Anthropogenic factors message. Anthropogenic environmental factors

Anthropogenic factors is a set of influences of human economic activity on the natural environment as a habitat for other species.

Natural ecosystems have considerable resilience and resilience, which helps to endure periodic disturbances and often recover quite well after many periodic anthropogenic disturbances. Ecosystems are naturally adapted to such impacts.

However, chronic (permanent) violations can lead to pronounced and persistent negative consequences, especially in the case of pollution of atmospheric air, natural waters and soils with hazardous chemicals. In such cases, the evolutionary history of adaptation no longer helps organisms and anthropogenic stress can be a major limiting factor for them.

Anthropogenic stress of ecosystems is divided into two groups:

- acute stress , which is characterized by a sudden onset, rapid intensity and short duration of disturbances;

- chronic stress , in which violations of low intensity continue for a long time or often recur, i.e. it is a "constantly disturbing" effect.

Natural ecosystems have a significant ability to cope with or recover from acute stress. The degree of stability of ecosystems is different and depends on the severity of the impact and on the effectiveness of internal mechanisms. There are two types of stability:

Resistant stability – the ability to remain stable under load.

Elastic stability - the ability to recover quickly.

The chronic impact of anthropogenic factors causes significant changes in the structure and functioning of ecosystems, which can have catastrophic consequences. The effects of chronic stress are harder to assess—sometimes it may take years for the effects of stress to show up. Thus, it took years to establish a link between cancer and smoking or chronic, weak ionizing radiation.

If humanity does not make efforts in the coming decades to curb the process of deterioration in the quality environment, then pollutants may well become a limiting factor for industrial civilization.

3.4. Ecological Valence of Species and Limiting Factors

The amplitude of the fluctuation of a factor at which organisms can exist is called species ecological valence . Organisms with broad ecological valence are called eurybiont, with a narrow stenobiont.

Figure 2. Comparison of relative tolerance limits of stenothermic and eurythermal organisms

(according to Y. Odum, 1986)

In stenothermic species, the minimum, optimum, and maximum are close (Fig. 2). Stenobiontness and eurybiontness characterize various types of adaptation of organisms for survival. So, in relation to temperature, eury- and stenothermal organisms are distinguished, in relation to the salt content - eury- and stenohaline, in relation to light - eury- and stenophotic, in relation to food - eury- and stenophageous.

The ecological valency of a species is the wider, the more diverse the conditions it lives in. Thus, coastal forms are more eurythermal and euryhaline than marine forms, where the temperature and salinity of the water are more constant.

Thus, organisms can be characterized as ecological minimum , so ecological maximum . The range between these two values ​​is called limit of tolerance .

Any condition approaching or exceeding the tolerance limit is called a limiting condition or limiting factor. A limiting factor is an environmental factor that goes beyond the endurance of the organism. The limiting factor limits any manifestation of the organism's vital activity. With the help of limiting factors, the state of organisms and ecosystems is regulated.

The limiting factor there may be not only a deficiency, but also an excess of some factors, for example, such as heat, light and water. In a stationary state, the limiting substance will be that vital substance, the available quantities of which are closest to the required minimum. This concept is known as « Liebig's Law of the Minimum .

In 1840, the German chemist J. Liebig first concluded that the endurance of an organism is determined by the weakest link in the chain of its environmental needs. This conclusion was made as a result of studying the influence of various factors on plant growth. It has been found that plants are often limited not by those nutrients that are required in large quantities (for example, CO 2 and water, which are in excess), but by those that are required in negligible amounts (for example, zinc), but which are also found in the environment. very little.

Liebig's law of the "minimum" has two auxiliary principle :

1. Restrictive – the law is strictly applicable only under stationary conditions, i.e. when the inflow and outflow of energy and substances are balanced. When the equilibrium is disturbed, the rate of supply of substances changes and the ecosystem also begins to depend on other factors.

2. Interaction of factors - high concentration or availability of one substance or factor can change the rate of consumption of a nutrient contained in a minimum amount. Sometimes an organism is able to replace, at least partially, a deficient element with another chemically close one.

Studying the various limiting effects of environmental factors (such as light, heat, water), the American zoologist Victor Ernest Shelford in 1913 came to the conclusion that not only a deficiency, but also an excess of factors can be a limiting factor. In ecology, the concept of the limiting influence of the maximum along with the minimum is known as "law of tolerance" W. Shelford .

Organisms can have a wide range of tolerance for one factor and a narrow range for another. Organisms with a wide range of tolerance for all environmental factors are usually the most widely distributed.

The importance of the concept of limiting factors is that it provides the ecologist with a starting point in his research difficult situations. In the study of ecosystems, the researcher must first of all pay attention to those factors that are functionally most important.

Anthropogenic factors

environment, changes introduced into nature by human activity that affect organic world(see Ecology). By remaking nature and adapting it to his needs, man changes the habitat of animals and plants, thereby influencing their life. The impact can be indirect and direct. Indirect impact is carried out by changing landscapes - climate, the physical state and chemistry of the atmosphere and water bodies, the structure of the earth's surface, soil, vegetation and animal population. Great importance acquires an increase in radioactivity as a result of the development of the nuclear industry and especially the testing of atomic weapons. A person consciously and unconsciously exterminates or displaces some species of plants and animals, spreads others or creates favorable conditions for them. For cultivated plants and domestic animals, man has created to a large extent new environment, multiplying the productivity of developed lands. But this ruled out the possibility of the existence of many wild species. The increase in the population of the Earth and the development of science and technology have led to the fact that in modern conditions it is very difficult to find areas not affected by human activity (virgin forests, meadows, steppes, etc.). Improper plowing of land and excessive grazing not only led to the death of natural communities, but also increased water and wind erosion of soils and shallowing of rivers. At the same time, the emergence of villages and cities created favorable conditions for the existence of many species of animals and plants (see Synanthropic organisms). The development of industry did not necessarily lead to the impoverishment of wildlife, but often contributed to the emergence of new forms of animals and plants. The development of transport and other means of communication contributed to the spread of both useful and many harmful plant and animal species (see Anthropochory). Direct impact is directed directly at living organisms. For example, unsustainable fishing and hunting have drastically reduced the number of species. The growing strength and the accelerating pace of human change in nature necessitate its protection (see Nature Conservation). Purposeful, conscious transformation of nature by man with penetration into the microworld and space marks, according to V. I. Vernadsky (1944), the formation of the "noosphere" - the shell of the Earth, changed by man.

Lit.: Vernadsky V.I., Biosphere, vol. 1-2, L., 1926; his, Biogeochemical essays (1922-1932), M.-L., 1940; Naumov N. P., Animal Ecology, 2nd ed., M., 1963; Dubinin N. P., Evolution of populations and radiation, M., 1966; Blagosklonov K. N., Inozemtsov A. A., Tikhomirov V. N., Nature Protection, M., 1967.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Anthropogenic factors" are in other dictionaries:

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Books

• Forest soils of European Russia. Biotic and anthropogenic factors of formation, M. V. Bobrovsky. The monograph presents the results of the analysis of extensive factual material on the structure of soils in the forest areas of European Russia from the forest-steppe to the northern taiga. Considered features...

Conditions of existence

Definition 1

The conditions of existence (Conditions of life) are the totality of elements necessary for organisms, with which they are inextricably linked and without which they cannot exist.

The adaptation of organisms to the environment is called adaptation. The ability to adapt is one of the most important properties of life, which provides the possibility of its life, reproduction and survival. Adaptations appear in various levels– from the biochemistry of the cell and the behavior of an individual organism to the functioning and structure of the community and ecosystem. Adaptation arises and changes during the evolution of species.

Some elements of the environment or properties that affect the body are called environmental factors. There are many environmental factors. They have a different nature and specificity of action. All environmental factors are divided into three large groups: biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic.

Definition 2

An abiotic factor is a complex of conditions of an inorganic environment that affects a living organism indirectly or directly: light, temperature, radioactive radiation, air humidity, pressure, salt composition of water, etc.

Definition 3

The biotic factor of the environment is a set of influences that are exerted on plants by other organisms. any plant does not live in isolation, but in interconnection with other plants, fungi, microorganisms, animals.

Definition 4

The anthropogenic factor is a combination environmental factors determined by the intentional or accidental activities of mankind and causing a significant impact on the functioning and structure of ecosystems.

Anthropogenic factors

The most important group of factors in our time, which intensively changes the environment, is directly related to the many-sided human activity.

The development and formation of man on the globe has always been associated with environmental impacts, but at present this process has accelerated significantly.

The anthropogenic factor includes any impact (both indirect and direct) of mankind on the environment - biogeocenoses, organisms, the biosphere, landscapes.

modifying nature and adapting it to personal needs, people change the habitat of plants and animals, thereby influencing their existence. Impacts can be direct, indirect and accidental.

Direct impacts are directed directly at living organisms. For example, irrational hunting and fishing have drastically reduced the number of many species. The accelerated pace and the growing force of the modification of nature by mankind awaken the need for its protection.

Indirect impacts are carried out by changing the climate, landscapes, chemistry and the physical state of water bodies and the atmosphere, the structure of soil surfaces, flora and fauna. A person unconsciously and consciously displaces or exterminates one type of plant or animal, while spreading another or creating favorable conditions for it. For domestic animals and cultivated plants, humanity has created a new environment to a large extent, increasing the productivity of the developed land a hundredfold. But this made the existence of many wild species impossible.

Remark 1

It should be noted that many species of plants and animals disappeared from the planet Earth even without human anthropogenic activity. Like a separate organism, each species has its youth, flowering, old age and death - this is a natural process. But under natural conditions, this happens very slowly, and usually the outgoing species has time to be replaced by a new one, more adapted to the living conditions. Mankind, on the other hand, accelerated the processes of extinction to such a pace that evolution gave way to irreversible, revolutionary reorganizations of ecosystems.

Anthropogenic factors (definition and examples). Their influence on biotic and abiotic factors natural environment

anthropogenic soil degradation natural

Anthropogenic factors are changes in the natural environment that have occurred as a result of economic and other human activities. Trying to remake nature, in order to adapt it to his needs, man transforms the natural habitat of living organisms, influencing their lives. Anthropogenic factors include the following types:

1. Chemical.

2. Physical.

3. Biological.

4. Social.

Chemical anthropogenic factors include the use of mineral fertilizers and poisonous chemical substances for processing fields, as well as contamination of all earthly shells with transport and industrial waste. Physical factors include the use of nuclear energy, increased levels of noise and vibration as a result of human activities, in particular when using a variety of vehicles. Biological factors are food. They also include organisms that can inhabit the human body or those for which a person is potentially food. Social factors determined by the coexistence of people in society and their relationships. Human impact on the environment can be direct, indirect and complex. The direct influence of anthropogenic factors is carried out with a strong short-term impact of any of them. For example, when arranging a highway or laying railway tracks through a forest, seasonal commercial hunting in a certain area, etc. Indirect impact is manifested by a change in natural landscapes due to human economic activity of low intensity over a long period of time. At the same time, the climate, the physical and chemical composition of water bodies are affected, the structure of soils, the structure of the Earth's surface, and the composition of fauna and flora change. This happens, for example, during the construction of a metallurgical plant next to the railway without the use of the necessary treatment facilities which causes pollution surrounding nature liquid and gaseous wastes. In the future, trees in the nearby area die, animals are threatened with heavy metal poisoning, etc. The complex impact of direct and indirect factors entails the gradual appearance of pronounced changes in the environment, which may be due to rapid population growth, an increase in the number of livestock and animals living near human habitation (rats, cockroaches, crows, etc.), plowing of new lands, the ingress of harmful impurities into water bodies, etc. In such a situation, only those living organisms that are able to adapt to the new conditions of existence can survive in the changed landscape. In the 20th and 11th centuries, anthropogenic factors have become of great importance in changing climatic conditions, the structure of soils and the composition of atmospheric air, salt and fresh water bodies, the decrease in forest area, the extinction of many representatives of the flora and fauna. Biotic factors (unlike abiotic factors, covering all kinds of actions of inanimate nature) are a combination of influences of the life activity of some organisms on the life activity of others, as well as on the inanimate habitat. In the latter case, we are talking about the ability of the organisms themselves to a certain extent influence the living conditions. For example, in the forest, under the influence of vegetation cover, a special microclimate or microenvironment is created, where, in comparison with an open habitat, its own temperature and humidity regime is created: in winter it is several degrees warmer, in summer it is cooler and wetter. A special microenvironment is also created in trees, in burrows, in caves, etc. It should be noted the conditions of the microenvironment under the snow cover, which already has a purely abiotic nature. As a result of the warming effect of snow, which is most effective when it is at least 50-70 cm thick, at its base, approximately in a 5-cm layer, small animals live in winter - rodents, because. temperature conditions for them are favorable here (from 0 ° to - 2 ° С). Thanks to the same effect, seedlings of winter cereals - rye, wheat - are preserved under the snow. In the snow from severe frosts Large animals also hide - deer, elks, wolves, foxes, hares - lying down in the snow to rest. Abiotic factors (factors of inanimate nature) include:

The totality of physical and chemical properties soils and inorganic substances (H20, CO2, O2) that participate in the cycle;

Organic compounds that bind the biotic and abiotic part, air and water environment;

Climatic factors (minimum and maximum temperatures at which organisms can exist, light, geographic latitude of continents, macroclimate, microclimate, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure).

Conclusion: Thus, it has been established that anthropogenic, abiotic and biotic factors of the natural environment are interrelated. Changes in one of the factors entail changes both in other environmental factors and in the ecological environment itself.

Anthropogenic factors

¨ Anthropogenic factors - is a combination of various human influences on the inanimate and wildlife. Human action in nature is enormous and extremely diverse. Human impact can be direct and indirect. The most obvious manifestation of anthropogenic impact on the biosphere is environmental pollution.

Influence anthropogenic factor in nature can be conscious , so random or unconscious.

TO conscious include - plowing of virgin lands, the creation of agrocenoses (agricultural land), the resettlement of animals, environmental pollution.

TO random include the effects that occur in nature under the influence of human activity, but were not foreseen and planned by him in advance - the spread of various pests, the accidental importation of organisms, unforeseen consequences caused by conscious actions (draining swamps, building dams, etc.).

Other classifications of anthropogenic factors have also been proposed. : changing regularly, periodically and changing without any patterns.

There are other approaches to the classification of environmental factors:

Ø in order(primary and secondary);

Ø by time(evolutionary and historical);

Ø by origin(cosmic, abiotic, biogenic, biotic, biological, natural-anthropogenic);

Ø according to the environment of origin(atmospheric, water, geomorphological, edaphic, physiological, genetic, population, biocenotic, ecosystem, biospheric);

Ø by degree of impact(lethal - leading a living organism to death, extreme, limiting, disturbing, mutagenic, teratogenic - leading to deformities in the course of individual development).

Population L-3

Term "population" was first introduced in 1903 by Johansen.

Population - this is an elementary grouping of organisms of a certain species, which has all the necessary conditions to maintain its numbers indefinitely. long time in constantly changing environmental conditions.

Population - This is a group of individuals of the same species that has a common gene pool and occupies a certain territory.

View - it is a complex biological system consisting of groupings of organisms - populations.

Population structure characterized by its constituent individuals and their distribution in space. Functions populations - growth, development, the ability to maintain existence in constantly changing conditions.

Depending on the area occupied allocate three types of populations :

Ø elementary (micropopulation) - is a collection of individuals of a species occupying some small area of ​​​​a homogeneous area. The composition includes genetically homogeneous individuals;

Ø ecological - is formed as a set of elementary populations. Basically, these are intraspecific groups, slightly isolated from other ecological populations. Revealing the properties of individual ecological populations is an important task in understanding the properties of a species in determining its role in a particular habitat;

Ø geographic - cover a group of individuals inhabiting a territory with geographically homogeneous living conditions. Geographic populations occupy relatively large area, are quite demarcated and relatively isolated. They differ in fertility, size of individuals, a number of ecological, physiological, behavioral, and other features.

The population has biological features(characteristic of all its constituent organisms) and group features(serve as unique characteristics of the group).

TO biological features includes the presence of the life cycle of the population, its ability to grow, differentiate and self-maintain.

TO group features include fertility, mortality, age, sex structure of the population and genetic adaptability (this group of traits applies only to the population).

The following types of spatial distribution of individuals in populations are distinguished:

1. uniform (regular)- characterized by an equal distance of each individual from all neighboring ones; the value of the distance between individuals corresponds to the threshold beyond which mutual oppression begins ,

2. diffuse (random)- occurs in nature more often - individuals are distributed unevenly in space, randomly,

3. aggregated (group, mosaic) - expressed in the formation of groups of individuals, between which there are sufficiently large uninhabited territories .

The population is the elementary unit of the evolutionary process, and the species is its quality stage. The most important are quantitative characteristics.

There are two groups quantitative indicators:

1. static – characterize the state of the population at this stage;

2. dynamic – characterize the processes occurring in a population over a certain period (interval) of time.

TO statistics populations include:

Ø number,

Ø density,

Ø structure indicators.

Population size- This total individuals in a given territory or in a given volume.

The number is never constant and depends on the ratio of the intensity of reproduction and mortality. In the process of reproduction, the population grows, mortality leads to a decrease in its number.

population density determined by the number of individuals or biomass per unit area or volume.

Distinguish:

Ø average density is the abundance or biomass per unit of the entire space;

Ø specific or environmental density- abundance or biomass per unit of habitable space.

The most important condition for the existence of a population or its ecotype is their tolerance to environmental factors (conditions). Tolerance in different individuals and to different parts of the spectrum is different, therefore population tolerance is much wider than that of individual individuals.

Population dynamics- these are the processes of changes in its main biological indicators over time.

Main dynamic indicators (characteristics) of populations are:

Ø fertility,

Ø mortality,

Ø population growth rate.

Fertility - the ability of a population to increase in numbers through reproduction.

Distinguish the following types of births:

Ø maximum;

Ø ecological.

Maximum, or absolute, physiological fertility - the appearance of the theoretically maximum possible number of new individuals under individual conditions, i.e., in the absence of limiting factors. This indicator is a constant value for a given population.

Ecological, or realizable, fertility denotes an increase in a population under actual, or specific, environmental conditions. It depends on composition, population size, and actual environmental conditions.

Mortality- characterizes the death of individuals of populations for a certain period of time.

Distinguish:

Ø specific mortality - the number of deaths in relation to the number of individuals that make up the population;

Ø environmental or marketable, mortality - the death of individuals in specific environmental conditions (the value is not constant, it changes depending on the state of the natural environment and the state of the population).

Any population is capable of unlimited growth in numbers, if it is not limited by factors external environment abiotic and biotic origin.

This dynamic is described A. Lotka's equation : d N / d t ≈ r N

N is the number of individuals; t - time; r - biotic potential