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The largest centers of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia. The largest non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in

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"Economic Geography and Regional Studies"

"Non-ferrous metallurgy"

Introduction

Metallurgy began its life since ancient times, at the turn of the Neolithic and Eneolithic (copper - stone age), mankind mastered the smelting of copper. Modern metallurgy is in our time a combination of many technological processes and industries, this includes 1) the extraction of metal ores; 2) enrichment; 3) extraction and refining of metals; 4) obtaining products from metal powders; 5) refining of metals by crystallographic methods; 6) casting of alloys into ingots; 7) processing of metals by pressure; 8) thermomechanical, thermal and thermochemical treatment to impart specified properties to metals.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is considered the basis of the entire industry, its products are used in mechanical engineering, construction and agriculture. With the development of nuclear energy, radioactive metals began to be produced in metallurgy.

With the collapse of the USSR, a very strong decline in production occurred in Russian industry, since mining was carried out in the territories of the current CIS states. For example, the largest Krivoy Rog iron ore basin is located in Ukraine, more than 90% of all reserves of manganese ore are located in the deposits of Ukraine and Georgia, almost all the reserves of chromite ores of the USSR were in Kazakhstan, the country's largest mines for the extraction of copper-containing raw materials and zinc smelting enterprises were also located there. and lead.

1 . IstoryI development of metallurgy in Russia

At the turn of the III-II millennium BC. the ancestors of the Slavs settled in Eastern Europe, around the same time the Bronze Age began. In those days, metal tools and weapons began to appear among the tribes, which led to the rapid development of the tribes and their separation. Later (since 400), the Slavs learned how to make iron, which dramatically increased the efficiency of agriculture, iron axes, plows and sickles appeared.

Tula metal, its past and present is the core plot of the history of Tula, and in many respects of the Tula region. Not far from Tula, the Dutch merchant Andrei Vinius in the 30s. 17th century built Gorodishchensk (Tula) blast-furnace and iron-working water-working plants, which became the cradle of domestic blast-furnace metallurgy, the school of the first Russian blast-furnace metallurgists, who eventually spread their skills throughout Russia.

In Tula, the center of the metal industry was the state-owned Kuznetskaya Sloboda (later also called the Armory), the foundation of which is usually associated with the decree of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich in 1595. The main occupation for most of its inhabitants was the manufacture of weapons for the treasury. However, not for everyone. According to incomplete data, in the mid-40s. In the 18th century, 89 Tula gunsmiths were listed as the so-called "industrialists". Those of them who were called "iron business industrialists" owned "manual iron factories": workshops with raw furnaces for producing iron kritz - raw materials for processing into "efficient" iron and structure (cheap steel grades). During the archaeological research of the Kuznetsk Sloboda, traces of their activities were repeatedly revealed: products (usually waste) of production, fragments of nozzles through which air was blown into the furnaces, etc. The wealthiest and most successful industrialists turned out to be real “factories”: they became owners of water-powered blast-furnace, conversion iron-working (so-called “hammer”) and copper-smelting manufactories in the Tula region and beyond. The Demidovs are best known among them. Let us add to them the Krasilnikovs, the Arekhovs, three branches of the Batashev family, and two of the Mosolovs.

According to some reports, the Tula gunsmith Ivan Timofeevich Batashev began his career as an clerk to Nikita Demidov (1656-1725). To the construction of its first water plant on the river. Tulitsa he started in 1716 and already in 1717 he finished it. It was followed by the Medynsky (Gryaznensky) plant: in 1728, hammer production was launched, in 1730 - a blast furnace. The Batashev economy developed especially successfully in the second half of the 18th century. under the grandsons of the founder Andrei (c. 1730-1799) and Ivan (c. 1733-1821) Rodionovichi. Throughout the 18th century The Batashevs of this family line owned 18 factories, of which 14 were built by themselves. They were the founders of the Prioksky mining and metallurgical region, which included the territories of five provinces. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. every ninth pood of Russian cast iron was Batashev's.

Scribe book 1587-1589 when describing trading places Tula Posad mentions 11 shops selling iron and iron products,. There is no doubt that already at that time part of the "iron goods" was of local origin.

The main areas of iron production in the Muscovite state in the 16-17 centuries. were Northwestern and Central Russia. Three districts were distinguished in the central zone: Serpukhovsko-Tulsky located to the south of Moscow, Nizhegorodsky to the southeast, and Yaroslavsky to the northeast. The Serpukhovsko-Tulsky district included the territory of the counties of Serpukhov, Tula, Kashirsky, Aleksinsky, Dedilovsky and Krapivensky. With the exception of Serpukhov, all of them later became part of the Tula province. The links of most of them with the iron industry can be traced back to the 16th century. .

As a rule, the territories involved in metallurgical production coincided with the places of ore mining. So, in Dedilovsky district, 5 miles from the city on the river. Deer (Deer) there was a mountain stretching along the river for half a verst (about 500 m), across for 200 sazhens. (about 430 m), known as the place where ore was mined from the document of 1662. long before the early 1960s. 17th century Another area of ore mining, which provided for the domniks of the Tula district, was located 10-15 versts from Tula in the Malinovaya Zasek. Its deposits were exploited especially intensively in the 18th century.

2 . Sostanding colorand metallurgy at present

This is an industry that includes the extraction and enrichment of ores, the production and processing of non-ferrous metals and their alloys. In addition to the main products, the industry also produces side products - in the form of a series chemical compounds, mineral fertilizers, building materials, etc. About ¼ of sulfuric acid, necessary for technological processes, is obtained during the complex processing of raw materials.

Non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia produces a variety of physical and chemical properties construction materials. This branch of heavy industry includes copper, lead-zinc, nickel-cobalt, aluminum, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum industries, as well as the production of noble and rare metals.

By stages of the technological process non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into extraction and enrichment of raw materials, metallurgical processing and processing of non-ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals are divided into heavy (copper, tin, lead, zinc, etc.), light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium), precious (gold, silver, platinum) and rare (tungsten, molybdenum, germanium, etc.).

Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia is characterized by a long and deep decline in production for many types of nomenclature. To a greater extent, this affected the production of refined copper, nickel and titanium.

The areas of use of non-ferrous metals mined in our country are numerous. Copper is widely used in mechanical engineering, electric power industry and other industries both in pure form and in alloys with tin, aluminum, zinc, and nickel. Lead is used in the production of batteries, cables, and is used in the nuclear industry. Tin is used to make tinplate, bearings, etc. Nickel is one of the refractory metals. Many valuable alloys of nickel with other metals are obtained. Its importance is great in the production of alloyed steels, as well as in the application of protective coatings of metal products.

The importance of the noble metal - gold - is great, in terms of the reserves of which Russia occupies the third place in the world (and in the production of which the country has slipped from the second to the sixth place).

The location of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises is influenced by many natural and economic factors, among which the raw material factor plays a special role.

The production of the main types of non-ferrous metallurgy products (with the exception of aluminum production) has greatly decreased compared to 1990: in the smelting of lead, tin, zinc, and nickel.

The production of alumina (aluminum) gravitates towards sources of raw materials, and the redistribution - towards sources of cheap electricity. The technological process of obtaining aluminum consists of two most important phases: the production of alumina (and corundum) and only then - aluminum. Sometimes both stages exist together: Volkhov (Northwest) and Krasnoturinsk (Urals), but most often they are separated due to the influence of various factors on the process. Such production requires a large amount of limestone and fuel. Therefore, the optimal area for aluminum production can be considered one where there are raw materials, limestone, cheap fuel and electricity. In such optimal conditions, the Achinsk-Krasnoyarsk Krasnoturinsky combines operate in Russia.

Structural - territorial and economic features of the aluminum industry allow us to distinguish several combinations of aluminum production areas:

1) extraction and enrichment of raw materials - the Northern region (Kola Peninsula);

2) extraction and enrichment of raw materials, production of alumina - Northern region;

3) extraction and enrichment of raw materials, production of alumina, production of aluminum - Northwest, Siberia.

The final stages of production - metal processing and obtaining the necessary alloys - are as close as possible to the areas of aluminum consumption.

In August 2000 non-ferrous metallurgy showed quite good results. It is noteworthy that, compared with July of this year, the growth in production amounted to 5.7%, which is higher than in the industry as a whole. In August and January-August 2000, the industry's output index amounted to 109.1% and 112.4%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 1999, 129.9% and 124.0%, to the level of 1998, and 115.0% and 122.7%, to the level of 1997.

Of the main sub-sectors, it should be noted the growth in production in the aluminum and nickel-cobalt industries. At the same time, in the aluminum industry, the actual production of primary aluminum increased slightly compared to August 1999, and decreased by 0.3% compared to July, which can be explained by a decrease in exports, which in turn was caused by the resumption on July 1 of the 5% duty on export of primary aluminum. In January-August 2000 the production of primary aluminum by tolling decreased by 22.0% as compared to the same period of the previous year. At the same time, the consumption of aluminum in the domestic market is growing, as evidenced by the increase in the production of rolled aluminum. The largest enterprise specializing in rolled aluminum - Samara Metallurgical Plant - in January-September 2000 produced 150.9 thousand tons of rolled aluminum, which already exceeds the total output of rolled aluminum for the whole of 1999. Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Plant (KrAZ) should be singled out among the largest enterprises producing primary aluminum, which produced 4.9 thousand tons more raw aluminum in 8 months of 2000 than in the same period last year. At the same time, out of 563,595 thousand tons of produced raw aluminum, 88.6% was produced by KrAZ with the highest grades (for 8 months of 1999 - 86.4%). The Sayan aluminum plant is also steadily increasing production, which produced 268.2 thousand tons of aluminum in January-August of this year, which is 3% more than in 8 months of 1999. It should also be noted a rather impressive growth in the production of bauxite and alumina, which is due to the growth in production in the Timan-Pechora basin, as well as the stable operation of the main alumina enterprises that are part of the structures of mega-holdings formed in Russia - Russian Aluminum and SUAL-Holding.

In the nickel-cobalt industry, growth in August was provided by nickel production, while nickel exports continue to decline, and at a rather serious pace (exports in July 2000 compared to July 1999 amounted to less than 30%). In January-August, Norilsk Nickel reduced exports by 19% compared to the corresponding period of 1999. At the same time, the company's management claims that the demand for nickel in the country continues to grow, and therefore Norilsk Nickel is increasing the volume of sales of the metal in the country by reducing the volume of its exports.

The decline in production in the copper industry is somewhat surprising, but here, too, one can notice that the decline is mainly due to mining and enrichment, while the production of refined copper is growing quite steadily. The Kyshtym Copper Electrolytic Plant (KMEZ) exceeded the production plan for August and 8 months of the year for most indicators by an average of 1 - 5%. In August, for the first time in the history of the plant, 6,700 tons of refined copper and 900 tons of copper sulfate were produced. By optimizing production and finding internal reserves, KMEZ operates in excess of its design capacity. In total, since the beginning of the year, the plant has produced almost 38 thousand tons of refined copper, which is almost two times higher than in the corresponding period last year, while sales for the same period increased 2.4 times. For 8 months of 2000 CJSC Karabashmed increased the production of blister copper from 17.244 thousand tons to 25.120 thousand tons (by 45.7%) compared to the same period of 1999. Processing of briquetted ore concentrate increased by 60% - up to 65 thousand tons. JSC "Uralelectromed" for 8 months of 2000 produced 50 thousand tons of copper rod, which is already more than 2 times more than for the entire last year.

It should be noted that, unlike aluminum and nickel, copper exports are growing (Table 4). In July compared to June, according to the State Statistics Committee, it increased more than 3 times in physical terms, and in August compared to July, according to the State Customs Committee, it increased in monetary terms by 20% (from $120.4 million to $151.1 million). ).

Table 1. Dynamics of export of non-ferrous metals in July 2000

2 .1 copper industry

The copper industry is a sub-branch of non-ferrous metallurgy that unites enterprises for the extraction and enrichment of copper ores and the production of copper. Copper is the second among non-ferrous metals (after aluminum) in terms of consumption by the world economy. Copper has the highest electrical conductivity after silver. Windings of transformers and generators, wires of power lines, internal wiring are made of copper. Copper alloys are also widely used in technology - brass (with zinc), bronze (with tin or aluminum), etc. Copper ores usually contain, in addition to copper, iron, zinc, lead, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum and other elements. Therefore, in the production of copper, more than 40 types of commercial products are obtained: copper, zinc, molybdenum and lead concentrates, blister and refined copper, gold, silver, platinum, rare metals, etc.

Copper is one of the first metals of human civilization. The oldest copper objects and pieces of ore were found at the excavations of the early agricultural settlements of Western Asia. Copper alloys were the main material for the production of tools and weapons in the Bronze Age. The oldest bronze tools found in southern Iran, Turkey and Mesopotamia date back to the 4th millennium BC.

In Russia, the copper industry arose in early XVII V. In 1630-1653. Pyskorsky and Kazansky factories were built in the Urals.

Raw material base

In terms of explored copper reserves, Russia ranks third in the world, behind Chile and the United States. Copper reserves have been explored in 120 deposits, of which 52% are found in deposits of pyrite copper and copper-zinc ores and cuprous sandstones, 45% - in deposits of sulfide copper-nickel ores, 1.3% - in polymetallic, 0.7% - in tungsten and molybdenum and 0.6% - in tin. About 1% of copper reserves are explored in gold and iron ore deposits.

The largest copper deposits in Russia are Oktyabrskoye and Talnakhskoye in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Norilsk mining and industrial region, copper-nickel ores), Gaiskoye, Podolskoye and Volkovskoye in the Urals, Udokanskoye in Transbaikalia.

Despite the presence in Russia of significant explored copper reserves, the degree of their industrial development is relatively low: less than half of all explored reserves are in exploited deposits. Such large deposits as Udokanskoye in the Chita region, Yubileinoye and Podolskoye in Bashkiria, containing a quarter of all copper reserves explored in Russia, have not been developed by industry and remain in reserve.

The development of copper ores in Russia is carried out both by open and underground methods. The largest quarries of the copper industry - Sibaisky, Uchalinsky and Molodezhny (the first is being developed by the Bashkir Copper and Sulfur Combine, the second and third - by the Uchalinsky Mining and Processing Plant) - are completing their reserves, and the copper content in the ores of these deposits does not exceed 0.9%.

Of particular note is the issue of bringing into commercial operation the largest in Russia, the Udokanskoye deposit. According to specialists' calculations, in 5-6 years it will be possible to extract up to 7.5-10 million tons of ore per year at the Udokan deposit with an average copper grade of 1.3%. However, the development is hampered by difficult natural conditions and the sparsely inhabited area.

Production of copper concentrates

In Russia, the extraction and enrichment of copper ores is carried out by 13 mining and processing enterprises. The main amount of copper (70-75%) is mined at the deposits of copper-nickel ores by the enterprises of RAO Norilsk Nickel. Second in terms of copper production (25-27%) are pyrite copper and copper-zinc ores, the deposits of which are developed in the Urals (Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk regions and the Republic of Bashkortostan) and the North Caucasus (Karachay-Cherkessia). Long-term and intensive development of copper deposits in the Urals has led to the depletion of the mineral resource base of operating enterprises.

The processing of ores and the production of copper in concentrates is carried out at 10 concentrating factories of the copper industry, three factories of the nickel industry, as well as factories of the molybdenum, tungsten and tin industries (one enterprise each). Copper smelters and refineries faced the problem of a shortage of domestic raw materials. They partially solved this problem by processing raw materials supplied from foreign countries under tolling contracts. Thus, the Mednogorsk copper-sulfur plant produces almost all blister copper from imported raw materials. Concentrates produced at enterprises that have long-standing production ties with the Russian copper industry are also considered imported: in Kazakhstan's Zhezkazgan, Balkhash, Glubokoe and in Mongolian Erdenet.

In 2000, only 69% of copper production in Russia was provided with its own copper concentrates, the rest was imported from abroad.

Tolling (from English tolling - taxation, tribute) - the transfer by the customer of raw materials, components from one state to a manufacturing company in another state in order to process them into finished products. Then the finished product is returned back and, as a rule, is exempted from customs duties. Products that are in tolling turnover are exempt from taxation, which is unprofitable for the country accepting tolling, but often beneficial for the manufacturer. Tolling schemes in the modern Russian economy have led to a sharp reduction in payments from foreign companies to the federal budget, but they contribute to maintaining the qualifications of specialists in hard times falling production.

Blister and refined copper

Copper concentrates are melted in furnaces resembling open-hearth furnaces (recall this process from ferrous metallurgy). But it is not copper that comes out of the furnaces, but the so-called matte (from the German Stein - “stone”) - an alloy of copper with iron, sulfur, silver, zinc and other elements. Non-copper impurities in matte 70-80%. Then the matte is poured into the converter and oxygen or air is blown through it, as a result of which the sulfur residues are burned out and iron is removed. This process takes not minutes, as in a converter for processing pig iron into steel, but hours. The matte is converted to blister copper, which contains 1-2% impurities, which is also very high for modern technology. Pure or refined copper is produced by electrolysis. A plate of purified blister copper - an anode - is placed in an electrolytic bath with a solution of sulfuric acid and copper sulphate. The cathode is a sheet of pure copper. The electric current carries only copper particles to the cathode. Gold, platinum and silver sink to the bottom of the bath and are subsequently removed, other impurities remain in solution. The largest amount of refined copper (54% of total Russian production) is produced by RAO Norilsk Nickel plants in Norilsk and Monchegorsk, more than 37% - by the Uralelectromed plant in Verkhnyaya Pyshma.

The copper industry is closely related to the chemical industry. Copper ores used in Russia are saturated with sulfur, which is removed in the form of sulfur dioxide during the metallurgical processing, captured and used to produce sulfuric acid, a product necessary for the production of a number of chemical compounds. In Krasnouralsk and Revda, phosphate fertilizers are produced on the basis of sulfuric acid and imported apatite concentrates.

Development trends

Most of the copper produced in the country is exported. In 2000, 845 thousand tons of refined copper were produced; 644 thousand tons - exported.

The domestic Russian copper market is mainly determined by demand from the two most capacious consumers - the electrical industry and non-ferrous metallurgy manufacturing enterprises (alloys, foil, powders, etc.).

Experts assess the country's modern copper industry as a steadily developing one. The most ambitious project of the next decade in the domestic copper industry is the construction of a mining and processing plant on the basis of the Udokan copper deposit in the BAM zone with a capacity of 10 million tons of ore per year, from which up to 130-140 thousand tons of pure copper can be obtained annually.

2 .2 WITHlead-zinc industry

metallurgy non-ferrous lead zinc industry

The lead-zinc industry is a sub-branch of non-ferrous metallurgy that unites enterprises for the extraction and processing of lead-zinc ores, the production of metallic lead and zinc and other products containing these metals, as well as by-products.

The beginning of the smelting and use of lead dates back to the 2nd millennium BC. However, until the beginning of the 19th century, the lead industry was poorly developed. The first information about zinc refers to the 5th century. BC. Initially, zinc was obtained in India, then in China. In those days, an alloy of zinc and copper was known - brass. Industrial production of zinc began in Great Britain in the 18th century, then in Germany, Belgium, France and other countries.

The development of the lead industry in Russia was closely connected with the smelting of silver and dates back to the beginning of the 18th century. The share of Russia in the smelting of lead in the 18th century was 37.4%. However, at the beginning of the 19th century, due to the reduction in silver smelting, Russia's share in lead production decreased to hundredths of a percent. Zinc production began in 1905. The lead-zinc industry in pre-revolutionary Russia was extremely poorly developed. The mineral base of the lead-zinc industry before the Great October Socialist Revolution consisted of more than 70 lead-zinc deposits and 30 ore occurrences, of which 45 were developed. In 1913, the reserves of lead ores (in terms of metal) in Russia were estimated at 0.5 million tons and zinc in 1.1 million tons. In 1913, 1.5 thousand tons of lead and 2.9 thousand tons of zinc were smelted in Russia, and 61.4 thousand tons of lead and 28.2 thousand tons of zinc were imported from other countries, i.e. The country's needs for these metals were met mainly through imports. The share of foreign capital in the lead-zinc industry in Russia was about 90%. Foreign concessions and private entrepreneurs carried out predatory mining of deposits, extracting only ores rich in silver and lead. At that time, only 3 small concentrating factories were operating in Russia: Mizurskaya, Sikhote-Alinskaya and Ridderskaya. Extraction of lead and zinc on them did not exceed 50-60%. The presence of noble metals in the lead-zinc ores of a number of deposits contributed to their rapid development.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution, the extraction of lead-zinc ores in the country decreased several times, and in 1919-20 it was completely stopped. In 1921, mining began to gradually resume. It should be noted that materials on many previously explored deposits, technical, geological and mine surveying documentation on developed deposits were lost or stolen by the former owners, many mines were flooded, and equipment was destroyed or removed. Therefore, the young Soviet state, in parallel with the restoration of the mining enterprises that existed before the revolution, had to organize extensive geological exploration work at the well-known deposits of Altai, the Urals, Transbaikalia, and the Caucasus. In 1922, by special order of V.I. Lenin, ore mining was resumed at the Ridder mine. Foreign capital was attracted to accelerate the restoration of mining operations in certain areas. Upper field on Far East in 1924-32 it was operated by an English concession. In 1932 the mine was nationalized. In the late 20's - early 30's. The Riddersky, Zyryanovsky and Sikhote-Alinsky lead-zinc plants, the Achisai mine, the Mizursky and Riddersky concentrating factories, the Riddersky lead-smelting plant, the Belovsky and Konstantinovsky zinc plants were put into operation, and in the mid-30s. - Kansai and Salair mines with concentrating plants, Achisai factory, Electrozinc plants, Chelyabinsk zinc and Chimkent lead. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the development of the Mirgalimsayskoye deposit began, and the Tekeliyskaya, Belousovskaya and Berezovskaya concentrating factories were built.

IN post-war years As a result of the discovery of a number of deposits (including Gorevsky, Orlovsky, Irtyshsky, Zhairemsky, Filizchaysky, Ozerny, etc.), the reserves of lead and zinc ores were increased. The mines of the Nerchinsk Polymetallic Combine, Kurgashinkansky, Altyn-Topkansky, Tishinsky, Zolotushinsky, and later Orlovsky, Zhairemsky, Nikolaevsky, Uch-Kulachsky, and others became operational. In 1947, the Ust-Kamenogorsk zinc plant was put into operation, and in 1952, lead plants. The country's lead-zinc industry has a reliable mineral base. Mining and processing enterprises of the lead-zinc industry are located in the North Caucasus (Sadonsky lead-zinc plant and Electrozinc plant), in Ukraine (Ukrzink plant), in the Urals (Chelyabinsk electrolytic zinc plant), in Western Siberia (Salair and Altai mining and processing plants, Belovsky Zinc Plant), in eastern Siberia (Nerchinsky Polymetallic Plant, Gorevsky Mining and Processing Plant, in Primorsky Krai (PA Dalpolimetall), in Kazakhstan (Leninogorsk Polymetallic Plant, Irtysh Polymetallic Plant, Achisai Polymetallic Plant, Zyryanovsky Lead Plant, Zhairemsk mining and processing plant, Zhezkent mining and processing plant, Tekeli lead-zinc plant, Karagayly and Akchatau GOKs, Ust-Kamenogorsk lead-zinc plant, etc.), in Central Asia (Adrasman lead-zinc plant and Almalyk mining and smelting plant), in Transcaucasia (Kvaisinskoe mine administration, Akhtalsk y and Gyumushlug mines). The main share of lead and zinc production is in Kazakhstan, Central Asia and the Far East.

For geological and industrial types of ores, see Art. Lead-zinc ores. Extraction of lead-zinc ores is carried out by open and underground methods. To share open method accounts for about 1/4 of the total ore production.

The extracted ore is crushed, crushed and subjected to flotation enrichment. Depending on the composition and technological properties of the ore, lead and zinc concentrates are most often obtained from it, less often only lead. From part of the ores containing copper, tin or barite, copper, tin or barite concentrates are also produced. The highest rates of extraction of metals into concentrate were achieved in the processing of sulfide Sadonozgidskaya, Gorevskaya ore, ores of the Nerchinsk Combine and the Dalpolimetal Association (80-93% lead, 80-92% zinc).

Metallurgical enterprises extract a relatively large amount of the main and accompanying components of polymetallic raw materials, incl. elements whose raw materials are very limited or completely absent. Zinc production is carried out mainly by the hydrometallurgical method using a technology that includes roasting of sulfide zinc concentrates, sulfuric acid leaching of cinder and other oxidized middlings, high-temperature leaching of zinc cakes, purification of sulfate zinc solutions from impurities, and electrowinning of zinc. The zinc plants also include plants for the production of sulfuric acid from gases from kilns, zinc oxide from zinc cakes, slags from lead production and other poor intermediate products (Weltz process), cadmium from copper-cadmium cakes and dust from lead plants, rare metals, zinc sulfate. Extraction of zinc from zinc concentrates into metal and other types of products 95-97%, cadmium 90-91%. Lead entering the zinc production is converted into sulfate cakes from the processing of sublimates and sent to the lead production; copper is extracted in the form of marketable products (copper powder, cuprous oxide, copper-chlorine cake, copper-rich clinker). Along with non-ferrous metals, indium and thallium are extracted from sublimates, and mercury and selenium are extracted from sulfuric acid production sludge.

Production of lead from sulfide raw materials is carried out by pyrometallurgical method, mainly according to standard technology: agglomerating roasting of raw materials, shaft smelting of sinter and refining of crude lead. The lead plants include installations for the utilization of sulfur dioxide from agglomeration gases, processing of slags, dusts and recycled products (mattes and slips). Extraction of lead from lead concentrates into metal and other types of products 96.5-97.5%. Zinc supplied to the lead production passes mainly into slags, from which it is extracted into sublimates during fuming and waelzation. Cadmium almost completely passes into the dust and is extracted during their processing. Indium, thallium, rhenium, selenium, mercury, chlorine are also extracted from dust, and arsenic is removed in the form of calcium arsenate. Copper, antimony, bismuth, precious metals, tellurium are extracted from the products of crude lead refining, and arsenic is converted into calcium arsenate.

Zinc is produced in eleven grades with a zinc content of 97.5-99.997%. Lead is produced in seven grades with a lead content of 99.5-99.992%.

In the socialist countries, the lead-zinc industry is developed in the People's Republic of Belarus, the KHP, the DPRK, the PPR, and the SFRY. In Bulgaria, the production of lead-zinc ores on the basis of the vein deposits of the Madan ore region is carried out by the Gorubso plant (for more details, see the article Bulgaria). In China, the lead-zinc industry operates partly on its own raw material base, partly on imported raw materials (for more details, see article China). North Korea is a major producer of lead and zinc concentrates. The main mining enterprise is the Komdok mine. Poland, having rich reserves of lead-zinc ores (the Silesian-Krakow basin, deposits of the Olkusz district), has a developed lead-zinc industry. Bytom and Olkusz. The smelting of lead and zinc is concentrated mainly in Katowice, Bukowno, and Miastechko-Slańsk (for more details, see Poland). In Yugoslavia, the extraction of lead-zinc ores is carried out mainly in the autonomous province of Kosovo, in Macedonia and Montenegro. Lead and zinc are smelted at the "Trepcha" (Serbia) and "Zletovo" (Macedonia) plants in the town of Mejica, Šabac. Yugoslavia is one of the main producers and exporters of lead and zinc in Europe.

In developed capitalist and developing countries, the lead-zinc industry is less monopolized than other branches of non-ferrous metallurgy. Lead ores are mined in about 40 countries, but about 70% of the production is in Australia, the USA, Canada, Peru, Mexico, Morocco and Spain (Table 1).

An important supplier of lead raw materials to the world market (excluding socialist countries) are developing countries (about 30%). The extraction and processing of lead ores in developing countries is largely controlled by foreign capital (mainly American and Japanese). A total of 3.9 million tons of refined lead was produced in 1986 (fig.).

The main producing countries of refined lead are the USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, France and Mexico (about 70% of the total lead output). The share of secondary lead in its total production is about 40%. Among the largest producers of lead (1985) are the American "St. Joe Minerals, AMAX-Homestake, ASARCO, Canadian Cominco, Mexican Metalurgica Mexicana Penoles, Australian Australian Mining & Smelting, and French Penarroya. Since the 70s. lead production is growing at a low rate, due to the continued decline in its use in a number of industries.

About 50 countries are mining zinc ores, but 65% of the production is in Canada, Peru, Australia, the USA, Mexico and Japan (Table 2).

In 1950-83, the extraction of zinc ores increased 2.6 times, and it grew at a faster rate in developing countries, which accounted for 30% (25% in 1950). About 45% of production is accounted for by 10 companies, the largest of which are Mount Isa Mines and Australian Mining and Smelting (Australia), Centromin (Peru), Kidd Creek Mines and Brunswick Mining and Smelting Сorp. (Canada) and ASARCO (USA). Zinc polymetallic ores are subjected, as a rule, to flotation enrichment to obtain rich zinc, lead, copper and pyrite concentrates.

In 1986, world zinc production (excluding socialist countries) amounted to 4.7 million tons (Fig.). The largest producers of zinc are Japan, Canada, the FRG, the USA, Australia, Belgium and France (in 1986 they accounted for 59% of the total output of the metal). The share of developing countries in total production increased (7.8% in 1960.12% in 1986). In these countries, only a small part of the mined ore is processed, mainly it is exported in the form of a concentrate.

In 1983, the 7 leading zinc-smelting companies accounted for about 30% of the entire smelting of this metal. The largest monopolies include the Canadian Canadian Electrolytic Zink, Comiso, Ltd., Kidd Creek Mines Ltd., the French Société Asturienne and Penarroya, the West German Metallgesellschaft, Belgium. Vieille Montagne. In Australia, the extraction of lead-zinc ores is carried out at the deposits of Broken Hill, Mount Isa, Elura, Kobar, Woodlawn, Q River, and some others. There are 8 mining enterprises in the country in total (7 lead-zinc mines and one quarry). The largest enterprise for the extraction of lead (33%) and zinc (40%) is Mount Isa Mines Ltd., which owns a mine of the same name with a capacity of 20.4 thousand tons of ore per day. In 1985, 154 thousand tons of lead and 195 thousand tons of zinc in concentrates were obtained. In addition, there are two mines operating at the Broken Hill deposit (in 1985, the total production was 159 thousand tons of lead and 331 thousand tons of zinc in concentrate), owned by the CRA Ltd. mining concern. In the United States, 7 mines in Missouri account for 90% of raw lead production (1985). The largest of them are Buick, owned on a parity basis by Amax Lead Co and Homestake Mining Co (in 1985, 1.9 million tons of ore containing an average of 6.9% lead were processed); Magmont - Cominco American and Dresser Industries (91 thousand tons of lead in concentrate in 1985).

The leading producers of zinc concentrates in the USA are ASARCO, St. Joe minerals Co." and "Jersey Miniére Zink." The 25 largest mines account for 99% of raw zinc production in the US (1985). The largest zinc mine in the country is Elmwood-Gordonsville in Tennessee, where ASARCO owns 4 mines - Young, New Market, West Fork and Coy.

There are more than 30 mines in Canada that develop complex lead-zinc and copper-polymetallic deposits. Over 98% of the production in 1985 came from 10 mines with a total daily capacity of more than 65 million tons of ore. The main producers of lead-zinc raw materials are Noranda mines Ltd., Cominco, Kidd Creek Mines Ltd., Cyprus Anvil Mining Corp. The largest enterprises for the enrichment of lead-zinc ores are Hoyley and Timmins (capacity 13.4 thousand tons and 13.0 thousand tons of ore per day, respectively) of Kidd-Creek, Pine Point (10.0 thousand tons), Pine-Point mines Ltd., mine No. 12 (10.0 thousand tons), BMSC, Faro (9.1 thousand tons), Cyprus and Kimberley (9.1 thousand tons), "Cominco".

In Peru, lead and zinc in concentrate are produced by 20 large and medium-sized mines and 33 small mines. The main mining companies are Ceppo de Pasco, Atacocha, Casapalca, San Vicente, San Cristobal and Huansala. The total capacity of the quarry and mine of the mining and processing enterprise "Ceppo de Pasco" is 6.2 thousand tons of ore per day. In the private sector, the largest producer is Minera San Ignacio de Moroсocha, which owns the San Vicente mine with a capacity of 1,000 tons of ore per day.

70s and early 80s. were characterized by the curtailment of zinc production by large companies due to rising production costs and increased pollution control environment. The development of the zinc-smelting industry was due to the expansion of the electrolytic zinc production capacity to meet the demand for high-purity metal. Instead of special distillation plants equipped with furnaces with horizontal retorts, plants for the production of high-purity electrolytic zinc were built. The production of secondary zinc in the countries of the capitalist world amounted to about 1.3 million tons (1985).

Listliterature

1. Afremov I.F. Historical review of the Tula province ... - M., 1850. - Part 1.

3. Vavilova E.V. Economic Geography and Regional Studies: Tutorial. - M: Gardariki, 1999

4. Gladkiy Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic Geography of Russia: Textbook. - M. "Department - M" 1999 - C 453-470.

5. Grebtsova V.E. Economic and social geography of Russia: fundamentals of theory and practice (Textbook for universities). - Rostov n / a: publishing house "Phoenix", 1997

6. Kafengauz B.B. The history of the economy of the Demidovs in the XVIII-XIX centuries: Research experience in the history of the Ural metallurgy. T. 1. - M.; L. 1949.

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Non-ferrous metallurgy plants

Non-ferrous metallurgy as a branch of Russian metallurgy includes two divisions of production activities:

1. Extraction of non-ferrous metal ores, as well as enrichment of ores;
2. Smelting of non-ferrous metals and alloys.

There are two types of non-ferrous metals:

1. Heavy (these metals include zinc, copper, lead, tin, nickel);
2. Light (this group includes aluminum, titanium, magnesium).

The territorial location of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises is determined by two factors:

1. Natural-geological factor (proximity to resource bases);
2. Economic factor (proximity to sources of fuel and electricity).

The first factor is the main one for locating the production of heavy non-ferrous metals, the enterprises of which are located in close proximity to the places of extraction of raw materials. This is due to the fact that such production does not require large expenditures of energy (the location of enterprises in relation to the resource base is similar to that of ferrous metallurgy enterprises). The production of light non-ferrous metals is located close to sources of cheap energy, since such enterprises consume a large amount of electricity.

Structurally, non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are divided into eight sub-sectors:

1. Copper sub-sector;
2. Nickel-cobalt sub-sector;
3. Lead-zinc sub-sector;
4. Tin sub-sector;
5. Aluminum sub-sector;
6. Titanium-magnesium sub-sector;
7. Tungsten-molybdenum sub-sector;
8. Rare metal sub-sector.

The largest enterprises of the Russian copper sub-sector are:

Enterprises of the UMMC holding (Buribaevsky and Gaisky GOK, Uralelectromed, Sredneuralsky copper smelter, Svyatogor, Polymetal Production, Safyanovskaya Copper)
Mednogorsk copper and sulfur plant, part of the UMMC holding
Ormet, owned by Gazprom
Kirovgrad, Karabashmed and Krasnouralsk copper smelters.

The largest domestic producers of nickel-cobalt metallurgy are:

MMC Norilsk Nickel, owned by the Interros concern
Ufaleynickel
Yuzhuralnickel
Software Rezhnickel, which is part of Gazprom's assets

The lead-zinc sub-sector is represented by:

Bashkir copper and sulfur plant
Gorevsky and Uchalinsky GOK
Belovsky zinc plant
Chelyabinsk electrolyte-zinc plant
Sadonsky lead-zinc plant
"Dalpolimetal"
"Electrozinc"
"Ryaztsvetmet"

The tin sub-sector of the Russian metallurgy is represented by enterprises owned by NOK:

"Dalolovo"
"Khingan Tin"
Far Eastern Mining Company
Novosibirsk Tin Plant
"Deputy Skolovo".

The leading domestic producers of the aluminum sub-sector are:

Enterprises of the RusAL holding (Achinsk Alumina Refinery, Belokalitvinsk Metallurgical Production Association, Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Smelter, Novokuznetsk Aluminum Smelter, Samara Metallurgical and Bratsk Aluminum Smelters, Sayan Aluminum Smelter)
SUAL Holding (Irkutsk aluminum smelter, Kamensk-Uralsk metallurgical plant, Kandalaksha aluminum smelter, Boguslav aluminum smelter, Nadvoitsk aluminum smelter, Ural aluminum smelter, Mikhalyum enterprise
Boksitogorsk alumina refinery
Volgograd aluminum plant
Volkhov aluminum plant
Foil Rolling Plant
Gazprom-owned Stupino Metallurgical Company.

The largest enterprises of the Russian tungsten - molybdenum sub-sector are:

Kirovgrad Hard Alloy Plant
Lermontov Mining Company
Zhirekensky GOK
Primorsky GOK
Sorsky GOK
Hydrometallurgist.

The titanium-magnesium sub-sector of non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by:

Solikamsk magnesium plant
"AVISMA"
VSMPO.

The rare metal sub-sector is represented by:

Zabaikalsky GOK
Orlovsky GOK
Enterprise "Sevredmet" owned by CJSC "FTK"

The main tasks of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are the extraction and enrichment of metals, as well as their processing, the production of rolled products and alloys. In the Russian economy, this industry plays a very prominent role. In terms of the number of deposits of non-ferrous metals, our country occupies one of the first places in the world.

Main sub-sectors

Arkhangelsk region;
Irkutsk region;
Krasnoyarsk region.

Potentially diamond-bearing are the Leningrad region and Karelia.

The most productive are the Russian non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises of this group, which develop diamonds in primary deposits. Alluvial mining is carried out mainly by small enterprises.

Silver mining industry

The geography of the non-ferrous metallurgy of this sub-sector is very, very wide. Silver deposits are being developed in our country in more than 20 regions. Our country ranks first in the world in the production of this noble metal. The leading one is the Dukat deposit in the Magadan Region.

Platinum mining

Most of this metal in Russia is mined in the Urals. There is also a lot of platinum in the Baikal region, on Taimyr and the Kola Peninsula. Karelia and the Voronezh region are promising in this respect.

Despite the rather heavy economic conditions, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia is a developing and promising industry. In any case, the majority of enterprises in this group remain profitable. A lot of attention is paid to metallurgical companies by the state.

Such a branch of economic activity as metallurgy includes two areas: . Therefore, our review of the largest Russian metallurgical enterprises will be divided into two parts: Russian ferrous metallurgy enterprises and Russian non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises.

Russian enterprises of ferrous metallurgy

Ferrous metallurgy includes the following sub-sectors:

1. Extraction of non-metallic raw materials (refractory clays, flux raw materials, etc.) for ferrous metallurgy.
2. Production of ferrous metals (ferrous metals include: steel, cast iron, rolled products, metal powders of ferrous metals, blast-furnace ferroalloys).
3. Pipe production (manufacturing of steel and cast iron pipes).
4. Coke production (production of coke, coke oven gas, etc.).
5. Secondary processing of ferrous metals (secondary processing includes cutting scrap and waste of ferrous metals).

Products manufactured by Russian companies are sold to machine-building and construction organizations, and are also exported abroad.

There are several types of ferrous metallurgy enterprises:

1.Metallurgical enterprises full cycle(engaged in the production of iron, steel and rolled products).
2. Enterprises of conversion metallurgy (enterprises without iron smelting).
3. Enterprises of small metallurgy (machine-building plants engaged in the production of steel and rolled products).

The smallest metallurgical enterprises are factories; larger - combines. Both combines and plants can be combined into holdings.

The location of Russian ferrous metallurgy enterprises depends, first of all, on the proximity to deposits of iron ore and other minerals. So, for example, metallurgical plants engaged in the production of iron and steel are located in those areas where, firstly, iron ore deposits are located nearby, and, secondly, there are many forests (since charcoal). During the construction of metallurgical enterprises, the provision of electricity, natural gas and water is also taken into account.

Today in Russia there are 3 metallurgical bases:

1. Ural metallurgical base.
2. Central metallurgical base.
3. Siberian metallurgical base.

The Ural Metallurgical Base is engaged in production based on iron ore mined in the following deposits:

1. Kachkanar deposits (Russia).
2. Kursk magnetic anomaly (Russia).
3. Kustanai deposits (Kazakhstan).

The largest converter metallurgy enterprises of the Ural Metallurgical Base are: (the city of Yekaterinburg; what remains of the Verkh-Isetsky Metallurgical Plant), IzhStal (the city of Izhevsk; part of Mechel OAO), (part of the ChTPZ holding), Chelyabinsk Ferroalloy Plant (the largest in Russia in the production of ferroalloys), Serov Ferroalloy Plant, (part of the holding), Ural Pipe Plant (Pervouralsk city),.

The Central Metallurgical Base is engaged in production based on iron ore mined in the following deposits:

1. Kursk magnetic anomaly (Russia).
2. Fields of the Kola Peninsula (Russia).

The largest metallurgical enterprises of the full cycle of the Central Metallurgical Base are: (part of the group of companies), Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant, Kosogorsk Metallurgical Plant (Tula city), (Stary Oskol city).

The largest converter metallurgy enterprises of the Central Metallurgical Base are: the Cherepovets Steel Rolling Plant (part of the Severstal Group of Companies), the Orlovsky Steel Rolling Plant, the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant (the city of Elektrostal), the Sickle and Hammer Metallurgical Plant (Moscow), Izhorsky pipe plant (city; owned by Severstal), (city of Vyksa,).

The Siberian Metallurgical Base is engaged in production based on iron ore mined in the following deposits:

1. Deposits of Gornaya Shoria (Russia).
2. Abakan deposits (Russia).
3.Angaro-Ilimsk deposits (Russia).

The largest metallurgical enterprises of the full cycle of the Siberian metallurgical base are:, (the city of Novokuznetsk), Novokuznetsk Ferroalloy Plant.

The largest converter metallurgy enterprises of the Siberian Metallurgical Base are: Sibelektrostal Metallurgical Plant (Krasnoyarsk city), (part of the ITF Group holding), Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky Metallurgical Plant.

Russian enterprises of non-ferrous metallurgy

Non-ferrous metallurgy includes the following production processes:

1. Extraction and enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores.
2. Smelting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys (there are two types of non-ferrous metals: heavy (copper, zinc, lead, nickel, tin) and light (aluminum, magnesium, titanium)).

The location depends on factors such as the resource factor (proximity to sources of raw materials; this is the most important factor), natural factor, fuel and energy factor and economic factor. Enterprises for the production of heavy non-ferrous metals are located in close proximity to the areas of extraction of raw materials (since this production does not require a large amount of energy). Enterprises for the production of light non-ferrous metals need a large amount of electricity, so they are located near cheap energy sources.

The following types of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in Russia:

1. Enterprises of the copper sub-sector.
2. Enterprises of the lead-zinc sub-sector.
3. Enterprises of the nickel-cobalt sub-sector.
4. Enterprises of the tin sub-sector.
5. Enterprises of the aluminum sub-sector.
6. Enterprises of the tungsten-molybdenum sub-sector.
7. Enterprises of the titanium-magnesium sub-sector.
8. Enterprises of the rare metal sub-sector.

The largest Russian enterprises of the copper sub-sector are: Buribaevsky GOK, Gaisky GOK (part of the UMMC holding), Karabashmed, Krasnouralsk copper smelter, Kirovgrad copper smelter, Mednogorsk copper and sulfur plant (part of the UMMC holding), Ormet (owned by RAO " Gazprom), Production of polymetals (part of the UMMC holding), Safyanovsk copper (part of the UMMC holding), (part of the UMMC holding), (part of the UMMC holding), (part of the UMMC holding ").

The largest Russian enterprises of the lead-zinc sub-sector are: Bshkir Copper-Sulfur Plant, Belovsky Zinc Plant, Gorevsky GOK, Dalpolimetal, Ryaztsvetmet, Sadonsky Lead-Zinc Plant, Uchalinsky GOK, Chelyabinsk Electrolyte-Zinc Plant,.

The largest Russian enterprises of the nickel-cobalt sub-sector are: MMC Norilsk Nickel (owned by Interros), PO Rezhnickel (owned by RAO Gazprom), Ufaleynickel, Yuzhuralnickel.

The largest Russian enterprises of the tin sub-sector are: Far East Mining Company, Dalolovo (owned by NOK), Deputatskolovo, Novosibirsk Tin Plant, Khinganskoye tin (owned by NOK).

The largest Russian enterprises in the aluminum sub-sector are: Achinsk Alumina Refinery (part of the holding), Boguslav Aluminum Plant (part of the SUAL holding), Belokalitvinskoye Metallurgical Production Association (part of the RusAL holding), Sayan Aluminum Smelter (part of the RusAL holding), Stupino Metallurgical Company (owned by RAO Gazprom), Ural Aluminum Smelter (part of the SUAL holding), Foil Rolling Plant.

The largest Russian enterprises of the tungsten-molybdenum sub-sector are: Hydrometallurg, Zhirekensky GOK, Kirovgrad Hard Alloy Plant, Lermontov Mining Company, Primorsky GOK, Sorsky GOK.

The largest Russian enterprises of the titanium-magnesium sub-sector are: AVISMA, VSMPO, Solikamsk magnesium plant.

The largest Russian enterprises in the rare metal sub-sector are: Zabaikalsky GOK, Orlovsky GOK, Sevredmet (owned by ZAO FTK).

The Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company is one of the largest producers of cathode copper, providing about 38% of Russian production. UMMC copper cathodes are registered on the London Metal Exchange under the brands UMMC and UMMC II.

In addition to copper cathodes, UMMC produces copper rod, copper powders and products made from them, selenium, tellurium, copper sulphate, nickel sulfate, silver and gold ingots, and platinum group metal concentrate. A separate area of the company's activity is also the production of refined zinc and zinc-aluminum alloys.

The non-ferrous metallurgy division of the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company includes 7 enterprises located in the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg regions, as well as in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania.

The copper concentrate produced at the mining and processing plants of the company is sent for further processing to copper smelters where blister copper is produced: LLC Mednogorsk Copper and Sulfur Plant (Mednogorsk, Orenburg Region), JSC Svyatogor (Krasnouralsk, Sverdlovsk Region) ), OJSC Sredneuralsky Copper Smelting Plant (SUMZ), a branch of Polymetal Production of JSC Uralelectromed.

Scheme of blister copper production

SUMZ is the largest enterprise for the production of blister copper by UMMC, its production capacity is 150 thousand tons per year. A few years ago, the company completed a radical reconstruction of the chemical and metallurgical complex, which made it possible to almost completely stop the emissions of waste gases from metallurgical production into the atmosphere. Currently, similar work is being carried out at other copper smelters of the company.

Produced at copper smelters, blister copper in ingots of several tons is sent for further processing to the head enterprise of the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company JSC Uralelektromed (Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk Region), where the metal is melted into anodes and subjected to electrolytic refining. In 2012, the enterprise put into operation the first stage of a new copper electrolysis shop, where cathode copper is produced. There are no analogues of such production in Russia today. In particular, a fundamentally new technology for the enterprise was introduced - a baseless technology for the production of copper cathodes (copper bases were replaced with permanent stainless steel cathodes). Currently, the company is building the second stage of a new copper electrolysis shop, its commissioning is scheduled for 2017.

Scheme of copper refining production

Scheme of the copper electrolysis process using baseless technology

The industrial site of JSC "Uralelectromed" also houses the production of copper rod, which is a blank for cable industry enterprises. Precious and trace metals are produced in the chemical and metallurgical shop of the enterprise from the sludge of copper electrolyte production.

Scheme of production of copper rod

Scheme of production of precious metals

Zinc concentrate, the bulk of which is produced at the Uchalinsky GOK, is processed at Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant OJSC (Chelyabinsk) and Electrozinc OJSC (Vladikavkaz).

CZP is currently upgrading its main production facility, which will allow balancing its smelting and refining capacities and increasing the plant's productivity to 200,000 tons. zinc per year.

At Vladikavkaz Electrozinc, work is underway to design a new zinc electrolysis shop. Together with the radical reconstruction of the sulfuric acid production, this, in fact, will make it possible to create a new production that fully meets all modern requirements. The decision to build new industrial facilities is due both to the plans for the long-term development of UMMC mining and processing enterprises and the increase in the supply of zinc in concentrates, and the need for rationalization production schemes, modernization of zinc processing, increasing productivity and improving working conditions, reducing environmental impact.

Scheme of zinc production

Another area of the company's activity is lead production, which is organized in the branch of JSC "Uralelectromed" "Production of non-ferrous metal alloys" (Verkh-Neyvinsky settlement, Sverdlovsk region). Its main raw material base (about 75%) is lead cakes containing up to 50% of metal (these are intermediate products formed during the processing of zinc concentrate and dust from copper smelters), as well as battery scrap. With reaching the design capacity, the enterprise will be able to produce up to 20,000 tons of refined lead per year.

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