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Spelling of roots skach skoch. Spelling alternating vowels in the root of a word

PART II.
(Materials for repeating spelling)

Alternating vowels in word roots

In accordance with the traditional classification of spellings, in this section we will consider the spelling of the following roots:

There are roots in the Russian language in which the spelling of a vowel cannot be checked by stress position. This is due to various reasons. Let's name some of them.

Let's try to determine which vowel phoneme is at the root of the word dawn. Let's choose a test word: someone will name dawn, and someone will remember zareve. The stress in words with the same root is that O, That A. Therefore, it is impossible to check the vowel in this root. We observe the same phenomenon in the roots -clone-//-clan- (bow, bow) -creation-//-creature- (creature , creation), -jump-//-jump- //-jump- //-jump- (jump, jump, jump).

In a number of roots, the spelling of the vowel depends on the suffix -A-. This is connected with tradition, with the history of the language. Take a closer look at this series of words: collect - collect, wipe - wipe, die - die, touch - touch, arrange - arrange. It is impossible not to notice that in modern Russian the suffix -A- is an indicator of the imperfect form of the verb, and alternation accompanies the transition of the verb to another form. By the way, you can recall other similar alternations, which were already mentioned in the previous section: be late - be late, flutter - flutter. Linguists have found that in the Old Russian language it was alternation that was fundamentally an indicator of verbal aspect. But the verbal system has undergone serious changes, and, in particular, alternations of the vowel in the root of verbs have lost their formative function. In modern Russian, these alternations are historical.

Fundamentally -gor-//-gar- under stress is only A, and the unstressed sound is indicated by the letter O. Why? As etymological dictionaries report, in the Old Russian and Old Church Slavonic languages, before the fall of the reduced ones, it was pronounced g[o]rght, But g[a]r. Since in that era vowels in an unstressed position were not reduced, there were no problems with the spelling of vowels. And, although in modern Russian the spelling O turns out to be fundamentally unmotivated, according to tradition we continue to write it.

Task 9. Think about whether roots in words can I'll collect, lock up, burn out and similar ones are written according to the phonemic principle.

Roots with alternating vowels can be divided into four groups depending on the conditions for choosing the vowel letter. All of them are reflected in the table.

The spelling of the vowel depends on
final consonants of the root	suffix -A-	accents		semantics (values) of the root
-grow-//-grow- // -grown- -jump- // -jump- ! If the infinitive of the verb is a root -with how-, That in the form of 1 l. units hours present and bud. vr. and in pov. incl. is written A: jump - jump, jump	-ber-//-bir-a- -per-//-pir/a- -der-//-dir/a- -ter-//-tir/a- -mer-//-peace/a- -zheg-//-zhig/a- -chet-//-cheat/a- -steel-//-steel/a- -brilliant-//-brilliant/a- -kos-//-kas/a-	Without accent it is written: -mountain- -creation- -clone- -float- -zar-		-mok-//-mac- Mok- – ‘to become saturated with moisture’ -poppy-– ‘dip into liquid’ -exactly- – ‘even, straight, smooth’ -equals- – ‘equal, identical’
-lozh-//-lag/a-
Exceptions
Rostov Rostislav sprout moneylender teenage (Variable placement of stress. Test word - teenager) industry And also all the same root words: branch, sprout, growth, outgrowth, outgrowth, etc. leap spasmodic canopy	couple combine And also all cognate words : combination compatibility associative combine		dross burnt slag (These words are derived from the word burning) utensil swimmer(s) swimmer(s)		peer equally level plain

Task 10. Word couple is included in the exceptions in many reference books and spelling textbooks, although this is incorrect. Think about why.

Task 11. Using linguistic dictionaries, explain the meaning of exception words soot, scorch, fumes and characterize them in terms of their scope of use.

Task 12. Read a fragment of the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov “Borodin’s Field”:

The drums struck the dawn,
The foggy East has turned white,
And an unexpected blow from enemies
It landed on the battery.

Use linguistic dictionaries to determine whether the first line contains a spelling and rhythmic error. (See N.A. Eskova’s dictionary Brief Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language: Grammatical forms; Stress; About 12 thousand words of the modern Russian language. 6th edition, revised M.: Astrel, Asg, 2008)

Task 14. -lag-//-lozh-, -rast-//-rasch-//-grew-, -skak-//-skoch-, as well as exception words. Rewrite the phrases by inserting the missing letters. Mark the roots with alternating patterns. Explain the spelling of the highlighted letters.

1. Ra With have free time, adjective, theory e tic_positions, have hopes, offer tea, parse the sentence, lit. e ratio pr And lie, terms of success, lie G cue half_g.

2. P O useful plants, rich vegetation, tree grown, grown in a greenhouse, grow in captivity, slow nn oh connection, up to the peephole in the door, right And planted to a tree, grows in the middle zone, in the city of R_stov e, adolescence, young age, green growth, important sector, retailer, overgrown with grass, sector on the left Ouch Research Institute

3. Ride a horse, jump out from around a corner, a decisive jump, jump up from a place, an arrogant upstart, jump out of surprise nn awn, Donskoy horse, racehorse, deftly dismount from the saddle, slip past unnoticed nn y, skip_everyone, galloping flight, galloping, speed_skating, jumping out of A rut, I'll come instantly, ck_read g A with a lop, skip on one leg along the path, don’t miss the turn, I’ll run up to you in the evening, bounce up even higher, just like that, bounce on a chair, bounce along the river bank, stop the horse at a gallop.

Task 15. Learn the rule for writing roots -mountains-//-gar-, -tvor-//-tvar, -clone-//-clan-, -zor-//-zar-, -pilaf-//-swim-, as well as exception words.

1. Ш O sunbathed, sunbathed, tanned young man, sunbathed h data, reached to O ster, pr And g_r, g_rhvostka, g_rel, vomits of my passions, hot sleep chk and, locomotive bastard.

2. Evening in vain, gazing at the rays of the sun, bright spectacles, blazing in the forest, gazing at the rays And villization, insight of a lonely mind, playing for nothing.

3. Bent down to the ground, bow to hertz O gyne, bow_to the elder, bow_adj A travellers, etc. e swear to g e roism, etc. And put_head;

4. Great TV _ thinking, performing miracles, etc. e bring life to life, open the gate, good luck With tv_ritel, different tv_r;

5. Experienced swimmer, swim island, swim to the middle of the river, easy swim, zag O mature swimmers, swimmer beetle, swimmer, swimmer, excellent swimmer;

6. Insoluble compounds And hesitation, evasion of obligation nn osty, kuho nn This creature, internal combustion engine, lit up with a smile, the smell of waste, bowed over the river, ra With act in the fog, stay afloat, rage while sunbathing by the river, deviate from the course, overwhelmed with happiness, etc. And tv_rit to A litka, uv And give pl_vtsov.

Task 16. Learn 10 roots, the spelling of which depends on the suffix -A- according to the model -ber-//-bir/a-, and exception words. Rewrite the phrases by inserting the missing letters. Select the roots in an alternating manner. Explain the spelling of the highlighted letters.

Get ready for the exam, shine in the sun, freeze with surprise, freeze with delight, ra ss smoldering around, erasing what is written, inflaming passions, being rubbed with a towel, locking up a heart, burning out a drawing, an incendiary projectile, a brilliant journalist, shining in the world, locking a barn, laying out a tablecloth, a rare occurrence, running away without looking back, deducting from a salary, tax deduction, tidying up a room , unlock the lock, collect ur O Please, choose a dissertation topic, selective Komi ss Iya, sleep with my mind, my choice.

Task 17. Remember the meaning of the roots -poppy- And -mock-. Rewrite the phrases by inserting the missing letters. Select the roots in an alternating manner. Explain the spelling of the highlighted letters.

Washed from head to toe, dip the feather in the ink b, ruined my reputation And yu, toss hair, prom_porridge, s A footwear is wet, waterproof A lol, softened by tears, but kk wet_it thoroughly, blotting paper, dipped the brush in water, washed it to the skin, soaked it in a hot bath, wet_it and with ъ ate, rinse with a napkin.

Task 18. Using a word-formation dictionary, determine which word motivates the word prom_porridge, what is its word-formation meaning?

In a number of words with roots -exactly- And -equals- the meaning of the root is quite easy to establish, and writing such words does not cause much difficulty. For example: equalize in weight, equalize, equalize rights, level the asphalt, level the sand. A spelling problem arises where the meanings of words cannot be reduced to semes (elements of meaning) ‘even’ or ‘equal’ or where spellings that contradict the rule have been fixed. At school, words such as: plain, level, equally. How to explain the spelling of a vowel in the command “ Be equal!” or in a phrase align with the forest? After all, a native Russian speaker will most likely explain the meaning of these words through the semes ‘stand up straight’, ‘along a straight line’.

Orthographic difficulty in choosing roots -exactly- And -equals- explained by the facts of the history of the Russian language. These roots are related: they have a common “ancestor” - a Slavic root, from which words with -exactly-, and in the Old Church Slavonic language - words with the root -equals-. Initially, both of these roots had one meaning, which combined the meanings ‘equal, identical’ and ‘even, straight’. In the textbook A.I. Kaydalova and I.K. Kalinina “Modern Russian Orthography”, the authors note that back in the 19th century. word smooth could be used in both meanings, and the following examples are given:

She lived at the expense of Marfa Timofeevna, but on an equal footing with her.(I. Turgenev “The Noble Nest”)

The estate was divided into three even parts.(A. Herzen)

During the development of language, semantic differentiation occurs: one meaning is assigned to each of the roots. However, some words have traditional spellings despite changes in semantics, and some words have developed new meanings.

The situation is also complicated by the already familiar alternation o//a in verb roots. For example, imperfect forms of verbs level And level spelling and phonetically coincide in form compare.

Task 19. Read excerpts from the IAS. Write down the meanings of words with roots in your notebook -exactly And -equal-, which, in your opinion, cannot be reduced to the semes ‘even’ or ‘equal’.

EQUAL, -I"yu, -I"eat; nesov., pereh.

1. (owl. compare). To make equal, identical in some way. attitude; equalize Not touched by anything, not embarrassed, humble or murmuring by her brothers - She equalizes everyone with her scythe [death]. (Tyutchev). There are two forces - two fatal forces. Climate equals everyone. So all Vietnamese, one might say, dress the same: pants made of plain fabric and a white light shirt. (Soloukhin. Postcards from Vietnam).

2. with someone or something. Consider equal, equate to someone or something. [Donna Anna:] I don't want to justify João; He was criminal, but he was not vicious. His deeds cannot be compared with others, and they cannot be measured by a common measure. (A. Tolstoy, Don Juan). Innovation, when we think about Pushkin’s emancipation of poetic speech, cannot be compared with “technological” experiments in the laboratory of poetry. (Reshetov. In his sublunary world).

EQUAL, -I'm, -I'm; unsatisfied.

To be equal, the same in some way. respect. Cedar rose higher than deciduous trees, and only poplar could still equal it.(Emelyanova. In the Ussuri taiga) We have seven classes, and the last one<…>equal to the seventh grade of a gymnasium. (Kaverin. In front of the mirror) || with whom.

– Our young lady is so white, such a dandy! How can I compare with her! (Pushkin. Peasant young lady) [Larisa:] Who do you look up to! Is such blindness possible! Sergey Sergeich... this is the ideal man. (A. Ostrovsky. Dowryless) || what. To be equivalent, equivalent to something. The daughters had long ago sent Arina Vasilyevna, but she did not dare to come, because Stepan Mikhailych’s words “not to wake anyone up” amounted to a ban on coming. (S. Aksakov. Family chronicle) [Paratov:] Your request for me is equal to an order. (A. Ostrovsky. Dowryless)

2. (owl. catch up). When approaching, to be on an equal footing, next to someone. – Who are they shooting at? Who's shooting? - Rostov asked, matching the Russian and Austrian soldiers running in mixed crowds across his road.(L. Tolstoy. War and Peace) [Samghin] walked quickly <…> . - Who are you running from? – Dronov asked, leveling up with him. (M. Gorky. Life of Klim Samgin)

3. Become (in formation) on the same line with the flanker. The orchestra began to play, and from the courtyard, through the wide-open gates, people began to move in rows.<…>They walked one after another, trying to match the flank as they went. (Bakhmetyev. Martin's crime) || led be equal! (be equal!). Used as military, sports, etc. command – align row(s). – Be equal! - Plum commanded. (Kuprin Duel)

4. trans.; by whom and to whom. Follow someone example. – You are a social worker, you are strength. You must set an example of strength: after all, everyone looks up to you.(Gladkov. Masha from Zapolya). The front troops were widely recruited by young people who had not yet participated in the war. These youth looked up to their older comrades. (Bragin. Vatutin)

5. what. To be equal to smb. size, represent some kind of size. Two times two equals four. The length of the island is 900 versts; its greatest width is 125, and its smallest 25 versts. (Chekhov. Sakhalin island). The power of its [ship's] mechanisms was equal to the power of a large power plant. (V. Kozhevnikov. Last flight)

6. Strad. to equal.

EQUAL" "YOU, -I"yu, -I"eat; nesov., pereh. (nesov. align).

1. (nons. also level). Make it even and smooth. Workers in aprons on the scaffolding laid bricks, poured masonry from the gangs and leveled them with lami. (L. Tolstoy. Anna Karenina). In the distance<…>Silin's and Remnev's tractors were constantly chattering; They were using rollers to level a large, two-kilometer-long area where they were supposed to weld pipes. (Azhaev. Far from Moscow).

2. Place in row(s) in a straight line. Even out the line.

6. Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book / Under. ed. V.V. Lopatina. M., 2006.

7. Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing. M., 1999.

8. Dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes. M., 1981–1984. (IAC)

9. Dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes. M.: Russk. language; Polygraph resources, 1999. [Electronic resource] – Access mode: http://feb-web.ru/feb/mas/mas-abc/default.asp

10. Tikhonov A.N. Morphemic-spelling dictionary. M., 2002.

11. Tikhonov A.N. Word-formation dictionary of the Russian language: in 2 volumes. M., 1985.

12. Uspensky B.A. History of the Russian literary language (XI–XVII centuries). M., 2002.

13. Vasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes. St. Petersburg, 1996.

14. Chernykh P.Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language: in 2 volumes. M., 2006.

15. Shansky N.M., Bobrova T.A. School etymological dictionary of the Russian language: the origin of words. M., 2001.

E.V. ARUTYUNOVA,
Moscow

There are roots in which writing letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots with alternating vowels.

1. Roots with letters a and o.

gar - mountains In place of the unstressed vowel the letter o is written, although under the stress - a, for example: burn, scorch, scorch, burn out, tanned, fire victim, combustible; But: soot, tan, soot, fumes. Exceptions (gar without accent): residue, dross, scorch, cinder(along with the cinder option).

zar-zor. In place of an unstressed vowel, a is written: dawn, lightning, glow, illuminate, illuminate, illumination, robin(bird), lightning; under stress - a and o, cf.: glow, radiant, radiant and dawn(plural of the word dawn), dawn, dawn, dawn, dawn(military signal, usually in the expression to beat or play dawn).

kas - kos. This root is written a if the root is followed by a; in other cases it is written about: cf. touch, touch, touch, touching, touching, but touch, touch, contact, inviolable(the vowel of the root does not occur under stress).

clan - clone. In place of an unstressed vowel, o is written, for example: bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down; under stress - o and a: cf. bow, incline, bow down, inclined, adamant And bow, bow, bow.

speck - crop. The letter o is written without emphasis in words meaning “to cover with drops, splashes”: sprinkle, sprinkling(from sprinkle), sprinkle, sprinkled, sprinkle; the letter a - in words with the meaning “to cover with small specks, dots”: marked, marked(from drip meaning “to cover with specks, to apply specks”), inclusion. Under stress - only a: speck, speck, speck, intersperse, interspersed, speck.

lag - log - lie . In place of an unstressed vowel, a is written before g, and before z - o, for example: state, impose, assume, attach, decompose, urgent, delay, vagina, adjective, term, versifier, But: lay down, lay out, set aside, lay down, offer, attach, presentation, position, sentence, versification, cover, put aside. The emphasis is always on: tax, pledge, forgery, forged, put, put. In the word polog, where the root -log- is no longer distinguished in the modern language, o is written without stress before g.

pop - mok - moch . In place of the unstressed vowel, the letter a is written before k in words meaning “dip, immerse in liquid”: dip, dip, dip; letter o - in words meaning “get wet”: get wet, get wet, get wet, get wet(in the rain), in words derived from wet (e.g., wet, phlegm, phlegm, woodlice) (under stress - in words wet, get wet, get wet, get wet etc.), and in words with the meaning “to dry with something that absorbs moisture”: get wet, get wet, blotter, blotter. Before h there is always the letter o, for example: wet, soak, wet, soaked(cf. under emphasis: wets, soaked; about verbs in -ivat type wet, soak see § 34, note 2).

pay - sing (in the verb pay and words with the same root). A is written without accent: solder, solder, unsolder, soldering iron etc. Under stress - a and o: cf. sealed, soldered, soldered, soldered and soldered, soldered.

swim - swim. A is written without accent: floating, fin, floater, floater(grass; beetle; water opossum), plover (beetle), phalarope (bird), float, floatable, afloat, floating; but: swimmer and swimmer with the letter o. Under stress - only a: swim, timber rafting.

Note. In a word quicksand(ground) letter is written s, as in other words derived from the verb float - float: float, float, blur and so on.

equal - equal The letter a is written in words related in meaning to the adjective equal “identical”, for example: equate (someone with someone), equal (something or with someone. ), equate, equalize, compare, comparison, equalize(in something), equalize (score), straighten, level out(for example, lines - “make equal in length”), equalize, equation, leveling, equal, equal, equal, balance, equinox, equal, equal.

The letter o is written in words related in meaning to the adjective “smooth, straight, without unevenness”, for example: level (bed, road surface), level out, level out, level out, level out(make it even, smooth, straight).

However, in words equally, same age related in meaning to equal, the letter o is written; in the word plain, related in meaning to equal, there is the letter a. In words with an unclear relationship, the following is written: the letter a - in the verb to equal (in a line, during construction) and words derived from it equalize, equalize, level out(in service); the letter o - in combination the hour is not equal, in the word level.

different - different In numerous compound words with the first part diverse (various, versatile, discordant etc.) the letter a is written without stress, in the word separately - the letter o. Under the accent - a ( different, difference, vary) and about ( discord, discord, scattered).

ros(t) - ras(t) - rasch. In place of an unstressed vowel is written: a) before s (without subsequent t) - the letter o: grew, grew, grew, grown, thicket, overgrowth, algae, undergrowth; the exception is the industry and its derivatives ( sectoral, intersectoral, multi-sectoral); b) before st - the letter a, for example: grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, germinate, grow, grow, increase, increase, age, plant, vegetation, wild; exceptions: sprout, growth, usurer, outgrowth, growth, outgrowth, outgrowth, sprout, teenage(along with the teenage option); c) before u always a, for example: grow, grow, grown, increase, build-up, fusion.

Under stress before s (with and without subsequent t) - only o, for example: growth, growth, outgrowth, teenager, overgrowth; grew, overgrown, grown up, tall, wild plants.

skak - skok - skok - skoch. If the root ends in k, then the letter a is written in place of the unstressed vowel, for example: gallop, gallop, gallop, gallop, skipping rope, galloping, galloping, galloping, although the emphasis is o, for example: jump, jump, bounce, jump, jump(for verbs in -ivat like jump, see § 34, note 2).

If the root ends in h, then the letter a is written in the forms of the verb to jump and verbs derived from it (for example: I'm galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping), as well as in the elephant there is a jump (the forms of the same verbs are tested - for example, gallop, let's gallop, and derivatives jump, gallop); letter o - in prefixed verbs with -skochit (for example: jump up, jump up, jump up, jump out, jump out, jump out, jump off, jump up) and in the word upstart (check - forms of the same verbs, except to jump out: jump up, jump off and so on.).

Wed: I'll skip (one hundred versts), skip it(verb forms gallop, gallop) And I'll pass, I'll pass(verb forms slip through, slip through); I'll jump, I'll jump(verb forms jump up, jump up approach at a gallop") and I'll jump, I'll jump(verb forms jump, jump"to quickly move closer to someone or to rise sharply").

creation - creature. In words create, creation, creator, created, create etc. the letter o is written without accent; under stress - not only about ( creative, creativity), but also a ( creature, created). In the word utensil, where the root -tvar- is no longer distinguished in modern language, a is written without emphasis.

2. Roots with letters i and e.

shine(k,t) - shine - shine. In place of the unstressed vowel, the letters i and e are written: i - before st with the subsequent stressed a, for example: shine, shines, brilliant, brilliance, resplendent, sparkle; e - in other cases, for example: shine, shine, brilliant, shining, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, reflection, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, shine. Under stress - e and e: shine, glitter, shining; sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, glitter.

vis - weight. In place of the unstressed vowel, a letter is written in the verb hang (hang, hang) and its derivatives ( hang down, hang down etc.), as well as in prefixed verbs with the common part -hang: hang, hang, droop etc. (cf. under emphasis: hang, hang, hang); letter e - in words hang out, signboard, suspended, hinged, suspended(cf. under emphasis: hang, hang, hang).

lip-lep. In the words stick, stick, etc., the letter and is written in an unstressed position (cf. under stress: sticky, stick), and in words sculpt, stick, stick etc. - letter e (cf. under stress: sculpts, sticks, sculpting).

sid - se(d). In place of the unstressed vowel the following is written: the letter i - before the soft consonant d - in the verb sit (sit, sit) and its derivatives ( sit, sit up, sitter, get-togethers and so on.); the letter e - before the hard d: rider, saddle (in the latter in the plural forms - e: saddles), saddle, seat, sciatic, sit, sit, press, squat, assessor, chairman, and also - before soft d - in derivatives from the word saddle ( saddle, saddle, saddle, saddle). Under stress - and and e, for example: sitting, imprisonment, diligent; sit down, sit down, village, homebody, fidget, hen, squat; in the forms of the verb sit and prefixes - also a (in writing i): I'll sit down, sit down, sit down.

Note 1. About writing vowels And And e in verbal roots with a fluent vowel, see § 36.

Note 2. In verbs with a common part -take(eg. borrow, pester, embrace, take away, lift, remove, understand, appease), which correspond to perfective verbs in -yay (take, accept, raise, understand, appease etc.), written after n in place of an unstressed vowel a letter And; the same in the verb take out(cf. owl view take out). In some verbs of this group, the unstressed vowel of the root can be checked by stress And in forms like take away, lift, remove(these are forms of verbs in -no), rarely - in derivative words: photo, in an embrace.

Note 3. Letter And in place of an unstressed vowel it is also written at the root of verbs conjure And curse. In the corresponding perfective verbs and other words with the same root, the letter is written (both in unstressed position and under stress) l: curse, curse, curse, damn, curse, curse and so on.

§ 35. There are roots in which the writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots with alternating vowels.

1. Roots with letters a and o.

gar - mountains the letter o, although under the stress - a, for example: burn, scorch, burn out, burn out, tanned, burnt, combustible; but: soot, tan, soot, fumes. Exceptions (gar without emphasis): residues, izgar, burnt, cinder (along with the cinder variant).

zar - zar. In place of the unstressed vowel, a is written: dawn, lightning, glow, illuminate, illuminate, illumination, robin (bird), lightning; under stress - a and o, cf.: glow, radiant, radiant and zori (plural of the word dawn), zorka, zorenka, zoryushka, zorya (military signal, usually in the expression to beat or play zorya).

cas - braid This root is written a if the root is followed by a; in other cases it is written about: Wed. touch, touch, touch, tangent, touching, but touch, touch, contact, inviolable (the vowel of the root does not occur under stress).

clan - clone. In place of an unstressed vowel it is written about, for example: bow, bow, bow, bow, deviate, bow, bow, bow; under stress - o and a: cf. bow, bow, bend, inclined, inflexible and bow, bow, bow.

speck - crop. The letter o is written without emphasis in words with the meaning ‘to cover with drops, splashes’: sprinkle, sprinkling (from sprinkle), sprinkling, sprinkled, sprinkling; the letter a - in words with the meaning ‘to cover with small specks, dots’: speckled, speckled (from krápat meaning ‘to cover with speckles, apply speckles’), interspersed. Under stress - only a: speck, speck, speck, intersperse, interspersed, speck.

lag - log - lie. In place of the unstressed vowel before g it is written a, before z - o, for example: to set out, tax, assume, attach, decompose, urgent, delay, vagina, adjective, term, versifier, but: lay down, lay out, put aside, put, suggest , attach, presentation, position, sentence, versification, cover, side. The emphasis is always about: tax, pledge, forgery, forged, put, put. In the word polog, where the root -log- is no longer distinguished in modern language, o is written without stress before g.

poppy - mok - moch. In place of the unstressed vowel, the letter a is written before k in words meaning ‘dip, immerse in liquid’: dunk, dunk, dip; the letter o - in words with the meaning 'to become wet': to get wet, to get wet, to get wet, to get wet (in the rain), in words derived from wet (for example, wet, sputum, sputum, wood lice) (under the stress - in the words wet, get wet, get wet, get wet, etc.), and in words with the meaning 'to dry with something. absorbing moisture’: get wet, get wet, blotter, blotter. Before h there is always the letter o, for example: wet, wet, wet, soaked (cf. under stress: wet, soaked; for verbs in -ivat like wet, soak, see § 34, note 2).

pay - sing (in the verb pay and words with the same root). Without stress it is written a: solder, solder, solder, soldering iron, etc. Under stress - a and o: cf. sealed, sealed, soldered, soldered and soldered, soldered.

swim - swim. Without stress it is written a: floating, fin, float, float (grass; beetle; water possum), float (beetle), float (bird), float, float, afloat, float; but: swimmer and swimmer with the letter o. Under stress - only a: swim, timber rafting.

Note. In the word quicksand (soil) the letter s is written, as in other words derived from the verb swim - swim: float, swim up, blur, etc.

equal - equal The letter a is written in words related in meaning to the adjective equal 'same', for example: equate (someone with someone), equal (something or with someone. ), equalize, equalize, compare (s), comparison, equalize (in something), equalize (count), equalize, level (for example, lines - 'make equal in length'), equalize, equalize, equalize, equal, equivalent, equal, balance, equinox, equal, equal.

The letter o is written in words related in meaning to the adjective smooth ‘smooth, straight, without unevenness’, for example: level (bed, road surface), level, level, level, level (make even, smooth, straight).

However, in words equal, coeval, related in meaning to equal, the letter o is written; in the word plain, related in meaning to equal, there is the letter a. In words with an unclear relationship, the following are written: the letter a - in the verb equate (in a line, during formation) and the words derived from it equal, equate, level (in line); the letter o - in combination the hour is not equal, in the word level.

different - different In numerous complex words with the first part, heterogeneous (various, multilateral, disparate, etc.) the letter a is written without stress, in the word separately - the letter o. Under stress - a (different, difference, differ) and o (discord, disparate , scattered).

ros(t) - ras(t) - rasch. In place of an unstressed vowel it is written: a) before s (without a subsequent t) - the letter o: grew, grew, grew, grown, thicket, shoot, algae, undergrowth; exception - industry and its derivatives (industry, inter-industry, diversified); b) before st - the letter a, for example: grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, germinate, grow, grow, increase, increase, age, plant, vegetation, wild; exceptions: sprout, growth, usurer, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, teenage (along with the variant teenage); c) before u always a, for example: grow, grow, grown, increase, build-up, fusion.

Under the stress before s (followed by t and without it) - only o, for example: growth, growth, outgrowth, teenager, overgrowth; grew, overgrown, grown up, tall, wild plants.

jump - jump - jump - jump. If the root ends in k, then a, for example: gallop, gallop, gallop, gallop, jump rope, jump, on a gallop, gallop, although under the stress - o, for example: skok, naskak, rebound, jump, jump (about verbs on - to jump on - see § 34, note 2).

If the root ends in h, then the letter a is written in the forms of the verb skakat and verbs derived from it (for example: I jump, jump, jump, jump, jump, jump, jump), as well as in the elephant jump (the forms of the same verbs are used to check - e.g., jump, jump, and derivatives of jump, gallop); letter o - in prefixed verbs ending in -skochit (for example: jump up, jump up, jump up, jump out, jump out, jump out, jump off, jump up) and in the word upstart (check - with forms of the same verbs, except jump out: jump up, jump off, etc.) P.).

Wed: I'll skip (a hundred miles), proskachi (forms of the verb to skip, will skip) and proskoch', skip (forms of the verb to skip, will slip); I’ll jump up, jump up (forms of the verb podskakat, podskakʹet approach jumping’) and jump up, jump up (forms of the verb jump up, jump up ‘with a quick movement to approach someone or rise sharply’).

creation - creature. In the words create, creation, creator, created, get up, etc., the letter o is written without emphasis; under the emphasis - not only about (creative, creativity), but also a (creature, created). In the word utensil, where the root -tvar- is no longer distinguished in modern language, a is written without stress.

2. Roots with letters i and e.

shine (k, t) - shine - shine. In place of the unstressed vowel, the letters i and e are written: i - before st with the subsequent stressed a, for example: shine, shine, shine, shine, brilliant, shine; e - in other cases, for example: sparkle, sparkles, shiny, sparkling, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, reflection, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle. Under stress - e and e: shine, shine, shining; sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, glitter.

vis - weight. In place of the unstressed vowel, a letter is written in the verb hang (hang, hang) and its derivatives (hang, hang, etc.), as well as in prefixed verbs with the common part -hang: hang, hang, hang, etc. (cf. under stress: hang, hang, hang); letter e - in the words hang out, signboard, suspended, suspended, in weight (cf. under stress: hang, hang, hang).

lip - lep. In the words stick, stick, etc., the letter i is written in an unstressed position (cf. under the stress: sticky, stick), and in the words sculpt, stick, stick, etc. - the letter e (cf. under the stress: sculpts , stick, modeling).

sid - se(d). In place of an unstressed vowel, the following are written: the letter i - before the soft consonant d - in the verb sit (sit, sat) and its derivatives (sit, sit, sit, sit, sit, etc.); the letter e - before the hard d: saddle, saddle (in the latter in the plural - e: saddles), saddle, seat, sedal, sit, sit, press, squat, assessor, chairman, and also - before the soft d - in derivatives from the word saddle (saddle, sedelnik, cheresedelnik, sedeltse). Under the stress - and and e, for example: sitting, imprisonment, assiduous; sit down, sit down, village, homebody, fidget, hen, squat; in the forms of the verb sit down and prefixes - also a (in the letter I): sit down, sit down, sit down.

Note 1. For the writing of vowel letters i and e in verbal roots with a fluent vowel, see § 36.

Note 2. In verbs with a common part - take (e.g., occupy, pester, embrace, take away, lift, remove, understand, appease), which correspond to the perfect verbs of - take (occupy, accept, raise, understand, appease and etc.), written after n in place of an unstressed vowel, the letter i; the same in the verb to take out (cf. sov. view take out). In some verbs of this group, the unstressed vowel of the root can be checked by stress and in forms such as take away, lift, remove (these are forms of verbs in -nyat), rarely - in derivative words: snapshot, in an embrace.

Note 3. The letter and in place of an unstressed vowel is also written in the root of the verbs to conjure and curse. In the corresponding verbs of the perfect form and other words with the same root, the letter l is written (both in an unstressed position and under stress): curse, curse, curse, curse, curse, curse, etc.

Spelling alternating vowels in the root of a word

There are roots in which writing letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots with alternating vowels.

1. Roots with letters A And O .

gar - mountains In place of the unstressed vowel, a letter is written O , although under emphasis - A , eg: burn, scorch, burn out, burn out, tanned, fire victim, combustible; But: soot, tan, soot, fumes. Exceptions ( gar without accent): fumes, dross, scorch, cinder(along with the option cinder).

zar – zar. In place of an unstressed vowel it is written A : dawn, lightning, glow, illuminate, illuminate, illumination, robin(bird), lightning; under stress - A And O , cf.: glow, radiant, radiant And dawn(plural words dawn), dawn, dawn, dawn, dawn(military signal, usually in the expression beat or tattoo).

kas - kos. In this root it is written A , if the root is followed by A ; in other cases it is written O : Wed touch, touch, touch, touching, touching, But touch, touch, contact, inviolable(the vowel of the root does not occur under stress).

clan - clone. In place of an unstressed vowel it is written O , eg: bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down; under stress - O And A : Wed bow, incline, stoop, inclined, inflexible And bow, bow, bow .

speck - crop. The letter is written without accent O in words meaning ‘to cover with drops, splashes’: sprinkle, sprinkling(from sprinkle), sprinkle, sprinkled, sprinkle; letter A – in words with the meaning ‘to cover with small specks, dots’: marked, marked(from mottle meaning ‘to cover with specks, to apply specks’), inclusion. Only a is stressed: speck, speck, speck, intersperse, interspersed, speck .

lag - log - lie. In place of the unstressed vowel before G is written A , before and – O , eg: state, impose, assume, attach, decompose, urgent, delay, vagina, adjective, term, versifier, But: lay down, lay out, set aside, put, offer, attach, presentation, position, sentence, versification, cover, turn-down. Always stressed O : tax, pledge, forgery, forged, put, put. In a word canopy, where the root is log in modern language it no longer stands out, without emphasis before G is written O .

poppy – mok – moch. In place of an unstressed vowel it is written before To letter A in words meaning ‘to dip, immerse in liquid’: dip, dip, dip; letter O – in words meaning ‘get wet’: get wet, get wet, get wet, get wet (under rain), in words derived from wet(eg. wet, phlegm, phlegm, woodlice) (under stress - in words wet, get wet, get wet, get wet etc.), and in words with the meaning ‘to drain something. moisture-absorbing’: get wet, get wet, blotter, blotter. Before h – always a letter O , eg: wet, soak, wet, soaked(cf. under emphasis: wets, soaked) about verbs in -ive type wet, soak.

sing - sing(in verb solder and cognates). It is written without accent A : solder, solder, unsolder, soldering iron etc. Under stress - A And O : Wed sealed, sealed, soldered, soldered And solder, sing .

swim - swim. It is written without accent A : floating, fin, float, floater(grass; beetle; water possum), swimmer(bug), phalarope(bird), float, floatable, afloat, floating; But: swimmer And swimmer with a letter O . Under stress - only A : swim, rafting .

In a word quicksand(ground) letter is written s , as in other words derived from the verb float - float: float, float, blur and so on.

equal - equal The letter a is written in words related in meaning to an adjective equal‘same’, e.g.: equate(who-what-n. with whom-what? n.), dress(something or with someone) equate, equalize, compare (Xia), comparison, compare(in something) level(check), straighten, straighten(eg. lines– ‘make equal in length’), equalize, equation, egalitarianism, equal, equivalent, equal, balance, equinox, on a par, equal.

Letter O written in words related in meaning to the adjective smooth‘smooth, straight, without irregularities’, e.g.: level(bed, road surface), to level, to level, to level, to level(make it even, smooth, straight).

However, in words equally, same age, related in meaning to equal, the letter is written O ; in a word plain, related in value to smooth, – letter A . In words with unclear correlation the following is written: letter A - in a verb dress(in a line, during construction) and words derived from it leveling, leveling up, leveling out(in service); letter O - in combination it's not exactly the hour, in a word level .

different - different In numerous compound words with the first part different (heterogeneous, versatile, discordant etc.) the letter is written without accent A , in a word apart– letter O . Under stress - A (different, difference, vary) And O (discord, discord, scattered).

grew(t) – ras(t) – rasch. In place of the unstressed vowel it is written:

a) before With (no follow-up T ) – letter O : grew, grew, grew up, grew up, thicket, shoots, algae, undergrowth; exception - industry and its derivatives ( sectoral, intersectoral, multi-sectoral);

b) before st – letter A , eg: grow, grow, raise, grow up, grow, grow, grow up, grow up, germinate, grow, grow, increase, increase, age, plant, vegetation, wild; exceptions: sprout, growth, usurer, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, sprouting, teenage(along with the option teenage);

forward sch Always A , eg: grow, grow, grown, increase, build-up, fusion .

Accented before With (followed by T and without it) – only O , eg: growth, growth, outgrowth, teenager, overgrowth; grew up, overgrown, grown up, tall, wild plants .

jump - jump - jump - jump. If the root ends in To , then in place of the unstressed vowel the letter is written A , eg: gallop, gallop, gallop, gallop, skipping rope, galloping, galloping, racing, although under emphasis - O , eg: jump, jump, bounce, jump, jump.

If the root ends in h , then they write: letter A in verb forms jump and verbs derived from it (for example: I'm galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping), as well as in the word leap(the test is the forms of the same verbs - e.g. galloping, let's gallop, and derivatives jump, gallop); letter O - in prefixed verbs download(eg: jump up, jump up, jump up, jump out, jump out, jump out, jump off, jump up) and in the word upstart(check - forms of the same verbs, except jump out: jump up, jump off and so on.).

Wed: I'll skip(one hundred versts), skip it(verb forms gallop, gallop) And I'll pass, I'll pass(verb forms slip through, slip through); I'll jump up, jump up(verb forms jump up, jump up‘to approach at a gallop’) and I'll jump up, jump up(verb forms jump, jump‘approach someone with a quick movement. or rise sharply’).

creation - creature. In words create, creation, creator, created, do etc. the letter is written without accent O ; under stress - not only O (creative, creativity), but also A (creature, created). In a word utensil, where is the root -creature- in modern language it is no longer distinguished; it is written without emphasis A .

2. Roots with letters And And e .

shine (k, t) – shine – shine. Letters are written in place of an unstressed vowel And And e : And - before st with subsequent impact A , eg: shine, shine, shining, shine, brilliant, shine; e – in other cases, for example: glitter, shines, brilliant, sparkling, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle. Under stress - e And e : shine, glitter, shining; sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, glitter .

vis – weight. In place of the unstressed vowel, a letter is written And in the verb hang (hanging, hanging) and its derivatives ( hang down, hang down etc.), as well as in prefixed verbs with a common part -hang: hang, hang, droop etc. (cf. under emphasis: hang, hang, hang); letter e - in words hang out, signboard, hanging, hinged, suspended(cf. under emphasis: hang, hang, hang).

lip - lep. In words stick, stick etc. a letter is written in an unstressed position And (cf. under emphasis: sticky, stick), and in words to sculpt, to stick, to stick etc. – letter e (cf. under emphasis: sculpts, sticks, modeling).

sid – se(d). In place of an unstressed vowel the following is written: letter And - before a soft consonant d- in a verb sit (sit, sit) and its derivatives ( sit, sit up, nurse, get-togethers and so on.); letter e - before the hard d : rider, saddle(in the latter in plural forms - e : saddles), saddle, seat, sciatic, sit, sit, press, squat, assessor, chairman, and also – before soft d– in derivatives from the word saddle (saddle, saddle, saddle, saddle). Under stress - And And e , eg: sitting, imprisonment, assiduous; sit down, sit down, sat down, homebody, fidget, hen, squat; in the forms of the verb sit down and prefixes - also A(in writing I ): sit down, sit down, sit down.

In verbs with a common part -take (For example, borrow, pester, embrace, take away, lift, remove, understand, appease), which correspond to perfective verbs in -no (take, accept, raise, understand, appease etc.), written after n in place of an unstressed vowel a letter And ; the same in the verb take out(owl species take out). In some verbs of this group, the unstressed vowel of the root can be checked by stress And in forms like take away, lift, remove(these are forms of verbs in -no ), rarely – in derivative words: photo, hugging .

Letter And in place of an unstressed vowel it is also written at the root of verbs conjure And curse. In the corresponding perfective verbs and other words with the same root, the letter is written (both in unstressed position and under stress) I : curse, curse, curse, damn, curse, curse and so on.

A number of verb roots have an unstressed fluent vowel, which is conveyed in writing (after soft consonants and sibilants) by the letter and and (in part of these roots) by the letter e . Letter And written (usually in imperfective verbs) if a vowel is stressed immediately after the root A; in other cases (in the absence of shock A after the root) a letter is written in place of the fluent vowel e .

Below in the list of verbs for each root, verbs with a fluent vowel conveyed by the letter are first given And , then - forms and words with the letter e (if such forms and words exist), finally - forms and words where the fluent vowel of the root is absent.

List (in alphabetical order of roots, prefixed verbs are given selectively):

select And army, zab And army, razb And army, And fight - b e rub e ri, select e ri, zab e ru – take, choose, pick up ;

vz And mother - I'll take it ;

translation And army, leader And to lie - to lie, to distort, to lie, to lie, to distort, to lie ;

ass And army, section And army, come And fight, fight And army - d e ru, d e ri, ass e ru, section e ru, ud e ru - to tear, to tear apart, to find fault, to run away ;

survive And go away And go, obzh And go away, otzh And let's go, let's go And go - squeeze out e G(past tense), survive e whose – I’ll burn, I’ll burn, I’ll burn;

cool And give, survive And give, burn And give - wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait ;

clamp And mother, prizh And mother - I squeeze, I squeeze, I squeeze ;

press And please And I'll reap, I'll reap, I'll reap ;

pl And army, obzh And fight - eat, devour, gorge, eat, devour, gorge ;

zap And stutter - stutter, stutter ;

vz And army, supervise And army, oz And fight, contempt And army - soz e rattle - ripen(‘look, see’, obsolete), see, see, see, see, see, vision, contempt ;

subm And nah, see And nah, size And nat - I’ll knead, I’ll knead, I’ll knead, I’ll knead ;

deputy And army, help And army, mind And army - deputy e fight, pom e babble, mind e fuck, deputy e r, mind e r, deputy e first - die, die, die, die; kick - kick, kick ;

zap And army, otp And army, up And fight - zap e howl, zap e r, suddenly e RTI, otp e howl, whoop e fight, p e rila - I’ll lock it, I’ll unlock it, I’ll stop ;

pom And come on, remember And please remember And come on, remember And nat – remember, remember, remember, remember, remember ;

pop And army - trample, trample ;

Rev. And fight - debate, strife ;

simple And army(extend (hands); distribute), simple And fight - simple e bawl, simple e to struggle - I will stretch out, I will stretch out(obsolete forms);

disp. And I'll crucify you ;

pops And give – create ;

ext And bark, freeze And let, part And bark - st e pour, pour e pour, freeze e pour, post e pour, dissolve e to pour - to spread, to spread, to cover, to spread, to spread ;

nat And army, growth And army, zat And army - t e howl, nat e growl, grow e howl, zat e rub - rub, rub, grind, friction ;

beginning And nah, why And nah - I’ll start, I’ll start ;

calc And thief, sch And thief(chalk up), recalculation And thief, miscalculated And then, calculate And thief - vych e t, calc e is, calc e l - subtract, count(I'll count) I'll start and re-read(I will recalculate);

almost And thief(treat with respect) prefer And thief - almost e exist - to honor, honor, honor, mail, prefer, venerable, reverence, respectful, preference;

The letter is being written e in words combine, combination, which are not the same root as any of the given groups of words with a root -cheat- .

Same with the letter And in the root, verbal derivative words are written in which the stressed vowel is retained after the root with a fluent vowel A, For example: waiting, dying, remembrance, creation, rubbing, subtraction, voter, devourer, overseer, initiator, admirer, burner, lighter, incendiary, deceitful, memorial .

Letter And at the root is written in verbs subtract And calculate with impact attachment You- , where the vowel conveyed by the letter A , turns out to be unstressed. Letter And also written in nouns derived from verbs in -at , where is the shock A not saved: roasting, annealing, ignition, squeezing, tearing, begging, rubbing. In a word confusion(cf. you can't tell) the letter is written e .

You should not check the vowel in the roots of verbs -at with a fluent And - lift, burn, squeeze, gorge, die, rest, stretch, spread, rub, count, prefer, read etc., as well as nouns derived from them like roasting, pressing words of the same roots with accent e or O(in writing - e , e or O ) – such as for example: burn, dead, spread, bed, count‘recount’, prefer, read, nail puller, burned(verb), burn(noun), pulp, glutton, died, rested, prostrated, rubbed, grater, recount, miscalculation, honor, preferred, read, re-read(reread) bookkeeper.

In words with the same root remember, remember, remember– in verbs remember, remember, mention, the letter is written in an unstressed position I (same under emphasis: will remember, will remember, mentioned and so on.).

videotutor-rusyaz.ru

E.A. Makovey, Russian language teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1, Adygeisk,
A.I. Arkhipova, professor of Kuban State University

§1. Spelling of roots

Root - this is the main significant part of the word, which contains the general meaning of all words with the same root.

1.1. Spelling Dictionary Words
Words whose spelling is not regulated by a spelling rule are called dictionary words.

S..ren, intelligent.., v..hall, pa..passenger.

Dictionary words are also written according to the spelling norm. This norm was established not according to one rule or another, but specifically for a given word. It is reflected in the spelling dictionary.
The school course requires knowledge of a certain minimum of vocabulary words that are included in the school spelling dictionary. In addition, the required minimum vocabulary words that should be memorized are located at the end of each school textbook on the Russian language.

C And ren, intellect And Gentius, in To hall, pa With soot

1.2. Spelling of unstressed vowels in the root, checked by stress
Foundation; distribute; shut up; enlightenment.

In most cases, unstressed vowels are checked by stress:
enjoyment - sweetness;
unification - unity.

You should not check unstressed vowels in perfective verbs with imperfective verbs - to yat / -yat(in them the stressed vowel changes):
be late- cannot be verified by words be late;
cut- cannot be verified by words cut out.
Equipment - tackle.
Spread - space.
Protracted - protracted.
Enlightenment is light.

Sometimes it can be difficult to match the word being tested to the unstressed vowel at the root.

The following material will help you do this:
equipment (tackle);
cohesive (flesh);
repentance (to repent);
sacrilege (holiness);
naked (was naked);
retribution (to give);
framing (frame);
valley, overcome, irresistible (valley);
dedication to a friend, dedicate a poem, dedicate to a secret (holiness);
enlightenment, shine a lamp (light);
evoke melancholy, the flag flutters (waving);
curl your hair, events develop (development).

Distinguish:
ambition (honor) - vibration frequency (frequent);
tame the beast (meekness) - shorten the time frame (short);
unfading glory (wither) - to see a friend (to see);
tremble (tremor) - irritate (tease);
pierce (prick) - harden (hardening);
thin out the beds (rare) - unload the gun (loaded);
buckle up (fastened) - comprehend the truth (comprehend); but: attached;
chew pies (chewed) - live in the village (live);
blessed (good, word) - glorification (glory);
meeting (sit down) - sit, sitting (sitting).

1.3. Alternating vowels in the root
In roots with alternating vowels, the unstressed vowel is checked not by stress, but by special rules. These roots can be grouped into four groups.

What determines the spelling of the root vowel:

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1. Roots with letters A And O .

gar - mountainsletter O , although under emphasis - A , eg: burn, scorch, burn out, burn out, tanned, fire victim, combustible; But: soot, tan, soot, fumes. Exceptions ( gar without accent): fumes, dross, scorch, cinder(along with the option cinder).

zar – zar.In place of an unstressed vowel it is written A : dawn, lightning, glow, illuminate, illuminate, illumination, robin(bird), lightning; under stress - A And O , cf.: glow, radiant, radiant And dawn(plural words dawn), dawn, dawn, dawn, dawn(military signal, usually in the expression beat or tattoo).

kas - kos.In this root it is written A , if the root is followed by A ; in other cases it is written O : Wed touch, touch, touch, touching, touching, But touch, touch, contact, inviolable(the vowel of the root does not occur under stress).

clan - clone.In place of an unstressed vowel it is written O , eg: bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down; under stress - O And A : Wed bow, incline, stoop, inclined, inflexible And bow, bow, bow .

speck - crop.The letter is written without accent O in words meaning ‘to cover with drops, splashes’: sprinkle, sprinkling(from sprinkle), sprinkle, sprinkled, sprinkle; letter A – in words with the meaning ‘to cover with small specks, dots’: marked, marked(from mottle meaning ‘to cover with specks, to apply specks’), inclusion. Only a is stressed: speck, speck, speck, intersperse, interspersed, speck .

lag - log - lie.In place of the unstressed vowel before G is written A , before and – O , eg: state, impose, assume, attach, decompose, urgent, delay, vagina, adjective, term, versifier, But: lay down, lay out, set aside, put, offer, attach, presentation, position, sentence, versification, cover, turn-down. Always stressed O : tax, pledge, forgery, forged, put, put. In a word canopy, where the root is log in modern language it no longer stands out, without emphasis before G is written O .

poppy – mok – moch.In place of an unstressed vowel it is written before To letter A in words meaning ‘to dip, immerse in liquid’: dip, dip, dip; letter O – in words meaning ‘get wet’: get wet, get wet, get wet, get wet(under rain), in words derived from wet(eg. wet, phlegm, phlegm, woodlice) (under stress - in words wet, get wet, get wet, get wet etc.), and in words with the meaning ‘to drain something. moisture-absorbing’: get wet, get wet, blotter, blotter. Before h – always a letter O , eg: wet, soak, wet, soaked(cf. under emphasis: wets, soaked) about verbs in -ive type wet, soak.

swim - swim.It is written without accent A : floating, fin, float, floater(grass; beetle; water possum), swimmer(bug), phalarope(bird), float, floatable, afloat, floating; But: swimmer And swimmer with a letter O . Under stress - only A : swim, rafting .

In a word quicksand(ground) letter is written s , as in other words derived from the verb float - float: float, float, blur and so on.

equal - equalThe letter a is written in words related in meaning to an adjective equal‘same’, e.g.: equate(who-what-n. with whom-what? n.), dress(something or with someone) equate, equalize, compare (Xia), comparison, compare(in something) level(check), straighten, straighten(eg. lines– ‘make equal in length’), equalize, equation, egalitarianism, equal, equivalent, equal, balance, equinox, on a par, equal.

different - differentIn numerous compound words with the first part different (heterogeneous, versatile, discordant etc.) the letter is written without accent A , in a word apart– letter O . Under stress - A (different, difference, vary) And O (discord, discord, scattered).

grew(t) – ras(t) – rasch. In place of the unstressed vowel it is written:

forward sch Always A , eg: grow, grow, grown, increase, build-up, fusion .

Accented before With (followed by T and without it) – only O , eg: growth, growth, outgrowth, teenager, overgrowth; grew up, overgrown, grown up, tall, wild plants .

jump - jump - jump - jump. If the root ends in To , That A , eg: gallop, gallop, gallop, gallop, skipping rope, galloping, galloping, racing, although under emphasis - O , eg: jump, jump, bounce, jump, jump.

creation - creature.In words create, creation, creator, created, do etc. the letter is written without accent O ; under stress - not only O (creative, creativity), but also A (creature, created). In a word utensil, where is the root -creature- in modern language it is no longer distinguished; it is written without emphasis A .

2. Roots with letters And And e .

vis – weight.In place of the unstressed vowel, a letter is written And in the verb hang(hanging, hanging) and its derivatives ( hang down, hang down etc.), as well as in prefixed verbs with a common part -hang: hang, hang, droop etc. (cf. under emphasis: hang, hang, hang); letter e - in words hang out, signboard, hanging, hinged, suspended(cf. under emphasis: hang, hang, hang).

lip - lep.In words stick, stick etc. a letter is written in an unstressed position And (cf. under emphasis: sticky, stick), and in words to sculpt, to stick, to stick etc. – letter e (cf. under emphasis: sculpts, sticks, modeling).

sid – se(d).In place of an unstressed vowel the following is written: letter And - before a soft consonant d- in a verb sit(sit, sit) and its derivatives ( sit, sit up, nurse, get-togethers and so on.); letter e - before the hard d : rider, saddle(in the latter in plural forms - e : saddles), saddle, seat, sciatic, sit, sit, press, squat, assessor, chairman, and also – before soft d– in derivatives from the word saddle(saddle, saddle, saddle, saddle). Under stress - And And e , eg: sitting, imprisonment, assiduous; sit down, sit down, sat down, homebody, fidget, hen, squat; in the forms of the verb sit down and prefixes - also A(in writing I ): sit down, sit down, sit down.

List (in alphabetical order of roots, prefixed verbs are given selectively):

select And army, zab And army, razb And army, And fight - b e rub e ri, select e ri, zab e ru – take, choose, pick up ;

vz And mother - I'll take it ;

translation And army, leader And to lie - to lie, to distort, to lie, to lie, to distort, to lie ;

ass And army, section And army, come And fight, fight And army - d e ru, d e ri, ass e ru, section e ru, ud e ru - to tear, to tear apart, to find fault, to run away ;

survive And go away And go, obzh And go away, otzh And let's go, let's go And go - squeeze out e G (past tense), survive e whose – I’ll burn, I’ll burn, I’ll burn;

cool And give, survive And give, burn And give - wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait ;

clamp And mother, prizh And mother - I squeeze, I squeeze, I squeeze ;

press And please And I'll reap, I'll reap, I'll reap ;

pl And army, obzh And fight - eat, devour, gorge, eat, devour, gorge ;

zap And stutter - stutter, stutter ;

vz And army, supervise And army, oz And fight, contempt And army - soz e rattle - ripen (‘look, see’, obsolete), see, see, see, see, see, vision, contempt ;

subm And nah, see And nah, size And nat - I’ll knead, I’ll knead, I’ll knead, I’ll knead ;

deputy And army, help And army, mind And army - deputy e fight, pom e babble, mind e fuck, deputy e r, mind e r, deputy e first - die, die, die, die; kick - kick, kick ;

zap And army, otp And army, up And fight - zap e howl, zap e r, suddenly e RTI, otp e howl, whoop e fight, p e rila - I’ll lock it, I’ll unlock it, I’ll stop ;

pom And come on, remember And please remember And come on, remember And nat – remember, remember, remember, remember, remember ;

pop And army - trample, trample ;

Rev. And fight - debate, strife ;

simple And army(extend (hands); distribute), simple And fight - simple e bawl, simple e to struggle - I will stretch out, I will stretch out(obsolete forms);

disp. And I'll crucify you ;

pops And give – create ;

ext And bark, freeze And let, part And bark - st e pour, pour e pour, freeze e pour, post e pour, dissolve e to pour - to spread, to spread, to cover, to spread, to spread ;

nat And army, growth And army, zat And army - t e howl, nat e growl, grow e howl, zat e rub - rub, rub, grind, friction ;

beginning And nah, why And nah - I’ll start, I’ll start ;

calc And thief, sch And thief (chalk up), recalculation And thief, miscalculated And then, calculate And thief - vych e t, calc e is, calc e l - subtract, count(I'll count) I'll start and re-read(I will recalculate);

almost And thief(treat with respect) prefer And thief - almost e exist - to honor, honor, honor, mail, prefer, venerable, reverence, respectful, preference;

The letter is being written e in words combine, combination, which are not the same root as any of the given groups of words with a root -cheat- .

Subject: Alternation of vowels in roots –SKAK-/-SKOCH-, -EVN-/-ROVN-, -TVAR-/-TVOR-

Target:

1. Systematize and deepen knowledge about vowel alternations in the root of a word.

2. Development of the ability to write spelling correctly at the root.

3. Cultivating a love for the Russian word.

Planned results:

Subject:Deepening the concept of alternation - changing a sound/letter radically; development of spelling vigilance, the ability to compose and use a spelling rule algorithm

Metasubjects:Regulatory: be able to focus on a sample and rule for completing a taskCognitive: be able to draw conclusions based on observationsCommunication : reflection on one's actions

Personal:Positive motivation and cognitive interest in studying the Russian language course.

Equipment: TV, computer.

During the classes

1. Survey.

1) Class: spelling warm-up.

Rosehip thickets, plant, lightly tanned, morning dawns, greet the dawn, offer a role, industrial sector, concise presentation, light tan.

Test work: letter dictation.

1 illuminate 2 jump 3 jump 4 set out 5 sprout 6 tanned 7 on saku 8 vegetation 9 jump out 10 grow

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

a o a o o o a a o a

Guys, we worked both at the blackboard and in notebooks with the same spelling. Which? (Alternation of vowels in the root of the word).

What determines the spelling of vowels at the root of a word?

2 New topic.

Let's try to systematize our knowledge about alternations. To do this, I suggest you create a cluster with a classification of alternations.

Alternation

depend on stress depend on suff. depend on the combination. acc. depend on knowledge

mountains-gar.zar-zor

Today we will get acquainted with new roots with alternating o-a.

Alternation of vowels -SKAK- (-SKOCH-) in the root of the word The spelling depends on the subsequent consonant. Before -K- write A, before -Ch- write O:jump - I'll drop by . Exceptions : I'm galloping , leap .

equal - equal . The letter a is written in words related in meaning to the adjective equal “identical”, for example: equate (someone with someone), equal (something or with someone. ), equalize, equalize, compare (s), comparison, equalize (in something), equalize (count), equalize, level (for example, lines - “make equal in length”), equalize, equalize, equalize, equal, equivalent, equal, balance, equinox, equal, equally.

The letter o is written in words related in meaning to the adjective “smooth, straight, without irregularities”, for example: level (bed, road surface), level, level, level, level (make even, smooth, straight).

creation - creature . In wordscreate, creation, creator, created, createetc. the letter is written without accentO; under stress - not onlyO ( creative, creativity), but alsoA ( creature, created). In a wordutensil, where is the root-creature-in modern language it is no longer distinguished; it is written without emphasisA.

Let's add these roots to the cluster.

3. Consolidation.

* Individual task for the creative group (insert spellings, divide words into groups depending on spelling; work using cards).

1Write it off. Highlight roots with alternating vowels. Indicate the conditions for choosing spellings. Mark the exception words.

Grow corn, get ready to hunt, young shoots. branch industry, increasing speed, heavy rain, push through the thickets, freeze with admiration, grow a brilliant succession, the assumption disappears, lay grown flowers at the foot of the monument, high level, level the bed, misfortune touched him too, approached the thickets of reeds, the pie begins to burn , moneylender Rostislav lives in Rostov, addition and subtraction, put the proceeds in a fireproof cabinet, the beetle is located on a shiny water lily leaf, state the requirements, free application, line up, improper bone fusion, plant cover, weak sprout.

2. Game "What's extra here"

Growing, sprouting, protozoa, sprout.

Luxurious, grow, age, grow up.

Build, position, supposed, sweet.

Light up, carbon monoxide, hillock, burnt

3. Insert the missing letters, graphically indicate the spelling.

4. Creative work.

“Imagine and describe.”

Describe how you feel when you hear this music, use spelling patterns alternating vowels at the root of the word. (A musical composition sounds).

Examination.

Reflection.

Homework