What does the background in the name mean. German surnames: meaning and origin
Two years have flown by in Naruto's world. Former rookies have joined the ranks of experienced shinobi in the ranks of chūnin and jonin. The main characters did not sit still - each became a student of one of the legendary Sannin - the three great ninja of Konoha. The guy in orange continued his training with the wise but eccentric Jiraiya, gradually ascending to a new level of martial prowess. Sakura has moved into the role of assistant and confidant of the healer Tsunade, the new leader of the Leaf Village. Well, Sasuke, whose pride led to expulsion from Konoha, entered into a temporary alliance with the sinister Orochimaru, and each believes that he is only using the other for the time being.
The brief respite ended, and events once again rushed with hurricane speed. In Konoha, the seeds of old strife, sown by the first Hokage, sprout again. The mysterious leader of the Akatsuki set in motion a plan for world domination. Unsettled in the Village of Sand and neighboring countries, old secrets emerge everywhere, and it is clear that one day the bills will have to be paid. The long-awaited sequel to the manga has breathed new life into the series and new hope into the hearts of countless fans!
© Hollow, World Art
Swordsman Tatsumi, a simple boy from the countryside, goes to the Capital to earn money for his starving village.
And having reached there, he will soon find out that the great and beautiful Capital is only an appearance. The city is mired in corruption, cruelty and lawlessness that comes from the prime minister who rules the country from behind the scenes.
But as everyone knows - "There is no warrior alone in the field" and nothing can be done about it, especially when your enemy is the head of state, or rather the one who is hiding behind him.
Will Tatsumi find like-minded people and be able to change something? Watch and find out for yourself.
Fairy Tail is the Guild of Wizards for Hire, famous all over the world for its crazy antics. The young sorceress Lucy was sure that, becoming one of her members, she ended up in the most wonderful Guild in the world ... until she met her comrades - explosive fire-breathing and sweeping away everything in its path Natsu, flying talking cat Happy, exhibitionist Gray , berserker Elsa, glamorous and loving Loki... Together they have to overcome many enemies and experience many unforgettable adventures!
18-year-old Sora and 11-year-old Shiro are half-brother and sister, complete recluses and gamers. When two loneliness met, the indestructible union "Empty Place" was born, terrifying all Eastern gamers. Although in public the guys shake and twist not like a child, on the Web, little Shiro is a logical genius, and Sora is a monster of psychology that cannot be fooled. Alas, worthy opponents soon ran out, so Shiro was so happy with the chess game, where the handwriting of the master was visible from the first moves. Having won at the limit of their strength, the heroes received an interesting offer - to move to another world, where their talents will be understood and appreciated!
Why not? Nothing holds Sora and Shiro in our world, and the merry world of Disbord is ruled by the Ten Commandments, the essence of which boils down to one thing: no violence and cruelty, all disagreements are resolved in a fair game. There are 16 races in the game world, of which the human race is considered the weakest and most untalented. But after all, the miracle guys are already here, in their hands is the crown of Elkia - the only country of people, and we believe that the successes of Sora and Shiro will not be limited to this. The envoys of the Earth just need to unite all the races of Disboard - and then they will be able to challenge the god Tet - their, by the way, old acquaintance. Just when you think about it, is it worth it?
© Hollow, World Art
Fairy Tail is the Guild of Wizards for Hire, famous all over the world for its crazy antics. The young sorceress Lucy was sure that, becoming one of her members, she ended up in the most wonderful Guild in the world ... until she met her comrades - the explosive fire-breathing and sweeping away everything in its path Natsu, the flying talking cat Happy, the exhibitionist Gray , berserker Elsa, glamorous and loving Loki... Together they have to overcome many enemies and experience many unforgettable adventures!
University student Ken Kaneki is hospitalized in an accident, where he is mistakenly transplanted with the organs of one of the ghouls - monsters that eat human flesh. Now he himself becomes one of them, and for people he turns into an outcast to be destroyed. But can he become his own for other ghouls? Or is there no more room in the world for him now? This anime will tell about the fate of Kaneki and what impact he will have on the future of Tokyo, where there is a continuous war between the two species.
The continent that lies in the center of the Ignol Ocean is the large central one and four more - Southern, Northern, Eastern and Western, and the gods themselves look after him, and he is called Ente Isla.
And there is a name that plunges anyone on Ente Isla into Horror - the Lord of Darkness Mao.
He is the master of the other world where all the dark creatures live.
He is the embodiment of fear and horror.
The Lord of Darkness Mao declared war on the human race and sowed death and destruction throughout the Ente Isla continent.
The Lord of Darkness served 4 powerful generals.
Adramelech, Lucifer, Alciel and Malacod.
Four Demon Generals led the attack on 4 parts of the continent. However, a hero appeared that opposed the army of the underworld. The hero and his comrades defeated the troops of the Lord of Darkness in the west, then Adramelech in the north and Malakoda in the South. The hero led the united army of the human race and attacked the central continent where the castle of the Lord of Darkness stood...
Yato is a wandering Japanese god in the form of a thin, blue-eyed youth in a tracksuit. In Shintoism, the power of a deity is determined by the number of believers, and our hero has neither a temple nor priests, all donations fit in a sake bottle. The guy in the neckerchief moonlights as a jack of all trades, painting ads on the walls, but things are going very badly. Even the tongue-tied Mayu, who for many years worked as a Shinki - the Sacred Weapon of Yato - left the owner. And without a weapon, the younger god is no stronger than an ordinary mortal magician, you have (what a shame!) To hide from evil spirits. And who needs such a celestial anyway?
One day, a pretty high school student, Hiyori Iki, threw herself under a truck to save some guy in black. It ended badly - the girl did not die, but gained the ability to “leave” her body and walk on the “other side”. Having met Yato there and recognized the culprit of her troubles, Hiyori convinced the homeless god to heal her, for he himself admitted that no one can live between worlds for a long time. But, having got to know each other better, Iki realized that the current Yato did not have enough strength to solve her problem. Well, you need to take matters into your own hands and personally direct the tramp on the true path: first, find a good-for-nothing weapon, then help earn money, and then, you see, what will happen. No wonder they say: what a woman wants - God wants!
© Hollow, World Art
Suimei University Art High School has many dormitories, and there is a Sakura tenement house. If dormitories have strict rules, then everything is possible in Sakura, not without reason its local nickname is “madhouse”. Since in art genius and madness are always somewhere nearby, the inhabitants of the "cherry orchard" are talented and interesting guys who are too out of the "swamp". Take the noisy Misaki, who sells her own anime to major studios, her friend and playboy screenwriter Jin, or the reclusive programmer Ryunosuke, who communicates with the world only via the Web and the phone. Compared to them, the protagonist Sorata Kanda is a simpleton who ended up in a "psychiatric hospital" just for ... a love of cats!
Therefore, Chihiro-sensei, the head of the dorm, instructed Sorata, as the only sane guest, to meet her cousin Mashiro, which is being transferred to their school from far away Britain. The fragile blonde seemed to Kanda a real bright angel. True, at a party with new neighbors, the guest was constrained and spoke little, but the freshly baked fan wrote off everything as understandable stress and fatigue from the road. Only real stress awaited Sorata in the morning when he went to wake up Mashiro. The hero realized with horror that his new friend, a great artist, is absolutely not of this world, that is, she is not even capable of dressing herself! And the insidious Chihiro is right there - from now on, Kanda will forever look after her sister, because the guy has already trained on cats!
© Hollow, World Art
in the 21st, the world community has finally managed to systematize the art of magic and raise it to a new level. Those who are able to use magic after finishing nine classes in Japan are now expected in magic schools - but only if applicants pass the exam. The quota for admission to the First School (Hachioji, Tokyo) is 200 students, a hundred of the best are enrolled in the first department, the rest are in the reserve, in the second, and teachers are assigned only to the first hundred, "Flowers". The rest, "Weeds", learn on their own. At the same time, an atmosphere of discrimination constantly hovers in the school, because even the forms of both departments are different.
Shiba Tatsuya and Miyuki were born 11 months apart, allowing them to study for the same year. When entering the First School, the sister finds herself among the Flowers, and her brother among the Weeds: despite his excellent theoretical knowledge, the practical part is not easy for him.
In general, we are waiting for the study of a mediocre brother and an exemplary sister, as well as their new friends - Chiba Erika, Saijou Leonhart (you can just Leo) and Shibata Mizuki - at the school of magic, quantum physics, the Nine Schools Tournament and much more ...
© Sa4ko aka Kiyoso
The "Seven Deadly Sins", once great warriors revered by the British. But one day, they are accused of trying to overthrow the monarchs and killing a warrior from the Holy Knights. In the future, the Holy Knights arrange a coup d'état, and seize power in their own hands. And the "Seven Deadly Sins", now outcasts, scattered throughout the kingdom, in all directions. Princess Elizabeth managed to escape from the castle. She decides to go in search of Meliodas, the leader of the Seven Sins. Now the whole seven must unite again to prove their innocence and avenge their exile.
2021 An unknown Gastrea virus hit the earth, which in a matter of days destroyed almost all of humanity. But it's not just a virus like some kind of Ebola or Plague. It doesn't kill a person. Gastreya is a sentient infection that rebuilds DNA, turning the host into a fearsome monster.
The war began and in the end 10 years passed. People have found a way to isolate themselves from infection. The only thing that Gastreya cannot stand is a special metal - Varanium. It was from it that people built huge monoliths and fenced Tokyo with them. It seemed that now few survivors can live behind the monoliths in the world, but alas, the threat has not gone away. Gastrea is still waiting for the right moment to infiltrate Tokyo and destroy the few remnants of humanity. There is no hope. The extermination of people is only a matter of time. But the terrible virus had another effect. There are those who are already born with this virus in their blood. These children, "Cursed Children" (Exclusively girls) have superhuman strength and regeneration. In their bodies, the spread of the virus is many times slower than in the body of an ordinary person. Only they can resist the creatures of "Gastrea" and there is nothing more for humanity to count on. Will our heroes be able to save the remnants of living people and find a cure for a terrifying virus? Watch and find out for yourself.
The story in Steins, Gate takes place one year after the events of Chaos, Head.
The action-packed storyline of the game is partly set in a realistic recreation of Akahibara, Tokyo's famous otaku shopping area. The plot is as follows: a group of friends mount a device in Akihibara to send text messages to the past. The experiments of the heroes of the game are interested in a mysterious organization called SERN, which is also engaged in its own research in the field of time travel. And now friends have to make great efforts in order not to be captured by SERN.
© Hollow, World Art
Added episode 23β, which is an alternate ending and lead to the continuation in SG0.
Thirty thousand players from Japan and many more from all over the world are suddenly trapped in the massively multiplayer online role-playing game Legend of the Ancients. On the one hand, gamers were transferred to the new world physically, the illusion of reality turned out to be almost flawless. On the other hand, the “fallers” retained their previous avatars and acquired skills, the user interface and the pumping system, and death in the game only led to resurrection in the cathedral of the nearest major city. Realizing that there is no great goal, and no one called the price for the exit, the players began to huddle together - some to live and rule according to the law of the jungle, others - to resist lawlessness.
Shiroe and Naotsugu, a student and a clerk in the world, a cunning magician and a powerful warrior in the game, have known each other for a long time from the legendary Crazy Tea Party guild. Alas, those times are gone forever, but in the new reality you can meet old acquaintances and just good guys with whom you will not be bored. And most importantly - in the world of "Legends" appeared the indigenous population, considering the aliens as great and immortal heroes. Involuntarily, you will want to become a sort of knight of the Round Table, beating dragons and rescuing girls. Well, there are enough girls around, monsters and robbers too, and there are cities like hospitable Akiba for recreation. The main thing is that it’s still not worth dying in the game, it’s much more correct to live like a human being!
© Hollow, World Art
In the world of Hunter x Hunter, there is a class of people called Hunters who, using psychic powers and trained in all sorts of combat, explore the wild corners of a mostly civilized world. The main character, a young man named Gon (Gong), is the son of the greatest Hunter himself. His father mysteriously disappeared many years ago, and now, having matured, Gong (Gong) decides to follow in his footsteps. Along the way, he finds several companions: Leorio, an aspiring MD whose goal is to enrich himself. Kurapika is the only survivor of his clan whose goal is revenge. Killua is the heir to a family of assassins whose goal is training. Together they achieve their goals and become Hunters, but this is only the first step on their long journey ... And ahead is the story of Killua and his family, the story of Kurapika's revenge and, of course, training, new tasks and adventures! The series was stopped on the revenge of Kurapika ... What awaits us next after so many years?
The ghoul race has existed since time immemorial. Its representatives are not at all against people, they even love them - mostly in their raw form. Lovers of human flesh are outwardly indistinguishable from us, strong, fast and tenacious - but they are few, because the ghouls have developed strict rules for hunting and disguise, and violators are punished themselves or quietly handed over to fighters against evil spirits. In the age of science, people know about ghouls, but as they say, they are used to it. The authorities do not consider cannibals a threat, in fact, they see them as an ideal basis for creating super-soldiers. Experiments have been going on for a long time ...
The main character Ken Kaneki will have to search for a new path painfully, because he realized that people and ghouls are similar: they just eat each other literally, others figuratively. The truth of life is cruel, it cannot be changed, and the one who does not turn away is strong. And then somehow!
The action takes place in an alternate reality where the existence of demons has long been recognized; in the Pacific Ocean there is even an island - "Itogamijima", where demons are full-fledged citizens and have equal rights with humans. However, there are also human magicians who hunt them, in particular, vampires. An ordinary Japanese schoolboy named Akatsuki Kojo, for some unknown reason, turned into a "purebred vampire", the fourth in number. He is followed by a young girl, Himeraki Yukina, or "blade shaman", who is supposed to keep an eye on Akatsuki and kill him in case he gets out of control.
The story is about a young man named Saitama who lives in a world ironically similar to ours. He is 25, he is bald and beautiful, besides, he is so strong that with one blow he annihilates all dangers for humanity. He is looking for himself on a difficult life path, along the way handing out slaps to monsters and villains.
Now you have to play the game. What kind of game it will be - roulette will decide. The bet in the game will be your life. After death, people who died at the same time go to Queen Decim, where they have to play a game. But in fact, what is happening to them here is the Heavenly Court.
In today's episode of the program, we will talk about what the prefix "von" means in front of German surnames, whether there is a title of nobility in Germany today and what privileges it gives to its owner.
Fans of long-distance reception are waiting for the next issue of the DX-heading.
So, your letters.
Hello, dear Deutsche Welle employees! Svetlana Zagreshchenko, a regular listener, is writing to you.
First of all, I want to thank you for sending me the German textbooks. This is really a great help in learning the language.
I recently came to Germany as an au-pair and now I live with a German family and learn German and get to know Germany. Thanks to your radio, I learn a lot about Germany and am always up to date with current events, and now I have the opportunity to see everything with my own eyes.
And here is a letter from the city of Lebedin, Sumy region from Oleg Karpenko:
Hello. Dear editors of Deutsche Welle. Karpenko Oleg Nikolaevich is writing to you. I have been listening to your shows for a long time. They help me a lot in my work. I am a German language teacher. Your programs are also liked by my students. With their help, children learn new material better. They really like the idea with Eh, they really want to know what will happen next. And thanks to the program “Additional German Lesson”, students will learn a lot about Germany. Thank you for your "Wave"! I wish you to continue to work with the same enthusiasm and that every day you have more listeners!
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I would very much like to hear in your programs, in the news at least sometimes about the events in Moldova and Transnistria in particular. Agree, you rarely talk about Moldova, and the region is quite interesting. Wish you all the best. Your transmissions are interesting and necessary to us.
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I always listen to your programs with great pleasure. And in the computer room of the library, having gained access to the Internet, every time I first try to get to your virtual page. It is very pleasing that the texts of your broadcasts can sometimes be read there even before they sounded on the air!
German history, international politics, the cultural life of modern Germany - these are just some of the topics that interest me and are covered in your programs. I am also very interested in the German media coverage of events in Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union. Very interesting, in particular, are the reports of your Moscow correspondent Anatoly Dotsenko...
A Igor Disumabaev thanks from Tashkent for the materials received - printouts of the texts of the desired programs, asks to send the next ones, wishes us not to get sick and work .. Thank you, Igor, we will try!
The next letter from Kyiv Sergei Satsyk(I hope I pronounce it correctly):
I really like Deutsche Welle's shows, which have become especially good lately. Most of all I like the program "Culture Today". A program about the Bayreuth Wagner Festival drew particular attention, which interested me in a new look at classical German music.
The same opinion is shared by another resident of Kyiv N. Guseletova(Unfortunately, you did not write your full name). Thank you for your interest in Deutsche Welle programs.
We have received the following email. Eleonora Dobrinevskaya from Belarus writes to us in German. For our listeners, we translated it:
I love it, hello! Your new page on the Internet is the highest class! I want to say that I am delighted that Germany said "no" to the war in Iraq! I wish Germany a happy future and always be a strong country.
Our radio listener from the Russian city of Rtishchev Bondarev K.(sorry I don't know your full name) writes:
I started listening to you recently, but I am convinced that you are the best radio station. The only thing I don't like is the timing of your broadcast. Why don't you go on the air during the day from 12 to 18? It would be great! I really like the program "Pages of History". I especially love the programs: "Mailbox", "COOL", "Weekend".
Angelina Badaeva from Moscow thanks for the German lessons, which she finds very interesting and informative:
When I first tuned in to the Deutsche Welle, I was very happy, and when I found out that there were also German lessons, I immediately programmed the broadcast frequency of the Wave, now it turns on automatically. Additional lessons are interesting because you can get to know the habits of the Germans, their culture, get acquainted with the manner of behavior, etc. Since childhood, I like the German language and Germans in general, I am amazed by their accuracy, politeness, goodwill. They are great role models!
Basil Ivanovich Kuts from the city of Zhitomir, he once served in the GDR in an aviation division near Berlin and has been listening to our programs for more than 15 years. Vasily Ivanovich turned to us with the following question:
“Are there any titles of nobility left in Germany, for example, Baron von Straube., And what does the prefix “von” mean? I asked Elisabeth Wiebe to answer this question.
Nobility in Germany
First, about the meaning of the word "background". This is, in a grammatical sense, a common preposition indicating a starting point in space or a starting geographical point. Der Zug von Berlin - (train from Berlin). Der König von Schweden (King of Sweden), der Präsident von Russland (President of Russia). In combination with the surname, von means a title of nobility.
It seems to me that the title of nobility in our time does not play any role. Legally, it is part of the name, as is the Ph.D. But if you compare, then Dr. Mayer means high professional qualifications. When applying for a job, a doctor will be given preference over a non-doctor. What does the prefix "background" mean? If the background of such and such has not achieved anything in life, then the title of nobility will not improve his position in society. An example is our Cologne street musician Klaus der Geiger - Klaus the violinist. He's of noble blood. He has a wandering lifestyle. Almost homeless.
- Yes you are right. People of noble origin in Germany can be found among any profession. Nobles no longer have privileges. They were abolished more than eighty years ago, after the First World War. Then in the Constitution of the country it was written that all people are equal from birth. Prior to this, for many centuries the nobles were a privileged class. In the 16th century, under Kaiser Karl the Fifth, in addition to the tribal aristocracy, the nobility appeared, granted by the charter of the king or kaiser. Among the ancient hereditary families, such nobility was considered fake, second-rate. And since 1919 in Germany, the title of nobility cannot be granted.
But can you buy this noble prefix? Sometimes in the press something like this flashes.
- Buy not in the sense that you pay someone and get a diploma. A man who wants to become a nobleman must find someone who will adopt him, that is, he will live under the noble, but someone else's name of his adoptive parent. Adopting an adult is a complex procedure, and nobility is fake, even if it's legally correct.
I think this is rare.
-Yes, it happens much more often that representatives of ancient aristocratic families do not advertise their high origin. For example, a prominent politician from the Free Democratic Party of the Liberals, Herman Otto Zolms, is actually Prince zu Zolms-Hohenzolms-Liech. Historian Dominik Lieven's real name is Dominik Knyaz von Lieven, but "prince" and "von", say his graduate students, Professor Lieven calls "outdated nonsense (unzeitgemäßer Unfug)". Another representative of this genus, a biologist, insists that he be named Alexander Prince von Lieven.
Well. Once such a name, such a surname. I think it sounds nice. And since I inherited a noble surname from my ancestors, then wear it with honor so that it would not be shameful to pass it on to children and grandchildren. Do the descendants of the last German Kaiser still live in Germany?
- Yes. This is a big family. Even a few families that don't get along very well. Prince Georg Friedrich of Prussia recently made headlines for selling 17,000 items from the Kaiser's legacy: porcelain, silver, at auction. He needs the money to pay inheritance tax to the finance department. After the death of his grandfather, Georg (he is 26 years old) became the head of the House of Hohenzollern and the main heir. But he must pay a share of the inheritance and six relatives - uncles and aunts. By the way, the potential Kaiser is studying at the university and fellow students call him simply George, and not "Highness".
To sum up: the noble prefix in Germany is part of the surname, it does not give privileges, the title of nobility - unlike England - is not assigned to anyone else. Nevertheless, the descendants of nobles are often rightfully proud of their ancestors and their surname. Thanks for the info, Elisabeth Wiebe.
Our radio listener from Kyiv - Athanasius Serebryansky - congratulates us on the 12th anniversary of the unification of Germany and complains that we rarely answer him. Dear Athanasius, thank you very much for your congratulations! We receive a huge number of letters that Deutsche Welle employees try not to leave unanswered. But, letters sometimes make a very long way - and in both directions. But the request of Athanasius Serebryansky to include in the program one of the songs performed by the famous group "Backstreet boys" we willingly fulfill.
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Write to us, we always welcome your letters!
So, my first post, which is not a copy-paste from a Pokelig magazine. And it was thanks to which my blog appeared (which is written in the first blog post).
It all started with the fact that once my friend Zoana, who is fond of writing fanfiction, asked me: what do the prefixes to the surnames of some characters in this or that work mean? I was also interested in the question, but at first I didn’t really want to delve into it too much. However, just a day later, I wondered - why do some characters have more than one or two names? The answer question to my friend did not give any results, and I decided to get on the Internet and puzzle over these two questions, simultaneously writing down the results of the “research” for her and for other interested acquaintances.
Also, in fairness, I will point out that a considerable part of the information presented here was gleaned from the Internet, and together with my own reflections, a kind of mini-report was obtained.
Number of names
I decided to start with “my own” question - why do some characters have one or two names, and some have three, four or more (the longest I came across in a story about two Chinese boys, where the poor was simply called Chon, and the name of the rich took up lines maybe five).
I turned to Mr. Google, and he told me that the tradition of several names today takes place mainly in English-speaking and Catholic countries.
The most illustrative is the "naming" system in the UK, presented in many books. According to her, according to statistics, all English children traditionally receive two names at birth - a personal (first name) and a middle (middle name) or second name (second name). Currently, the middle name plays the role of an additional distinguishing feature, especially for persons who have widespread names and surnames.
The custom of giving a child a middle name, as I found out in the same place, goes back to the tradition of assigning several personal names to a newborn. It is known that, historically, the name of a person had a special meaning, as a rule, testifying to the life purpose of the child, and was also associated with the name of God (or another Supreme Patron), on whose patronage and protection parents counted ...
Being distracted - at this moment I made some hesitation and chuckled a little over the idea that if someone cannot find the meaning of their life - then perhaps you need to study your name in more detail and act on the basis of it? Or (seriously), on the contrary, you can give your next character a name that will explicitly or implicitly testify to his purpose (which, by the way, was done by some well-known authors, giving the heroes of their works talking names and / or surnames).
In addition, as I read when I interrupted my reflections, the significance in society could also depend on the name. So, often, if the name did not contain the idea of patronage, the carrier was considered to be ignorant by genealogy or insignificant and did not enjoy respect.
Several names, as a rule, were given to an important person, recognized to do several glorious deeds - as many as he has names. For example, the emperor, king, prince and other representatives of the nobility could have several names. Depending on the nobility and the number of titles, the full form of the name could be a long chain of names and exalting epithets. For monarchs, the main lifetime name was the so-called “throne name”, which officially replaced the name received by the heir to the throne at birth or baptism. In addition, a similar tradition is observed in the Roman Catholic Church, when the elected Pope chooses for himself the name by which he will be known from that moment on.
Of course, the church system of names and naming is much broader, and can be considered in much more detail (which is worth only the system “secular name - church name”), but I am not strong in this and I will not go deep.
It should also be noted that the church is traditionally the guardian of such customs. For example, the custom, partially preserved in the already mentioned Catholic Church, when a person often has three names: from birth, from baptism in childhood and from chrismation to entry into the world with the grace of the Holy Spirit.
By the way, at the same stage, there was once an additional - "nominal" - social stratification. The problem was that, historically, the church had to pay for every extra name at one time.
However, poor people contrived, and this “restriction” was bypassed - partly because of this, there is a French name that unites the patronage of all saints - Toussaint.
Of course, for the sake of fairness, I would recall the saying “seven nannies have a child without an eye” on this occasion ... It’s not up to me to decide, of course, although a good story could come out about the fate of a character with that name, whose patrons could not agree on joint patronage. Or maybe there are even such - I have not read so many works in my life.
Continuing the story, it is worth noting that middle names can also indicate the occupation or fate of the person wearing them.
Both personal names and geographical names, common nouns, etc. can be used as middle names. kind, foreshadowing a particular role for a person. The name can be “family”: when children are called “in honor” of one of the relatives. Any direct association of a name with its already known bearer will certainly connect the betrothed with the one in whose honor he or she was named. Although the coincidences and similarities here, of course, are unpredictable. And, often, the more tragic in the end is perceived dissimilarity. In addition, the surnames of the people in whose honor they are assigned are often used as middle names.
There is no law limiting the number of middle names (or at least I have not found any mention of such), but more than four additional middle names are usually not assigned. However, traditions and rules are often designed to be broken. In fictional worlds, the “legislator” is generally the author, and everything written lies on his conscience.
As an example of several names for a person from the real world, one can recall the well-known professor John Ronald Reuel Tolkien.
Another illustrative - but already fictional - example is Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore (JK Rowling - Harry Potter series).
Also, I recently found out the interesting fact that in some countries the "gender" of the middle name does not matter. That is, a female name can also be used as the middle name of a man (male character). This happens, as I understand it, all from the same fact of naming in honor of the highest patron (patron in this case). I somehow didn’t see the opposite examples (or don’t remember), but logically, women with average “male” names can also be.
As an example, only Ostap-Suleiman was remembered -Bertha Maria-Bender Bay (Ostap Bender, yeah)
Personally, on my own behalf, I will add the fact that nothing, in principle, prevents the author of a particular work from inventing and justifying his naming system.
For example: “in the world of Randomia, the number four is especially sacred, and in order for the child to be happy and successful, parents try to give him four names: the first is personal, the second is after his father or grandfather, the third is in honor of the patron saint and the fourth is in honor of one of great warriors (for boys) or diplomats (for girls) of the state”.
The example was invented absolutely right off the bat, and your invented tradition can be much more thoughtful and interesting.
I'll move on to the second question.
family prefixes
The question that my friend Zoana puzzled me with, and which I once asked myself, although I was too lazy to find out what was the matter.
To begin with, the definition Family prefixes- in some world nominal formulas, components and integral parts of the surname.
Sometimes they point to aristocratic origin, but not always. Usually they are written separately from the main family word, but sometimes they can merge with it.
At the same time, as I found out for myself from what I read, family prefixes differ from country to country and can have different meanings.
I also note that this part of the article turned out to be much more copy-paste and excerpts, since this issue has a much closer connection with history and languages, and my education, which is not specialized in the topic, is hardly enough to retell in a freer style.
England
Fitz - "son anyone", distorted fr. Fils de(for example: Fitzgerald, Fitzpatrick) .
Armenia
Ter- ter [տեր], in the ancient Armenian original tearn (Armenian տեարն), “lord”, “lord”, “master”. For example: Ter-Petrosyan.
This prefix can have two similar, in general, meanings, and mean:
1) The title of the highest Armenian aristocracy, similar to the British lord. This title was usually placed before or after the family name, for example tern Andzewats or Artzruneats ter, and most often referred to nahapet (Head of a clan or tribal leader in ancient Armenia), tanuter (In ancient Armenia, the head of an aristocratic family, patriarch) or gaherets ishkhanu (In In the IX-XI centuries, the head of a noble family, corresponding to the earlier naapet and tanuter) of this family. The same title was used when referring to a person from the highest aristocracy.
2) After the Christianization of Armenia, this title also began to be used by the highest clergy of the Armenian Church. Unlike the original designation of an aristocrat, the title "ter" in church use began to be added to the names of clergymen. In such a combination, "ter" is similar to the church "father", "lord" and is not an indicator of the noble origin of the bearer of the surname. Now it is present in the surnames of those who had a priest in their ancestors in the male line. The word “ter” itself is still used today when referring to an Armenian priest or when mentioning him (akin to the more familiar to our hearing address “[holy] father”).
Germany
Background(For example: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)
Tsu(For example: Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg)
Basically a family prefix "background", as it turned out, is a sign of nobility. It expresses the idea of land ownership by representatives of the ancient nobility, for example, “Duke von Württemberg”, “Ernst August von Hannover”. But there are exceptions. In the north of Germany, many "commoners" are called "von", which indicates only the place of residence / origin. Also, granted nobles, originally of burgher origin, who were elevated by the sovereign to noble dignity with the presentation of a copy of the letter of nobility (Adelbrief) and the salary of the coat of arms (Wappen), were given the family prefix "von" and Mr. Müller turned into Mr. Von Müller.
Unlike the "background" predicate "tsu" necessarily included a relation to a certain inherited landed property, mostly a medieval castle - for example "Prince von et zu Liechtenstein" (Liechtenstein = principality and family castle).
At present, the titles of aristocrats have become part of compound surnames in Germany. Such surnames often include the particle preposition "von", "von der", "von dem" (translated as "from"), less often "tsu" (translated as "in") or a mixed version of "von und zu".
It is generally believed that "von" indicates the place of origin of the surname (family), while "zu" means that the area is still in the possession of the family.
With a particle und“No matter how much I read, I didn’t fully understand it. Although, as far as I understand, it simply plays the role of a bundle, denoting either a mixture of family prefixes, or a combination of surnames in general. Although perhaps I am hindered simply by ignorance of the language.
Israel
Ben- - son (presumably following the example of the English Fitz) (for example: David Ben Gurion)
Ireland
ABOUT‘ means "grandson"
Poppy means "son"
That is, both prefixes in Irish surnames usually indicate their origin. Regarding the spelling of the prefix "Mak", I read that in most cases in Russian it is written with a hyphen, but there are exceptions. So, for example, the continuous spelling of such surnames as MacDonald, MacDowell, Macbeth, etc. is generally accepted. There is no general rule for this, and the spelling is individual in each case.
Spain
In the case of Spain, the situation is even more complicated, because, based on what I have read, Spaniards usually have two surnames: paternal and maternal. In this case, the paternal surname ( appellido paterno) is placed before the parent ( apellido materno); so that, in official address, only the paternal surname is used (although there are exceptions).
A similar system exists in Portugal, with the difference that in the double surname the mother's surname is the first, and the father's surname is the second.
Returning to the Spanish system: sometimes the paternal and maternal surnames are separated by the particle "and" (for example: Francisco de Goya y Lucientes)
Further, in some localities there is a tradition to add to the surname the name of the locality where the bearer of this surname was born or where his ancestors come from. The particle "de" used in these cases, unlike in France, is not an indicator of noble origin, but is only an indicator of the area of \u200b\u200borigin (and, by implication, the antiquity of origin, since we know that localities sometimes tend to change names for one reason or another ).
In addition, when married, Spanish women do not change their surname, but simply add the husband’s surname to “apellido paterno”: for example, Laura Riario Martinez, having married a man named Marquez, can sign Laura Riario de Marquez or Laura Riario, señora Marquez, where the particle "de" separates the surname before marriage from the surname after marriage
The “revelry of naming” is limited by the fact that, according to Spanish law, no more than two names and two surnames can be recorded in a person’s documents.
Although, of course, any author, creating his own story and guided by the Spanish naming model for his characters, can simply ignore this law, coupled with the above tradition of middle names. Remember such entertainment as double names? What about the tradition of double surnames in some languages (in Russian, for example)? Have you read the above information about the number of names? Yes? Four double names, two double surnames - can you imagine?
And you can also come up with your own naming tradition, as I wrote above. In general, if you are not afraid that your character will look too extravagant, you have a unique opportunity to reward him or her with a family name design for at least half a page.
Italy
In Italian, prefixes historically meant the following:
De / Dee- belonging to a surname, family, for example: De Filippo means "one of the Filippo family",
Yes- belonging to the place of origin: Da Vinci - "Leonardo from Vinci", where Vinci meant the name of the city, area. Later, Da and De became just part of the surname and now do not mean anything. Done not necessarily with this aristocratic origin.
Netherlands
Van- a particle that sometimes makes up a prefix to Dutch surnames derived from the name of a locality; often it is spelled together with the surname itself. Corresponding in grammatical meaning to the German "von » and French "de » . Often found as van de, van der and van den. It still means "from". However, if in German "von" means noble (with the exceptions mentioned) origin, then in the Dutch naming system the simple prefix "van" does not refer to the nobility. Noble is the double prefix van ... that (for example, Baron van Voorst tot Voorst).
Meaning of other common prefixes such as Van den, van der- see above
France
French consoles, for me personally, are the most famous and indicative
In France, prefixes to surnames, as mentioned earlier, denote noble origin. Translated into Russian, prefixes denote the genitive case, "from" or "...sky". For example, Cesar de Vandom- Duke of Vendôme or Vendôme.
The most commonly used prefixes:
If the last name starts with a consonant
de
du
If the last name starts with a vowel
d‘
Other
In addition, there are a number of different family name prefixes, the origin of which, unfortunately, I could not find out.
Listed below are just a few of them.
- Le(?)
- Yes, doo, shower (Portugal, Brazil)
- La (Italy)
So, as I found out in the end, the traditions of naming and “assembling” surnames are quite extensive and diverse, and most likely I considered only the tip of the iceberg. And even more extensive and diverse (and, often, no less interesting) can be author's derivatives of these systems.
However, in conclusion, I’ll add: before raising your hands over the keyboard in anticipation, think about it - does your character really need a name for half a page? In itself, the long name of the character is an idea of little originality and, if there is nothing behind it but the author's "Wishlist", it is rather stupid.
Hello dear.
Have you ever paid attention to complex surnames? On all sorts of background and tsu? Personally, these things have always caught my eye. And I understood that this is far from always connected with a noble origin or de titles. Because it happens in different ways :-) Let's look at some examples.
Ursula von der Leyen
Let's start with the German ones. The most famous prefix to the surname is, in fact, von (von). Most often it is really an aristocratic surname. It can be translated as "from" The prefix "von" indicates the place of origin of the surname, although there were cases when the surname was not associated with the place of residence. Well, Otto von Bismarck, for example. As an option, it is not "background", but "fom". These are abbreviations of variants with the articles "von der", "von dem". The essence is the same
Vladimir Fyodorovich von der Launitz
Another variant of aristocratic surnames was the prefix zu (options "tsum", "tsur", etc.). It can be translated as "in". And most often it was used in a mixed version of "von und zu", for example, Hartmann von und zu Liechtenstein.
The combination of the prefixes “von” and “tsu” in the form “von und tsu” indicates that person of noble birth, whose ancestors have been living in this territory since the Middle Ages, that is, this territory is in the possession of the family by the time the surname is “fixed”. In addition, the prefix "zu" was worn primarily by the so-called "sovereign princes", who, in connection with the mediatization of 1803-1806, did not lose their princely title, but lost their "territorial" supremacy (for example, zu Isenburg, zu Stolberg). Thus, they differed from those princes who ruled after 1815 and wore the prefix "von".
And here are the options
in, im, in der, an der, am, auf, auf der, aus, aus dem, aus den were not at all a sign of a noble family. Unless they were an integral part of the possessive title. Although they also had the meaning "of". So-and-so from such a place.
Here is a famous German hockey goalkeeper, for example, has the surname Danny aus den Birken
Close meanings to German in Scandinavia and Finland. These are either born noble families, or altered after receiving a noble title. For example, Carl von Linnaeus (von Linné). Before the title was just Carl Linnaeus :-)
Although sometimes other prefixes were used. For example, af, or even the French de or de la (rarely though).
But the Swedish hockey player Jacob de la Rose plays in the NHL
A similar path was followed in Lithuania. The assignment of some awards equates the receipt of a knighthood, that is, the nobility, and thus can change the surname. The well-known media personality Anastasia von Kalmanovich changed her surname after her late (alas) most interesting husband Shabtai Kolmanovich received the Order of Grand Duke Gediminas.
To be continued...
Have a nice time of the day.
