Anton Chekhov - diary entries. Research work on literature Chekhov's notes for the study
USE-2018
1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) The basis of natural selection is hereditary variability, and the selecting factor is human activity.
2) In the process of natural selection, those animals that are more adapted to specific living conditions survive and leave full-fledged offspring.
3) Animals that are better adapted to specific habitat conditions are more likely to survive as a result of natural selection and leave behind full-fledged offspring.
4) In the process of the ongoing struggle for existence, the offspring of animals from generation to generation gradually accumulate signs that are useful to humans.
5) Due to the ongoing struggle for existence, only those animals survive and leave offspring, the hereditary traits of which are useful to humans
2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
On the other side,
Against,
Despite this,
3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word REPRESENTATIVE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
REPRESENTATIVE, -i, m.
1) A person who acts on someone's behalf. order, expresses someone's. interests, views. P. plant. Plenipotentiary p.
2) A typical sample of one or another category of animals, plants, etc. This flower is part of northern flora.
3) Spokesperson for someone. interests, opinions, views, etc. P. the needs of the people. Be someone's representative. interests.
4) A person representing in his face some kind of. category, a group of people or some kind of. area of activity. The best officers.
4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
amassed
adolescence
5. In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
Smartphones are currently in development and may be subject to change.
The pain turned out to be UNTOLERABLE, and a doctor approached the athlete right on the football field.
INFORMATION portal of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren is very popular among high school students.
They stood silently at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, looking at the flame of ETERNAL fire rushing about in the wind.
The WARRANTY card must contain the date of sale, the name of the product, its serial number.
6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
experienced TRAINERS
on BOTH sides
sounds less LOUD
RIDE FORWARD
no SHOES
7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| GRAMMATICAL ERRORS | OFFERS | |
| A) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover B) a violation in the construction of a sentence with a participial turnover C) a violation of the type-temporal correlation of verb forms D) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition E) a violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application | 1) The new aesthetics that arose in the work of Russian avant-garde artists radically changed the old "Greco-Roman" ideas about the artistic value of art. 2) People who read Russian fairy tales in childhood, epics were breathtaking from heroic deeds. 3) With higher reliability, portable receivers consume much less power. 4) When, after finishing school, my friend enters the factory, he acquired the qualification of a turner in a short time. 5) According to I.N. Kramskoy, despite the fact that many landscape painters depict trees, water and even air in their paintings, there is a soul only in the painting “Rooks” by A.K. Savrasov. 6) Most of the works of the young scientist are devoted to the problems of theoretical physics. 7) The inner strength and courage of a person are sung in the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin". 8) Subsequently, he could not even explain to himself what made him rush in front of the horses. 9) Using the letter “ъ” at the end of words, in the 19th century it was just a tribute to tradition |
| A | B | IN | G | D |
8. Determine the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
see.
g..ristaya (area)
vzr..sti
comp..ent
9. Find a row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words out with the missing letter.
be..stuffy, and..scare
under..em, about..phenomenon
about .. warmed, s .. threw
under..took, n..ruled
about..tear, n..top
10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
shirt..chny
thin..nky
nickel..vy
shameless..vy
11. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in place of the gap.
worry..worrying
fell out .. sh
move..my
wrestling..shishing
open up..sh
12. Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.
The son's (INAUDIBLE) answer aroused suspicion, and the father was forced to ask a few more questions.
Vasilisa returned home, (NOT) SUCCESSFUL to do the most important thing: she did not learn anything about Andrei's fate.
Former students, in shabby overcoats, with (NOT) HEALED wounds, returned to their families.
In I. S. Turgenev's story "Unfortunate", the hero talks about the impression that the sonata made on him, which he had previously (NOT) HEARD.
(UN) REALIZING their destiny, the heroes of A.P. Chekhov's plays often live their lives meaninglessly.
13. Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.
(FOR) BECAUSE, as Leo Tolstoy was silent in concentration, his relatives could guess (FOR) HOW hard his brain is working now.
(C) CONSEQUENTLY, scientists have found that magnesium plays an important role in regulating potassium levels in the body, and ALSO regulates the functioning of the adrenal glands.
From the first pages, I experienced a strange feeling: AS if (WOULD) from a gloomy world I (THAT) HOUR was transferred to another world - sunny and bright.
(B) CONSEQUENCE, researchers have repeatedly said that the apotheosis of Russian glory is the painting "Bogatyrs", in which V. M. Vasnetsov expressed his romantic and at the same time deeply civic understanding of Russia.
The physical properties of interstellar gas essentially depend (FROM) WHAT it is in relative proximity to hot stars or, (ON) REVERSE, is sufficiently remote from them.
14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HN is written.
Already in the first landscape of V. Serov, almost all the features that were (2) characteristic of him as a landscape painter were manifested (1): sharpness of vision, deep insight into the essence of the depicted, sophistication (3) and accuracy of color.
15. Set up punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) The captivating beauty of Russian landscapes is amazing and remains in memory for a long time.
2) Among the most ancient images on the walls of caves of the Paleolithic era are prints of a human hand and incomprehensible patterns with random weaves of wavy lines.
3) Descartes built the logic of knowledge from the simplest and obvious to the complex and incomprehensible.
4) Artistic speech is characterized by both imagery and emotionality.
5) The poet sees either the diamond sheen of a birch forest, or the velvet sheen of arable land, or the amber sheen of candles.
16. Put all the punctuation marks:
Returning the original beauty and splendor (1) to the Shuvalov Palace in St. Petersburg (2), the restorers coordinated the stages of their work with specialists (3) who were preparing the opening of the Carl Faberge Museum (4) in its halls, famous for creating unique jewelry.
17. Put in all the missing punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
18. Put all the punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
Chekhov's notes for the study "Medicine in Russia" (1) work on which (2) began in 1884 (3) were published only after the death of the writer.
19. Put all the punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
Foggy masses rose across the night sky (1) and (2) when the last starry gap was absorbed (3) the blind wind, covering his face with his sleeves, swept low along the deserted street (4) and then flew up to the roofs of houses.
20. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, excluding superfluous word. Write out this word.
In this landscape there was not a single flashy paint, not a single sharp feature in the relief, but its mean lakes filled with dark and calm water seemed to express the main essence of water more than all the seas and oceans.
21. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
1) Liza's mother, Anna Sergeevna, who laughed at Paul, was horrified when her daughter called Paul her fiancé.
2) The last words of Paul Sepp, who died in battle, were addressed to his beloved girlfriend Lisa: "Farewell, dear."
3) Seeing off sixteen people called up for war, the inhabitants of the Estonian village of Orgo cried and behaved as if at a mourning ceremony.
4) Bubenchikov and Kozovalov were filled with pride that they would have to stand up for the Motherland, replenishing the number of recruits.
5) Liza was determined to go after Paul, who was going to serve, in order to become a sister of mercy and marry him at the first opportunity.
(1) In the evening they again met at the Starkins. (2) They only talked about the war. (3) Someone spread a rumor that the call for recruits this year will be earlier than usual, by August 18, and that student deferrals will be cancelled. (4) Therefore, Bubenchikov and Kozovalov were oppressed: if this is true, then they will have to serve their military service not in two years, but today.
(5) Young people did not want to fight: Bubenchikov loved his young and, it seemed to him, valuable and wonderful life too much, and Kozovalov did not like anything around him to become too serious.
(6) Kozovalov spoke dejectedly:
I will go to Africa. (7) There will be no war.
- (8) And I will go to France, - said Bubenchikov, - and I will transfer to French citizenship.
(9) Lisa flushed annoyedly. (10) Shouted:
And you are not ashamed! (11) You must protect us, but you yourself think where to hide. (12) And do you think that in France you will not be forced to fight?
(13) Sixteen spares were called up from Orgo. (14) An Estonian caring for Lisa, Paul Sepp, was also called. (15) When Lisa found out about this, she suddenly felt somehow embarrassed, almost ashamed that she was laughing at him. (16) She remembered his clear, childlike eyes. (17) She suddenly clearly imagined a distant battlefield - and he, big, strong, would fall, struck down by an enemy bullet. (18) Careful, compassionate tenderness for this departing one rose in her soul. (19) With fearful surprise, she thought: “He loves me. (20) And me, what am I? (21) Jumped like a monkey and laughed. (22) He will go to fight. (23) Maybe he will die. (24) And when it’s hard for him, whom will he remember, to whom he will whisper: “Goodbye, dear”? (25) He will remember a Russian young lady, someone else's, far away.
(26) Those called were escorted solemnly. (27) The whole village gathered. (28) Speeches were made. (29) A local amateur orchestra played. (30) And almost all summer residents came. (31) Summer residents dressed up.
(32) Paul walked ahead and sang. (33) His eyes shone, his face seemed sunny-bright, - he held his hat in his hand, - and a light breeze fluttered his blond curls. (34) His usual baggy had disappeared and he seemed very handsome. (35) This is how the Vikings and Ushkuyns once went on a campaign. (36) He sang. (37) Estonians enthusiastically repeated the words of a folk song.
(38) We reached the forest behind the village. (39) Summer residents began to return. (40) Those called up began to sit in carriages. (41) Clouds ran up. (42) The sky was gloomy. (43) Gray whirlwinds curled and ran along the road, beckoning and teasing someone.
(44) Lisa stopped Sepp:
Listen, Paul, come to me for a minute.
(45) Paul went to the side path. (46) He walked next to Lisa. (47) His gait was resolute and firm, and his eyes boldly looked ahead. (48) It seemed that the solemn sounds of martial music beat rhythmically in his soul. (49) Lisa looked at him with loving eyes. (50) He said:
Don't be afraid, Lisa. (51) While we are alive, we will not let the Germans go far. (52) And whoever enters Russia will not be happy with our reception. (53) The more they enter, the less they will return to Germany.
(54) Suddenly Liza blushed very much and said:
Paul, I love you these days. (55) I will follow you. (56) They will take me as a sister of mercy. (57) At the first opportunity, we will get married.
(58) Paul broke out. (59) He leaned over, kissed Lizin's hand and repeated:
Honey, honey!
(60) And when he again looked into her face, his clear eyes were moist.
(61) Anna Sergeevna walked a few steps behind and grumbled:
What tenderness! (62) He God knows what he imagines about himself. (63) Can you imagine: kissing the hand, like a knight to his lady!
(64) Bubenchikov mimicked Paul Sepp's walk. (65) Anna Sergeevna found that it was very similar and very funny, and laughed. (66) Kozovalov smiled sardonically.
(67) Lisa turned to her mother and shouted:
Mom, come here! (68) She and Paul Sepp stopped at the edge of the road. (69) Both had happy, radiant faces.
(70) Together with Anna Sergeevna, Kozovalov and Bubenchikov came up. (71) Kozovalov said in the ear of Anna Sergeevna:
And our Estonian is very much in the face of militant enthusiasm. (72) Look, what a handsome man, like the knight Parsifal.
(73) Anna Sergeevna grumbled with annoyance:
Well, handsome! (74) Well, Lizonka? she asked her daughter.
(75) Lisa said, smiling happily:
Here's my fiancé, mommy.
(76) Anna Sergeevna exclaimed in horror:
Lisa, what are you talking about!
(77) Lisa spoke with pride:
He is the defender of the Fatherland.
(According to F. Sologub*)
* Fedor Sologub(1863-1927) - Russian poet, writer, playwright, publicist.
22. Which of the following statements are erroneous? Specify the answer numbers.
1) Sentence 4 indicates a consequence of what is said in sentence 3.
2) Sentences 15-18 contain descriptive elements.
3) Sentences 32–34 present reasoning.
4) Sentences 38-40 present the narrative.
5) Sentences 51-53 contain a description.
23. From sentences 64-72 write out a book word with the meaning "wickedly, mockingly, caustically."
24. Among sentences 64-72, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a collective numeral. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).
25. Describing the events that took place in the summer of 1914 in an Estonian village, F. Sologub focuses primarily on the actions of the characters and their behavior, as a result of which he often uses the syntactic means of expression - (A) ________ (sentences 1, 2, 26, 28, 38). But the characters themselves are no less important to the author: their appearance, feelings, thoughts. So, in creating the images of Lisa and Paul, the tropes play an important role: (B) _______ (in sentence 9, “sounds beat rhythmically” in sentence 48) and (C) ________ (“clear, childlike eyes” in sentence 16 , “careful, compassionate tenderness” in sentence 18, “happy, radiant faces” in sentence 69), which the author skimps on when describing the rest of the characters. And the trope that occurs in the speech of Anna Sergeevna and Kozovalov - (D) ________ (“like a knight to his lady” in sentence 63, “like a knight Parsifal” in sentence 72), - despite the sarcasm with which it is pronounced, only emphasizes the contrast between Lisa and Paul, on the one hand, and her relatives and friends, on the other.
List of terms:
1) colloquial vocabulary
2) metaphor
3) comparison
4) opposition
5) a number of homogeneous members of the proposal
6) hyperbole
7) phraseological unit
9) one-part indefinitely personal sentences
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | IN | G |
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov
<ДНЕВНИКОВЫЕ ЗАПИСИ>
1890. FROM THE SAKHALIN DIARY:
18 September Korsakov Post. Interrogated in the police department of American whalers who were wrecked. Five Americans and one black. They said that the captain of the ship sent them on a boat in pursuit of a whale; they harpooned the whale and went after it in tow, the boat gave a leak from a strong move; I had to cut the tugboat and let the whale in. Darkness came, the ship was not visible. In the morning it was foggy... Then they stormed at sea for four days, having only 10 pounds of bread with them. Threw them out on the southeastern coast of Sakhalin near Cape Tonin.
My neighbor V. N. Semenkovich told me that his uncle Fet-Shenshin, a well-known lyric poet, would roll down the window in his carriage and spit on the university as he drove along Mokhovaya. Harknet and spit: pah! The coachman was so accustomed to this that every time he passed the university he stopped.
In January I was in St. Petersburg and stayed with Suvorin. Often visited Potapenko. I saw Korolenko. Often visited the Maly Theatre. One day Alexander and I were going down the stairs; B. V. Gay left the editorial office at the same time and said to me indignantly: “Why are you arming the old man (i.e., Suvorin) against Burenin?” Meanwhile, I never spoke ill of the employees of Novoye Vremya under Suvorin, although I deeply disrespect most of them.
In February, passing through Moscow, I visited Leo Tolstoy. He was irritated, spoke sharply about the decadents, and argued for an hour and a half with B. Chicherin, who all the time, it seemed to me, was talking nonsense. Tatyana and Maria Lvovna were playing solitaire; both, thinking about something, asked me to take down the cards, and I showed each separately the ace of spades, and this saddened them; there were two aces of spades in the deck by chance. Both of them are extremely sympathetic, and their relationship to their father is touching. The Countess denied Ge the artist all evening. She, too, was annoyed.
May 5 Deacon Ivan Nikolayevich brought my portrait, painted by him from a card. In the evening, V. N. Semenkovich brought his friend Matvey Nikanorovich Glubokovsky to me. This is the head of the foreign department of Moskovskie Vedomosti, the editor of the Delo magazine and a doctor at the Moscow<овских>imp<ераторских>theaters. The impression of an extremely stupid person and reptile. He said that "there is nothing more harmful in the world than a vile liberal newspaper," and said that the peasants whom he treats, having received advice and medicine from him for nothing, ask him for tea. He and Semyonkovich spoke of the peasants with bitterness and disgust.
On June 1st I was at the Vagankovsky cemetery and saw the graves of those who died at Khodynka there. I. Ya. Pavlovsky, the Paris correspondent of Novoye Vremya, went with me to Melikhovo.
August 4th. Consecration of the school in Talezh. The Talezh, Bershov, Dubechen and Shchelkovo peasants brought me four loaves, an image, two silver<яные>salt shakers. The Shelkovsky peasant Postnov was making a speech.
From 15 to 18 August M. O. Menshikov visited me. He is forbidden to publish, and he now speaks contemptuously of Gaydeburov (son), who told the new head of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs that because of Menshikov alone he would not sacrifice The Week and that "we have always warned the desires of censorship." M<еньшиков>in dry weather, he walks in galoshes, wears an umbrella so as not to die from sunstroke, is afraid to wash himself with cold water, complains of heart failure. From me he went to Leo Tolstoy.
I left Taganrog on the 24th of August. In Rostov I dined with my high school friend Lev Volkenshtein, a lawyer who already has his own house and dacha in Kislovodsk. I was in Nakhichevan - what a change! All streets are covered with electricity. In Kislovodsk at the funeral of Gen. Safonov's meeting with A. I. Chuprov, then a meeting in the park with A. N. Veselovsky, on the 28th a hunting trip with Baron Steingel, an overnight stay at Bermamut; cold and strong wind. September 2nd in Novorossiysk. Steamboat "Alexander II". On the 3rd he arrived in Feodosia and stopped at Suvorin's. I saw I. K. Aivazovsky, who told me: “You don’t want to know me, old man,” in his opinion, I should have come to visit him. On the 16th in Kharkov I was at the theater at Woe from Wit. 17th house: wonderful weather.
Vlad. S. Solovyov told me that he always carries an ink nut in his trouser pocket - this, in his opinion, radically cures hemorrhoids.
29 was at the Zemstvo meeting in Serpukhov.
November 26 in the evening there was a fire in our house. S. I. Shakhovskoy participated in the extinguishing. After the fire, the prince said that once, when he caught fire at night, he lifted a vat of water, weighing 12 pounds, and poured water on the fire.
Dec 21 Levitan has an enlarged aorta. He wears clay on his chest. Excellent sketches and a passionate thirst for life.
From January 10 to February 3 - the census. I am the counter of the 16th section and instruct the other (15) counters of our Bavykinskaya volost. Everyone works excellently, except for the priest of the Starospassky parish and the zemstvo chief Galyashkin (head of the census section), who lives almost all the time in Serpukhov, dine there in the assembly and telegraphs me that he is ill. They say about other zemstvo chiefs of our district that they also do nothing.
Writers such as N. S. Leskov and S. V. Maksimov cannot be successful with our criticism, since almost all of our critics are Jews who do not know, are alien to Russian indigenous life, its spirit, its forms, its humor, completely incomprehensible to them, and seeing in a Russian person nothing more, nothing less than a boring foreigner. With the Petersburg public, mostly led by these critics, Ostrovsky never succeeded; and Gogol no longer makes her laugh.
Task 19
Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
Lucy was gently persistent (1) and (2) although it was difficult to remember everything (3) gradually the old woman told (4) how it was.
Task 20
Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, excluding superfluous word. Write out this word.
Often works of art are autobiographical. It is known that, while creating the story "Flight to America", Alexander Grin wrote his autobiography.
Task 21
1) In developed Western countries, one desire is enough to get an education.
2) Only graduates of public schools are carriers of high culture, people of high moral standards.
3) In the negative, in evil, people are more inventive than in the positive.
4) The bar of requirements for oneself must be maintained at the expense of spiritual growth, ignoring, for example, the manner of dressing.
5) We are obliged to reconsider the attitude to each other and to ourselves, not only internally, but also externally.
(1)Recently, there has been a discussion in the media about what kind of education society needs. (2) Some argued that education should be subordinated to pragmatic goals, because it requires huge material costs. (3) Others (including the author of this article) insisted that education is always socially profitable and the more educated people in a society, the higher its intellectual and cultural potential.
(4) In developed Western countries, education is available to everyone with the appropriate desire, means and efforts. (5) However, freedom in education has another side. (6) This applies to both schools and institutions of higher education. (7) Statistics show that graduates of not only public, but also private schools are by no means always carriers of a high culture, people of high moral standards.
(8) It is generally accepted that a person with a university degree personifies not only professionalism, but also a high level of culture. (9) But what level of culture can be personified by a university graduate who, when asked by a professor about the role of language in her life, answered: “To tell young people something like that at a party”? ..
(10) The same can be said about other means of influencing the consciousness, behavior of people, especially young people. (11) I mean the media, literature, television, cinema.
(12) I will allow myself a small digression, referring to the Russian classics. (13) Leo Tolstoy is a writer whom I read, one might say, all my life, without interruption. (14) But something makes me reread it again and again, rethinking anew what the novel begins with: “All happy families are alike, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” (15) And in this phrase, which has become an aphorism and kept in my memory from a young age, a generalization appeared to me, which is extremely relevant today. (16) Indeed, why are all happy families alike, and unhappy families are unhappy in their own way? (17) Yes, because we have organized our lives in such a way that in the negative, in evil we are more inventive than in the positive. (18) And we turn the so-called happiness into a routine, and in the name of evil we “creatively” succeed. (19) And therefore evil becomes more attractive. (20) And maybe that's why we stand in line to watch another film about the sophistication of all sorts of monsters, vampires, gangsters, looking at cruelty without mental shock.
(21) And all this obliges us to look at ourselves, rethink our way of life, attitude to each other and to ourselves, not only internally, but also externally. (22) And then, I think, we will understand that we need to remember those times when we did not allow ourselves to walk at home the way we now go out into the street, when instead of an elegant suit we put on T-shirts, when instead of beautiful shoes we are wearing flip flops. (23) And already on the street, at a party, in a restaurant, even in a theater, at a concert you rarely see elegantly dressed people. (24) And if before they always tried to be no worse than others in clothes, now everyone is afraid to be more elegant than others. (25) And we don’t think that this also lowers the bar of our culture, requirements for ourselves, self-respect and respect for others. (26) I think I won’t be mistaken if I say that with an elegantly dressed, smart girl we talk differently and behave differently. (27) And profanity with a T-shirt and flip flops is more combined than with an elegant blouse and shoes.
(28) A criterion for the quality of each person and society can be the aphorism of the great classic A. Chekhov, who stated: “Everything in a person should be beautiful: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts.” (29) So let's save the beautiful - the beauty of our faces, clothes, souls, thoughts.
(According to L.G. Sailor*)
* Larisa Grigorievna Matros- lawyer by profession, Ph.D.
writer, literary critic.
Task 22
Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
1) Sentences 4−7 present the reasoning.
2) Sentences 1-3 list successive events.
3) Propositions 15−19 explain the content of Proposition 14.
4) In sentences 28−29, reasoning is presented.
5) Sentence 1-3 provides a description.
Task 23
What word is used in the text in a figurative sense?
Write out this word.
turned around (sentence 1)
aphorism (sentence 15)
meet (sentence 23)
blouse (proposal 27)
Task 24
Among sentences 4-9, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using lexical repetition. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).
Task 25
Read the review snippet. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.
“To emphasize the ambiguity and topicality of the problem raised, its versatility, L. G. Matros uses the technique - (A) _____ (sentences 2-3), as well as the syntactic means - (B) _____ (sentences 4, 6). Such a technique as (C) _____ (sentences 16-20) creates the impression of a confidential conversation, which reinforces another technique - (D) _____ (“because” in sentences 19, 20).
List of terms:
1) opposition
2) parceling
3) question-answer form of presentation
4) professional vocabulary
5) epithets
6) lexical repetition
7) interrogative sentence
8) comparison
9) rows of homogeneous members of the proposal
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | IN | G |
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Research work in literature on the topic:
"The image of a doctor in the works of A.P. Chekhov"
Completed by: Kudryashova K.K. Checked by: Shakirova G.M.
Study plan
Purpose of the study: determination of the role of the medical profession in the life and work of A.P. Chekhov.
Research objectives:
1. Why A.P. Chekhov chose this profession.
2. As A.P. Chekhov belonged to the medical profession.
3. Medicine and literature in the life of Chekhov.
Hypothesis: the depicted images of doctors in Chekhov's works are positive.
Object of study - the profession of a doctor in the life and work of A.P. Chekhov.
Subject of study - Chekhov's stories.
For the sequential implementation of the study, I outlined the following stages:
I. The study of theoretical material, special and fiction;
II. Survey of representatives of the medical profession in order to clarify the correctness of their choice;
III. 1. Questioning of representatives of medical practice (Appendix 1)
2. General survey of schoolchildren in grades 5-11 (Appendix 2)
Introduction
A word about a writer.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was not only a Russian writer, a universally recognized classic of world literature, but also an honorary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature (1900-1902), one of the most famous playwrights in the world, as well as a doctor.
Over 25 years of creativity, Chekhov created about 900 different works (short humorous stories, serious stories, plays), many of which have become classics of world literature. Natural science thinking and literary talent organically combined in the writer, which allowed him to better understand human psychology and correctly depict the spiritual world of his characters.
"I didn't have a childhood as a child." Childhood and youth of the writer.
Father is a merchant in a shop, but a great lover of music, drawing, regent of the church choir. When, after the death of his father, the family leaves for Moscow, Anton is left alone in Taganrog. About these years, A.P. Chekhov wrote to Suvorin: “Write a story about how a young man, the son of a serf, a former shopkeeper, a singer, a schoolboy and a student, brought up on servility, kissing priestly hands, worshiping other people's thoughts, thanking for every a piece of bread, cut many times, went to school without galoshes, fought, tortured animals, loved to dine with rich relatives, hypocrites to God and people without any need - only from the consciousness of his insignificance, write down how this young man squeezes out drop by drop of himself as a slave, and how, waking up one fine morning, he feels that it is no longer slave blood, but real human blood that flows in his veins.
Medicine in the life of A.P. Chekhov
Chekhov the student
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov entered the medical faculty of Moscow University in 1879. Chekhov's student years were full of studies, work in clinics under the guidance of prominent scientists. Chekhov received excellent marks from Bogdanov, Snegirev and Sklifosovsky. The scientific work “The History of Sexual Authority”, conceived by the future doctor in his student years, bears traces of a passion for Darwin, whose propagandist was Professor Timiryazev. Presenting to his brother a detailed plan for the proposed research work, Chekhov wrote that he wanted to use Darwin's methods, which he "terribly likes." The future doctor expressed solidarity with Timiryazev in the feuilleton "Jugglers", directed against the profanation of science, against slovenliness in the methods of scientific research. systematization skills, the ability to find a guiding goal.
Thus, the writer's stay at the medical faculty of Moscow University is not just a biographical detail, but a very significant stage in the development of Chekhov's worldview and moral character - a doctor, a writer, and finally, a person who, probably, fully corresponds to the words of Pierre Kruy, a French scientist - bacteriologist of the 20th century: “Medicine is love, otherwise it is worthless.”
In 1884 A.P. Chekhov graduated from the medical faculty of Moscow University, deciding to devote himself to the art of medicine.
Medical activity of A.P. Chekhov
Anton Pavlovich began his practical medical activity in the Chikinskaya zemstvo hospital he knew; for some time he was in charge of the Zvenigorod hospital, replacing the doctor of this hospital, S.P. Uspensky, who went on vacation. From Zvenigorod, he wrote to N.A. Leikin that by the will of fate he was correcting the position of a zemstvo doctor. Half a day is busy with receiving patients (30-40 people a day), the rest of the time he rests. However, Chekhov did not have much rest, since he not only received patients in the zemstvo hospital, but also served as a county doctor, traveled with a forensic investigator to autopsies, carried out orders from the local administration, and acted as an expert in court.
During the period of his medical activity in Voskresensk and Zvenigorod, and then in Babkin, Anton Pavlovich closely observed the life of the local population - peasants, district intelligentsia, landowners. In the midst of this life, the writer drew plots for the stories "The Fugitive", "Surgery", "Dead Body", "Siren", "Daughter of Albion", "Burbot", "Witch" and others.
The Babkinsky period is a happy time in the writer's life. Three years in a row (1885-1887) he lived here with his family during the summer months. Patients with a variety of diseases applied to Chekhov, which was generally characteristic of the work of a zemstvo doctor. So Chekhov spent three years in Babkino.
Summer 1888 and 1889 he spends in the estate of the Lintvarevs near the city of Sumy, Kharkov province. Chekhov goes there to rest, but he is determined to practice medicine as well. In Luki at the Lintvarevs, as in Babkino, Chekhov devoted several hours a day to medical work.
In 1890 Chekhov went to Sakhalin Island. On this trip and in his work on the island, the best features of Chekhov as a writer, doctor, and citizen showed up. Having settled in 1892 in his estate in Melikhovo, Chekhov established a regular reception of patients.
He is a doctor who received up to 1,000 patients during 1892, he is both an organizer of the fight against the epidemic and an active participant in the county sanitary council, and, according to Kurkin, he did not miss a single meeting of it. Chekhov's close acquaintance with zemstvo doctors made it possible for Chekhov the writer to reflect their life in a number of remarkable works - in the stories "Enemies", "Trouble", "Princess", in the play "Uncle Vanya", etc.
In his own works ("Name Day", "Seizure" and others), he strove to combine the truth of life and scientific data. “I have no doubt,” Dr. Chekhov wrote in his autobiography, “that the medical sciences ... significantly expanded the field of observation, enriched me with knowledge.” Such literary works as “The Fugitive”, “The Dead Body” are due to the life experience and observations of Chekhov the student. ”, “Rural Aesculapius”, “Surgery”, “Trouble”, “On business” and others.
Having moved to Yalta due to illness (the writer was already seriously ill with tuberculosis), Anton Pavlovich left medical practice, but continued to be actively interested in the achievements of medicine, read special journals. Medicine has now firmly entered the artistic work of Dr. Chekhov, giving objectivity and accuracy to the prose of the remarkable novelist, scientifically reliable depiction of various shades of the characters' state of mind: good or depressed mood, feelings of anxiety and fear, joy and pleasure...
Thus, both in life and in his work, Chekhov always remained a doctor.
I decided to choose the topic of this research work, as a doctor is one of the oldest and noblest professions on Earth.
Medical worker in the work of A.P. Chekhov
The analysis of individual stories is presented in the table.
Work
Hero
Profession
His attitude to work; patients
Attitude towards him
"A Case Study"
Korolev
Resident
Seeing an ugly girl sobbing, the doctor is imbued with sympathy for this sufferer, whom her mother, sparing no means, treats all her life; wealth did not give these people happiness, joy and health. Moreover, they are separated and lonely.
Lisa saw many doctors, but it was him that she trusted.
"Jumper"
Dymov
Serves in two hospitals: as a resident in one, as a dissector in another
A simple doctor, above the world of vulgarity. One can respect a person for his ascetic labor and high moral strength.
"Served Science and Died of Science"
“What a loss for science ... If we compare all of us with him, he was a great, extraordinary person! What gifts! what hopes he gave us all! .. He was such a scientist, which you cannot find with fire now.
"Ionych"
Startsev Dmitry Ionych
Zemsky doctor
He is a good doctor, otherwise he wouldn't be so popular. "I hastily received the sick at my place in Dyalizh, then left for the city patients."
"He has a huge practice in the city, there is no time to breathe."
"... But still he does not give up the zemstvo place; greed has overcome."
He remains a professional, but the doctor must combine professionalism and humanism.
At first, the degradation of Startsev causes pity and sympathy, then disgust. It is very difficult to answer unambiguously why Ionych has degraded. Of course, he himself is to blame for something, Ekaterina Ivanovna is to blame for something, but the largest share of the blame falls on the surrounding Startsev society.
"Wider step, maestro!"
Solodovnikov
rural hospital doctor
Talk about a tractor driver who has an ulcer. Solodovnikov, forgetting that he himself sent him to the area, decided to operate. The girl with the meniscus. Again postponed the operation, "easily agreed."
BUT: in dreams he is at the top of his glory. "... Work, work, work. Exhausting. Joyful. Courageous. Selfless. Love of the population. Respect." "You have to live big." Conclusion: Solodovnikov is not shown as a doctor
Solodovnikov is changing so quickly that he will soon work not for himself, but for other people. Accordingly, their attitude towards him is positive.
"Ward №6"
Ragin
Zemsky doctor
The manners are soft, insinuating. He is an intelligent and honest person, but he does not have the will and faith in his right to change life for the better. At first he worked very hard, but soon got bored and realized that in such conditions it was pointless to treat patients. “And why bother people dying, if death is the normal and legal end of everyone?” From these arguments, Ragin abandoned his affairs and began to go to the hospital not every day.
The doctor is treated like a madman because of his communication with the inhabitant of the ward number 6 Gromov. In the end, by cunning, he is placed in this ward, and he dies of hopelessness. Only Mikhail Averyanych and Daryushka, his former servant, were at the funeral.
"Gooseberry"
Ivan Ivanych Chimsha-Himalayan
Veterinarian
Nothing is said about his medical practice.
“... not only Burkin and Alekhin listened to him, but also old and young ladies and the military, calmly and sternly looking out of golden frames ...”
"Surgery"
Kuryatin
Paramedic
In the story, Chekhov ridicules the “unfortunate doctor”, who covers up his inability, ignorance with arrogance, idle talk “.. Trifles.. . - the paramedic is modest, approaching the closet and rummaging through the tools. - Surgery is rubbish. Here everything is habit, the firmness of the hand ... Just spit ... " But in fact, the paramedic, having caused terrible torment to the deacon, could not pull out the tooth.
At first, the deacon is imbued with the speeches of the paramedic, looks at him with reverence. But after the paramedic tries to pull out his tooth, the deacon's respect is replaced by contempt and hatred.
"Darling"
Smirnin
Regimental veterinarian
The image of Smirnin is written out not so brightly.
"... veterinary business in the city is put out of hand very badly ..." (conversation between Olenka and Smirnin).
First, Olenka (Darling) pities him, then loves, becoming the "echo" and "shadow" of her lover, then the end of the situation comes.
"Mirror"
Stepan Lukich
County doctor
Nellie's pleas for help to her dying husband go unheeded. Nelly takes the doctor by force to her husband.
Nelly scolds the doctor, calls him an egoist, says that she will sue him.
Thus, the doctors in the stories of A.P. Chekhov - these are workers, faithful to the Hippocratic oath, selflessly fighting human ailments, suffering, and people who treat the profession of a doctor negligently.
What kind of a doctor is in our time, what is valued in medical practice, we learned by conducting a survey among medical workers in the Atnyashskaya SVA. The survey was conducted on questions (see Annex 1).
A survey conducted among students in grades 5-11 gave the following result (see Appendix 2).
Conclusion: the alleged hypothesis was not confirmed - not all doctors in Chekhov's stories that I reviewed are goodies. I am very pleased that now medical workers take their work seriously, with love (based on a survey of medical workers in the Atnyashskaya SVA) and at least this number of children (25%) want to be doctors (based on a survey of students).
Chekhov wrote: "Employment in medical sciences had a serious impact on my literary activity." He did not repent of his choice of profession, but during his studies at the university he published more than two hundred different materials. But, creating his funny stories, conceiving monumental works, for example, "The History of Sexual Authority" (on the interaction of the sexes at all stages of development) and "Medicine in Russia", Chekhov chooses the profession of a doctor and ... a writer. He remained in Russian culture - a doctor-writer and a writer-doctor. Without hesitation, he hurried to a child with diphtheria, "caught cholera by the tail", received peasants, often without taking anything. And he wrote his stories, which brought fame to a real writer. And all this, despite his serious illness. Chekhov is devoted to medicine, so the doctor "looks out" from many of his stories.
Bibliography:
Geyser I. M. Chekhov and medicine / I. M. Geyser. – M.: Medgiz, 1954. – 140 p.
Chekhov, A. P. Ionych // Stories / A.P. Chekhov. - M .: Art. lit., 1963
Chekhov, A. P. Chamber No. 6 // Collection. op. in 12 volumes / A.P. Chekhov. - M .: State publishing house of fiction, 1956. - T. 7.
Chekhov A. P. Full coll. op. and letters: In 30 volumes. Works: In 18 volumes. M., 1974-1982.
2) What is your profession for you?
(unanimous answer - "everything - a source of life and pleasure")
3) Have you ever regretted your chosen profession?
(unanimous answer - "no")
4) How many years have you devoted to your profession?
(average age 28)
5) What qualities do you think a doctor should have?
(most of the respondents answered “kindness, compassion, purposefulness, desire to help people”)
6) How are your friends close to what you have chosen
the profession of a medical worker?
(8 out of 8 - “positive, proud, respected”)
7) Do you think the doctor's attitude towards patients has changed over time? If yes, how did it manifest itself?
(8 out of 8 - "no")
8) In your opinion, has the attitude of patients towards doctors changed over time? If yes, how did it manifest itself?
(5 out of 8 believe that the attitude has changed, i.e. they have become more understanding)
9) If you were offered to change your profession to another, would you agree?
(8 out of 8 - "no").
Appendix 2
