and weak. It is definitely impossible to say about him that he is the "head of the family." In everything he obeys his wife and is afraid of her. He prefers not to have his own opinion - a scene with sewing a caftan: "In your eyes, mine do not see anything." Illiterate "spineless henpecked", in fact, he is not such a bad person. He loves Mitrofan, "as a parent should." “He is humble,” Pravdin says of him. | |
| Positive characters | ||
| Pravdin | State official sent to check the situation on the Prostakov estate. Arbitrariness, in his opinion, is an unforgivable vice. Tyranny deserves punishment. Therefore, the truth will prevail and the estate of the cruel and despotic Prostakova will be taken away in favor of the state. | “From the feat of my heart, I do not leave to notice malicious ignoramuses who, having power over their people, use it for evil inhumanly.” |
| Sofia | Niece of Starodum. A decent, kind, smart girl. In Greek, her name is "wisdom". Honest and educated. “God gave you the omnipotence of your sex, ... the heart of an honest man,” Starodum tells her. | “How not to be satisfied with the heart when the conscience is calm ... It is impossible not to love the rules of virtue ... They are ways to happiness.” “I will use all my efforts to earn the good opinion of worthy people.” |
| Starodum | Sophia's uncle and guardian. Performs the role of a reasoner, expressing the thoughts of the author. His name says that he was brought up in the era of Peter and adheres to its ideals, when they served faithfully and honestly at court, not fawning over the "powerful ones of this world." And he honestly deserved his fortune and position: he was in military service, and served at court. Possesses straightforwardness and impatience to injustice. A person endowed with power, in his opinion, should not in any way violate the rights of other people. | "Enlightenment elevates one virtuous soul." "Cash money is not cash dignity." "Ranks begin - sincerity ceases." "Have a heart, have a soul - and you will be a man at all times." "The dignity of the heart is inseparable." human - good manners. |
| Milon | Handsome officer, Sophia's fiancé. Despite his youth, he already took part in hostilities, where he showed himself heroically. Modest. “A young man of great merit”, “the whole public considers him an honest and worthy person”, according to Starodum. | "I'm in love and I am happy to be loved."“I believe true fearlessness in the soul, and not in the heart ...” |
| Minor characters | ||
| Tsyfirkin | In the past, a soldier, therefore, cherishes the concepts of duty and honor: “I took money for my service, but I didn’t take it in an empty way and I won’t take it.” Rough, but straightforward and honest. “I don’t like to live idle,” he says. "Direct kind person" is called Starodum. | “Here gentlemen are kind commanders!”, “Here is a quick fire a day for three hours in a row.” “Hello a hundred years, yes twenty, and even fifteen, countless years.” |
| Kuteikin | A half-educated seminarian with a “speaking” surname: kutya is a ritual porridge, an obligatory Christmas and memorial dish. The man is undoubtedly cunning, as evidenced by the choice of text when teaching Mitrofan: “But I am a worm, and not a man, a reproach to people”, “that is, an animal, cattle”. Greedy for money, tries not to miss his own. | Church Slavonic lexicon: “outer darkness”, “woe to me a sinner”, “the call of the past”, “I came”, “fearing the abyss of wisdom”. |
| Vralman | German Adam Adamovich is a former coachman of Starodum. The man is a rogue, as his surname says, he pretends to be a scientist who can teach "in French and all the sciences", and he interferes with other teachers. The owner of a lackey soul, tries to please Prostakova, praising Mitrofan. Himself ignorant and uncultured. | "They want to kill the kid!" |
| Eremeevna | Nanny Mitrofan. She sincerely serves in the Prostakovs' house, loves her pupil Mitrofan, but is rewarded for her service as follows: "Five rubles a year, up to five slaps a day." | "... I would have broken with him ... I would have become more careful with fangs." everything is undesirable." |
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The work of D. I. Fonvizin “Undergrowth” showed the positive character traits that every conscious citizen of the state must possess.
In the written play, Fonvizin endowed the character of Starodum with such a character. This is a hero with a big heart, an honest, sympathetic and merciful character. There are no episodes in the comedy when Starodum speaks unflatteringly about someone, steals or deceives. On the contrary, he always has his calmness, poise. Starodum does not throw his words to the wind, gives good advice, concludes well and at the same time has a sense of humor - he laughs and jokes.
Characters who have similar character traits: Sophia - Starodum's niece; Milon - a military man, Sophia's fiance; Pravdin is a member of the city council. Together they are an example of a law-abiding citizen.
The author showed the Prostakov family of petty nobles as the opposite of these characters. The head of this family is Mrs. Prostakova - a greedy, rude and deceitful woman. It is not for nothing that Fonvizin calls her Fury, the avenging goddess of the ancient Romans. She loves only one person - her son, Mitrofan, who is a lazy person by nature, he stands out for illiteracy and uncultured behavior, it is not for nothing that his name means "mother-like."
Starting a conversation about Prostakov Sr., one can easily argue that his life pleases him only when his wife does not take out his anger at him. It is clearly seen in the work that he is trying in every possible way to please her and does not have his own opinion. Another negative character is Skotinin, Prostakova's brother. For this person, a pig is more valuable than people. He intends to marry Sophia when he found out that she had a rich inheritance.
Drawing conclusions, it is possible to divide the characters of this work into two halves - good, represented by Starodum, Milon, Sophia, and evil, which is represented by the Prostakov and Skotinin families.
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Mrs. Prostakova- Prostakov's wife. An active, rude, uneducated woman who thinks more about her own gain than about people around and virtue, tries to solve everything by force or cunning.
Prostakov Mitrofan- the son of the Prostakovs, an undergrowth, a young man of 16 years old, as stupid as his parents, completely weak-willed, agrees to everything that his mother or others say (in the end, he immediately agrees to join the army).
Pravdin- the guest of the Prostakovs, a government official who came to deal with the disorders in their estate, to resolve the issue of Prostakov's cruelty towards the servants. A highly moral person, a representative of the "new" educated nobility, personifies the truth and the word of the law in the work "Undergrowth".
Starodum- a person with high moral principles, who achieved everything in his life himself, without resorting to deceit or cunning. Sophia's uncle and guardian.
Sofia- an honest, educated, kind girl. After she lost her parents, she lives with the Prostakovs, in love with Milon.
Milon- Sophia's fiancé, whom they had not seen for several years. The officer, who was distinguished in the service by courage and courage, has high concepts of human virtue and honor.
Skotinin- the brother of Mrs. Prostakova. A stupid, uneducated man, looking for profit in everything, easily lies and flatters for the sake of profit.
Other characters
Prostakov- Prostakova's husband. Virtually nothing decides in the house, in fact the shadow and henpecked wife, uneducated, weak-willed.
Eremeevna Mitrofan's nanny.
Kuteikin(a seminarian who himself stopped studying halfway, because he did not master science, cunning and greedy, a grammar teacher), Vralman(the former groom of Starodum, simple, but able to skillfully deceive - called himself a German teacher of secular life), Tsyfirkin(retired sergeant, honest man, arithmetic teacher) - Mitrofan's teacher.
Trishka- tailor, Prostakov's servant.
