Surnames that originated from the profession of a distant ancestor. Surnames that originated from the profession of a distant ancestor Write the surnames that originated from the name of the ancestors
MOU secondary school No. 8
VYAZMA, SMOLENSK REGION
ON THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA
"HISTORY OF ORIGIN
NAMES AND SURNAMES»
STUDENTS 9 - IN THE CLASS
Kuznetsova Nadezhda
NIKOLAEVNA
SUPERVISOR:
history teacher and
social science
LEVCHUK TATIANA
VALENTINOVNA
Plan:
I.Introduction. ……………………………………………………………. 2
II.Main part …………………………………………………….. 5
2.1. The mystery of the origin of names………………………………. 5
2.2. History of Russian calendar names. …………………... 7
2.3. Variants of the origin of Slavic names………….. 10
2.4. Alien Names…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.5. Namemaking after October …………………………. 13
2.6. Russian personal name ………………………………………….. 16
2.7. Patronymic formations …………………………. 17
2.8. Surnames ………………………………………………….… 18
2.9. Surname distribution
by geographical regions …………………………… 20
III.Conclusion ……………………………………………………. 22
IV.Applications ……………………………………………………. 23
1. Table of names of girls in our class ………………………... 24
2. The table of names of the boys of our class ……………………. 26
3. Table of the origin of the surnames of classmates ……… .. 27
4. Ways of forming surnames ……………………………….. 28
5. 150 most Russian surnames …………………………………… 29
v.List of used literature …………………………. thirty
I.Introduction.
Who was your great-grandfather in Rus'?
Ask for your last name!
There are Kuznetsov in every class,
Who is Kuznetsov's great-grandfather?
He was from a family of blacksmiths,
Father's father's father.
Goncharov's great-grandfather knew
Pottery wheel and clay.
At Degtyarev - tar drove,
In the tar he hunched his back.
Perhaps young Stolyarov
And with a chisel will not cope,
But my great-grandfather was from joiners,
He was a master grandfather.
Pilshchikov was friends with the saw,
Crumpled Kozhemyakin skin,
I went to the attacks of the Warriors,
Streltsov also fought.
They sound like music, like poetry,
Surnames are simple.
Look closely and you will see them
I chose the topic "History of the origin of names and surnames", as I was interested to know how the names of mine and my friends are interpreted. Working on this topic, I set myself the task of finding out how and when some very specific surnames were born, to find the history of Russian calendar names, variants of the origin of Slavic names, to find out the distribution of surnames by geographical regions, when patronymics began to be used instead of a given name, determine the ways of forming surnames.
In all eras, names have played a significant role in the communication of people.
The science that studies the history of names, their origin, evolution and meaning is called anthroponymy. It employs psychologists, historians, astrologers, theologians and philologists. They study the relationship between name and personality. This connection is not simple and often even mysterious.
Unfortunately, the ancient Russian written monuments, which are the main source for the study of anthroponymy, recorded it only from the 11th century, that is, at the time when Christianity was already accepted in Russia, and Christian ones poured in from Byzantium, or, as they are called, calendar, names - ancient Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Aramaic, ancient Persian, ancient Egyptian in origin, incomprehensible and unusual for a Russian person, but obligatory at baptism.
In the history of Russian personal names, three stages are distinguished - pre-Christian, when original names were used, created on East Slavic soil by means of the Old Russian language; the period after the introduction of Christianity in Rus', when the church began to plant, along with Christian religious rites, foreign names borrowed by the Byzantine church from various peoples of antiquity; and a new stage that began after the Great October Socialist Revolution and was marked by the penetration of a large number of borrowed names into the Russian nomenclature and active name creation.
The power of the name is mysterious, inexplicable. Some names are forgotten for decades, and even for centuries, sinking to the bottom of the River of Time, others emerge from its dark fatal depths...
“In love, we repeat the beloved name and call on the beloved through his name. And we pray and curse through the names, through the pronunciation of the name. And there are no limits to the life of a name, there is no measure for its power. The world is created and sustained by name and words. Every living being bears a name. Peoples live by name and words, millions of people move from their place, the deaf masses of the people advance towards sacrifice and victory. The name has conquered the world."
A person walks along the path of life: he rejoices, mourns, cunning, acts as a hero, acts evil, repents - everything happens in a long century. But now his earthly term is over. The body decays in the earth or is incinerated in fire, the soul is scattered throughout the Universe. What about the name? The name slumbers like a bird in the family nest, patiently waiting for the chosen one-baby. So he appeared in the light of God, announced his arrival with a desperate cry - and the bird-name flies into his cradle, embraces the chosen one with wings for a whole life, as the Moon embraces the Earth with its mysterious light.
The connection between personality and name is vast and mysterious. Name - character - destiny! - this triad has not only an earthly, but also a cosmic beginning, for it is connected with time and space. It is no coincidence that each name has its own zodiac sign and its own planet. And even your own specific numerical expression! As long as the Earth is alive, human names will live.
II.Main part
2.1. The mystery of the origin of names.
The names of people are part of the history of peoples. They reflect the way of life, beliefs, aspirations, fantasy and artistic creativity of peoples, their historical contacts. Our country is multinational, and each of the peoples inhabiting it has its own wonderful names.
In order for any name to appear among a given people, certain cultural and historical conditions are necessary. Therefore, many names bear a vivid imprint of the corresponding era.
Before the introduction of Christianity in Rus', personal names were very similar to nicknames given for one reason or another. In ancient times, people perceived names materially, as an integral part of a person. They hid their names from their enemies, believing that knowing the name alone was enough to harm someone.
Old Russian names are of great interest. They reveal the richness of the Russian folk language, show the breadth of imagination, observation and sharpness of the Russian person, his kindness and sociability, sometimes rude simplicity and causticity when it comes to moral vices or physical shortcomings.
Early Slavic totemism is a belief in the divinity of individual plants and animals, obviously, mainly those that played a special role in the life of our ancestors. Direct evidence of this side of their spiritual life has not been preserved; the names should aid the study of this historical fact.
The atheist Ivan, a Rusak among Russians, does not even suspect that in Hebrew he is “God’s messenger”, and the name of his portly, loud-voiced wife Glafira in the language of Ancient Greece sounds like “refined, refined”. Pelageya, arguing hoarsely with her neighbor Marina, whose name is more beautiful, is unaware that they are actually namesakes: Pelageya is “sea” in Greek, Marina is in Latin.
The history of each name developed in a special way. Some names lived a long, complicated life before reaching our time, others appeared quite recently. A colossal number of names of Russian people is known to us only from written records: they disappeared, having lived for centuries, or, on the contrary, having existed for a very short time, meeting in isolated cases.
For many centuries, children were traditionally named after their ancestors (fathers, grandfathers and great-grandfathers), in connection with some domestic or religious events that were repeated at different times. And so the same names were passed down from generation to generation, the original reason for their appearance was gradually forgotten, they lost their former meaning. But by studying such names and comparing them with the common nouns of the modern and Old Russian language, it is often possible to restore, at least presumably, why they once appeared in the world. Any word that a person was called by was perceived by those around him as his personal name, and, therefore, any word could become a name.
Thus, a personal name (in the Old Russian language also - ad, name, nickname, name, nickname, naming) is a special word that serves to designate an individual and is given to him individually in order to be able to contact him, and also talk about it with others.
Many centuries ago, when our ancestors still worshiped pagan gods - Perun, Yarovit, Zimtserle - no one was philosophizing over human names. Whatever word comes to mind, that was the reward for the baby. So there were Wolf, Ravine, Dobrynya, Long, Oxygen, Failure, Golokhrebetnik, Bast Saber, Neumyvaka, Sturgeon, Crane, Tongue, Moshna etc.
2.2. History of Russian calendar names.
Russian surnames that give out noble origin
Some surnames are said to be "noble". Is it true? And is it possible to determine by the surname that a person has noble roots?
How did the nobility appear in Russia?
The very word "nobleman" means: "court" or "a man from the prince's court." The nobility was the highest class of society.
In Russia, the nobility was formed in the XII-XIII centuries, mainly from representatives of the military service class. Starting from the 14th century, the nobles received land plots for their service, and their names most often gave rise to family surnames - Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Obolensky, Vyazemsky, Meshchersky, Ryazansky, Galician, Smolensky, Yaroslavl, Rostov, Belozersky, Suzdal, Smolensky, Moscow, Tver ... Other noble families came from the nicknames of their bearers: Gagarins, Humpbacked, Eyed, Lykovs. Some princely surnames were a combination of the name of the inheritance and the nickname: for example, Lobanov-Rostovsky.
At the end of the 15th century, surnames of foreign origin began to appear in the lists of the Russian nobility - they belonged to immigrants from Greece, Poland, Lithuania, Asia and Western Europe, who had an aristocratic origin and moved to Russia. Here we can mention such names as the Fonvizins, Lermontovs, Yusupovs, Akhmatovs, Kara-Murza, Karamzins, Kudinovs.
The boyars often received surnames by the baptismal name or nickname of the ancestor and had possessive suffixes in their composition. Such boyar surnames include Petrovs, Smirnovs, Ignatovs, Yurievs, Medvedevs, Apukhtins, Gavrilins, Ilyins.
The royal family of the Romanovs is of the same origin. Their ancestor was the boyar of the time of Ivan Kalita Andrei Kobyla. He had three sons: Semyon Zherebets, Alexander Elka
Kobylin and Fedor Koshka. Their descendants received respectively the names Zherebtsov, Kobylin and Koshkin. One of the great-grandsons of Fyodor Koshka, Yakov Zakharovich Koshkin, became the ancestor of the noble family of the Yakovlevs, and his brother Yuri Zakharovich became known as Zakharyin-Koshkin. The son of the latter was named Roman Zakharyin-Yuriev. His son Nikita Romanovich and his daughter Anastasia, the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, had the same surname. However, the children and grandchildren of Nikita Romanovich became the Romanovs after their grandfather. This surname was borne by his son Fyodor Nikitich (Patriarch Filaret) and the founder of the last Russian royal dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich.
In the Petrine era, the nobility was replenished with representatives of non-military estates, who received their titles as a result of promotion in public service. One of them was, for example, an associate of Peter I, Alexander Menshikov, who from birth had a “low” origin, but was awarded the princely title by the tsar. In 1785, by decree of Catherine II, special privileges were established for the nobles.
Categories of nobility in Russia
The nobility in Russia was divided into several categories. The first included representatives of the ancient boyar and princely families who received the title of nobility before 1685. These are Scriabins, Travins, Eropkins and many others.
Titled nobles are counts, princes and barons whose families were listed in genealogical books. Among them are Alabyshevs, Urusovs, Zotovs, Sheremetyevs, Golovkins.
Hereditary nobility complained mainly for service (for example, military merit) and could be inherited. Personal nobility was granted for special merits in the military and civil service to people of the lower and middle classes, but it was not inherited and was not entered in genealogical books.
Is it possible to identify a nobleman by his last name?
In 1886 V.V. Rummel and V.V. Golubtsov compiled the Genealogical Collection of Russian Noble Families, which included genealogies of 136 families of the Russian nobility.
There are hundreds of noble family families in Russia. Among the most famous are the Aksenovs, Anichkovs, Arakcheevs, Bestuzhevs, Velyaminovs, Vorontsovs, Golenishchevs, Demidovs, Derzhavins, Dolgoruky, Durovs, Kurbatovs, Kutuzovs, Nekrasovs, Pozharskys, Razumovskys, Saburovs, Saltykovs, Trubetskoys, Uvarovs, Cherkasovs, Chernyshevs, Shcherbatovs.
Meanwhile, it is very difficult to determine the noble origin of a particular surname these days. The fact is that surnames from names or nicknames could be given not only to representatives of the nobility. Also, the serfs of one or another landowner often received surnames according to the name of the land ownership that belonged to this landowner, or bore the master's own surname. With the exception of some particularly rare surnames, only an official pedigree can confirm noble roots.
In the life of every person, everything related to his past and the history of his family is very important, even if we do not every day remember how many destinies and stories lie behind our family, but for us it is our last name is a very significant part of one's own individuality.
The surname, like the name of a person, reflects the tribute to our ancestors that we pay, passing on the memory of our own family from generation to generation.
Until the middle of the 19th century most Russian people did not use surnames. The origin of surnames is of great interest, because at first they were used only by feudal lords, and only after that they began to be used by peasants and commoners. In addition, in addition to names, patronymics and nicknames were used to replace them.
With the abolition of serfdom, a very difficult task arose, the solution of which took quite a long time: it was necessary to endow yesterday's serfs with surnames that had recently been only among the upper strata of society. This is where their story begins.
Word "surname" It has latin origin. In ancient Rome, it only applied to slaves. But in Europe, this word has spread with the meaning of "family", "spouses". In the Slavic countries, this word was also first used as "family".
Having learned and remembered for the rest of their lives their last name in childhood, many perceive it simply as a given and very significant for us. A very popular question is what meaning this or that carries, how it affects its own carrier, and how significant such an influence is in life.
This thematic section provides a list of popular surnames, which may not be exhaustive, but can certainly help shed some light on what lies behind their diversity.
The ability to avoid cliches and hackneyed wording is of key importance. Because at this stage there is a lot of information that can hardly be called sufficiently reliable and accurate.
After all the surname is the legacy that a person carries through his whole life and passes on to his children giving them a connection with the history of their ancestors in several generations.
Also, the surname is what we use when we need an official tone in communication and a more accurate identification of a person. The wife takes it from her husband, for her it is an expression of a promise of fidelity and trust to the chosen man. The diversity of surnames is a direct reflection of the culture of the nation, the breadth of development of its representatives and society.
Surnames from personal names
Most Russian surnames were formed from personal names and nicknames. They were given in the form of a possessive adjective answering the question "whose son?": Ivanov, Vasiliev, Romanov, Ilyin, Kuzmin. In fact, these are patronymics, which gradually turned into surnames. Moreover, the now common form of patronymics with the ending - ich earlier it was allowed to use only noble persons, and the vast majority of the population used the form of patronymics with the ending - oh, - in. The most common among us are surnames formed from baptismal names contained in the Saints: Ivanov, Vasiliev, Petrov, Mikhailov, Fedorov, Yakovlev, Andreev, Alekseev, Alexandrov, Grigoriev, etc.
Among the surnames formed from baptismal names, a special group is made up of surnames from diminutive names. The diversity and abundance of diminutive names has led to a variety of forms of surnames derived from the same church name. For example, more than a hundred different surnames originated from the most common name Ivan among Russians in the 14th–19th centuries: Ivanov, Ivashev, Ivashkin, Ivashutin, Ivankov, Vanin, Vanyushin, Vankin, Vanyutin, Vanyagin, etc. The surnames Vasiliev were formed from the popular name Vasily, Vasin, Vaskov, Vasyutkin, Vasishchev, Vasintsev, Vasyagin, Vasyatkin, Vaseykin, Vasechkin, as well as Ukrainian surnames Vasilenko, Vasilyuk, Vasilchenko, Belarusian Vasilevich, Vasilenok, Bulgarian Vasilev. From the name of Mikhail came the names Mikhailov, Mikhalev, Mikhalkov, Mikhaev, Mishkin, Mishutin, Mikhalishchev, Mishechkin, Mishin, Mishutkin and others.
In Russia in the 16th - 17th centuries, the use of pejorative forms of names formed with the suffix - to (a), which emphasized the humble origin of a person: Vanka, Petka, Dunka, Timoshka, Danilka. From such names the surnames Ivankin, Timoshkin, Danilkin, etc. were formed.
Sometimes it is difficult to figure out from which name this or that surname originated. For example, it is not immediately clear that the surnames Matov, Matyukhin and Matyushin are formed on behalf of Matthew, from his diminutive forms Matya, Matyanya, Matyusha, and the surnames Grinev, Grinkov - on behalf of Grigory, Grin, Grinko. The surname Krysanov actually comes not from the name of the animal rat, but from the church name Khrisanf (Greek “golden-colored”) in its Russian form Kirsan.
Many of the church names have long been out of use, but the surnames have remained to this day: Tropin - from Eutropius (Greek "easily adaptable"), through the abbreviated form Trope; Ostanin - from Eustathius (Greek "strong, good") or Eustachia (Greek "blooming") through the diminutive form of Ostanya; Zotov, Izotov - from the church name Zotik, Zot, Izot (Greek "life-giving"); Melechov from Melentius (Greek "caring") through the abbreviated form Melech; Alferov from the Greek name Eleutherius ("free"), which was used in the form of Alfer.
Very rarely, but still there are surnames formed from female church names: Anyutin, Marinin, Matrenin, Nadezhdin, Glafirin, etc. Children received a surname after their mother's name only when the woman played the main role in the family. This could be in the case of widowhood or the departure of the husband for a long military service, when the wife took over all the care of the household and the upbringing of the children. Sometimes the predominant role of a woman in the family was due to the wealth or position of her parents, but all this was quite rare. Sometimes her illegitimate children received the surname after the name of the mother.
Here are examples of surnames formed from female names: Susanin - from the church name Susanna, Tatyanin, Tatyanichev - from the name of Tatyana, Varvarin - from Varvara. This also includes the surnames Katyushin, Marfushin, Marinin, Maryin, etc. And such surnames as Dashin, Dashkov, could be formed from the female name Daria, Dasha. However, it is more likely that they originated from the male church name Darius, which was used in a diminutive form as Dashko. The surname Olenin did not come from the name of the animal, but from the ancient name of Olen, which was used as a diminutive form of the male names Alexander and Alexei. The variant of the formation of this surname from the female name Olena, a diminutive of Elena, is not ruled out.
Together with baptismal names, until the 18th century, Old Slavic secular names were used, which were given to the child in the family. These names were very diverse, and in some cases it is now difficult to establish whether the surname originated from a worldly name or from a nickname. Worldly totem names formed from the names of animals, birds, fish, and plants were popular in Rus'. The surnames Sokolov, Lebedev, Voronin, Volkov, Solovyov, Orlov, Gusev, Kozlov, Sorokin, Sobolev are derived from the totem personal names Sokol, Lebed, Raven, etc. The surname Elephants could be formed not only from the name of a distant exotic animal - an elephant. In the old days, any large, heavy and clumsy animal was called an elephant, for example, an elk could be called an elk elephant.
In families, names and nicknames of similar meaning were often given, which then became the surnames of various branches of the family. Academician Stepan Borisovich Veselovsky cites interesting examples of archival records of the 14th–17th centuries in his book “Onomastics”: the Novgorod landowner Okun Ivan Linev, who lived in the middle of the 15th century, had sons Andrei Som and Alexei Yersh, and the Smolensk boyar Ivan Grigorievich Osoki Travin had sons Grigory Pyrey (from whom the name of the Pyryevs came), Ivan Otava (otava - the name of the grass that grew after mowing) and Vasily Vyazel (vyazel - the name of field peas). Or another example from archival records: the sons of the Tula patrimony Nikita Vasiliev were named Sofon Meshok, Ivan Sharap and Ivan Meshochek, and Sofon Meshok had a son Osip Karman. Sharap was a common worldly name, and the now forgotten meaning of the word "sharap" meant "robbery, robbery."
As worldly names, the so-called amulets were chosen, which were given for the purpose of deceiving "evil spirits": Fool, Malice, Nekras, Not good, Ugly, Nevzor (plain), Scoundrel (unsuitable for anything), Nenash (alien) and others. From these names, the now widespread surnames Nekrasov, Nevzorov, Fools, Zlobin, Nenashev, etc., were formed.
Among worldly names, such names as Lyubim, Smirnoy, Bogdan, Malets, Zhdan, Nezhdan, Nechay, Nayden, Pervusha, Belyay, Veshnyak, Pozdnyak, Shumila, Fun, Likhach, Tikhomir, etc. were very popular. These names gave rise to the names of Lyubimov , Smirnov, Bogdanov, Maltsev, Zhdanov, Belyaev, Veshnyakov, Shumilin, etc.
Worldly names could indicate some feature of a person’s appearance or character: Belyay, Bogatyr, Krasava, Chistyak, Roslyak, Ushak, Vereshchaga (talker), Govoruha, Molchan, Suvora (severe, unsociable), Nesmeyan, Moody, Buyan. They could indicate the time of the birth of the child: Veshnyak (born in the spring), Autumn (born in the autumn), Week (born on Sunday, which was previously called a week); weather conditions that accompanied the birth of a child: Frost, Padera (winter storm), Wind. Often worldly names reflected the order in which children appeared in the family: First, Pershak, Vtorak, Tretyak, Fifth, Pozdnyak, Poskrebysh, Mizin (the youngest in the family). The surnames Belyaev, Bogatyrev, Krasavin, Chistyakov, Ushakov, Vereshchagin, Govorukhin, Molchanov, Suvorov, Veshnyakov, Yesenin, Nedelin, Morozov, Paderin, Vetrov, Pershakov, Tretyakov, Poskrebyshev, Mizinov and many others were formed from old worldly names.
Nicknames were then added to worldly names, which a person received during his life and which could also pass to descendants and give rise to new surnames. Nicknames were very diverse, often unexpected and original, and this explains the huge number of our surnames. Nicknames could be obtained by distinctive features of appearance or character, by some peculiarities of behavior, by occupation and household characteristics, but they were always associated with a certain assessment of a person.
For example, the noblemen Nashchokin derived their surname from the nickname Nashchok, which their ancestor received in the 14th century after being wounded in the cheek during the battle of the Tverites with the Khan's army. Also, the industrialists Stroganovs considered their ancestor to be an ancestor who had been in Turkish captivity and was mutilated, as they used to say, “trimmed”. Hero of the Soviet Union pilot Gromov Mikhail Mikhailovich said that he inherited his surname from an ancestor who was a chorister in one of the St. Petersburg cathedrals and had a very strong, thunderous voice. The surname of the famous singer Lyudmila Zykina also indicates an ancestor who had a loud voice, since there used to be a fairly common nickname Zyka, which was given to a screamer, a vociferous person.
This text is an introductory piece.Task 11 Harmonization of personal relationships
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It is believed that surnames with the suffixes "-ov" or "-ev" are mostly of generic origin. At first they came from patronymics. For example, Peter, the son of Ivan, was called Peter Ivanov. After surnames entered official use (and this happened in Rus' in the 13th century), surnames began to be given by the name of the eldest in the family. That is, Ivan's son, grandson, and great-grandson of Ivan were already becoming Ivanovs.
But surnames were also given by nicknames. So, if a person, for example, was called Bezborodov, then his descendants received the name Bezborodov.
Often given surnames according to occupation. The son of a blacksmith bore the surname Kuznetsov, the son of a carpenter - Plotnikov, the son of a potter - Goncharov, the priest - Popov. The same surname was given to their children.
Surnames with the suffix "-in", or, more rarely, "-yn" could also come from the names and nicknames of ancestors, from the names of their professions, and in addition, from words ending in "-a", "-ya" and from feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant. For example, the surname Minin meant: "son of Mina." The Orthodox name Mina was widespread in Rus'. And in our time, the surnames Ilyin, Fomin, Nikitin are common. The surname Rogozhin recalls that the ancestors of this man traded matting or made it.
And where did the surnames formed from the names of animals come from - Volkov, Medvedev, Kozlov, Zaitsev, Orlov? Genealogists believe that many "animal" surnames could come from worldly names that were given to children in the pre-Christian era. Giving the child the name of this or that animal, the parents hoped that this would give him the features inherent in this animal. So, the name Bear was supposed to bestow strength, Wolf - courage, Fox - cunning, Boar - power and stubbornness, Goat - fertility, Crow - wisdom, Swan - beauty and fidelity, Nightingale - the ability to sing well. In the future, the Medvedevs, Volkovs, Lisitsyns, Kabanovs, Kozlovs, Voronins, Lebedevs, Solovyovs went from these names.
The origin of "animal" surnames could also be associated with the occupation of a person. So, a lover of chasing pigeons was called Dove, and his descendants were subsequently given the surname Golubev.
