Influence of the urban environment on the health of residents. Factors affecting the spread of pollutants

Pollution of the Earth's atmosphere is a change in the natural concentration of gases and impurities in the air shell of the planet, as well as the introduction of alien substances into the environment.

For the first time about at the international level started talking forty years ago. In 1979, the Convention on Transfrontier Long Distances appeared in Geneva. The first international agreement to reduce emissions was the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.

Although these measures bring results, air pollution remains a serious problem for society.

Substances polluting the atmosphere

The main components of atmospheric air are nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). The share of the inert gas argon is slightly less than a percent. The concentration of carbon dioxide is 0.03%. In small quantities in the atmosphere are also present:

• ozone,
• neon,
• methane,
• xenon,
• krypton,
• nitrous oxide,
• sulfur dioxide,
• helium and hydrogen.

In clean air masses, carbon monoxide and ammonia are present in the form of traces. In addition to gases, the atmosphere contains water vapor, salt crystals, and dust.

Main air pollutants:

• Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that affects the heat exchange of the Earth with the surrounding space, and hence the climate.
• Carbon monoxide or carbon monoxide, entering the human or animal body, causes poisoning (up to death).
• Hydrocarbons are toxic chemicals that irritate the eyes and mucous membranes.
• Sulfur derivatives contribute to the formation and drying of plants, provoke respiratory diseases and allergies.
• Nitrogen derivatives lead to inflammation of the lungs, croup, bronchitis, frequent colds, and exacerbate the course of cardiovascular diseases.
• , accumulating in the body, cause cancer, gene changes, infertility, premature death.

Air containing heavy metals poses a particular danger to human health. Pollutants such as cadmium, lead, arsenic lead to oncology. Inhaled mercury vapors do not act with lightning speed, but, being deposited in the form of salts, destroy the nervous system. In significant concentrations, volatile organic substances are also harmful: terpenoids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols. Many of these air pollutants are mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds.

Sources and classification of atmospheric pollution

Based on the nature of the phenomenon, the following types of air pollution are distinguished: chemical, physical and biological.

• In the first case, an increased concentration of hydrocarbons, heavy metals, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, aldehydes, nitrogen and carbon oxides is observed in the atmosphere.
• With biological pollution, the air contains waste products of various organisms, toxins, viruses, spores of fungi and bacteria.
• A large amount of dust or radionuclides in the atmosphere indicates physical pollution. The same type includes the consequences of thermal, noise and electromagnetic emissions.

The composition of the air environment is influenced by both man and nature. Natural sources of air pollution: volcanoes during the period of activity, Forest fires, soil erosion, dust storms, decomposition of living organisms. A tiny fraction of the influence falls on cosmic dust formed as a result of the combustion of meteorites.

Anthropogenic sources of air pollution:

• enterprises of the chemical, fuel, metallurgical, machine-building industries;
• agricultural activities (spraying pesticides with the help of aircraft, animal waste);
• thermal power plants, residential heating with coal and wood;
• transport (the “dirtiest” types are airplanes and cars).

How is air pollution determined?

When monitoring the quality of atmospheric air in the city, not only the concentration of substances harmful to human health is taken into account, but also the time period of their impact. Air pollution in Russian Federation evaluated according to the following criteria:

• The standard index (SI) is an indicator obtained by dividing the highest measured single concentration of a pollutant by the maximum allowable concentration of an impurity.
• The pollution index of our atmosphere (API) is a complex value, the calculation of which takes into account the hazard coefficient of a pollutant, as well as its concentration - the average annual and the maximum allowable average daily.
• The highest frequency (NP) - expressed as a percentage of the frequency of exceeding the maximum allowable concentration (maximum one-time) within a month or a year.

The level of air pollution is considered low when SI is less than 1, API varies between 0–4, and NP does not exceed 10%. Among the major Russian cities, according to Rosstat, the most environmentally friendly are Taganrog, Sochi, Grozny and Kostroma.

With an increased level of emissions into the atmosphere, SI is 1–5, API is 5–6, and NP is 10–20%. The regions with the following indicators are characterized by a high degree of air pollution: SI – 5–10, ISA – 7–13, NP – 20–50%. A very high level of atmospheric pollution is observed in Chita, Ulan-Ude, Magnitogorsk and Beloyarsk.

Cities and countries of the world with the dirtiest air

In May 2016, the World Health Organization published an annual ranking of cities with the dirtiest air. The leader of the list was the Iranian Zabol - a city in the south-east of the country, regularly suffering from sandstorms. This atmospheric phenomenon lasts about four months, repeating every year. The second and third positions were occupied by the Indian cities of Gwalior and Prayag. WHO gave the next place to the capital Saudi Arabia- Riyadh.

Completing the top five cities with the dirtiest atmosphere is El Jubail - a relatively small place in terms of population on the Persian Gulf and at the same time a large industrial oil producing and refining center. On the sixth and seventh steps again were the Indian cities - Patna and Raipur. The main sources of air pollution there are industrial enterprises and transport.

In most cases, air pollution actual problem for developing countries. However, environmental degradation is caused not only by the rapidly growing industry and transport infrastructure, but also by man-made disasters. A vivid example of this is Japan, which survived a radiation accident in 2011.

The top 7 countries where the air condition is recognized as deplorable is as follows:

1. China. In some regions of the country, the level of air pollution exceeds the norm by 56 times.
2. India. The largest state of Hindustan leads in the number of cities with the worst ecology.
3. SOUTH AFRICA. The country's economy is dominated by heavy industry, which is also the main source of pollution.
4. Mexico. The ecological situation in the capital of the state, Mexico City, has improved markedly over the past twenty years, but smog in the city is still not uncommon.
5. Indonesia suffers not only from industrial emissions, but also from forest fires.
6. Japan. The country, despite the widespread landscaping and the use of scientific and technological achievements in the environmental field, regularly faces the problem of acid rain and smog.
7. Libya. Main source environmental woes of the North African state - the oil industry.

Consequences

Atmospheric pollution is one of the main reasons for the increase in the number of respiratory diseases, both acute and chronic. Harmful impurities contained in the air contribute to the development of lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke. The WHO estimates that 3.7 million people a year die prematurely due to air pollution worldwide. Most of these cases are recorded in the countries of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region.

In large industrial centers, such an unpleasant phenomenon as smog is often observed. The accumulation of particles of dust, water and smoke in the air reduces visibility on the roads, which increases the number of accidents. Aggressive substances increase the corrosion of metal structures, adversely affect the state of flora and fauna. Smog poses the greatest danger to asthmatics, people suffering from emphysema, bronchitis, angina pectoris, hypertension, VVD. Even healthy people who inhale aerosols can have a severe headache, lacrimation and sore throat can be observed.

Saturation of the air with oxides of sulfur and nitrogen leads to the formation of acid rain. After precipitation with a low pH level, fish die in water bodies, and surviving individuals cannot give birth. As a result, the species and numerical composition of populations is reduced. Acid precipitation leaches out nutrients, thereby impoverishing the soil. They leave chemical burns on the leaves, weaken the plants. For the human habitat, such rains and fogs also pose a threat: acidic water corrodes pipes, cars, building facades, monuments.

An increased amount of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, water vapor) in the air leads to an increase in the temperature of the lower layers of the Earth's atmosphere. A direct consequence is the warming of the climate that has been observed over the past sixty years.

Weather conditions are noticeably affected by and formed under the influence of bromine, chlorine, oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Apart from simple substances, ozone molecules can also destroy organic and inorganic compounds: freon derivatives, methane, hydrogen chloride. Why is the weakening of the shield dangerous for the environment and humans? Due to the thinning of the layer, solar activity is growing, which, in turn, leads to an increase in mortality among representatives of marine flora and fauna, an increase in the number of oncological diseases.

How to make the air cleaner?

To reduce air pollution allows the introduction of technologies that reduce emissions in production. In the field of thermal power engineering, one should rely on alternative energy sources: build solar, wind, geothermal, tidal and wave power plants. The state of the air environment is positively affected by the transition to combined generation of energy and heat.

In the fight for clean air, an important element of the strategy is a comprehensive waste management program. It should be aimed at reducing the amount of waste, as well as its sorting, processing or reuse. Urban planning aimed at improving the environment, including the air, involves improving the energy efficiency of buildings, building cycling infrastructure, and developing high-speed urban transport.

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There are various sources of air pollution, and some of them have a significant and extremely adverse impact on the environment. It is worth considering the main polluting factors in order to prevent serious consequences and save the environment.

Source classification

All sources of pollution are divided into two broad groups.

1. Natural or natural, which cover factors due to the activity of the planet itself and in no way dependent on humanity.
2. Artificial or anthropogenic pollutants associated with active human activities.

If we take the degree of impact of the pollutant as the basis for the classification of sources, then we can distinguish powerful, medium and small ones. The latter include small boiler plants, local boilers. The category of powerful sources of pollution includes large industrial enterprises that emit tons of harmful compounds into the air every day.

By place of education

According to the features of the output of mixtures, pollutants are divided into non-stationary and stationary. The latter are constantly in one place and carry out emissions in a certain zone. Non-stationary sources of air pollution can move and thus spread hazardous compounds through the air. First of all, these are motor vehicles.

Spatial characteristics of emissions can also be taken as the basis for classification. There are high (pipes), low (drains and ventilation openings), areal (large accumulations of pipes) and linear (highways) pollutants.

By level of control

According to the level of control, pollution sources are divided into organized and unorganized. The impact of the former is regulated and subject to periodic monitoring. The latter carry out emissions in inappropriate places and without appropriate equipment, that is, illegally.

Another option for dividing the sources of air pollution is by the scale of distribution of pollutants. Pollutants can be local, affecting only certain small areas. There are also regional sources, the effect of which extends to entire regions and large zones. But the most dangerous are global sources that affect the entire atmosphere.

According to the nature of the pollution

If the nature of the negative polluting effect is used as the main classification criterion, then the following categories can be distinguished:

• Physical pollutants include noise, vibration, electromagnetic and thermal radiation, radiation, mechanical impacts.
• Biological contaminants can be viral, microbial or fungal in nature. These pollutants include both airborne pathogens and their waste products and toxins.
• Sources of chemical air pollution in the residential environment include gaseous mixtures and aerosols, for example, heavy metals, dioxides and oxides of various elements, aldehydes, ammonia. Such compounds are usually discarded by industrial enterprises.

Anthropogenic pollutants have their own classifications. The first assumes the nature of the sources and includes:

• Transport.
• Household - arising in the processes of waste processing or fuel combustion.
• Production, covering substances formed during technical processes.

By composition, all polluting components are divided into chemical (aerosol, dust-like, gaseous chemicals and substances), mechanical (dust, soot and other solid particles) and radioactive (isotopes and radiation).

natural springs

Consider the main sources of air pollution of natural origin:

• Volcanic activity. During eruptions, tons of boiling lava rise from the bowels of the earth's crust, during the combustion of which clouds of smoke are formed containing particles of rocks and soil layers, soot and soot. Also, the combustion process can generate other hazardous compounds, such as sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide, sulfates. And all these substances under pressure are ejected from the crater and immediately rush into the air, contributing to its significant pollution.
• Fires that occur in peat bogs, in the steppes and forests. Every year they destroy tons of natural fuel, during the combustion of which harmful substances are released that clog the air basin. In most cases, fires are caused by the negligence of people, and it can be extremely difficult to stop the elements of fire.
• Plants and animals also unknowingly pollute the air. Flora can give off gases and spread pollen, all of which contribute to air pollution. Animals in the process of life also emit gaseous compounds and other substances, and after their death, decomposition processes have a detrimental effect on the environment.
• Dust storms. During such phenomena, tons of soil particles and other solid elements rise into the atmosphere, which inevitably and significantly pollute the environment.

Anthropogenic sources

Anthropogenic sources of pollution are a global problem of modern mankind, due to the rapid pace of development of civilization and all spheres of human life. Such pollutants are man-made, and although they were originally introduced for the good and to improve the quality and comfort of life, today they are a fundamental factor in global atmospheric pollution.

Consider the main artificial pollutants:

• Cars are the scourge of modern humanity. Today, many have them and have turned from a luxury into a necessary means of transportation, but, unfortunately, few think about how harmful the use of vehicles is for the atmosphere. When fuel is burned and during engine operation, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, benzapyrene, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and nitrogen oxides are emitted from the exhaust pipe in a constant stream. But it is worth noting that they adversely affect the environment and air and other modes of transport, including rail, air, and water.
• The activity of industrial enterprises. They may be involved in metal processing, chemical industry and any other activities, but almost all large factories constantly emit tons of chemicals, solid particles, combustion products into the air basin. And if we take into account that only a few enterprises use treatment facilities, then the scale of the negative impact of the constantly developing industry on the environment is simply enormous.
• Use of boiler plants, nuclear and thermal power plants. Fuel combustion is a process that is harmful and dangerous in terms of atmospheric pollution, during which a lot of various substances, including toxic ones, are released.
• Another factor in the pollution of the planet and its atmosphere is the widespread and active use of different types of fuel, such as gas, oil, coal, firewood. When they are burned and under the influence of oxygen, numerous compounds are formed, rushing up and rising into the air.

Can pollution be prevented?

Unfortunately, in the prevailing modern conditions of life for most people, it is extremely difficult to completely eliminate air pollution, but it is still very difficult to try to stop or minimize some areas of the detrimental effect exerted on it. And only comprehensive measures taken everywhere and jointly will help in this. These include:

1. The use of modern and high quality treatment facilities at large industrial enterprises whose activities are related to emissions.
2. Rational use of vehicles: switching to high-quality fuel, the use of emission-reducing agents, stable operation of the machine and troubleshooting. And it is better, if possible, to abandon cars in favor of trams and trolleybuses.
3. Implementation of legislative measures at the state level. Some laws are already in force, but new ones with greater force are needed.
4. The introduction of ubiquitous pollution control points, which are especially needed within the framework of large enterprises.
5. Transition to alternative and less environmentally hazardous energy sources. Yes, you should use more windmills, hydroelectric, solar panels, electricity.
6. Timely and competent processing of waste will avoid emissions emitted by them.
7. Greening the planet will be an effective measure, as many plants emit oxygen and thereby purify the atmosphere.

The main sources of air pollution are considered, and such information will help to understand the essence of the problem of environmental degradation, as well as stop the impact and preserve nature.

Introduction

The atmosphere is the medium in which atmospheric pollutants spread from their source; the effect of any given source being determined by the length of time, the frequency of release of pollutants, and the concentration to which an object is exposed. On the other hand, meteorological conditions play only an insignificant role in reducing or eliminating air pollution, since, firstly, they do not change the absolute mass of the emission, and secondly, at present we still do not know how to influence the main processes occurring in the atmosphere that determine the degree of dispersion of pollutants. Problem atmospheric pollution can be solved in three directions: a) by eliminating the generation of waste; b) by installing equipment for trapping waste at the place of their formation; c) by improving the dispersion of emissions in the atmosphere.

Assuming that the best way to eliminate air pollution is to control the sources of its formation, then the practical task is to bring the costs of reducing the degree of pollution in line with the amount of work that reduces the amount of waste to an acceptable level. The magnitude of the reduction in the absolute mass of pollutant emissions required for this by a given source depends directly on the meteorological conditions and their changes in time and space over a given area.

The main parameters that determine the distribution and dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere can be described qualitatively and semi-quantitatively. Such data make it possible to compare different geographical locations or determine the likely frequency of conditions under which rapid or delayed diffusion in the atmosphere will occur. The most characteristic property of the atmosphere is its continuous variability: temperature, wind, and precipitation vary widely with latitude, season, and topographical conditions. These conditions are well studied and presented in detail in the literature.

To a lesser extent, other important meteorological parameters that affect the concentration of atmospheric pollution, namely the turbulent structure of the wind, low levels of air temperature and wind gradients, have been studied and described in the literature to a lesser extent. These parameters vary widely in time and space and are in fact almost the only meteorological factors that a person can change in a significant way, and then only locally.

Air pollution in populated areas is usually considered as a result of industrialization, but it includes not only substances released during industrial production, but also natural pollution resulting from volcanic eruptions (Wexler, 1951), dust storms (Warn, 1953), ocean surf (Holzworth, 1957), forest fires (Wexler, 1950), plant spore formation (Hewson, 1953), etc. Estimating the physiological effects of natural air pollution can often be easier than assessing the effects of complex industrial pollution. The nature of natural pollution, and often their sources, are generally better understood.

In order to assess the role of the atmosphere as a scattering medium, it is necessary to consider the physical processes that contribute to the dispersion of various substances in the atmosphere, as well as the importance of such non-meteorological factors as topography and geography.

air currents

The main parameter that determines the distribution of atmospheric pollutants is the wind, its speed and direction, which in turn are interconnected with the vertical and horizontal air temperature gradients on a large and small scale. The main pattern is that the greater the wind speed, the greater the turbulence and the faster and more completely the dispersion of pollution from the atmosphere occurs. Since the vertical and horizontal temperature gradients increase in winter, the wind speed usually increases. This is especially characteristic of temperate and polar latitudes and is less pronounced in the tropics, where seasonal fluctuations are small. However, sometimes in winter, especially in the depths of large continents, there may be long periods of weak air movement or complete calm. A study of the frequency of long periods of low air movement on the North American continent east of the Rocky Mountains showed that such situations occur most often in late spring and early autumn. In a significant part of the European continent, weak winds are observed in late autumn and early winter (Jalu, 1965). In addition to seasonal fluctuations, many areas experience diurnal changes in air movement, which can be even more noticeable. In most continental territories, there is usually a steady low air movement during the night hours. As a result of the deterioration of conditions for the vertical spread of atmospheric pollutants, the latter disperse slowly and can be concentrated in relatively small volumes of air. The weak, variable wind that contributes to this can even lead to the reverse propagation of pollution towards its source. In contrast, daytime winds are characterized by greater turbulence and speed; vertical currents are amplified, so on a clear sunny day there is a maximum dispersion of pollutants.

Local winds can differ markedly from the general air flow characteristic of the area. The difference in land and water temperatures along the coasts of continents or large lakes is sufficient to give rise to local air movements from sea to land during the day and from land to sea at night (Pierson, I960); Schmidt, 1957). In temperate latitudes, such regularities in the movement of the sea breeze are clearly visible only in summer; at other times of the year, they are masked by general winds. However, in tropical and subtropical regions, they can be characteristic features of the weather and occur with almost an hourly regularity from day to day.

In addition to the patterns of movement of the sea breeze in coastal areas, the topography of the area, the location of pollution sources or objects of their influence are also very important factors. It should be noted, however, that the isolation of a space is not a necessary condition for creating an extreme level of atmospheric pollution if there is a sufficiently intense source of pollution in this space. The best proof of this is the occasional toxic fog (smog) in London, where topographical conditions play little or no role. However, with the exception of London, all major air pollution disasters that we know of have occurred where air movement was severely restricted by terrain, such that air movement occurred in only one direction or within a relatively small area (Firket, 1936). ; US Public Health Service, 1949), the movement of air in narrow valleys is characterized by the fact that during the day the air streams heated by the sun are directed upwards along the slopes of the valley, while immediately before or after sunset, the air streams overturn and flow down the slopes of the valley. down (Defant , 1951). Therefore, in valley conditions, atmospheric pollution can be subject to prolonged stagnation in a small area (Hewson and Gill, 1944). In addition, since the slopes of the valleys protect them from the influence of general air circulation, the wind speed here is slower than in the flat areas. In some areas such local ups and downs in the valleys can occur almost daily, in others they are observed only as an exceptional phenomenon. The existence of local air currents and their changes over time are one of the main reasons for the need for a detailed study of the area in order to exhaustively characterize the patterns of atmospheric pollution (Holland, 1953). The usual network of meteorological stations is unable to detect these small air currents.

In addition to changes in the movement of air in time and horizontally, there are usually significant differences in its movement and vertically. Roughnesses in the earth's surface, both natural and man-made, form obstacles that cause mechanical eddies that decrease with increasing height. In addition, as a result of the heating of the earth by the sun, thermal eddies are formed, which are maximum near the earth's surface and decrease with height, which leads to a decrease in vertical wind gustiness and a gradual decrease in the rate of pollution dispersion with increasing height (Magi 11, Holder) a. Ackley, 1956),

Turbulence, or swirling motion, is the mechanism that ensures efficient diffusion in the atmosphere. Therefore, the study of the spectrum of energy propagation in vortices, which is carried out much more intensively at present (Panofsky and McCormick, 1954; Van Dcr Hovcn, 1957), is closely related to the problem of dispersion of atmospheric pollution. General turbulence consists mainly of two components - mechanical and thermal turbulence. Mechanical turbulence occurs when the wind moves over an aerodynamically rough surface of the earth and is proportional to the degree of this roughness and the wind speed. Thermal turbulence occurs as a result of the heating of the earth by the sun and depends on the latitude of the area, the size of the radiating surface, and the stability of the atmosphere. It reaches a maximum on clear summer days and decreases to a minimum during long winter nights. Usually the effect of solar radiation on thermal turbulence is not measured directly, but by measuring the vertical temperature gradient. If the vertical temperature gradient of the lower layers of the atmosphere exceeds the adiabatic rate of temperature drop, then the vertical movement of air increases, the dispersion of pollution becomes more noticeable, especially vertically. On the other hand, under stable atmospheric conditions, when different layers of the atmosphere have the same temperature, or when the temperature gradient becomes positive with increasing altitude, significant energy must be expended to increase vertical motion. Even at equivalent wind speeds, stable atmospheric conditions usually result in the concentration of pollutants in relatively limited layers of air.

A typical diurnal temperature gradient over an open area on a cloudless day begins with an unstable rate of temperature drop, which is accelerated during the day by intense heat from the sun, resulting in severe turbulence. Immediately before or shortly after sunset, the surface layer of air cools rapidly and a steady rate of temperature drop occurs (temperature rise with height). During the night, the intensity and depth of this inversion increase, reaching a maximum between midnight and the time of day when the earth's surface has a minimum temperature. During this period, atmospheric contaminants are effectively trapped within or below the inversion layer due to weak or total absence dispersion of contaminants vertically. It should be noted that under conditions of stagnation, pollutants discharged near the ground do not spread to the upper layers of the air, and, conversely, emissions from high pipes under these conditions, for the most part, do not penetrate the layers of air closest to the ground (Church, 1949). With the onset of the day, the earth begins to heat up and the inversion is gradually eliminated. This can lead to "fumigation" (Hewson a. Gill. 1944) due to the fact that pollutants that have entered the upper layers of the air during the night begin to mix rapidly and rush down, therefore, in the early pre-noon hours, preceding the full development of turbulence, ending the daytime cycle and providing powerful mixing, high concentrations of atmospheric contaminants often occur. This cycle can be disrupted or altered by the presence of clouds or precipitation that prevents strong convection during the day but can also prevent strong inversions at night.

It has been established that in urban areas, where air pollution is most often observed, the temperature drop typical for open areas is subject to changes, especially at night (Duckworth and Sandberg, 1954). Industrial processes, increased heat generation in urban areas, and surface irregularities created by buildings contribute to thermal and mechanical turbulence, which enhances mixing of air masses and prevents the formation of surface inversion. As a result, the base of the inversion, which in an open area would be at ground level, is here above a layer of intensive mixing, usually about 30-150 m thick. limited space.

In the analysis of air currents, in most cases, for convenience, it is assumed that the wind maintains a constant direction and speed over a wide area for a significant period. In reality, this is not the case, and in a detailed analysis of the movement of air, these deviations must be taken into account. Where wind movement varies from place to place or over time due to differences in atmospheric pressure gradient or topography, it is essential to analyze meteorological trajectories when studying the effects of released pollutants or identifying their possible source (Nciburgcr, 1956). Computing detailed trajectories requires many accurate wind measurements, but calculating approximate trajectories, often with only a few observations of wind motion, can also be useful.

In short-term studies of atmospheric pollution localized in small areas, conventional meteorological data are insufficient. This is largely due to difficulties arising from the use of instruments with different characteristics, unequal location of instruments, different sampling methods and different observation periods.

Diffusion processes in the atmosphere

We will not attempt to list here the various theoretical backgrounds to the problem of diffusion in the atmosphere or the working formulas that have been developed in this area. Comprehensive data on these issues are given in the literature (Batchelor a. Davies, 3956; iMagill, Bolden a. Ackley, 3956; Sutton, 1053; US Atomic Energy Commision a. US Wacther Bureau, 1955). In addition, a special group of the World Meteorological Organization periodically provides reviews of this problem. Since the problem is "Understood only in general terms and the formulations are of approximate accuracy, the mathematical difficulties that arise in the study of changes in the wind and the thermal structure of the lower layers of the atmosphere are still far from being overcome for the whole variety of meteorological conditions. Similarly, at present we have only fragmentary information regarding turbulence, the distribution of its energy in three dimensions, changes in time and space.Despite the lack of understanding of turbulent processes, the working formulas make it possible to calculate the concentrations of emissions from individual sources, which agree satisfactorily with the data of instrumental measurements, except for high-altitude pipes under inversion conditions. Appropriate application of these formulas has made it possible to draw useful practical conclusions about the level of air pollution from a single source Very few attempts (Frenkel, 1956; Lettau, 1931) have been limited to the use of analytical methods for to calculate the concentration of air pollution emitted from multiple sources, as is the case in large cities. This approach has significant advantages, but it requires very complex calculations, as well as the development of empirical techniques to take into account topographic and zonal parameters. Despite these difficulties, the accuracy of the methods of analytical calculation, apparently, currently corresponds to the accuracy of our knowledge of the distribution of pollution sources, their power and fluctuations in time. Therefore, this accuracy is sufficient to obtain useful practical conclusions. Periodic performance of analytical calculations of this type would make it possible to determine the possibility of repeating periods of high concentrations of atmospheric pollution, to determine their "chronic" level, to evaluate the role (of various sources under different meteorological conditions and to bring the mathematical base under various measures to reduce air pollution (zoning, location of industrial enterprises, emission control, etc. ).

Pollution of atmospheric air with various harmful substances leads to the occurrence of diseases of human organs and, above all, respiratory organs.

The atmosphere always contains a certain amount of impurities coming from natural and anthropogenic sources. Impurities emitted by natural sources include: dust (of vegetable, volcanic, cosmic origin; arising from soil erosion, particles of sea salt), smoke, gases from forest and steppe fires and volcanic origin. Natural sources of pollution are either distributed, for example, cosmic dust fallout, or short-term, spontaneous, for example, forest and steppe fires, volcanic eruptions, etc. The level of atmospheric pollution by natural sources is background and changes little over time.

The main anthropogenic pollution of atmospheric air is created by enterprises of a number of industries, transport and thermal power engineering.

The most common toxic substances polluting the atmosphere are: carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (S0 2), nitrogen oxides (No x), hydrocarbons (C P H T) and solids (dust).

In addition to CO, S0 2 , NO x , C n H m and dust, other, more toxic substances are emitted into the atmosphere: fluorine compounds, chlorine, lead, mercury, benzo (a) pyrene. Ventilation emissions from the electronics industry plant contain vapors of hydrofluoric, sulfuric, chromic and other mineral acids, organic solvents, etc. Currently, there are more than 500 harmful substances polluting the atmosphere, and their number is increasing. Emissions of toxic substances into the atmosphere lead, as a rule, to the excess of the current concentrations of substances over the maximum permissible concentrations.

High concentrations of impurities and their migration in the atmospheric air lead to the formation of secondary more toxic compounds (smog, acids) or to such phenomena as the "greenhouse effect" and the destruction of the ozone layer.

Smog- Severe air pollution observed in big cities and industrial centers. There are two types of smog:

Dense fog with an admixture of smoke or gas production waste;

Photochemical smog - a veil of corrosive gases and aerosols of high concentration (without fog), resulting from a photo chemical reactions in gas emissions under the influence of ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

Smog reduces visibility, increases the corrosion of metal and structures, adversely affects health and is the cause of increased morbidity and mortality.

acid rain known for more than 100 years, however, the problem of acid rain began to pay due attention relatively recently. The expression "acid rain" was first used by Robert Angus Smith (Great Britain) in 1872.

Essentially, acid rain results from the chemical and physical transformations of sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere. The end result of these chemical transformations is, respectively, sulfuric (H 2 S0 4) and nitric (HN0 3) acid. Subsequently, vapors or molecules of acids, absorbed by cloud droplets or aerosol particles, fall to the ground in the form of dry or wet sediment (sedimentation). At the same time, near sources of pollution, the proportion of dry acid precipitation exceeds the proportion of wet ones for sulfur-containing substances by 1.1 and for nitrogen-containing substances by 1.9 times. However, as the distance from the immediate sources of pollution increases, wet precipitation may contain more pollutants than dry precipitation.

If anthropogenic and natural air pollutants were evenly distributed over the Earth's surface, then the impact of acid precipitation on the biosphere would be less detrimental. There are direct and indirect effects of acid precipitation on the biosphere. Direct impact It manifests itself in the direct death of plants and trees, which occurs to the greatest extent near the source of pollution, within a radius of up to 100 km from it.

Air pollution and acid rain accelerate the corrosion of metal structures (up to 100 microns/year), destroy buildings and monuments, and especially those built from sandstone and limestone.

The indirect impact of acid precipitation on the environment is carried out through processes occurring in nature as a result of changes in the acidity (pH) of water and soil. Moreover, it manifests itself not only in the immediate vicinity of the source of pollution, but also at considerable distances, hundreds of kilometers.

A change in the acidity of the soil disrupts its structure, affects fertility and leads to the death of plants. An increase in the acidity of fresh water bodies leads to a decrease in fresh water reserves and causes the death of living organisms (the most sensitive ones begin to die already at pH = 6.5, and at pH = 4.5 only a few species of insects and plants are able to live).

Greenhouse effect. The composition and state of the atmosphere influence many processes of radiant heat exchange between the Cosmos and the Earth. The process of energy transfer from the Sun to the Earth and from the Earth to Space keeps the temperature of the biosphere at a certain level - on average +15°. At the same time, the main role in maintaining temperature conditions in the biosphere belongs to solar radiation, which carries to the Earth a decisive part of thermal energy, in comparison with other heat sources:

Heat from solar radiation 25 10 23 99.80

Heat from natural sources

(from the bowels of the Earth, from animals, etc.) 37.46 10 20 0.18

Heat from anthropogenic sources

(electrical installations, fires, etc.) 4.2 10 20 0.02

Violation of the heat balance of the Earth, leading to an increase in the average temperature of the biosphere, which is observed in recent decades, occurs due to the intensive release of anthropogenic impurities and their accumulation in the layers of the atmosphere. Most gases are transparent to solar radiation. However, carbon dioxide (C0 2), methane (CH 4), ozone (0 3), water vapor (H 2 0) and some other gases in the lower layers of the atmosphere, passing the sun's rays in the optical wavelength range - 0.38 .. .0.77 microns, prevent the passage of thermal radiation reflected from the Earth's surface in the infrared wavelength range - 0.77 ... 340 microns into outer space. The greater the concentration of gases and other impurities in the atmosphere, the smaller the proportion of heat from the Earth's surface goes into space, and the more, consequently, it is retained in the biosphere, causing climate warming.

Modeling of various climatic parameters shows that by 2050 average temperature on Earth it can rise by 1.5...4.5°C. Such warming will cause the melting of polar ice and mountain glaciers, which will lead to a rise in the level of the World Ocean by 0.5 ... 1.5 m. At the same time, the level of rivers flowing into the seas will also rise (principle of communicating vessels). All this will cause flooding of island countries, the coastal strip and territories located below sea level. Millions of refugees will appear, forced to leave their homes and migrate inland. All ports will need to be rebuilt or refurbished to accommodate the new sea level. Global warming could have an even greater impact on the distribution of precipitation and Agriculture due to disruption of circulation links in the atmosphere. Further climate warming by 2100 may raise the level of the World Ocean by two meters, which will lead to flooding of 5 million km 2 of land, which is 3% of all land and 30% of all productive land on the planet.

The greenhouse effect in the atmosphere is a fairly common phenomenon at the regional level as well. Anthropogenic sources of heat (thermal power plants, transport, industry) concentrated in large cities and industrial centers, intensive influx of "greenhouse" gases and dust, a stable state of the atmosphere create spaces with a radius of up to 50 km or more near cities with elevations of 1 ... 5 ° With temperatures and high concentrations of contaminants. These zones (domes) above the cities are clearly visible from outer space. They are destroyed only with intensive movements of large masses of atmospheric air.

Destruction of the ozone layer. The main substances that destroy the ozone layer are compounds of chlorine and nitrogen. According to estimates, one chlorine molecule can destroy up to 10 5 molecules, and one molecule of nitrogen oxides - up to 10 ozone molecules. The sources of chlorine and nitrogen compounds entering the ozone layer are:

Freons, whose life expectancy reaches 100 years or more, have a significant impact on the ozone layer. Remaining in an unchanged form for a long time, they at the same time gradually move to higher layers of the atmosphere, where short-wave ultraviolet rays knock out chlorine and fluorine atoms from them. These atoms react with ozone in the stratosphere and accelerate its decay, while remaining unchanged. Thus, freon plays the role of a catalyst here.

Sources and levels of pollution of the hydrosphere. Water is the most important environmental factor, which has a diverse impact on all vital processes of the body, including human morbidity. It is a universal solvent of gaseous, liquid and solid substances, and also participates in the processes of oxidation, intermediate metabolism, digestion. Without food, but with water, a person can live for about two months, and without water - for several days.

The daily balance of water in the human body is about 2.5 liters.

The hygienic value of water is great. It is used to maintain the human body, household items, housing in proper sanitary condition, and has a beneficial effect on the climatic conditions of the population's recreation and life. But it can also be a source of danger to humans.

Currently, about half of the world's population is deprived of the opportunity to consume enough clean fresh water. Developing countries suffer the most from this, where 61% of rural residents are forced to use epidemiologically unsafe water, and 87% do not have sewerage.

It has long been noted that the water factor in the spread of acute intestinal infections and invasions is of exceptionally great importance. Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, etc. may be present in the water of water sources. Some pathogenic microorganisms persist for a long time and even multiply in natural water.

The source of contamination of surface water bodies can be untreated sewage.

Water epidemics are considered to be characterized by a sudden rise in the incidence, maintaining a high level for some time, limiting the epidemic outbreak to a circle of people using a common water supply source, and the absence of diseases among residents of the same populated area, but using a different source of water supply.

Recently, the initial quality of natural water has been changing due to irrational human activities. Penetration into the aquatic environment of various toxicants and substances that change the natural composition of water poses an exceptional danger to natural ecosystems and a person.

There are two directions in human use of the Earth's water resources: water use and water consumption.

At water use water, as a rule, is not withdrawn from water bodies, but its quality may vary. Water use includes the use of water resources for hydropower, shipping, fishing and fish farming, recreation, tourism and sports.

At water consumption water is withdrawn from water bodies and either included in the composition of the produced products (and, together with evaporation losses in the production process, is included in irretrievable water consumption), or partially returned to the reservoir, but usually of a much worse quality.

Wastewater annually carries a large number of various chemical and biological contaminants into the water bodies of Kazakhstan: copper, zinc, nickel, mercury, phosphorus, lead, manganese, petroleum products, detergents, fluorine, nitrate and ammonium nitrogen, arsenic, pesticides - this is far from complete and an ever-growing list of substances entering the aquatic environment.

Ultimately, water pollution poses a threat to human health through the consumption of fish and water.

Not only primary pollution of surface waters is dangerous, but also secondary pollution, the occurrence of which is possible as a result of chemical reactions of substances in the aquatic environment.

The consequences of pollution of natural waters are diverse, but, in the end, they reduce the supply of drinking water, cause diseases of people and all living things, and disrupt the circulation of many substances in the biosphere.

Sources and levels of pollution of the lithosphere. As a result of economic (domestic and industrial) human activities, various amounts of chemicals enter the soil: pesticides, mineral fertilizers, plant growth stimulants, surface-active substances (surfactants), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), industrial and domestic wastewater, industrial emissions enterprises and transport, etc. Accumulating in the soil, they adversely affect all metabolic processes occurring in it, and prevent its self-purification.

The problem of household waste disposal is becoming more and more difficult. Huge garbage dumps have become a characteristic feature of urban outskirts. It is no coincidence that the term "garbage civilization" is sometimes used in relation to our time.

In Kazakhstan, on average, up to 90% of all toxic production waste is subject to annual burial and organized storage. These wastes contain arsenic, lead, zinc, asbestos, fluorine, phosphorus, manganese, petroleum products, radioactive isotopes and waste from electroplating.

Severe soil pollution in the Republic of Kazakhstan occurs due to the lack of necessary control over the use, storage, transportation of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. The fertilizers used, as a rule, are not purified, therefore, many toxic chemical elements and their compounds enter the soil with them: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, nickel, zinc, selenium. In addition, an excess of nitrogen fertilizers leads to the saturation of vegetables with nitrates, which causes human poisoning. Currently, there are many different pesticides (pesticides). Only in Kazakhstan more than 100 types of pesticides are used annually (Metaphos, Decis, BI-58, Vitovax, Vitothiuram, etc.), which have a wide spectrum of activity, although they are used for a limited number of crops and insects. They remain in the soil for a long time and exhibit a toxic effect on all organisms.

There are cases of chronic and acute poisoning of people during agricultural work in fields, vegetable gardens, orchards treated with pesticides or contaminated with chemicals contained in atmospheric emissions from industrial enterprises.

The entry of mercury into the soil, even in small amounts, has a great impact on its biological properties. Thus, it has been established that mercury reduces the ammonifying and nitrifying activity of the soil. The increased content of mercury in the soil of populated areas adversely affects the human body: there are frequent diseases of the nervous and endocrine systems, genitourinary organs, and reduced fertility.

When lead enters the soil, it inhibits the activity of not only nitrifying bacteria, but also antagonist microorganisms of the Flexner and Sonne coli and dysentery, and prolongs the period of soil self-purification.

The chemical compounds in the soil are washed off its surface into open water bodies or enter the ground water flow, thereby affecting the qualitative composition of domestic and drinking water, as well as food products of plant origin. The qualitative composition and quantity of chemicals in these products is largely determined by the type of soil and its chemical composition.

The special hygienic importance of the soil is associated with the risk of transmission to humans of pathogens of various infectious diseases. Despite the antagonism of the soil microflora, pathogens of many infectious diseases are able to remain viable and virulent in it for a long time. During this time, they can pollute underground water sources and infect humans.

With soil dust, pathogens of a number of other infectious diseases can spread: tuberculosis microbacteria, poliomyelitis viruses, Coxsackie, ECHO, etc. Soil also plays an important role in the spread of epidemics caused by helminths.

3. Industrial enterprises, energy facilities, communications and transport are the main sources of energy pollution of industrial regions, the urban environment, housing and natural areas. Energy pollution includes vibration and acoustic effects, electromagnetic fields and radiation, exposure to radionuclides and ionizing radiation.

Vibrations in the urban environment and residential buildings, the source of which is technological impact equipment, rail vehicles, construction machines and heavy vehicles, propagate through the ground.

Noise in the urban environment and residential buildings is generated by vehicles, industrial equipment, sanitary installations and devices, etc. On urban highways and in adjacent areas, sound levels can reach 70 ... 80 dB A, and in some cases 90 dB A and more. Sound levels are even higher near airports.

Sources of infrasound can be both natural (wind blowing of building structures and the water surface) and anthropogenic (moving mechanisms with large surfaces - vibrating platforms, vibrating screens; rocket engines, high-power internal combustion engines, gas turbines, vehicles). In some cases, the sound pressure levels of infrasound can reach the standard values ​​of 90 dB, and even exceed them, at considerable distances from the source.

The main sources of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of radio frequencies are radio engineering facilities (RTO), television and radar stations (RLS), thermal shops and sites (in areas adjacent to enterprises).

In everyday life, sources of EMF and radiation are televisions, displays, microwave ovens and other devices. Electrostatic fields in conditions of low humidity (less than 70%) create carpets, capes, curtains, etc.

The radiation dose generated by anthropogenic sources (with the exception of radiation exposure during medical examinations) is small compared to the natural background of ionizing radiation, which is achieved by using collective protective equipment. In those cases when regulatory requirements and radiation safety rules are not observed at economic facilities, the levels of ionizing impact increase sharply.

Dispersion in the atmosphere of radionuclides contained in emissions leads to the formation of pollution zones near the source of emissions. Usually, the zones of anthropogenic exposure of residents living around nuclear fuel processing facilities at a distance of up to 200 km range from 0.1 to 65% of the natural radiation background.

The migration of radioactive substances in the soil is determined mainly by its hydrological regime, the chemical composition of the soil and radionuclides. Sandy soils have a lower sorption capacity, while clay soils, loams and chernozems have a larger one. 90 Sr and l 37 Cs have high retention strength in soil.

The experience of liquidating the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant shows that agricultural production is unacceptable in areas with a pollution density above 80 Ci / km 2, and in areas contaminated up to 40 ... 50 Ci / km 2, it is necessary to limit the production of seed and industrial crops, as well as feed for young and fattening beef cattle. With a pollution density of 15...20 Ci/kg for 137 Cs, agricultural production is quite acceptable.

Of the considered energy pollution in modern conditions, radioactive and acoustic pollution have the greatest negative impact on humans.

Negative factors in emergency situations. Emergencies arise during natural phenomena (earthquakes, floods, landslides, etc.) and man-made accidents. To the greatest extent, the accident rate is characteristic of the coal, mining, chemical, oil and gas and metallurgical industries, geological exploration, boiler supervision, gas and material handling facilities, as well as transport.

Destruction or depressurization of high pressure systems, depending on the physical and chemical properties of the working environment, can lead to the appearance of one or a combination of damaging factors:

Shock wave (consequences - injuries, destruction of equipment and supporting structures, etc.);

Fire of buildings, materials, etc. (consequences - thermal burns, loss of structural strength, etc.);

Chemical pollution of the environment (consequences - suffocation, poisoning, chemical burns, etc.);

Pollution of the environment with radioactive substances. Emergencies also arise as a result of unregulated storage and transportation of explosives, flammable liquids, chemical and radioactive substances, supercooled and heated liquids, etc. Explosions, fires, spills of chemically active liquids, emissions of gas mixtures are the consequences of violations of the rules of operations.

One of the common causes of fires and explosions, especially at oil and gas and chemical production facilities and during the operation of vehicles, is static electricity discharges. Static electricity is a set of phenomena associated with the formation and preservation of a free electric charge on the surface and in the volume of dielectric and semiconductor substances. The cause of static electricity is the processes of electrification.

Natural static electricity is generated on the surface of clouds as a result of complex atmospheric processes. Charges of atmospheric (natural) static electricity form a potential relative to the Earth of several million volts, leading to lightning strikes.

Spark discharges of artificial static electricity are common causes of fires, and spark discharges of atmospheric static electricity (lightning) are common causes of larger emergencies. They can cause both fires and mechanical damage to equipment, disruptions in communication lines and power supply to certain areas.

Discharges of static electricity and sparks in electrical circuits create a great danger in conditions of high content of combustible gases (for example, methane in mines, natural gas in residential premises) or combustible vapors and dust in premises.

The main causes of major man-made accidents are:

Failures of technical systems due to manufacturing defects and violations of operating modes; many modern potentially hazardous industries are designed in such a way that the probability of a major accident is very high and is estimated at a risk value of 10 4 or more;

Erroneous actions of operators of technical systems; statistics show that more than 60% of accidents occurred as a result of errors of maintenance personnel;

The concentration of various industries in industrial zones without a proper study of their mutual influence;

High energy level of technical systems;

External negative impacts on energy facilities, transport, etc.

Practice shows that it is impossible to solve the problem of complete elimination of negative impacts in the technosphere. To ensure protection in the conditions of the technosphere, it is only realistic to limit the impact of negative factors to their permissible levels, taking into account their combined (simultaneous) action. Compliance with the maximum permissible levels of exposure is one of the main ways to ensure the safety of human life in the technosphere.

4. Production environment and its characteristics. About 15 thousand people die in production every year. and about 670 thousand people are injured. According to Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Dogudzhiev V.X. in 1988, there were 790 major accidents and 1 million cases of group injuries in the country. This determines the importance of the safety of human activity, which distinguishes it from all living things - Mankind at all stages of its development paid serious attention to the conditions of activity. In the works of Aristotle, Hippocrates (III-V) century BC), working conditions are considered. During the Renaissance, the physician Paracelsus studied the dangers of mining, the Italian physician Ramazzini (XVII century) laid the foundations of professional hygiene. And society's interest in these problems is growing, because behind the term "safety of activity" is a person, and "man is the measure of all things" (philosopher Protagoras, V century BC).

Activity is the process of human interaction with nature and built environment. The totality of factors affecting a person in the process of activity (labor) in production and in everyday life constitutes the conditions of activity (labor). Moreover, the action of the factors of conditions can be favorable and unfavorable for a person. The impact of a factor that could pose a threat to life or damage to human health is called a hazard. Practice shows that any activity is potentially dangerous. This is an axiom about the potential danger of activity.

The growth of industrial production is accompanied by a continuous increase in the impact of the production environment on the biosphere. It is believed that every 10 ... 12 years the volume of production doubles, respectively, the volume of emissions into the environment also increases: gaseous, solid and liquid, as well as energy. At the same time, pollution of the atmosphere, water basin and soil takes place.

An analysis of the composition of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by a machine-building enterprise shows that, in addition to the main pollutants (СО, S0 2 , NO n , C n H m , dust), the emissions contain toxic compounds that have a significant negative impact on the environment. The concentration of harmful substances in ventilation emissions is low, but the total amount of harmful substances is significant. Emissions are produced with variable frequency and intensity, but due to the low height of the release, dispersal and poor purification, they greatly pollute the air on the territory of enterprises. With a small width of the sanitary protection zone, difficulties arise in ensuring clean air in residential areas. A significant contribution to air pollution is made by the power plants of the enterprise. They emit CO 2 , CO, soot, hydrocarbons, SO 2 , S0 3 PbO, ash and particles of unburned solid fuel into the atmosphere.

The noise generated by an industrial enterprise should not exceed the maximum allowable spectra. At enterprises, mechanisms that are a source of infrasound (internal combustion engines, fans, compressors, etc.) can operate. Permissible sound pressure levels of infrasound are established by sanitary standards.

Technological impact equipment (hammers, presses), powerful pumps and compressors, engines are sources of vibrations in the environment. Vibrations propagate along the ground and can reach the foundations of public and residential buildings.

Control questions:

1. How are energy sources divided?

2. What energy sources are natural?

3. What are the physical hazards and harmful factors?

4. How are chemical hazards and harmful factors divided?

5. What do biological factors include?

6. What are the consequences of atmospheric air pollution by various harmful substances?

7. What is the number of impurities emitted by natural sources?

8. What sources create the main anthropogenic air pollution?

9. What are the most common toxic substances polluting the atmosphere?

10. What is smog?

11. What types of smog are distinguished?

12. What causes acid rain?

13. What causes the destruction of the ozone layer?

14. What are the sources of pollution of the hydrosphere?

15. What are the sources of pollution of the lithosphere?

16. What is a surfactant?

17. What is the source of vibration in the urban environment and residential buildings?

18. What level can sound reach on city highways and in the areas adjacent to them?

Introduction

Today in the world there are a large number of environmental problems, ranging from the extinction of certain species of plants and animals, ending with the threat of the degeneration of the human race. Currently, there are many theories in the world, in which the search for the most optimal ways to solve them is of particular importance. But, unfortunately, on paper everything is much simpler than in real life.

Also, in most countries, the problem of ecology is in the first place, but, alas, not in our country, at least earlier, but recently they are beginning to pay more attention to it, new measures are being taken.

The problem of air and water pollution with hazardous industrial waste, human waste products, toxic chemical and radioactive substances has become decisive. To prevent these effects, joint efforts of biologists, chemists, technicians, doctors, sociologists and other specialists are needed. This is an international problem, because the air has no state borders.

The atmosphere in our life is of great importance. This is the retention of the Earth's warmth, and the protection of living organisms from harmful doses of cosmic radiation. It is also a source of oxygen for respiration and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, energy, promotes the movement of soda vapor and small materials on the planet - and this is not the whole list of air values ​​in natural processes. Despite the fact that the area of ​​the atmosphere is huge, it is subject to serious influences, which in turn cause changes in its composition not only in individual areas, but throughout the planet.

A huge amount of O2 is consumed when fires occur in peat bogs, forests, and coal deposits. It has been revealed that in most highly developed countries, a person spends another 10-16% more oxygen for household needs than it arises as a result of plant photosynthesis. Therefore, in large cities there is an O2 deficiency. In addition, as a result of the intensive work of industrial enterprises and transport, a huge amount of dust-like and gas-like waste is released into the air.

The purpose of the course work is to assess the degree of atmospheric pollution and identify measures to reduce it.

To achieve these goals, the following tasks have been set:

study of criteria for assessing the degree of urban air pollution;

identification of sources of air pollution;

assessment of the state of atmospheric air in Russia for 2012;

implementation of measures to reduce the level of air pollution.

The urgency of the problem of air pollution in the modern world is increasing. The atmosphere is the most important life support natural environment, which is a mixture of gases and aerosols in the surface layer of the atmosphere, which is formed as a result of the evolution of the earth, human activities and located outside residential, industrial and other facilities. The results of environmental studies, both Russian and foreign, show that ground air pollution is the most powerful, continuously acting factor on humans, the food chain and the environment. The air basin has unlimited space and plays the role of the most mobile, chemically aggressive and all-penetrating agent of interaction near the surface of the components of the biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.

Chapter 1. Assessment of the level of atmospheric pollution

1 Criteria and indicators for assessing the state of the atmosphere

The atmosphere is one of the elements of the environment that is constantly affected by human activity. The consequences of this impact depend on various factors and are manifested in climate change and the chemical composition of the atmosphere. These changes significantly affect the biotic components of the environment, including humans.

The air environment can be assessed in two aspects:

Climate and its changes under the influence of natural causes and anthropogenic impacts in general (macroclimate) and this project in particular (microclimate). These estimates imply a forecast of the potential impact of climate change on the implementation of the projected type of anthropogenic activity.

Atmospheric pollution. To begin with, the possibility of atmospheric pollution is assessed using one of the complex indicators, such as: atmospheric pollution potential (AP), atmospheric scattering power (RSA) and others. After that, an assessment of the existing level of atmospheric air pollution in the required region is carried out.

Conclusions about climatic and meteorological characteristics, and about the source of pollution are made, first of all, on the basis of data from the regional Roshydromet, then - on the basis of data from the sanitary and epidemiological service and special analytical inspections of the State Committee for Ecology, and are also based on various literary sources.

As a result, based on the estimates obtained and data on specific emissions into the atmosphere of the projected facility, calculations are made of the forecast of air pollution, while using special computer programs("ecologist", "guarantor", "ether", etc.), allowing not only to assess the possible levels of air pollution, but also to obtain a map of concentration fields and data on the deposition of pollutants (pollutants) on the underlying surface.

The criterion for assessing the degree of air pollution is the maximum allowable concentration (MPC) of pollutants. Measured and calculated concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere can be compared with MPCs and, therefore, air pollution is measured in MPC values.

At the same time, it is worth paying attention to the fact that one should not confuse the concentration of pollutants in the air with their emissions. The concentration is the mass of a substance per unit volume (or mass), and the release is the weight of the substance that has arrived in a unit of time (i.e. "dose"). Emission cannot be a criterion for air pollution, but since air pollution depends not only on the mass of emissions, but also on other factors (meteorological parameters, height of the emission source, etc.).

Air pollution forecasts are used in other sections of the EIA to predict the impact of other factors from the impact of a polluted environment (pollution of the underlying surface, vegetation vegetation, morbidity, etc.).

When carrying out an environmental review, the assessment of the state of the air basin is based on a comprehensive assessment of atmospheric air pollution in the study area, while using a system of direct, indirect and indicator criteria. Air quality assessment (primarily the degree of pollution) is quite well developed and is based on a huge number of legislative and policy documents that use direct control methods to measure environmental parameters, as well as indirect calculation methods and evaluation criteria.

Direct evaluation criteria. The main criteria for the state of atmospheric air pollution include the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC). It should be noted that the atmosphere is also a medium for the transfer of technogenic pollutants, and it is also the most variable and dynamic of all its abiotic components. Based on this, to assess the degree of air pollution, time-differentiated assessment indicators are used, such as: maximum one-time MPCmr (short-term effects), average daily MPCs and average annual PDKg (for longer-term effects).

The degree of air pollution can be assessed by the repetition and frequency of exceeding the MPC, taking into account the hazard class, as well as by summing up the biological effects of pollution (BI). The level of atmospheric pollution by substances of various hazard classes is determined by "reducing" their concentration, normalized according to MPC, to the concentrations of substances of the 3rd hazard class.

There is a division of air pollutants according to the likelihood of their adverse effects on human health, which includes 4 classes:

) first class - extremely dangerous.

) the second class - highly dangerous;

) the third class - moderately dangerous;

) the fourth class is a little dangerous.

Basically, the actual maximum one-time, average daily and average annual MPCs are used in comparison with the actual concentrations of pollutants in the air over the past few years, but not less than 2 years.

Also important criteria for assessing the total atmospheric pollution include the value of the complex indicator (P), equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of the concentration of substances of various hazard classes, normalized according to MPC, reduced to the concentration of a substance of the third hazard class.

The most common and informative indicator of air pollution is the CIPA (Complex Index of Average Annual Air Pollution). The distribution by classes of the state of the atmosphere occurs in accordance with the classification of pollution levels on a four-point scale:

class "normal" - means that the level of air pollution is below the average for the cities of the country;

"risk" class - equal to the average level;

"crisis" class - above average;

class "disaster" - well above average.

Basically, QISA is used for comparative analysis of air pollution in different parts of the study area (cities, districts, etc.), as well as for assessing the temporal trend regarding the state of air pollution.

The resource potential of the air basin of a certain territory is calculated based on its ability to disperse and remove impurities and the ratio of the actual level of pollution and the MPC value. The assessment of air dissipation capacity is determined on the basis of the following indicators: atmospheric pollution potential (APA) and air consumption parameter (AC). These characteristics reveal the features of the formation of pollution levels depending on weather conditions, which contribute to the accumulation and removal of impurities from the air.

Atmospheric pollution potential (PAP) is a complex characteristic of meteorological conditions that are unfavorable for the dispersion of impurities in the air. Currently in Russia there are 5 PZA classes that are typical for urban conditions, based on the frequency of surface inversions, low wind stagnation and fog duration.

The air consumption parameter (AC) is understood as the volume of clean air that is necessary to dilute the emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere to the level of the average permissible concentration. This parameter is of particular importance in air quality management, if the user of natural resources has established a collective responsibility regime (the “bubble” principle) in the conditions of market relations. Based on this parameter, the volume of emissions is set for the entire region, and only after that, the enterprises located on its territory, jointly identify the best option for providing the necessary volume, including through trading in pollution rights.

It is accepted that air can be considered as the initial link in the chain of pollution of the environment and objects. Often, soils and surface waters are indirect indicators of its pollution, and in some cases, on the contrary, they can be sources of secondary pollution of the air basin. Hence the need arises not only to assess air pollution, but also to control the possible consequences of the mutual influence of the atmosphere and adjacent media, as well as to obtain an integral (mixed) assessment of the state of the air basin.

Indirect indicators for assessing air pollution include the intensity of atmospheric impurities as a result of dry deposition on soil cover and water bodies, as well as as a result of its washing out by atmospheric precipitation. The criterion for this assessment is the value of allowable and critical loads, which are expressed in units of fallout density, taking into account the time interval (duration) of their arrival.

The result of a comprehensive assessment of the state of air pollution is an analysis of the development of technogenic processes and an assessment of possible negative consequences in the short and long term at the local and regional levels. Analyzing the spatial characteristics and temporal dynamics of the results of the impact of air pollution on human health and the state of the ecosystem, it is necessary to rely on the mapping method, using sets of cartographic materials that characterize the natural conditions of the region, including protected areas.

The optimal system of components of the integral (complex) assessment includes:

assessment of the level of pollution from sanitary and hygienic positions (MAC);

assessment of the resource potential of the atmosphere (APA and PV);

assessment of the degree of influence on certain environments (soil and vegetation and snow cover, water);

the trend and intensity of the processes of anthropogenic development of a given natural and technical system to identify short-term and long-term effects of the impact;

determination of spatial and temporal scales of possible negative consequences of anthropogenic impact .

1.2 Types of air pollution sources

According to the nature of the pollutant, there are 3 types of air pollution:

physical - mechanical (dust, solid particles), radioactive (radioactive radiation and isotopes, electromagnetic (various types of electromagnetic waves, including radio waves), noise (various loud sounds and low-frequency vibrations) and thermal pollution, such as emissions of warm air and etc.;

chemical - pollution by gaseous substances and aerosols. Currently, the main chemical pollutants of the atmosphere are carbon monoxide (IV), nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr), ammonia, atmospheric dust and radioactive isotopes;

biological pollution - as a rule, pollution of a microbial nature, such as air pollution by vegetative forms and spores of bacteria and fungi, viruses, etc. .

Natural sources of pollution are volcanic eruptions, dust storms, forest fires, space dust, sea salt particles, products of plant, animal and microbial origin. The degree of this pollution is considered as a background that has not changed much over a certain period of time.

The volcanic and fluid activity of the Earth is perhaps the most important natural process of pollution of the surface air basin. Often, large-scale volcanic eruptions lead to massive and prolonged air pollution. This can be learned from the chronicle and modern observational data (for example, the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991). This is due to the fact that a huge amount of gases is instantly released into the high layers of the atmosphere. At the same time, at high altitude they are picked up by air currents moving at high speed and quickly spread throughout the world. The duration of the polluted state of the air after large-scale volcanic eruptions can reach several years.

As a result of human economic activity, anthropogenic sources of environmental pollution are identified. They include:

The burning of fossil fuels, accompanied by the release of 5 billion tons of carbon dioxide annually. As a result, it turns out that over 100 years the content of CO2 has increased by 18% (from 0.027 to 0.032%). Over the past three decades, the frequency of these releases has increased significantly.

The operation of thermal power plants, as a result of which, when burning high-sulfur coals, sulfur dioxide and fuel oil are released, which leads to the appearance of acid rain.

Exhausts from modern turbojet aircraft with nitrogen oxides and gaseous fluorocarbons from aerosols, leading to a violation of the ozone layer of the atmosphere.

Pollution with suspended particles (during grinding, packaging and loading, from the operation of boiler houses, power plants, mines).

Emissions by enterprises of various gases.

Emissions of harmful substances with processed gases simultaneously with the products of normal oxidation of hydrocarbons (carbon dioxide and water). Exhaust gases, in turn, include:

unburned hydrocarbons (soot);

carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide);

oxidation products of impurities contained in the fuel;

nitrogen oxides;

solid particles;

sulfuric and carbonic acids formed during the condensation of water vapor;

anti-knock and booster additives and products of their destruction;

radioactive releases;

Combustion of fuel in flare furnaces. As a result, carbon monoxide is produced - one of the most common pollutants.

Combustion of fuel in boilers and vehicle engines, which is accompanied by the formation of nitrogen oxides, causing smog. Exhaust gases (exhaust gases) mean the working fluid that has been exhausted in the engine. They are products of oxidation and incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. Emissions of exhaust gases are the main reason for exceeding the permissible concentrations of toxic substances and carcinogens in the air of large cities, the formation of smog, which in turn often leads to poisoning in closed spaces.

The amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by cars is the mass of emissions of gases and the composition of the exhaust gases.

Highly dangerous are nitrogen oxides, which are approximately 10 times more dangerous than carbon monoxide. The share of toxicity of aldehydes is low, it is approximately 4-5% of the total toxicity of exhaust gases. The toxicity of different hydrocarbons varies considerably. Unsaturated hydrocarbons in the presence of nitrogen dioxide are photochemically oxidized and form toxic oxygen-containing compounds, i.e. smog.

The quality of afterburning on modern catalysts is such that the proportion of CO after the catalyst is usually less than 0.1%.

2-benzanthracene

2,6,7-dibenzanthracene

10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene

In addition, when using sulphurous gasolines, sulfur oxides can be included in the exhaust gases, when using leaded gasoline - lead (tetraethyl lead), bromine, chlorine, as well as their compounds. It is believed that aerosols of lead halide compounds can be subjected to catalytic and photochemical transformations, also forming smog.

With prolonged contact with an environment poisoned by car exhaust gases, a general weakening of the body can occur - immunodeficiency. Also, the gases themselves can cause various diseases, such as respiratory failure, sinusitis, laryngotracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, lung cancer. At the same time, exhaust gases cause atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels. Indirectly through pulmonary pathology, various disorders of the cardiovascular system can also occur.

The main pollutants include:

) Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless and odorless gas, also known as carbon monoxide. It is formed in the process of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels (coal, gas, oil) with a lack of oxygen and low temperature. By the way, 65% of all emissions come from transport, 21% from small consumers and the household sector, and 14% from industry. When inhaled, carbon monoxide, due to the double bond present in its molecule, forms strong complex compounds with human blood hemoglobin and thereby blocks the flow of oxygen into the blood.

) Carbon dioxide (CO2) - or carbon dioxide, - a colorless gas with a sour smell and taste, is a product of the complete oxidation of carbon. Considered one of the greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide is non-toxic, but does not support breathing. A large concentration in the air causes suffocation, as well as a lack of carbon dioxide.

) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) (sulfur dioxide, sulfur dioxide) is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. It is formed during the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels, usually coal, as well as during the processing of sulfur ores. It is involved in the formation of acid rain. The global SO2 emission is estimated at 190 million tons annually. Prolonged exposure to sulfur dioxide on a person can lead first to a loss of taste, shortness of breath, and then to inflammation or edema of the lungs, interruptions in cardiac activity, circulatory disorders and respiratory arrest.

) Nitrogen oxides (nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide) - gaseous substances: nitrogen monoxide NO and nitrogen dioxide NO2 are combined by one general formula NOx. During all combustion processes, nitrogen oxides are formed, while a significant part of them is in the form of oxide. The higher the combustion temperature, the more intense the formation of nitrogen oxides. The next source of nitrogen oxides are enterprises that produce nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, and nitro compounds. The amount of nitrogen oxides that enter the atmosphere is 65 million tons annually. Of the total amount of nitrogen oxides emitted into the atmosphere, transport accounts for 55%, energy - 28%, industrial enterprises - 14%, small consumers and the household sector - 3%.

5) Ozone (O3) - a gas with a characteristic odor, a stronger oxidizing agent than oxygen. It is one of the most toxic of all common pollutants. In the lower atmosphere, ozone is formed as a result of photochemical processes involving nitrogen dioxide and volatile organic compounds.

) Hydrocarbons are chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen. They include thousands of different air pollutants found in unburned liquids used in industrial solvents, etc.

) Lead (Pb) - a silvery-gray metal, toxic in all forms. It is often used for the production of paints, ammunition, printing alloy, etc. Approximately 60% of the world's lead production is spent annually on the creation of acid batteries. At the same time, the main sources (about 80%) of air pollution with lead compounds are the exhaust gases of vehicles using leaded gasoline. When ingested, lead accumulates in the bones, causing them to break down.

) Soot falls into the category of harmful particles for the lungs. This is because particles less than five microns in diameter are not filtered in the upper respiratory tract. smoke from diesel engines, which contains more soot, is defined as particularly dangerous, as its particles are known to cause cancer.

) Aldehydes are also toxic, they can accumulate in the body. In addition to the general toxic effect, irritant and neurotoxic effects can be added. The effect depends on the molecular weight: the larger it is, the less irritating, but the stronger the narcotic effect. It should be noted that unsaturated aldehydes are more toxic than saturated ones. Some of them are carcinogenic.

) Benzopyrene is considered a more classic chemical carcinogen, it is dangerous to humans even at low concentrations, as it has the property of bioaccumulation. Being chemically relatively stable, benzapyrene can migrate from one object to another for a long time. As a result, most objects and processes in the environment that do not have the ability to synthesize benzapyrene turn out to be secondary sources. Another property that benzapyrene has is a mutagenic effect.

) Industrial dusts, depending on the mechanism of their formation, can be divided into 4 classes:

mechanical dust generated by grinding the product during the technological process;

sublimates, which are formed in the process of volumetric condensation of vapors of substances during cooling of a gas flowing through a technological apparatus, installation or unit;

fly ashes are non-combustible fuel residues contained in flue gases in a suspended state, it comes from its mineral impurities during combustion;

industrial soot, it consists of solid highly dispersed carbon, formed during incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons.

) Smog (from the English. Smoky fog, - "smoke fog") - an aerosol that consists of smoke, fog and dust. It is one of the types of air pollution in large-scale cities and industrial centers. Originally, smog meant smoke created by burning large amounts of coal (a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide SO2). In the 1950s, a new type of smog was introduced - photochemical smog, which is the result of mixing in the atmosphere of pollutants such as: :

nitric oxide, such as nitrogen dioxide (combustion products of fossil fuels);

tropospheric (surface) ozone;

volatile organic substances (fumes of gasoline, paints, solvents, pesticides and other chemicals);

nitrate peroxides.

The main air pollutants in residential areas are dust and tobacco smoke, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, radon and heavy metals, insecticides, deodorants, synthetic detergents, drug aerosols, microbes and bacteria.

air pollution atmosphere anthropogenic

Chapter 2. Measures to improve the quality and protection of atmospheric air

1 The state of atmospheric air in Russia in 2012

The atmosphere is a huge air system. The lower layer (troposphere) is 8 km thick in polar and 18 km in equatorial latitudes(80% of air), the upper layer (stratosphere) up to 55 km thick (20% of air). The atmosphere is characterized by gas chemical composition, humidity, composition of suspended solids, temperature. Under normal conditions, the chemical composition of air (by volume) is as follows: nitrogen - 78.08%; oxygen - 20.95%; carbon dioxide - 0.03%; argon - 0.93%; neon, helium, krypton, hydrogen - 0.002%; ozone, methane, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide - ten thousandths of a percent.

The total amount of free oxygen in the atmosphere is 1.5 to the 10th power.

The essence of air in the Earth's ecosystems is, first of all, to provide humans, flora and fauna with vital gas elements (oxygen, carbon dioxide), as well as to protect the Earth from meteorite impact, cosmic radiation and solar radiation.

During its existence, the airspace has been influenced by the following changes:

irretrievable withdrawal of gas elements;

temporary withdrawal of gas elements;

pollution with gas impurities that destroy its composition and structure;

pollution with suspended solids;

heating;

replenishment with gas elements;

self-purification.

Oxygen is the most important part of the atmosphere for humanity. With a lack of oxygen in the human body, compensatory phenomena develop, such as rapid breathing, accelerated blood flow, etc. For 60 years of people living in the city, 200 grams of harmful chemicals, 16 grams of dust, 0.1 grams of metals pass through their lungs. Of the most dangerous substances, the carcinogen benzapyrene (a product of the thermal decomposition of raw materials and fuel combustion), formaldehyde and phenol should be noted.

In the process of combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas, wood), oxygen and air are intensively consumed, while being polluted with carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds, and suspended solids. Every year, 10 billion tons of conventional fuel are burned on the earth every year, along with organized combustion processes, unorganized combustion processes occur: fires in everyday life, in the forest, in coal warehouses, ignition of natural gas outlets, fires in oil fields, as well as during fuel transportation. For all types of fuel combustion, for the production of metallurgical and chemical products, for additional oxidation of various wastes, from 10 to 20 billion tons of oxygen are spent every year. The increase in oxygen consumption as a result of human economic activity is not less than 10 - 16% of annual biogenic formations.

In order to ensure the combustion process in engines, road transport consumes atmospheric oxygen, while polluting it with carbon dioxide, dust, suspended products of gasoline combustion, such as lead, sulfur dioxide, etc.). Road transport accounts for about 13% of all air pollution. To reduce these pollutions, improve the vehicle fuel system and use natural gas, hydrogen or low-sulfur gasoline electric motors, reduce the use of leaded gasoline, use catalysts and exhaust gas filters.

According to Roshydromet, which monitors air pollution, in 2012, in 207 cities of the country with a population of 64.5 million people, the average annual concentrations of harmful substances in the atmospheric air exceeded the MPC (in 2011 - 202 cities) .

In 48 cities with a population of more than 23 million people, the maximum one-time concentrations of various harmful substances were recorded, which amounted to more than 10 MPC (in 2011 - in 40 cities).

In 115 cities with a population of almost 50 million people, the air pollution index (API) exceeded 7. This means that the level of air pollution is very high (98 cities in 2011). The priority list of cities with the highest level of air pollution in Russia (with an air pollution index equal to or greater than 14) in 2012 included 31 cities with a population of more than 15 million people (in 2011 - cities) .

In 2012, compared to the previous year, in all indicators of air pollution, the number of cities increased, and, consequently, the population, which is subject not only to a high, but also to an increasing influence of air pollutants.

These changes are not only due to the increase in industrial emissions with increasing industrial production, but also due to the increase in road transport in cities, the burning of large amounts of fuel for thermal power plants, traffic congestion and continuous idling of the engine when there is no money in the car. to neutralize exhaust gases. Recently, in most cities there has been a significant reduction in environmentally friendly public transport - trams and trolleybuses - due to an increase in the fleet of fixed-route taxis.

In 2012, the list of cities with the highest level of air pollution was replenished with 10 cities - centers of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, oil and oil refining industries. The state of the atmosphere in cities by federal districts can be characterized as follows.

In the Central federal district in 35 cities, the average annual concentrations of harmful substances exceeded 1 MPC. In 16 cities with a population of 8,433 thousand people, the level of pollution turned out to be very high (API had a value equal to or greater than 7) . In the cities of Kursk, Lipetsk and in the southern part of Moscow, this indicator turned out to be overestimated (IZA? 14), and therefore this list was included in the list of cities with a high level of air pollution.

In the Northwestern Federal District, in 24 cities, the average annual concentrations of harmful impurities exceeded 1 MPC, and in four cities their maximum one-time concentrations were more than 10 MPC. In 9 cities with a population of 7,181 thousand people, the level of pollution was high, and in the city of Cherepovets - very high.

In the Southern Federal District, in 19 cities, the average annual concentrations of harmful substances in the atmospheric air exceeded 1 MPC, and in four cities their maximum one-time concentrations were more than 10 MPC. High level air pollution was in 19 cities with a population of 5,388 thousand people. A very high level of air pollution was noted in Azov, Volgodonsk, Krasnodar and Rostov-on-Don, in connection with which they are classified among the cities with the most polluted air basin

In the Volga Federal District in 2012, the average annual concentrations of harmful impurities in the atmospheric air exceeded 1 MPC in 41 cities. The maximum one - time concentrations of harmful substances in the atmospheric air amounted to more than 10 MPC in 9 cities . The level of air pollution was high in 27 cities with a population of 11,801 thousand people, very high - in Ufa (classified among the cities with the highest level of air pollution).

In the Urals Federal District, the average annual concentrations of harmful impurities in the atmospheric air exceeded 1 MPC in 18 cities. The maximum one-time concentrations were more than 10 MPC in 6 cities. The high level of air pollution was in 13 cities with a population of 4,758 thousand people, and Yekaterinburg, Magnitogorsk, Kurgan and Tyumen were included in the list of cities with the highest level of air pollution.

In the Siberian Federal District, in 47 cities, the average annual concentrations of harmful impurities in the atmospheric air exceeded 1 MPC, and in 16 cities, the maximum one-time concentrations were more than 10 MPC. A high level of air pollution was noted in 28 cities with a population of 9,409 people, and very high - in the cities of Bratsk, Biysk, Zima, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk, Novokuznetsk, Omsk, Selenginsk, Ulan-Ude, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Chita and Shelekhov. Thus, in 2012 the Siberian Federal District was the leader both in terms of the number of cities in which the average annual MPC standards were exceeded, and in the number of cities with the highest level of air pollution.

In the Far Eastern Federal District, the average annual concentrations of harmful impurities exceeded 1 MPC in 23 cities, the maximum one-time concentrations were more than 10 MPC in 9 cities. A high level of air pollution was noted in 11 cities with a population of 2,311 thousand people. The cities of Magadan, Tynda, Ussuriysk, Khabarovsk and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk are among the cities with the highest level of air pollution.

In the context of increasing industrial production, mainly on morally and physically obsolete equipment in the basic sectors of the economy, as well as with a steadily growing number of cars, further deterioration in air quality in cities and industrial centers of the country should be expected.

According to the joint program for monitoring and assessing the long-range transport of air pollutants in Europe, presented in 2012, in the European territory of Russia (ETR), the total fallout of oxidized sulfur and nitrogen amounted to 2,038.2 thousand tons, 62.2% this amount - transboundary fallout. The total fallout of ammonia in the EPR amounted to 694.5 thousand tons, of which 45.6% were transboundary fallout.

The total lead fallout in the EPR amounted to 4194 tons, including 2612 tons or 62.3% - transboundary fallout. 134.9 tons of cadmium fell on the ETR, of which 94.8 tons, or 70.2%, were the result of transboundary inflows. Mercury fallouts amounted to 71.2 tons, of which 67.19 tons, or 94.4%, were transboundary inflows. A significant share of the contribution to the transboundary contamination of the territory of Russia with mercury (almost 89%) is made by natural and anthropogenic sources located outside the European region.

Fallouts of benzapyrene exceeded 21 tons, of which 16 tons, or more than 75.5%, are transboundary fallouts.

Despite the measures taken to reduce emissions of harmful substances by the Parties to the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (1979), transboundary deposition in ETR of oxidized sulfur and nitrogen, lead, cadmium, mercury and benzapyrene exceeds deposition from Russian sources.

The state of the Earth's ozone layer over the territory of the Russian Federation in 2012 turned out to be stable and very close to the norm, which is quite remarkable against the background of a strong decrease in the total ozone content observed in previous years.

The data of Roshydromet have shown that so far ozone-depleting substances (chlorofluorocarbons) have not played a decisive role in the observed interannual variability of the total ozone content, which occurs under the influence of natural factors.

2 Measures to reduce the level of air pollution

The Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" considers this problem comprehensively. He grouped requirements developed in previous years and tested in practice. For example, the introduction of a rule prohibiting the commissioning of any production facilities (newly created or reconstructed) if they become sources of pollution or other negative impacts on the atmospheric air during operation.

Further development was given to the rules on the regulation of maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in the airspace.

The state sanitary legislation for the atmosphere has developed and established MPCs for a large number of chemicals, both with isolated action and for their combinations.

Hygienic standards are a state requirement for business leaders. Compliance with these standards is monitored by the state sanitary inspection bodies of the Ministry of Health and the State Committee for Ecology.

Of great importance for the sanitary protection of the atmosphere is the identification of new sources of air pollution, the accounting of designed, under construction and reconstructed facilities that pollute the atmosphere, control over the development and implementation of master plans for cities, towns and industrial centers in terms of locating industrial enterprises and sanitary protection zones.

The Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" establishes requirements for the establishment of standards for maximum permissible emissions of pollutants into the airspace. These standards must be established for each stationary source of pollution, for each individual model of vehicles and other mobile vehicles, and installations. They are determined in such a way that the aggregate of emissions from all sources of pollution in a certain area does not exceed the maximum allowable values ​​of pollutants in the atmosphere. Maximum allowable emissions are set taking into account the maximum allowable concentrations.

The requirements of the Law regarding the use of plant protection products are of great importance. All legislative measures are a system of preventive measures aimed at preventing air pollution.

There are also architectural and planning measures aimed at building enterprises, planning urban developments taking into account environmental considerations, greening cities, etc. During construction, it is necessary to adhere to the rules established by law and prevent the construction of hazardous industries in urban areas. It is important to organize mass greening of cities, because green spaces absorb many harmful substances from the air and help purify the atmosphere.

As can be seen from practice, at present, green spaces in Russia are only decreasing in number. Not to mention the fact that the numerous "sleeping areas" built up at the time do not stand up to scrutiny. This is due to the fact that built-up houses are too close to each other, and the air between them is prone to stagnation.

The problem of the rational location of the road network in cities, as well as the quality of the roads themselves, is also acute. It is no secret that the roads built in their time definitely do not fit the modern number of cars. To solve this problem, it is necessary to build a bypass road. This will help unload the city center from transit heavy vehicles. There is also a need for a major reconstruction (rather than cosmetic repairs) of the road surface, the construction of modern transport interchanges, straightening of roads, installation of sound barriers and landscaping of the roadside. Fortunately, despite financial difficulties, this situation has now changed significantly, and in better side.

It is also necessary to ensure quick and accurate control of the air condition through a network of permanent and mobile monitoring stations. It is necessary to ensure at least a minimum quality control of emissions from motor vehicles through special testing. It is necessary to reduce the combustion processes of various landfills, because in this case, a huge amount of harmful substances is released simultaneously with smoke.

At the same time, the Law provides not only control over the fulfillment of its requirements, but also responsibility for their violation. A special article defines the role of public organizations and citizens in the implementation of measures to protect the air environment, requires them to actively assist state bodies in these matters, since only general public participation will help in the implementation of the provisions of this Law.

Enterprises whose production processes are a source of emissions of harmful and unpleasantly smelling substances into the atmosphere must be separated from residential buildings by sanitary protection zones. The sanitary protection zone for enterprises and facilities may possibly be increased, if necessary and with appropriate justification, but not more than 3 times, depending on the following reasons: a) the effectiveness of the methods provided or possible for the implementation of cleaning emissions into the airspace; b) lack of ways to clean emissions; c) placement of residential buildings, if necessary, on the leeward side of the enterprise in the zone possible pollution air; d) wind rose and other unfavorable local conditions; d) the construction of new, as yet insufficiently studied industries harmful in sanitary terms.

The area of ​​sanitary protection zones for individual groups or complexes of large enterprises of the chemical, oil refining, metallurgical, machine-building and other industries, as well as thermal power plants with emissions that create a high concentration of various harmful substances in the atmosphere, and which have a particularly detrimental effect on health and sanitary living conditions of the population, is established in each individual case by a joint decision of the Ministry of Health and the Gosstroy of Russia.

To increase the effectiveness of sanitary protection zones, trees and shrubs are planted on their territory, as well as grassy vegetation, which reduce the concentration of industrial dust and gases. In the sanitary protection zones of enterprises that significantly pollute the atmosphere with gases harmful to vegetation, it is necessary to grow the most gas-resistant trees, shrubs and grasses, taking into account the degree of aggressiveness and concentration of industrial emissions. Emissions from the chemical industry (sulfur and sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, fluorine, ammonia, etc.), ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, and the coal industry are especially harmful to vegetation.

Along with this, another important task is the education of environmental significance among the population. The lack of basic ecological thinking is especially noticeable in the modern world. While in the West there are programs with the help of which children learn the basics of ecological thinking from childhood, in Russia there has not yet been significant progress in this area. Until a generation with a fully formed environmental consciousness appears in Russia, there will be no noticeable progress in understanding and preventing the environmental consequences of human activity.

Conclusion

The atmosphere is the main factor that determines the climate and weather conditions on Earth. Atmospheric resources are of great importance in human economic activity. Air is an integral part of production processes, as well as other types of human activities.

Air space is one of the most important elements of nature, which is an integral part of the habitat of humans, plants and animals. These circumstances necessitate the legal regulation of social relations related to the protection of the atmosphere from various harmful chemical, physical and biological effects.

The main function of the air basin is the factor that it is an indispensable source of oxygen, which is necessary for the existence of all life forms on Earth. All the functions of the atmosphere that take place in relation to flora and fauna, man and society, act as one of the important conditions for ensuring comprehensive legal regulation of the protection of the air basin.

chief legal act the Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air". On the basis of it, other acts of the legislation of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation have been published. They regulate the competence of state and other bodies in the field of atmospheric protection, state registration of harmful effects on it, control, monitoring, dispute resolution and responsibility in the field of atmospheric air protection.

State administration in the field of atmospheric protection is carried out in accordance with the legislation by the Government of the Russian Federation directly or through a specially authorized federal executive body in the field of atmospheric protection, as well as by state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Bibliography

1. On environmental protection: Federal Law No. 7-FZ of January 10, 2002 (as amended on March 12, 2014) [Electronic resource]// Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation.- March 12, 2014.- No. 27-FZ;

On the protection of atmospheric air: Federal Law No. 96-FZ of May 4, 1999 (as amended on December 27, 2009) [Electronic resource]// Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. - December 28, 2009. - No. 52 (1 hour);

On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population: Federal Law of March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ (as amended on December 30, 2008) [Electronic resource] / / Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 05.01.2009. - No. 1;

Korobkin V.I. Ecology [Text]: textbook for universities / V.I. Korobkin, L.V. Peredelsky.- Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2011.- 373 p.

Nikolaikin N.I. Ecology [Text]: textbook for universities / N.I. Nikolaikin, N.E. Nikolaykina, O.P. Melekhova.- M.: Bustard, 2013.- 365 p.

Environmental problems: what is happening, who is to blame and what to do? / Ed. IN AND. Danilova-Danilyana.- M.: Publishing House of MNEPU, 2010. - 332 p.

Environmental law: textbook / Ed. S.A. Bogolyubova.- M.:Velby, 2012.- 400 p.

Environmental law: textbook / Ed. O.L. Dubovik.- M.: Eksmo, 2010.- 428 p.

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