Where does toilet water flow, or how is domestic wastewater treated. Wastewater treatment plant

Every Russian city has a system of special facilities that are designed for cleaning Wastewater, having in their composition a wide variety of mineral and organic compounds to such a state in which they can be discharged into environment without damage to the environment. Modern treatment facilities for the city, which are developed and manufactured by Flotenk, are technically quite complex complexes consisting of several separate blocks, each of which performs a strictly defined function.

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Advantages of urban wastewater treatment plants manufactured by Flotenk

Development, production and installation of treatment facilities is one of the main specializations of the Flotenk company. Its systems have, as practice shows, many advantages over similar products manufactured by many other domestic and foreign firms. Among them, it should be noted the high efficiency of urban wastewater treatment plants from Flotenk, which is due to a carefully calculated, well-thought-out and well-realized design. In addition, they are distinguished by increased reliability and long service life, since their main components are made of durable and resistant to various kinds of adverse effects of fiberglass.

How is wastewater treated in the city?

Wastewater treatment of the city is carried out in stages. The effluents entering the sewage treatment plant through the sewer system first of all enter the unit, where the separation of the mechanical impurities contained in them is carried out. After that, wastewater goes to biological treatment, during which most of the organic compounds and nitrogen compounds. In the next, third block, wastewater is additionally treated, as well as their disinfection with either chlorine or ultraviolet radiation treatment. Once in the last block, urban wastewater settles, and a sludge is separated from it, which is subject to further treatment.

Wastewater treatment plant, which are developed and produced by the Flotenk company for cities, have mechanical wastewater treatment units, in which specialized meshes with very small cells are installed to remove large enough debris. In addition, these blocks are also equipped with sand traps. They are containers of a sufficiently large volume, in which, due to a sharp decrease in the flow rate of wastewater, sand is deposited under the influence of gravity. These tanks are manufactured at Flotenk's own production facilities and have several constituent parts and assembled directly at the installation site.

Biological treatment of urban wastewater is also carried out in special tanks, which are called aeration tanks. In them, a component such as activated sludge is added to the drains, which contains microorganisms that decompose various substances of organic origin. In order to speed up the biological treatment process, air is pumped into the aeration tanks with the help of compressors.

Secondary clarifiers, to which wastewater is sent after biological treatment, are necessary in order to isolate the activated sludge contained in them, which is then sent back to the aeration tanks. In addition, these tanks carry out the disinfection of effluents, which, at the end of this process, are sent to discharge points (most often these are open water bodies).

Water disposal- a complex of technological processes, engineering structures and equipment for the removal of waste, storm and melt water from settlements, industrial facilities, agriculture and transport infrastructure.

Water disposal should be considered in two aspects - the actual removal of wastewater from the place of formation to the place of discharge and the treatment of wastewater before being discharged into a water body.

The history of the development of wastewater disposal in Russia is relatively young - no more than two centuries ago, with the advent of low-rise construction and dense urban development, goldmen appeared on the streets - professional sewage collectors who were taken out of the city in barrels. The Zolotar case was replaced by a sewer network for the discharge of sewage, i.e. household and household wastewater into the river flowing through the city. Water discharge into the water body was first carried out without treatment, to late XIX V. with cleaning in the filtration fields and only in the 30s. 20th century in Russia, namely in Moscow, high-tech treatment facilities for urban sewerage appear. The general and strict requirement for water disposal was the place of construction of treatment facilities and, accordingly, to the point of release of treated wastewater into the river - always below the city outside the dense population. In the era of intensive civil construction and urbanization of the Russian population, this principle of construction began to be violated: for example, Moscow covered all its wastewater treatment plants and wastewater outlets with dense housing developments. This is also practiced in other cities of Russia.

Wastewater or runoff from cities is extremely diverse in composition and sanitary and environmental hazards; they can be classified into seven groups:

From the types of wastewater considered, liquid radioactive waste was removed, which is isolated and subject to special treatment and disposal of radioactive concentrate.

Within each group, the composition and properties of wastewater are very diverse.

Wastewater Treatment Methods

Bringing wastewater to the standard indicators for the composition of pollutants is carried out at treatment facilities using various technological stages of treatment, among which are the following:

1. mechanical treatment is the primary stage of the wastewater treatment process, at which coarse pollutants (solid impurities) are removed during settling, filtration or flotation processes. Coarse particles are removed by gratings, sieves, sand traps, grease traps, oil traps, settling tanks and other engineering structures;
2. chemical treatment - various chemical reagents are added to wastewater that react with pollutants. Such reactions include oxidation and reduction; reactions leading to the formation of compounds that precipitate; reactions accompanied by gas evolution;
3. physical and chemical treatment - during these processes, finely dispersed, dissolved inorganic and organic substances are removed from the wastewater composition. This group includes such technologies as electrolysis and electrocoagulation, coagulation, flocculation, etc.;
4. biological purification is based on the ability of microorganisms to use organic pollutants as a source of nutrition, leading to complete (mineralization) or partial destruction of the structure of substances, i.e. their removal. Biological wastewater treatment can be carried out in bioponds, filtration fields, aerotanks (reservoirs with forced aeration and a high density of communities of microorganisms, protozoa, invertebrates), membrane bioreactors.

Wastewater treatment plant

In Russia, direct responsibility for the choice of treatment technology rests with the operating organizations, referred to in our country as “vodokanals”. This term is derived from two words: water supply and sewerage. Such a combination of two industries of different types of activity is uncharacteristic for the EU countries, the USA and Canada. Water supply is the production and supply of a commodity (net drinking water); sewerage, i.e., water disposal is the provision of sanitary, hygienic and environmental services.

One of the largest wastewater treatment plants in the world are the wastewater treatment plants serving Moscow. Kuryanovskiye and Lyuberetskiye wastewater treatment facilities are capable of removing 3.125 and 3.0 million m 3 of wastewater daily, respectively. Treatment facilities of greater capacity are located only in China and a few cities in the United States.

Impact on water bodies

Each identified group of wastewater has an impact on ecological situation in the water body - the receiver. The local consequences of polluted wastewater disposal can become an environmental and sanitary problem for large river basins and sea coasts.

For example, the metropolis of Moscow with the actual number of people living in the city at the same time, about 18–20 million people, has a decisive influence on the quality of water in the Oka-Volga basin. At present, half of the expenditure of the river. Moscow is urban wastewater, including surface runoff.

Waste water discharge settlements in small rivers often completely forms the composition and flow of water in the river. For example, the flow of water in the river. The desna increases from 0.92 to 1.66 m 3 /s after the discharge of wastewater from the Yuzhnobutovsky treatment facilities (OS), into the river. Pekhorka - from 1.16 to 8.40 m 3 / s after the Lyubertsy OS, in the river. Similar - from 1.85 to 2.70 m 3 / s after the Zelenograd OS.

Waste water quality

At present, for a number of reasons, the sewage treatment facilities of the municipal sewerage of the cities of the Russian Federation are not able to fully fulfill their main function - to purify wastewater, bringing it to standard indicators. In the Russian Federation in 2011, the total volume of wastewater discharges amounted to 48,095 million m 3, of which only 3.8% are legally treated and 33% (15,966 million m 3) are polluted (including 6.86% are discharged without treatment at all) . More than 60% of wastewater discharges into water bodies fall on the share of municipal sewage treatment facilities, and only 13-15% of them are classified as treated according to the norm.

Despite the tendency to reduce the volume of polluted wastewater, this does not lead to an improvement in the quality of wastewater.

The main problems of wastewater treatment in the Russian Federation

If in largest cities Since the problems of water disposal are being systematically solved, then in medium, small and in most large settlements, urban sewage treatment facilities are in a state of decline. The main reasons for the low efficiency of treatment facilities: lack of budgetary funds for the reconstruction and modernization of treatment facilities; non-compliance with the technological regime of their operation; non-compliance of the composition of incoming wastewater with treatment technologies; significant physical deterioration of existing treatment facilities.

G.V. Adzhienko, V.G. Adzhienko

Everything that the residents of the capital pour into sinks and toilets eventually turns into millions of cubic meters of wastewater. They have been dumped into the Moscow River for many years now. For their cleaning, two large aeration stations were built in the city: in Lyubertsy and in the Pechatnikov area. At the same time, the Kuryanovskie treatment facilities operating in the SEAD (south-eastern autonomous region), are the oldest and largest.

General description of the object

In the area served by the station, there is simply a huge number of people - more than 6 million people. In addition, there are several nearby manufacturing enterprises. Therefore, every day the station receives a truly colossal amount of wastewater - about 1.8 million m 3. Of these, 20% are in the residential sector, and 80% - in the industrial sector. The Kuryanovskaya station is located in the industrial zone of the Pechatniki district, on the left bank of the floodplain of the Moskva River. To date, this important facility is one of the largest in Europe.

In total, this complex includes three blocks (NKOS), each of which can be used to treat 1 million m 3 of wastewater per day. Thus, in total, the Kuryanovsk treatment facilities are designed for a load of 3 million m 3 in 24 hours.

A bit of history

The first facilities at this station were erected in 1939. However, due to the outbreak of the Second World War, work was suspended for a long time. The launch of the Kuryanovsk treatment facilities took place only in 1950. At that time, the station, like any other complex of a similar purpose, was very far from the city - among the steppes and forests, next to several medium-sized factories. However, gradually the area of ​​Moscow increased, and in the end the station was inside its borders. Moreover, it was already surrounded not only by industrial enterprises, still functioning in this area, but also by residential areas.

Of course, the increase in load made the initial design capacity of this facility insufficient. Therefore, in the 70s of the last century, Mosvodokanal decided to expand the treatment facilities in the Pechatnikov area. In the immediate vicinity of the old complex, the Novokuryanovskaya station was erected, which already consists of two, more modern blocks. Simultaneously with their construction, a new outlet channel was also laid.

Of course, over time, the designs of the new station also became obsolete. Therefore, in 2011, their large-scale modernization began. To date, these works have already been completed.

District Pechatniki (Moscow)

The total area of ​​this part of the capital is 17.89 km2. The Pechatniki district consists of 30 streets. To date, about 75 thousand people live in the immediate vicinity of the Kuryanovsky wastewater treatment plant.

For living area Pechatniki on this moment considered to fit very well. The infrastructure here is very well developed, for example, there are two metro stations and four - the Kursk direction of the Moscow Railway. Until recently, no one particularly wanted to buy apartments in the Pechatniki district. It was all about the disgusting smell that spread from the sewage treatment plant. However, recently this problem has been completely solved. We'll talk about how exactly below.

Station design

The Kuryanovsky complex, therefore, is the largest. The process of treating wastewater at this facility begins with one of the three receiving chambers directly connected to the city sewer collectors. From here, the sewage flow through underground pipelines is distributed to the plant's WWTP (through the grate building). Today, effluents are mainly supplied to one of the two blocks of the new station. Each sewer line supplying wastewater to the NKOS can be blocked by its own. Before entering the treatment unit, wastewater is fed into the Grate Building for primary mechanical treatment. Then they are pumped into sand traps. Next, the drains arrive sequentially:

in primary sedimentation tanks;

aeration tanks;

into secondary settling tanks;

into the outlet chamber.

Air is supplied to the aerotanks from a huge machine room equipped with high-capacity turboblowers. Sludge from the settling tanks enters a special digester, where it is fermented. The gas released as a result of this process is used at a small thermal power plant built nearby. Such an interesting technical solution made it possible to provide the Kuryanovsk treatment facilities with their own electricity by 60%. At the final stage, already completely purified water enters the Moskva River through a bypass canal. Drains run by gravity throughout the station. To do this, each subsequent complex of treatment equipment is located just below the previous one.

How does mechanical cleaning work?

Actually, the technology of wastewater treatment by the engineers of Vodokanal LLC (Moscow) was thought out to the smallest detail. In the Building of lattices pass primary processing. Here, large mechanical impurities are removed from them. To do this, they are passed through special gratings. The latter are something like a large container, fixed directly in the water stream. Selected large waste - crumpled plastic, bottle caps, pieces of polyethylene, foliage, grass, etc. - is sent for recycling along the conveyor belt. Oddly enough, ordinary cotton buds for the ears cause the most problems for the workers of this workshop. Their dimensions in the transverse direction are very small, and therefore they easily pass through the lattices of containers.

The primary mechanical treatment building is divided into two parts. Each of them serves its own block of the new station. After the Lattice Building, wastewater enters special sand traps for cleaning from small mechanical debris. The insoluble mineral suspension separated from the drains is subsequently washed off and supplied to factories engaged in the manufacture of building mixtures, paving slabs, etc.

Biological treatment

Of course, for high-quality water purification, it is not enough to remove ordinary garbage and various kinds of mechanical impurities from it. Kuryanovsk aeration stations - modern complex, the effluents on which are also subjected to biological treatment. After sand traps, they enter the primary settling tanks. Here, the suspended particles remaining in the water, under the action of gravity, settle to the bottom. Each NKOS block is equipped with 8 such pools.

After settling tanks, water is fed into aeration tanks. This is the name of special containers containing biologically active sludge. The bacteria living in it begin to actively process the dirt remaining in the water. In fact, the same process occurs in natural reservoirs. However, at the station, the cleaning procedure is much faster. The technology of biological treatment at the WWTP provides for the supply of a strong air flow to the aerotanks. It is a natural stimulant of bacterial activity. The wastewater treatment complex at the station includes, as already mentioned, a machine room built for this purpose. It is from here that the air flow necessary for the bacteria enters the aerotanks.

The main difficulty of this stage of cleaning is the need to ensure the smooth operation of the blowers. The fact is that without air, bacteria living in the silt of aerotanks can die within just a few hours. Their population is restored for a very long time - for several months.

After the aerotanks, almost pure water enters the secondary clarifiers. At this stage, the remains of activated sludge are removed from it. At the bottom of each secondary clarifier, a special mechanism operates - a sludge rake. This tool collects sediment in a large tray. Further, the sludge is transported to special landfills located 60 km from the capital.

Methane use

The sludge in the aeration tanks is constantly multiplying. The resulting surplus is partially preserved. In the future, they can be reused. The main part of the "excess" sludge is sent for fermentation in special semi-underground tanks - digesters. Here, the sludge is heated to 54 ° C, as a result of which a reaction begins to occur in it with the release of gas. The resulting methane is fed to thermal power plants to generate electricity.

TPP

The thermal power plant of the Kuryanovskaya treatment plant (Pechatniki district, Moscow) is a truly unique building. There are no analogues of such a structure anywhere in the world. It was decided to build this facility in 2005, after a major accident, as a result of which half of Moscow turned out to be de-energized, including the engine room of the KOS. On that day, the bacteria in the aerotanks did not receive the air they needed for about three hours. The construction of the thermal power plant completely eliminated the possibility of such an unpleasant situation repeating.

How wastewater is analyzed

Of course, the quality of the water discharged into the Moscow River is periodically checked at the station. Mechanical studies are carried out in stages, according to the following parameters:

chromaticity;

temperature;

• degree of transparency.

The first parameter is measured in degrees of the platinum-cobalt scale. Temperature, smell and transparency - by font. Chemical analysis of wastewater is carried out for the reaction of pH and the proportion of various impurities. According to the latter feature, wastewater can be divided into four categories:

municipal wastewater (dry residue - less than 500 mg / l);

The chemical and microbiological composition of wastewater discharged by the Kuryanovskaya station in the area of ​​the South-Eastern Administrative District (Moscow) fully complies with the SanPiN 2.1.5.980-00 standards.

Where does waste go

From the secondary clarifier, already completely purified water enters the outlet chamber. Then it is fed into the outlet channel connected to the Moskva River, the total length of which is 700 m. Until recently, wastewater treatment was completed at this point. But a few years ago, a new disinfection building was built on the canal. Here, they are additionally disinfected with ultraviolet light. After such treatment, various pathogenic microorganisms die in the water. That is, the Kuryanov treatment facilities now discharge water into the Moscow River not only well-purified, but also completely disinfected. This contributes to a significant improvement environmental situation in the capital.

Fish in the channel

The quality of wastewater at the Kuryanovskaya station, whose activities are controlled by Vodokanal LLC (Moscow), is indeed at the very high level. This is evidenced at least by the fact that just a huge amount of fish lives in the discharge channel of the complex. Once upon a time, many were engaged in fishing locals. However, not so long ago, the entrance to the station was closed to outsiders. The order here is now monitored by guards, not letting into the territory not only lovers fishing but also local boys.

Smell

To date, Muscovites who have chosen the Pechatniki district for residence do not experience any problems associated with treatment facilities. But more recently, an extremely unpleasant pungent odor spread from the territory of this facility throughout the district. In 2012, after repeated appeals from residents to the administration of the district and Moscow, a decision was made to reconstruct the station. As a result, the receiving chambers located at the entrance were closed almost over the entire surface.

It was also decided to prevent the spread of odor from the primary settling tanks with the help of a lid. But in this case, metal sheets were used. To date, these containers are closed with two lids at once - a floating pontoon and an upper cantilever. Kuryanovskiye aeration stations are the only complex in the world that uses such efficient and inexpensive designs. Some of the already partially collapsed sedimentation tanks were eliminated during the modernization.

The waste disposal system is an integral part of any city. It is she who provides the residential area, the normal functioning and compliance with sanitary standards in urban conditions. Wastewater that enters urban wastewater treatment plants contains a wide variety of organic and mineral compounds that can cause enormous damage to the environment if not properly disposed of.

The treatment plant includes four special treatment units. The first mechanical cleaning unit is used to remove sand and large debris (as a rule, large waste screened out at the first stage is much easier to dispose of). Then, at the next stage, in another block, a complete biological treatment takes place, and at the same time nitrogen compounds and the maximum possible amount of organic compounds are removed. After that, in the third block, further post-treatment of waste is already taking place - they are cleaned at a deeper level and disinfected. And in the fourth block, the process of processing the remaining precipitation takes place. Further, in order to better understand the essence of the process, we will consider in more detail how exactly this happens.

Due to mechanical, physical, chemical and biological treatment, sediment is separated from polluted water, which is then screened out in settling tanks specially designed for this purpose, and then, when activated sludge is formed, it passes into secondary settling tanks. Activated sludge is a very viscous substance that contains various simple organisms, bacteria and flakes formed from various chemical compounds. The sludge screened out by the settling tanks has almost one hundred percent moisture, but it is incredibly difficult to remove excess moisture, since the substances are highly bound together and have a low moisture yield. With the help of special sludge thickeners, the sludge is processed and compacted by two to three percent.

Unfortunately, the resulting substance cannot be used as a fertilizer, because, despite the fact that potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus are present in activated sludge, they are poorly absorbed by plants, and in addition to microorganisms dangerous to humans, it also contains helminth eggs. Next, we will consider in more detail the types and principles of operation of facilities for the treatment of urban wastewater. In sewage treatment plants for mechanical water treatment, to remove sand and large debris, specialized nets or strainers with cells of no more than two millimeters are used. For finer sand, sand traps are used. This is a completely mechanized procedure. Structures for mechanical cleaning look like eleven meters high and up to twenty-two meters in diameter, reservoirs created on the basis of oil. From above they are closed with lids and equipped with a ventilation system. Such facilities need minimal amounts of lighting and heating, since the largest volume in it is occupied by wastewater, for which it is not necessary to raise the temperature (it should be in the range of about twelve to sixteen degrees).

Biological treatment uses complex chemical processes to oxidize and break down liquids, using pumps to transport contaminated water from one area to another. In addition, the system is equipped with an anaerobic stabilizer that contains a sludge thickener. Currently, in the city are used different kinds treatment facilities, local, which are designed for private and country houses and industrial, necessary in order to purify water from industrial waste.

With particular strict observance of environmental standards, they treat enterprises that produce any type of product (especially those from whose activities waste heavy metals and chemical compounds). Therefore, only after preliminary treatment, waste from industrial enterprises associated with the production of chemical, light, oil refining and other industries can be discharged into the central sewage system or reused. What processes should be carried out when treating water from an industrial enterprise is determined by the industry. The site, which is used for the construction of large ones, must be selected taking into account the convenient access of vehicles, the presence of a reservoir into which it is planned to discharge already treated water and the features of the terrain (in particular, the composition of the soil and the level of groundwater).

Since the treatment plant is a structure that can have a direct impact on the environment, it must comply with strictly defined standards and norms. The perimeter of a wastewater treatment plant must always be enclosed by a fence, and only urban-made tanks are used on the station itself. In addition, the treatment facilities are subject to strict control by the Ministry of Ecology and Bioresources, which arranges inspections of all facilities at the plant.

Different conditions for dealing with plums and the difference in the tasks solved in this case led to the creation different types treatment facilities. For example, stormwater treatment facilities, in terms of their configuration and capabilities, are designed to treat surface runoff; local, depending on the equipment, are used for preliminary treatment of polluted waters of certain workshops, industries.

The urban type of treatment facilities, unlike others, is more versatile and can treat any type of liquid waste, but under one condition (which distinguishes it from others) - all of them must be brought to certain characteristics established by the standards. Among them: the concentration of impurities; effluent acidity (pH), which should be between 8.5 and 6.5.

City drains

This type of effluent is distinguished by the content of various organic compounds and particles of inorganic substances as pollutants. Some of them are quite harmless (for example, sand, particles of dust, dirt), others (oil, oil products, toxins, heavy metals) are dangerous and, when released into nature, cause irreparable harm to it, cause deterioration in human health, and lead to epidemics.

According to experts, urban wastewater to be treated contains on average (in mg/l):

• PVA ………………………………………..…………....10;
• dry residue ………………………….…………… 800;
• suspended solids ……………………….……....259;
• nitrogen of ammonium salts …………………………...30;
• total nitrogen ……………………..……..……………..45;
• phosphates ……………………..…………………..…….15;
• chlorides ………………………….………………..…...35;
• BODfull ……………………………………..……….. 280;
• BOD5 …………………………………………..………..200.

Description of treatment facilities for the city

Most often, urban treatment facilities include four units of treatment equipment: mechanical (or preliminary), biological, deep treatment, final treatment of wastewater.

In the first, mechanical, sand and large debris are removed from the drains. To do this, when treating urban wastewater, sieves, screens of various designs (mechanical drum, screw, rake, etc.), sand traps, and sand separators are used.

The preliminarily treated effluents received at the second unit are freed from nitrogen compounds and most organic impurities. This is done using special bioreactors, the work of which is based on the ability of microorganisms to process pollution included in the effluents in the course of their life. At the same time, hazardous impurities "pass" into the category of non-hazardous and in suspension, which are removed in the following stages.

The third unit at the municipal wastewater treatment plant is engaged in the treatment of wastewater from suspended solids that appeared during previous operations and those that cannot be removed by biomethods. Various equipment helps to make this: flotation plants, settling tanks, separators, filters. At the final stage, the purified water is disinfected, and finally brought to the standards that comply with the requirements established by the sanitary and epidemiological rules.

In addition to the above, there are sections at the city sewage treatment plants that are engaged in the processing and disposal of sludge formed during the treatment of urban wastewater. They are equipped with installations where sludge is freed from excess moisture (belt and chamber filter presses, decanters). There are filtration fields and bioponds.

All facilities related to urban wastewater treatment facilities are always fenced and closed from unauthorized access by outsiders. They constantly monitor the indicators of wastewater treatment, the state of atmospheric air.

Improving urban wastewater treatment facilities

This type of treatment system is capital intensive. It requires high construction costs, constant cash costs during operation. Therefore, any measures that allow to reduce costs, and even more so to bring the process to a level of self-sufficiency, self-sufficiency, and even better - to profit, are considered by specialists very carefully and with interest.

Among these is a recently published report on studies conducted with drains from different US cities by specialists from the University of Arizona. They're in Once again confirmed the possibility of making money on the treatment of urban wastewater, extracting them and sludge valuable for industry, metals and substances.

The increased interest in the results of their research is caused by the fact confirming the presence of precious metals in the effluents. Moreover, their presence is quite large and amounts to a ton of silt: for gold ¾ g, for silver 16.7 g. According to their estimates, only the extraction of these metals will allow the treatment facilities of a million-plus city to earn up to 2.6 million US dollars a year.

No less interesting are reports about the possibility of obtaining electricity during the treatment of urban wastewater. Realization of this is possible along the path of creating microbiological fuel cells, which is what many scientists in the industry are doing. Until recently, the effectiveness of the direction was low, but everything changed radically after the discovery of engineers working at the University of Oregon in the USA.

Thanks to the use of a reduced cathode-anode arrangement, a developed bacterial environment and new separating materials, they managed to obtain an amount of electricity in the process of processing wastewater that exceeds previous achievements by 100 times. Such a result, according to the estimates of the same engineers, allows us to assert the effectiveness of the technology and the possibility of transferring experiments to real treatment facilities.

Hopes to turn the process of treating municipal wastewater into a self-sufficiency in the production of their own electricity may be too optimistic. But even with their partial implementation, the effect of this event is expected to be stunning, and therefore deserves attention and prompt implementation.