A collection of ideal social studies essays. This or that turnover In what cases are commas not used?
Let's look at this problem in more detail. According to the author, although loneliness “depresses the soul” and “gives rise to melancholy,” nevertheless, for the most part, it has a positive impact both on the person himself and on his personal growth and creative activity.
After all, loneliness, as if by itself, pushes a person to talk with his own conscience, forces him to analyze his actions.
The writer also notes that “at the heart of bright human personalities and destinies there is almost always a dense layer of loneliness” - it is to this that great people owe their successes.
I guess L.A. Zhukhovitsky is right, but not entirely. Indeed, for the most part, loneliness has a beneficial effect on a person, but it happens that, on the contrary, it has a detrimental effect on the individual. An example is the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri". The main character, having cut himself off from society in early childhood, lost touch with it forever.
He was unhappy, loneliness oppressed him and darkened his life.
But on the other hand, the author of the article encourages us to learn to use loneliness correctly: “since this particular streak of life has found itself on you, use its positive sides to the fullest.” Also, there are a huge number of examples when loneliness helped the heroes of works to understand themselves: this is Pierre Bezukhov in the novel “War and Peace”, Oblomov in the novel “Oblomov”, and also Pechorin in the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov. In the last example, the main character of the novel, Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin, in principle, was unable to live without loneliness, it was necessary for him. And even M.Yu himself owes his talent to loneliness - this is the leading theme in his work.
In conclusion, I would like to say that the problem of loneliness is very relevant today. A huge number of people at this moment are suffering because they are completely alone and, of which they are firmly convinced, are unhappy. And how important it is for all of them to suddenly realize that this is not a punishment or a bad streak, but perhaps a huge chance for them - a chance to become better, understand themselves and try to engage in creative activities.
Updated: 2017-09-20
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1. Introductory constructions are called words, combinations of words, and offers , expressing the speaker’s attitude to what is being said.
Introductory structures give a general assessment of the message, indicate the source and method of the message, connection with the context, the order of the components of the statement, etc.
The main meaning of introductory structures – the meaning of modal, emotional, expressive evaluation.
Introductory constructions are intonationally highlighted in the sentence. They are characterized by a special intonation of introduction - the intonation of turning on or off.
Introductory words and combinations of words are highlighted (or separated) by commas.
For example: Misha Alpatov, of course, could hire horses(Priv.); Someone, apparently, advised the girl to go with the kitten to the bird market(Sol.); I saw Natasha, it seems, on the third day of my hospital life(Spread); The mere presence here of the Decembrists, scattered in exile throughout the entire expanse of Western and Eastern Siberia, had such an influence on the public that, firstly, being in many places scattered minds, it became a public and, secondly, gained goals that in the end ultimately led to the opening of Tomsk University(Spread); Someone, apparently, was passing along the street at that time (Rasp.) It was not the first time I left home, but these were trips that began and ended in Pskov and, perhaps, therefore left a feeling of transience(Kav.).
2. Introductory structures:
2)express emotional assessment: fortunately, surprisingly, unfortunately, unfortunately; for good, for bad; by misfortune; a sinful deed, what good;
3)indicate the source of the message: according to legend, in my opinion, according to rumors; they say I remember; by conviction, by words, by sight;
4)characterize the attitude towards the way of expressing thoughts: by expression, in one word, in other words; roughly speaking, so to speak, in a word, literally, in short;
5) emphasize the expressive nature of the statement: in truth, in fairness, to your liking, jokes aside; to be honest, between you and me;
6)indicate the relationship between the parts of the statement: so, by the way, for example; finally; firstly, secondly, etc.; therefore, in general, in this way;
7) serve the purpose of attracting the attention of the interlocutor: you see, you understand, you won’t believe it; have mercy; Imagine; listen;
8) indicate a limitation or clarification of a statement: at least to one degree or another, at least, even more so.
Are not introductory and, therefore, words and combinations of words are not separated by commas: perhaps, as if, in addition, suddenly, after all, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, precisely, as if, as if, just, meanwhile, moreover, approximately, approximately, and, decisively, allegedly, by decree, by decision.
3. Introductory sentences, usually, have meanings close to the meanings of introductory words and word combinations V. They are distinguished by commas or as structurally more complex – by dashes. The choice of punctuation marks depends on the degree to which the introductory structure is excluded from the main statement.
For example: How do sailors express themselves?, the wind was getting stronger(Ch.); She has, as writers say, a sigh of relief escaped(White); On the other side, about a hundred paces from here, he knew, Austrian trenches were approaching the river itself.(A.T.); Z to suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it was ridiculous(Shol.); The prosecutor flies headlong into the library - can you imagine? – does not find either a similar number or the same date of the month of May in the Senate decisions(Fed.).
4. According to their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to different parts of speech and different grammatical forms:
nouns in various cases with and without prepositions:
without a doubt, to joy, fortunately and etc.;
adjectives in short form, in various cases, in the superlative degree:
right, guilty, most important, in general, the most important, the least;
pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions:
in addition, besides, meanwhile;
adverbs in a positive or comparative degree:
undoubtedly, of course, probably, in short, more accurately;
Verbs in various forms of the indicative or imperative mood:
I think, believe me, they seemed to say, imagine, have mercy;
infinitive or combination with an infinitive:
apparently, know, admit, funny to say;
combinations with gerunds :
to tell the truth, in short, to put it roughly;
two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of expression of will, speaking, thought, etc.:
For as long as I can remember, I often think;
impersonal offers :
It seemed to her that we all remember it well;
vaguely personal proposals .
that’s how they thought about him, how they usually talked about him.
5. If the introductory word or combination of words stands at the beginning of a separate phrase or at the end of it, then it is not separated from it by a punctuation mark, i.e. commas highlight the turn as a whole.
For example: One night must be out of mischief, the list was papered over the façade of the City Council(Fad.). A girl, essentially a child, approached the bus. A fairly clear description is given, in particular the Decembrist Mikhail Spiridonov (Chiv.); The student returned the book to the library, probably without even reading it.
6. Introductory words And combinations of words, being next to coordinating conjunctions, are separated or not separated from them by commas, depending on the context. If a conjunction is included in an introductory construction, then a comma is not placed after it; if a conjunction connects the members of a sentence, and the introductory word is easily omitted (without violating the structure of the sentence), then a comma is placed after the conjunction.
For example: His grandfather is a lean and straight man, he was made hastily, but, apparently, both firmly and deftly(M.G.); But, according to rumors, some part fought stubbornly near Kamensk(Fad.); And the fact that all these people were thus opposed to him, the fact that he was alone among these people and seemed to stand above them, not only did not frighten or upset Semka, but on the contrary - this was precisely the main interest of his life(Fad.); In the dark fog, fragmentary and incoherent visions began to appear, so incoherent and distant from one another, as if they were flying to me from different people, and maybe not only from people(Spread).
As a rule, combinations of words are used in the form of integral introductory constructions and (and) means, and (and) therefore, and (and) vice versa. However, if these constructions do not include a conjunction, they are separated from the conjunction by a comma.
For example: It was then that society would send an army of artists to decorate everyday life - homes, clothes, utensils, the most ordinary things, everyday and no less than books, cultivating taste and therefore the aesthetic exactingness of workers in their own work and behavior(Leon.).
Introductory words after conjunctions used in a connecting meaning are not separated by a comma.
For example: And indeed, he soon left. By the way, the store was already closed. And perhaps he did the right thing.
7. Many of the introductory words And combinations of words may be homonymous to sentence members or conjunctions. Such functional differences (they are reflected in punctuation) appear in context.
Words and combinations of words can perform different functions however, by the way, finally, in the end, thus, indeed, maybe, at least on the one hand, on the other hand and etc.
For example: Maybe Polina also looked at this same column from the cabin (Hall.). - She walked very quietly, there was as much calm in her as there can be in true and living beauty(Hall.).
Let me at least make sure you feel good now(Leon.). – Occasionally, pale zigzags of lightning cut through to the ground. It was clear that by this day there would be at least a separation between us(L.T.).
Ivan Matveevich was not in too much of a hurry and thus made a mistake(Leon.). – Thus, the image of the forest as a living being is formed(Leon.).
She must have gone to visit her mother(Shol.). – The schedule must be stable.
By the way, Vikhrov rather absent-mindedly accepted the good news(Leon.). – Your arrival was welcome.
Ganan, however, was never too generous with his praise(Tendr.). – Just as easily, carefree, he returned to the hotel. However, something has already changed(Boon.).
Word " however» as a conjunction stands at the beginning of a sentence, between parts of a complex sentence, or between homogeneous members of a sentence.
For example: There was something else that I wanted to understand. However, it slipped away; It was raining, but it was necessary to go; He promised to return, but did not return.
In a sentence: However, opening the cool door that smelled of official paint, he was convinced that everything was as before(Fad.) – after the conjunction there is an adverbial phrase.
Introductory combinations " on the one hand on the other hand" are highlighted (or separated) by commas.
For example: . ..The general did not want to allow his division to cease to exist. On the other side, he knew that he would fulfill his duty to the end(Fad.). When a side word is omitted, a dash is placed: On the one hand, the students’ knowledge was deep, on the other, it turned out to be very one-sided.
Compare: We were sledding down the mountain built in Khryapov’s yard, but a strong wind blew, the children were called into the old man’s room, and they sat with him on a warm bed - Vanya on one side, Lyuba on the other(M.G.); on the one hand, on the other - members of the proposal.
Word " finally"is introductory if it summarizes any enumeration - explicit (first, second and finally) or hidden (as a result of some events).
For example: The child was completely tired in the evening: firstly, lessons at school; secondly, an amateur activity group and, finally, evening reading; Now the fingers have already identified the object, and only the fear of a new deception prevents jubilant joy from escaping from the chest. Finally, a golden leaf sparkles in your hand, and you want to quickly run to people as quickly as possible, to announce to them the existence of miracles on earth.(Priv.).
Compare: Finally, as an adverbial member of the sentence: The leader finally appeared, along with Lisa(Adv.); The long-awaited holiday has finally arrived.
The word “ So": it is used both as a circumstance of the manner of action and as an introductory one in the meaning of "for example."
Compare: This is how he worked - he came up with phrases on the fly, then wrote them down, then came up with them again(Paust.). – The members of a sentence are different. So, these can be circumstances, additions, definitions.
Introductory sentences, as a rule, have meanings close to the meanings of introductory words and word combinations. They are highlighted with commas or as structurally more complex - with a dash. The choice of punctuation marks depends on the degree to which the introductory structure is excluded from the main statement: An ugly, kind person, as he considered himself, could, he believed, be loved as a friend(L. T.); How do sailors express themselves?, the wind was getting stronger(Ch.); She has, as writers say, a sigh of relief escaped(White); On the other side, about a hundred paces from here, he knew, Austrian trenches were approaching the river itself.(A.T.); Suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it was ridiculous(Shol.); The prosecutor flies headlong into the library - can you imagine? - does not find either a similar number or the same date of the month of May in the Senate decisions(Fed.).
If an introductory word or combination of words is at the beginning of a separate phrase or at the end of it, then it is not separated from it by a punctuation mark, i.e. commas highlight the turnover as a whole; compare: One night must be out of mischief, the list was papered over the façade of the City Council(Fad.). - There were probably tumbleweeds flying near the blackest cloud, and how scared they must have been(Ch.); A girl, essentially a child, approached the bus. - After that, in fact, ask about her[Axinyi] there was no need to have a relationship with Gregory(Shol.); A fairly clear description is given, in particular the Decembrist Mikhail Spiridonov(Chiv.); The student returned the book to the library, probably without even reading it. Wed. Also: At the porch of the cathedral, gray, shabby people were milling about on the stones, apparently waiting for something, and buzzing like wasps of a ruined nest.(M. G.) is an introductory word within a separate phrase.
Introductory words and combinations of words, being next to coordinating conjunctions, are separated or not separated from them by commas, depending on the context. If a conjunction is included in an introductory construction, then a comma is not placed after it; if a conjunction connects the members of a sentence, and the introductory word is easily omitted (without violating the structure of the sentence), then a comma is placed after the conjunction: His grandfather is a lean and straight man, he was made hastily, but, apparently, both firmly and deftly(M.G.); But, according to rumors, some units fought stubbornly near Kamensk(Fad.); And the fact that all these people were thus opposed to him, the fact that he was alone among these people and seemed to stand above them, not only did not frighten or upset Semka, but on the contrary - this was precisely the main interest of his life(Fad.); Well, if she didn’t recognize him even now, it means she simply forgot him. Or maybe I never remembered(White); In the dark fog, fragmentary and incoherent visions began to appear, so incoherent and distant from one another, as if they were flying to me from different people, and maybe not only from people(Spread).
As a rule, combinations of words are used in the form of integral introductory constructions a(i) means a(i) therefore a(i) vice versa. However, if these constructions do not include a conjunction, then they are separated from the conjunction by a comma: It was then that society would send an army of artists to decorate everyday life - homes, clothes, utensils, the most ordinary things, everyday and no less than books, cultivating the taste and, therefore, the aesthetic demands of workers in their own work and behavior(Leon.).
Introductory words after conjunctions used in the connecting meaning are not separated by a comma: And indeed he soon left; By the way, the store was already closed; And perhaps he did the right thing.
Many of the introductory words and combinations of words can be homonymous to sentence members or conjunctions. Such functional differences (they are reflected in punctuation) appear in context.
Different functions can be performed by words and combinations of words; however, by the way, finally, in the end, thus, indeed, maybe, at least on the one hand, on the other hand, etc.; compare: Maybe Polina also looked at the same column from the cabin(Hall.). - She walked very quietly, there was as much calm in her as there can be in true and living beauty(Hall.); Let me at least make sure you feel good now(Leon.). - Occasionally, pale zigzags of lightning cut through to the ground. It was clear that by this day there would be at least a separation between us(L. T.); Ivan Matveevich was not in too much of a hurry and thus made a mistake(Leon.). - Thus, the image of the forest as a living being is formed(Leon.); Thus, playing ears for a boy has become something of a profitable profession(Cat.). - By doing this, you will achieve the best results; She must have gone to visit her mother(Shol.). - The schedule must be stable. Wed. the introductory combination should be at the beginning of a separate phrase: Someone knocked hard must be a fist, into the wall(Paust.); Some stars, perhaps, know how sacred human grief is!(Boon.); What could be more important than a cure for cancer?(Gran.); By the way, Vikhrov rather absent-mindedly accepted the good news(Leon.). - Your arrival was welcome; Ganan, however, was never too generous with his praise(Tendr.). - Just as easily, carefree, he returned to the hotel. However, something has already changed(Boon.).
Word however as a conjunction it stands at the beginning of a sentence, between parts of a complex sentence or between homogeneous members of a sentence: There was something else that I wanted to understand. However, it slipped away; It was raining, but it was necessary to go; He promised to return, but did not return. In a sentence However, having opened the classroom door that smelled of official paint, he was convinced that everything here was as before(Fad.) - after the conjunction there is an adverbial phrase.
Introductory combinations on the one hand on the other hand separated (or separated) by commas: ...The general did not want to allow his division to cease to exist. On the other side, he knew that he would fulfill his duty to the end(Fad.). If a side word is omitted, a dash is added: On the one hand, the students’ knowledge was deep, on the other hand, it turned out to be very one-sided. Wed: We were sledding down a mountain built in Khryapov's yard, but a strong wind blew, the children were called into the old man's room, and they sat with him on a warm bed - Vanya on one side, Lyuba on the other(M.G.); on the one hand, on the other- members of the proposal.
Word finally is introductory if it summarizes any enumeration - explicit ( Firstly Secondly and finally) or hidden (as a result of some events): The child was completely tired in the evening: firstly, lessons at school; secondly, an amateur activity group and, finally, evening reading; Now the fingers have already identified the object, and only the fear of a new deception prevents jubilant joy from escaping from the chest. Finally, a golden leaf sparkles in your hand, and you want to quickly run to people as quickly as possible, to announce to them the existence of miracles on earth.(Priv.).
Wed. Finally, as an adverbial member of a sentence: The leader finally appeared, along with Lisa(Adv.); The long-awaited holiday has finally arrived.
Words also serve a dual function. So: it is used both as a circumstance of the manner of action and as an introductory one in the meaning of “for example”; compare: So he worked - he came up with phrases on the fly, then wrote them down, then came up with them again(Paust.). - The members of a sentence are different. So, these can be circumstances, additions, definitions.
Introductory words are words, combinations of words, as well as sentences that express the speaker’s attitude to what is said. Introductory constructions give a general assessment of the message, indicate the source and method of the message, connection with the context, the order of the components of the statement, etc. The main meaning of introductory constructions is the meaning of modal, emotional, expressive evaluation.
Introductory constructions are intonationally highlighted in the sentence. They are characterized by a special intonation of introduction - the intonation of turning on or off.
Introductory words and combinations of words are highlighted (or separated) by commas: Misha Alpatov, of course, could hire horses(Priv.); Somebody, Apparently, he advised the girl to go with the kitten to the bird market(Sol.); I saw Natasha, it seems, on the third day of my hospital life(Spread); The mere presence here of the Decembrists, scattered in exile throughout the entire expanse of Western and Eastern Siberia, had such an influence on the public that, firstly, being in many places scattered minds, it became a public and, secondly, gained goals that in the end ultimately led to the opening of Tomsk University(Spread); Somebody, Apparently, he was passing along the street at that time(Spread); To stage a play of any value you have to spend so much effort that in the eyes of the children nothing justifies it. True, the participants themselves receive some satisfaction(Poppy.); This was not the first time I left home, but these were trips that began and ended in Pskov and, perhaps, therefore left a feeling of transience(Kav.); He stood in line at passport control. So, first of all(White).
Introductory words and combinations of words:
2) express emotional assessment: fortunately, surprisingly, unfortunately, unfortunately; for good, for bad; by misfortune; a sinful thing, what good;
3) indicate the source of the message: according to legend, in my opinion, according to rumors; they say I remember; according to conviction, according to words, in opinion;
4) characterize the attitude towards the way of expressing thoughts: by expression, in one word, in other words; roughly speaking, so to speak, in a word, literally, in short;
5) emphasize the expressive nature of the statement: in truth, in fairness, to your liking, jokes aside; to be honest, just between you and me;
6) indicate relationships between parts of a statement: so, by the way, for example; finally; Firstly Secondly etc.; therefore, in general, in this way;
7) serve the purpose of attracting the attention of the interlocutor: you see, you understand, you won’t believe it; have mercy; Imagine; listen;
8) indicate a limitation or clarification of a statement: at least to one degree or another, at least, especially.
Note. The following words and combinations of words are not introductory and, therefore, are not separated by commas: perhaps, as if, in addition, suddenly, after all, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, precisely, as if, as if, just, meanwhile, besides, approximately, roughly, moreover, decisively, allegedly, by decree, by decision.
Inserted constructions (words, combinations of words, sentences) contain additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments to the main statement. Plug-in constructions are less closely related to the sentence than introductory ones, and therefore fall sharply out of its structure. Expressing additional messages, they require more significant emphasis in the sentence than introductory constructions, which, as a rule, contain an attitude towards what was said and its assessment. It is this semantic independence of inserted structures that explains the need to use brackets and dashes to highlight them: Since 1851, the Sibirsky ( then East Siberian) department of the Geographical Society(Spread); We were well fed, but the water was not for drinking, but for washing- it was not enough(Kav.); Sometimes the days sparkled better than summer - the whiteness of the frozen snow resisted the sun's fire point-blank- and the clean air shimmered sharply with biting cold and viscous warmth(Plat.); Valeria - that was the name of the girl, out of longing for whom I ran away from the village to Moscow, - listened to me, looking dreamily ahead(Sol.).
If there must be commas inside the inset structure, they are preserved: It turned out that in the villages closest to Gradov - not to mention the distant ones, in the wooded side, - until now in the spring on the new moon and the first thunder they swam in rivers and lakes(Payment).
The universal punctuation mark is brackets: they highlight an insertion structure within a sentence or at the end of it (at the beginning of a sentence an insertion, being an additional message, is not used): But he is still a Siberian, and the more he yearns for his lost qualities ( For example, you can refer to the heroes of books and films by Vasily Shukshin), the more they were necessary for him for strength and reliability in life(Spread).
Isolation with a dash is possible only in the middle of a sentence, since an insertion construction separated by a dash at the end of the sentence will be perceived as the second part of a complex sentence. In order for an insertion to retain its "insertion" character, parentheses are necessary; compare: Katya never knew the power of her beauty, she innocently considered herself pretty, sometimes very pretty, she loved to be liked, like a bird, shaking her feathers ( when the pinkish sun begins to shine on the gray dew, rising between the trunks) (A.T.); (cf.: loved to please, like a bird shaking its feathers, when the pinkish sun begins to shine on the gray dew); She took off her headscarf, her curly ash-colored hair was tied at the back of her head with a red satin ribbon ( issued at the artillery department warehouse) (A.T.); (cf.: ...her ashen hair was tied at the back of her head with a red satin ribbon - given out at the artillery department warehouse); Sitting in a cell, holding a duffel bag at my side ( where, among other things, were Dasha’s porcelain cat and dog), he recalled with emotion the hot speeches made at the table(A.T.) (cf.: holding a duffel bag at his side, where, among other things, there were Dasha’s porcelain cat and dog, he recalled...).
If there is already a dash inside the plug-in structure, then only the parentheses are the common emphases: Meanwhile, the forest that I recently passed ( what a forest there is - aspen bushes!), which had until now merged with the blackness of the night, so that it could not be suspected, began to appear dimly, because behind it it turned yellow and glowed(Sol.).
Note. When creating inserted structures in the middle of a sentence, it is possible to use a comma and a dash as a single punctuation mark: On the table - he made it himself, burned out the pattern, varnished it - in a plush frame there is a photograph of his late wife(Eb.). However, such a distinction can be considered outdated: it is unusual for modern publications. The combination of punctuation marks required by the conditions of the context should be distinguished from such use of a semicolon: From the past he retained memories of carefree, good-natured women, cheerful with love, grateful to him for happiness, even if it was very short; and about such, - like his wife for example- who loved him without sincerity, with unnecessary talk(Ch.). Wed. another combination of characters: They called the names of husbands and brothers, - Are they alive and well?- as if this military man could know by name all the thousands of workers who fought on all fronts(A.T.).
An insertion structure can be designed as an independent sentence or part of the text related to a paragraph. This construction is highlighted by brackets, and the period fixing the end of the inserted sentence is placed before the closing bracket: ...It will be more far-sighted this way... ( Maslov’s throat was bubbling, although he speaks quietly and even sluggishly.) Nothing has changed, Ekaterina Dmitrievna!.. Second: your night guest will leave now... You want to ask - why do I insist on this? Here is my answer... ( He put his hand into the side pocket of his greasy jacket with torn buttons, pulled out a flat parabellum and, holding it in his palm, showed it to Katya.) Then we will continue our previous relationship...(A.T.); I have never eaten tastier eggs than these. ( Of course, it was Vitka who came up with the idea of baking eggs. He always comes up with something, even though his ears stick out in different directions..) (Sol.).
Parentheses can set off entire paragraphs, but all internal characters of the inset structure are preserved, including the ending period placed before the closing parenthesis: Behind the birch forest there is one place that cannot be remembered without making your heart ache..
(I think about all this, lying in the back of a truck. Late night. Explosions are heard from the Razdelnaya station - there is a bombing going on there. When the explosions subside, the timid crackling of cicadas is heard - they are frightened by the explosions and are still crackling in an undertone. A tracer shell falls overhead bluish star. I catch myself involuntarily watching it and listening: when will it explode? But the star does not explode, but silently goes out over the very ground. How far is it from here to the familiar birch copse, to the solemn forests, to that place where the heart always clench! There is now also night, but soundless, blazing with the lights of the constellations, smelling not of gasoline fumes and powder gases - perhaps we should say “explosive” gases - but of deep water settled in forest lakes and juniper needles.)
Behind the birch forest the road rises steeply to a sandy cliff(Paust.).
Note. If an insertion is enclosed in parentheses, then the internal insertion structures are highlighted with a dash (see previous example).
Plug-in constructions can perform not only the function of an additional message, but also modal-evaluative functions (in this case they come close to introductory constructions). However, their modal-evaluative meanings are not directly superimposed on the content of the main sentence, but are additional. Such inserts are highlighted with brackets: That seemingly insoluble knot that tied Rostov’s freedom was resolved by this unexpected ( as it seemed to Nikolai), an unprompted letter from Sonya(L.T.).
Plug-in structures can also perform a service function, for example, when creating links to a citation source: In the relationship between man and animal, the fault, in our judgment, is always with the person(Deri T. Niki // New World. 1987. No. 5. P. 169).
Note. For punctuation marks before and after parentheses, see the section “Combination of punctuation marks and the sequence of their arrangement.”
They are always installed. However, you should pay attention to the fact that often students and those who have long graduated from secondary school have great difficulties with such punctuation. We will look at what exactly this is connected with in this article.
General information
Almost everyone knows that an introductory word is separated by commas. However, only a few can define this part of the sentence.
So, introductory words are those that are not formally connected in any way with the members of the sentence. Moreover, they are not them, but only express their characteristics and attitude to the reported information.
What parts of speech are they represented by?
It is not enough to know where a comma is placed to highlight introductory words and where it is not. After all, in order to apply the rules of punctuation, you need to find the same expression. And this is not always an easy task. From a grammatical point of view, such words can be represented by pronouns and nouns (without and with prepositions), various verbal forms (infinitives, finite forms, gerunds), as well as nominal phraseological units (sometimes verbal) and adverbs.
What are the difficulties?
As you know, commas are always used in introductory words. However, it should be noted that great difficulties often arise in their determination. What exactly are they?
- Among introductory words and similar combinations, there are quite a few that are used in sentences only as introductory ones, and therefore are always isolated. Here's an example: if I may say so, in my opinion, first of all and so on. In most cases, exactly the same words can be used both as introductory words, and as members of a sentence (adverbials or predicates), and as function words, that is, particles or conjunctions. To distinguish between them, you need to read the entire sentence or paragraph. After all, introductory words appear only in context.
- The second difficulty that most students face is that the punctuation of introductory words depends on their environment.
Why are introductory words necessary?
Commas should be placed in introductory words only when they appear as such in the sentence. But how can you tell them apart?
As a rule, introductory words are used in certain sentences to:
- Indications of the degree of reliability of a fact or message (in fact, perhaps, certainly, true, indisputably, known, probably, or rather, in essence, apparently, naturally, really, etc.).
- Indications of the degree of commonality of any information (as always, it happens, as usual, it happened, as usual, as usual, it happened, it happens).
- Expressions of emotional assessment of what is being talked about or reported (to amazement, a sinful matter, unfortunately, a well-known matter, to shame, as a misfortune, oddly enough, as luck would have it, unfortunately, to chagrin, to regret, fortunately, unfortunately, to joy, to surprise, in some way, a strange thing, etc.).
- Indications of one or another source of the message (I think, I see, as I believe, as is known, as they said, they say, as I remember, it is known, I remember, as I remember, according to words, as heard, according to messages, in my opinion, etc.).
- The way of expressing thoughts (generally speaking, or rather, as they say, is to blame, by the way, to put it roughly, in other words, to put it mildly, in other words, it is better to say, in other words, in a word to say, as they say, frankly speaking, no matter how you say it, in a word, whatever you like, in short, actually, etc.).
- Indications of the expressive nature of this or that statement (there is nothing to say, without flattery, to tell the truth, to tell the truth, it will not be said at night, except for jokes, to tell the truth, between us, frankly speaking, between us, I assure you, speaking the truth, according to conscience, etc.).
- Indications of the relationships between certain parts of the statement (in any case, to top it all off, the main thing, in the end, firstly, comes out, mainly, at the same time, so, in general, means, for example, etc.).
- Calls for attention (please believe as you want, see, understand, listen, don’t believe, imagine, have mercy), if you want, you can imagine , you understand, you won’t believe it, etc.).
- Expressions of limitation or clarification of any statement (at least without exaggeration, at least to one degree or another).
In what cases are commas not used?
Commas should always be used in introductory words. However, it is quite difficult to determine them immediately. For example, there is a deep misconception that the following words are introductory: hardly, perhaps, in addition, as if, I suppose, literally, precisely, suddenly, hardly, after all, after all, ultimately, meanwhile, seemingly, exclusively, even, as if, as if (as if), to to the same, by decision (whose), just, supposedly, by decree (whose), approximately, almost, simply, approximately, decisively. But that's not true. These expressions are not introductory, and therefore do not need to be separated by commas.
Introductory sentences
In addition to introductory words, entire introductory sentences are often used in the text. As a rule, they have a meaning that is very close to the meanings of the introductory words or similar combinations. In any case, such sentences (depending on their location in the text) should be separated by commas (less often, dashes).
Examples of tasks
To reinforce the material about introductory words and their isolation, teachers very often give their students a practical task. As a rule, it is aimed at identifying whether the child has mastered the topic or needs to be repeated again.
So, here is an example of one of these tasks:
You must carefully read the sentences below, which contain numbering. Next, you need to write down all the numbers indicating commas in the introductory word.
- The girl returned the textbook to the library (1) probably (2) even (3) without reading it.
- The sky was overcast. It will (1) probably (2) rain soon.
- He should be given an important and (1) (2) sad letter in the morning.
- What (1) could be (2) more important than a cure for cancer?
- Of course (1) she wanted to reward her years of work (3) first of all (3) herself.
E.V. Paducheva, 2017
1 General information about turnover one or the other
Turnover one or the other actively participates in the expression of referential oppositions in the nominal group. In frequency it is comparable to some categories of pronouns; Wed any– 19324 entries in the Corpus, one or the other– 14798 occurrence. So this phrase should be considered along with ordinary pronouns.
By distribution turnover one or the other close to a non-referential pronoun some and appears in contexts of lifted assertiveness (see Non-referential pronouns and [Paducheva 2005]). However, in many contexts the turnover one or the other interchangeable rather with the pronoun some kind, in which the main use is referential, although use in the meaning of ‘some’, non-referential, is also acceptable (see Pronouns of obscurity). See examples where one or the other interchangeable with some kind in the meaning of ‘any’ and has a commitment to the context of removed affirmativeness. The examples highlight the context that creates the lifted assertiveness.
(1) Accepting and embodying in life this or that decision, we proceed from existing knowledge and opportunities for its application. ["Information Technology" (2004)] = some solution; = any solution
(2) Staging one or another question in philosophy Always preferable to answering the question. [IN. A. Uspensky. Wittgenstein and the Foundations of Mathematics (2002)]
(3) …three times a month spoke with detailed articles on one way or another questions. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. The Monkey Comes for His Skull (1943-1958)]
(4) I feel bad too, sometimes I don’t know either, how to solve this or that problem. [A. Kirillin. I won’t take it with me (2012)]
(5) Company periodically arrests this or that Russian state property abroad. ["Tomorrow" (2003)] = some kind of, distributional context: different in different cases
In the context of example (6) some source could be understood as a single source, but or(as part of a separate turnover anonymous or famous) prevents such an interpretation, so substitution is possible one or another on some with a distributive meaning (i.e. there are many different sources):
In (7) replacement one or the other on some kind would remove plurality and is therefore impossible:
(7) And suddenly something broke inside and I no longer burned to come to this or that place of past life. [A. Ilichevsky. Persian (2009)]
Pronoun That easy to substantive ( It was not a trial, but a judgment seat). For one or the other substantivation is not normative:
(8) – We will all die sooner or later from one or another. From something [T. Solomatina. Sonina America (2010)]
In the same function as one or the other, sometimes there is a combination one or the other:
(9) But there are times when we read the Gospel, and before us one or the other I don't get the passage at all. [Metropolitan Anthony (Bloom). About Christian life (1990)]
(10) It happens that a person commits one or the other as if it were an insignificant act - and suddenly he sees its consequences. [Metropolitan Anthony (Bloom). About repentance (1995)]
2 Interchangeability with some kind And some
Main competitor of turnover one or the other- this, as mentioned above, is a pronoun some kind. Pronouns on -That are localized in the classification of indefinite pronouns as referential indefinites (specific indefinite). But they are used broadly, in the meaning of non-specific indefinite. Turnover one or the other can be replaced by a pronoun - That in its function as a non-referential indefinite. But replacing with some in examples (2)–(5) is undesirable.
In many contexts one or the other can be replaced by some(the context that creates the lifted affirmative is underlined):
(11) I thought, she will say this or that insignificant word. [A. Hair. Real Estate (2000)] = some
(12) In the end All received one or the other typhus in addition to what they were brought with. [D. Granin. Bison (1987)] = some
(13) Then come back here, walk up sides with one way or another herd. [AND. Boyashov. Muri's Path (2007)] = c somehow
(14) In Morocco it is convenient to find the main street: it Always named after one or another king. [M. Gigolashvili. Red Chill of Tingitana: Notes on Morocco (2006)] = some
(15) ...the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade is confident that one or the other mechanism for rent withdrawal soon will accepted. ["Weekly Magazine" (2003))] = some
(16) Each work was evaluated, every the team was awarded one way or another nominations. ["Folk Art" (2003)] = some
(17) – If dad likes it one or the other kit, he says: “This is really la perla!” ["Brownie" (2002)] = some
In (18) replacement is possible one or the other on some, but not on some kind(which would remove the plurality):
(18) Only Sometimes, one or the other the idly staggering towerer looked at the Skull - in order to once again be convinced of his complete madness. [AND. Boyashov. Tankman, or “White Tiger” (2008)] = some
One or the other fundamentally different in distribution from some kind in that it is impossible in a uniquely episodic (veridative) context, which for some kind is basic. Wed:
(19) He decided some kind of difficult problem - *He solved this or that difficult task.
One or the other is replaced by some kind in veridical contexts only as part of phrases to one degree or another, more-less, see examples (20)–(23).
(20) He valued Afanasy as the only person in Belozersk who more-less familiar with foreign speech. [E. Vodolazkin. Laurel (2012)]
Typically in this case there is a multiple object in the proposition, and different elements of the set have the predicated property to varying degrees:
(21) Because you all more-less you're in the ass. [AND. Naumov. Harlem - Detroit (2007)] (different people to varying degrees)
(22) In the military campaign against Yugoslavia more-less took part 14 NATO members. ["Aerospace Defense" (2004)]
(23) Both wrote from the book, both, in my opinion, more-less spoke unflatteringly about their former guards. [B. Grishchenko. Stranger in the Kremlin (2004)]
B (24) to one degree or another used in a non-veridative context, but it is still replaceable only by to some extent and cannot be replaced by to some extent. To one degree or another And more-less These are stable combinations. Therefore it is impossible to say * to some extent, *to some extent:
(24) Three “circles” of languages can be distinguished, which necessary V one way or another as much as possible: [LiveJournal entry with comments (2004)] = to some extent
Words All, every, Sometimes, Always give rise to the context of distributivity: these are distributive sets. In the context of distributivity one or the other can be replaced by some kind.
In (25) rather one or the other = some; but also different every time; possible replacement with some kind and on some:
(25) Sometimes they were called into famous offices, asked to illuminate one or the other an episode of a foreign trip - please, we will cover it!.. [A. Azolsky. Lopushok (1998)]
In (26), distributivity arises because the verb has multiple meanings.
(26) In the voice of grandfather Arseny asked Give him Ustin one or the other instrument, but it turned out worse than Christopher’s. [E. Vodolazkin. Laurus (2012)] – distributivity; = some kind; = some
Turnover one or the other expresses distributivity better than some kind. Thus, in (27) it is impossible to replace one way or another on some kind, since oil companies are different, and with some kind it turns out that there is only one oil company
(27) The entire Caspian Sea is divided into squares of private production one way or another oil company. [A. Ilichevsky. Persian (2009)]
In (28) it is possible to replace one or the other on some kind, but not on some:
(28) ...on what grounds can a challenge be filed? this or that candidate for jury? ["Newspaper" (2003)]
In (29) it is rather appropriate not some kind of, A some(which gives significance to the object introduced into consideration, see Weakly definite pronouns); again, some inappropriate:
(29) Then he moved on to his favorite topic: since when this or that Can the principality be considered an integral part of the country? [M. Gigolashvili. Ferris Wheel (2007)]
So there are three possibilities:
1) Replacement possible one or the other on some kind and on some– example (1).
2) Can be replaced with some kind, but not on some– examples (2)–(5), (28), (29) and as part of revolutions to some extent /degrees.
3) Can be replaced with some, but not on some kind– example (15).
3 Non-interchangeability with some kind And some
There are, however, contexts where one or the other cannot be replaced by anything some kind, nor on some. For example:
(30) Sometimes, if you look closely, it became noticeable that he was completely sober, and this or that company throws attentive glances, listening to conversations. [D. Rubina. White Dove of Cordoba (2008-2009)] = ‘first one, then the other’, impossible some, impossible some kind
Let's look at such examples in more detail.
1) There is a large group of examples where one or the other expresses the certainty, the givenness of the object. This seems to be the case when one or the other does not coincide in meaning with any of the indefinite pronouns of the Russian language, but has its own. Here it is possible to replace with words close to pronouns definite or the.
(31) First you need to determine what function should be performed in the state one or the other body, and then provide it with the necessary personnel and funds. ["Domestic Notes" (2003)] = definite
(32) The state was especially generous in air distribution in 1996 - a wave of bills providing benefits hit the country one way or another categories. ["Time MN" (2003)] = certain; Not somehow; Not somehow
(33) Therefore, the number of those who, in a sociological survey, consider themselves to be one way or another religious tradition - this is Russia’s “religious” resource. ["Weekly Magazine" (2003)] = to a certain; ≠ to some
(34) Citizens will be notified which international organizations it works with this or that department and what is its postal address. ["Izvestia" (2003)] = every given
(35) ...children often cannot even read and translate a sentence correctly, let alone explain Why selected one or the other Possible answer. [Report on school practice (2003)] = the, ≠ some kind
(36) The real elite sometimes traveled abroad, and the number and frequency of trips meant both the loyalty of a representative of this elite to the regime and the favor of the regime towards this or that to a person. [WITH. Yesin. Marquis Astolphe de Custine. Mail of spirits, or Russia in 2007. Arranged into Russian by Sergei Yesin (2008)] = this; ≠ to some
(37) ...do not retreat before the first failure, but show by your own example, How need to go to one way or another situations. [A. Lugovskaya. If a child is afraid to go to school (2002)] = given, ≠ some kind; one or the other shows that situations are different
(38) Sometimes not only the client or agent cannot understand what lies behind one way or another formulation, but also the author of this formulation. ["Exchange plus your home" (2002)] = given, ≠ some kind
[show note]
The common feature of this group of examples is the wide scope of the turnover. one or the other, Wed in (31): For a particular body, it is important what role it will play in the state. In examples where one or the other interchangeable with some kind, narrow scope.
2) B (39), (40) one or the other It cannot be replaced with anything - except that it can be omitted: one or the other here it is similar in function to the indefinite article.
(39) But he also cannot help but look back when accepting one or another decisions regarding high-ranking officials. ["Tomorrow" (2003)] ≠ some; ≠ certain
(40) - To-to-to-to-to! - Bichiko babbles passionately, waving one hand indicating that the question of supplying ice one way or another the point of sale is not decided by him, but in much higher spheres. [F. Iskander. Poor Demagogue (1969)] ≠ some kind; = some
B (41) one or the other also cannot be replaced with anything:
(41) Studied How mortality depends one or another organisms from the action of various doses of ionizing radiation. [D. Granin. Bison (1987)] ≠ some
3) Replacement is absolutely impossible one or the other on some kind in examples (42), (43), where one or the other appears in its literal meaning (i.e. the union or expresses disjunction):
(42) Soon, when all the predators flock to the feeding trough in turn, after having had their fill, they sit down to rest, while the new ones hunt, it will become clear to us, How many lives in this area one or another species. [A. Ilichevsky. Persian (2009)] = different
(43) If you place a steel ball on mica, having previously heated it in the flame of an alcohol lamp, the ball will not remain in one place, but will roll into one way or another direction. [IN. Lukashik, E. Ivanova. Collection of problems in physics. 7-9 grades (2003)] = now in one, now in the other; in different; ≠ in some
If the phrase is “broken”, it can only have a literal meaning and cannot be replaced with some kind; Thus, in (44) in the first occurrence we can replace one or the other on some kind, but in the second it is impossible.
(44) Why this or that the card is lying in envelope or otherwise, unclear; it seems that he simply shoved them wherever he had to. [A. Makushinsky. City in the Valley (2012)]
Another example of “torn” one or the other.
(45) To say that I can clearly explain why Kolya called Togo person or other, it's hard for me. [IN. Sharov. Raising Lazarus (1997-2002)]
4) B (46) this or that means appropriate, Although one or the other this meaning has no meaning - it is inspired by the context:
(46) The latter analyzes the load using numerous sensors and, depending on the situation, goes to this or that fuel and air supply program. ["Autopilot" (2002)]
5) In (47), in the context of negation, this or that has the meaning ‘whatever’:
(47) After that, he opened his eyes, slowly sobering up, listening to his sobering, but not rushing to give it this or that assessment. [F. Iskander. The Path from the Varangians to the Greeks (1990)]
B (48), (49) one or the other used illegally - I must say no, none:
(48) Nowadays one or the other The type of anesthesia is practically not used in isolation. ["100% Health" (2002)]
(49) Don't preach one or another abstract ideals. [T. Solomatina. Big Dog, or “An Eclectic Picturesque Babylonian Tale of the Buried” (2009)]
6) In some examples one or the other interchangeable with such and such. Wed. the use of both expressions in a similar context in (50) and in (51):
(50) But in the end, art has some kind of permanent value that does not change because you are in such and such you're testing time one or another feelings. [G. A. Gazdanov. Evelina and her friends (1968)]
(51) Sometimes the multiplicity is such that one can rightfully say: in such and such area cannot be placed this or that production. ["Chemistry and Life" (1970)]
4 Semantics of turnover one or the other: generalization
Thus, one or the other plays the role of a kind of joker, fulfilling the functions of all indefinite pronouns, including whatever, some, some And such and such, and in addition, functions that no indefinite pronoun can perform. But most often one or the other synonymous some kind.
In all cases when for one or the other a replacement for some pronoun is selected, there is a feeling that the original sentence was better than the transformed one. Apparently because one or the other removes the opposition between different types of uncertainty and leaves a freer, less semantically loaded option. So, replacing with some kind possible in (52), but at the cost of stylistic impoverishment of the phrase.
(52) Some people were paid huge amounts of money just for being present at one way or another event. [A. Slapovsky. 100 years later. Letters to an Unborn Son (2009)] (referring to an element of many different events)
B (53) one or the other has a literal meaning, i.e. a meaning that directly follows from its internal form. And here one or the other cannot be replaced by anything some kind, nor on definite, nor on some, nor on whatever:
(53) Almost all the astronomical works that I published during this time originated in one way or another chapter of my first work... [“Knowledge is power” (2003)] = ‘in one or the other or the third...’; disjunction, and the set is concrete-referential, definite
With such a wide range of contextually determined meanings, one can hardly think that the turnover one way or another it will be possible to assign one general or original meaning, from which all these particular meanings would follow under the pressure of the context. Attribute turnover one way or another Some private meanings, like other pronouns, are also not possible, cf. difficulties with some kind and with some.
The indisputable fact remains that in the vast majority of examples it is possible to replace one or the other on some kind(or otherwise - one or the other means ‘some’). But one or the other introduces into consideration a set of objects DIFFERENT from each other (from the point of view that is important in this context), see example (53), A some kind X, by itself, denotes one object, and for substitution to be possible, plurality must arise from the context.
In a veridical context one or the other allowed only as part of combinations to one degree or another/ degrees, see examples (20)–(23). Outside of these combinations one or the other looks strange in a veridical context. Wed. (54a), (55a), (56a) where the context is non-veridative, and (54b), (55b), (56b) where it is veridical.
(54) a. First of all, she<власть>eliminates the need to become an owner one or another media body and, accordingly, bear the burden of expenses. ["Top Secret" (2003)] = some not equal some
b. *Power has become the owner one or another media body.
(55) a. ...this includes all those who are one way or another engaged in entrepreneurial activities, with the exception of hired managers) ... ["Domestic Notes" (2003)] = in some
b. ??? He is engaged in business activities in one way or another form.
(56) (=32) a. The state was especially generous in air distribution in 1996 - a wave of bills providing benefits hit the country one way or another categories. [“Time MN” (2003)]
b. *This law provides benefits one way or another categories
5 Statistics
As Corps data shows, turnover one or the other stylistically not neutral. There is a noticeable difference in the frequency of turnover in different types of texts: the greatest – in the Subcorpus of written scientific texts, the smallest – in the Subcorpus of oral non-public speech, see Table 1 (modern texts).
Table 1. Turnover frequency one or the other in texts of different types (texts since 1950)
Turnover one or the other becomes common no earlier than the second half of the 19th century, and from that moment its frequency increases noticeably, see Chart 1.
Graph 1. Turnover frequency one or the other, ipm (Main body)
Some usages, however, are found in the Corpus earlier, cf. incl. several examples from the mid-18th century that do not reveal any semantic differences from modern ones. First entry into the Corpus - 1750 (Tatishchev).
(57) Moreover, it seems to him that perhaps the reason was when of the nobles, each according to his own inclination this or that He praised the faith, in order to more accurately show everyone the truth of the difference, and decided to certify it through this embassy. [IN. N. Tatishchev. Russian history in seven volumes. Volume two (1750)]
After several examples from the 1750s–1760s. (Tatishchev, Skovoroda, Catherine II) the next use in the Corpus dates back to 1823 and before the 2nd half. XIX century examples are occasional.
The data presented above are not associated with the stylistic imbalance of the Corpus (i.e., with the fact that among modern texts in the Corpus there is a higher percentage of scientific and journalistic ones), as one might assume (or at least do not boil down to it), but actually reflect diachronic tendency, cf. a similar picture for the Literary Texts Subcorpus in Table 2.
Table 2. Turnover frequency one or the other in literary texts
| N occurrences | ipm | |
|---|---|---|
| 1851-1900 | 24 | 1,03032986 |
| 1901-1950 | 336 | 11,471293 |
| 1951-… | 1202 | 20,05073 |
In literary texts circulation one or the other penetrates later. First entry - 1864 (Leskov), examples of the 19th century. are not numerous and are characteristic of specific authors (turnovers were found in only 10 authors, i.e., 9% of the total number of authors of texts of the 2nd half of the 19th century). Further, throughout the 20th century. the frequency of turnover is growing noticeably.
6 Appendix
The Appendix provides additional examples with turnover one or the other, interchangeable with some kind.
(58) – In general All Men in to one degree or another robbers. [IN. Gubarev. Three on an Island (1950-1960)] = to a certain degree; stable combination
(59) Climbing plants are also suitable for camouflaging old stumps and dried trees, which can be removed by one way or another reason is not possible. [“Garden with your own hands” (2003)] = for some reason, ≠ for some reason
(60) Including one or another objects are prioritized for construction, the governor receives very important benefits. ["Soviet Russia" (2003)] = some
(61) ... at each point there is a big boss, and he demands to connect with one or another division or unit. [A. Rybakov. Heavy Sand (1975-1977)] = with some
(62) It has long been noted that when this or that a country, this or that people is experiencing a turning point in its history, mainly tragic, associated even with global changes, then theories and individual ideologists inevitably appear, refuting the Slavic origin of their peoples. ["Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences" (2003)] = some kind
(63) Handicraft products were distributed throughout the territory of the Chernyakhov culture among its population regardless from belonging to this or that ethnicity. ["Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences" (2003)] = to some, = to a certain
(64) Do you want to live in it? - Why not? If you are young, healthy and not subject to one way or another reasons for joining the army? ["Izvestia" (2002)] = for some reason
(65) You can write a book called: “The Machine of Transformations”, in which you can talk about the artist’s work, show how one or another life impressions are transformed in the artist’s mind into images of art. [YU. K. Olesha. Speech at the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers (1934)] = some
(66) Practice, in fact, is not anticipatory, but only explains causes and effects after one or another events. [T. Solomatina. Nine months, or “Female Situation Comedy” (2010)] = some
(67) Competitions are events that boil down to the subjective choice of one of many one way or another signs. [A. Slapovsky. 100 years later. Letters to an Unborn Son (2009)] = for some reason, according to some
(68) With the existing approach, determining the amount of information is linked to the removal of uncertainty for the message recipient when making a decision one way or another tasks. ["Information Technology" (2004)] = some kind
(69) …any there is a feeling this or that degree of pain. [A. Ilichevsky. From the book “Donkey’s Jaw” (2008)] = some kind
(70) Every man in one way or another degree of pride. ["The Case" (2002)] = in some
(71) Over each detachment fluttered multi-colored bairaks (banners) with family signs on the panels and horsetails with horse tails, indicating affiliation to one hundred or another. [M. B. Salimov. The Tale of the Last Khan (2010)] = to some or to this
